[Entered nt tbe Post Office of Ne'" York. N. Y .. ns Second Class Mntter. Copyrigbted, 1891. by Munn & Co.l --_._-----_ .._- _._-_ . ... JOURNAL OF INFORIVIATION, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, A WEEKI�Y PRACTICAL ART, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.

Vol. LXIV.-No. A YEAR. ESTABI.[�HED HH5. 20'J NEW YORK, MAY 16, 1891. [$3.00WEEKLY.

THE BROADWAY AND SEVENTH AVENUE CABLE As yet the operations of installing the cable system ' t.rances to Central Park. The entire length of the ROAD. are in a very early stage. Our illustrations show the road is about five miles. 'fo ascertain what work was The operations for converting the Broadway and work in progress and the difficulties that have to be necessary to clear the ground of obstructions, this en­ Seventh A venue street railroad of this city into a cable conten ded with. Up to the present time the work has tire line was examined. At every intersection of a cross traction road are now under way. As this is the re- not reached the stage of actual construction. The con· street, one or two crORS sections, showing the pipes, presentati ve of a number of roads under the same ad· tractors are only dearin g the way for the introduction electrical conduit�, et.c., underlying the street, were pre­ ministration, and as the work marks the first applica- of the cable duct. pared. SOlll e of the data for these cross sections wpre tion of the cable system to railroads in the dow n town The first step in the work was executed by the rail· ohtained from any records that were found available. business districts of the city, the operations have a de- road company, and was in the nature of reconnaissance Such records were far from complete. The work done finite meaning. It marks the first step in making this or exploration. The road starts at the southern ex."[ on the electric subway vaults or manholes furnished a city of cable roads. The Third Avenue railroad tremity of the city, and runs up Whitehall St.reet to another sonrce of information, but much of the data company is committed to a cable system which may Broadway. Thence following the line of Broadway, were determined o n ly by actual d igging. be in operation as soon as the Broad way and Seventh which is not a pprfectly straight one, it goes obliquely In this way a great num ber of cross sections were de­ Avenue compauy complete their cha nge. It is said through the city to Seventh Avenue, near 44th Street. termined. To illustrate the nature of the work. we re­ that the Sixth Avenue railroad also propose making Near this point Broadway and Seventh Avenue cross produce one of such sections and show in the other cut the same change. Then, by bringin g associated lines each other at an acute angle. Diverging slightly to what appearance the ground in the vicinity of the under the system, the street car horse may, within al the right, the road follows Seventh Avenne and con- same cross section presented when excavated . The few years, be almost banished from our streets. tinues to 59th Street, terminating at one of the en- (Continued on page 310.)

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THE BROADWAY AND SEVENTH AVENUE RAILROAD-CLEARING OBSTRUCTIONS FROM THE LINES OF THE CONDUITS.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J tieufifit ltueritau.

DEFENSELESS CONDITION OF OUR SEAPORTS. DR. EDWARD MAYNARD. The need of fast war vessels was well illustrated by Dr. Edward Maynard died on May 3, aged 78 years. the recent incident in the harbor of Sau Diego, J,itlttific �mttitau. when A dental surgeon by profession, he won a high stand· ESTABLISHED 1.845. a Chilian cruiser belonging to the insurgents entered ing among his co-practitioners. Some of his work is the bay, anchored, took on board recruits, supplies of to-day a standard, and he introduced several new MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. provisions, ammunition, and then sailed away. This operations in dentistry. Originally a candidate for the PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT ship, under the laws of nations, was in fact a piratical West Point United States Military Academy, his deli­ No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. vessel, and as such was seized by the go vernment au­ cate health prevented his completing the course. This thorities at San Diego, and a United States marshal O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. episode presumably turned his mind to arms, and his placed on board in possession. But the Chilian rebels reputation as an inventor of fire-arms became widely 'J'EKMS FOR THE SCIEN'J'IFIC AMEIHCAN. paid no attention to the laws of the United Sta tes; spead. In 1845 he patented the tape system of primers One year. for S .. Canada or Mexico ...... S3 UII COPY. one the U. . . .. they may be said to have captured the place. When One copy, six months. for the U. S., Canada or Mexico ...... 1 �O to take the place of the ever-trOUblesome percussion they had obtained all the supplies they wanted to as­ One COPY. ODe year. to any forehm country beloll/il!nl!to Postal Union. 4 00 cap, an immense advance over the old system. In 1851 Remit by postal or express money order. or by bank draft or check. sist them in carrying on war against a friendl y nation, he invented the breech loading rifle that bears r y corner of York.. - his MUNN & CO .• 3fil B oadwa . liranklin �treet. New they upheaved anchor and steamed away, carrying name, subsequently improved and patented at various The Scientific AlDerlean Sup,.lelDelll off as a prisoner the officialrepres entative of the great (s a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 'l'IIE SUPPLK.\1 KN'.r dates, and forming one of the basic improvements in 1s i8�H1ed weekly. t1.very number contains 16 octavo palles. uniform in size repUblic. This was a small ship called the Itata, car­ with HCIIl:N'rlFIC AJ\lEHICA�. Terms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, the development of the metallic cartridge breech·loader '5.00 a year, for U. S., Canada or Mexico. $6.00 a year to foreign rying fou!' guns. countries belonging to the Postal Union. Sinille copies. 10 cents. Sold of to-day. by all newsdeaiers throughcut t.he country. See prospectus last page. Report has it that the government is mildly indigo t�ulnbtof"d Rates.-frhe SClEN'flll'lC' .·\MI!.:RICAN and $UPPLiCMENT One interesting invention was for application to will be sent, for one vp.ar, to any address in U. S., Canada or Mexico, on nant at this occurrence, and has ordered the United receipt of To forellln countries within Postal Union, double-barreled guns, allowi ng each barrel to expand stlven aollaT8. nine States war ship Charleston, dollars a yenT. at San Francisco, to sail or contract independent�y of the other, thus prevent. Bulldlllll': Edition. in pursuit of the Itata and recapture her if possible. THE ARCHITE�S A.ND BUH.BERS EDITION OF THE SCIENTIll'IC A MER­ ing the expansion of one barrel when fired or when ex­ ICAN is a large and splendid illustrated periodical, issued monthly, cona Allowing this could be done, and the Itata could be taining tloor platHl, perspecti ve views, and sheets of constructive details' posed to the sun from warping the other. As late as pertaining to modern architecture. Each number is ilJu&trated with destroyed, it might be dangerous to attempt it. The beautiful plates, showing desirable dwellings, public buildings and archi­ 1886 he patented an indicator for magazine rifles, to tectural work in great variety. frobuilders and all who contemplate build­ Chilian rebels would be maddened and might retaliate. ing this wor" is invaluable. I las the largest circulation of any architec­ show at a glance the number of cartridges they con­ tural publicution in the world. There is nothing to prevent them from sending in Single copies 25 cents. By mail, to any part of the United States. Canada tain. or Mexico. ;(\2.50 a year. '1'0 foreign Postal Union countries, $X.OO a year. other boats to capture or bombard San Diego or other Combined rate for B UI LDI� G l1�DITIO� with 8CIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $5.00 Many other inventions in ammunition and fire·arms a year; combined rate for BfTILDING BDITION. SC!ENTU'lC AMERICAN towns along the coast. Indeed, while the Itata was were made by him. He presented the interesting ex­ and SUPPLEMENT $!l.00 a year. To foreign countries, $11.50 a year. , taking on supplies at San Diego, other vessels of the Spanidl Edition of' tile Scientific AlDericall. ample of a IIlan winning high eminence in two widely rebels were hovering outside the harbor. LA AMERlCA CIENTIFICA E INDUSTRIAL ( Spanish t.rade edition of the different fieldsof work. Various honors were offered SCIENTIFIC A MERICAN) is published monthly, uniform in size and typO­ We have no navy worthy of the name, and nearly all grapby with the 8f'IESTIFIC AMERICAN. Every number of La America. is him by foreign potentates. The Emperor of Russia, profusely illustrated. It is the finest SCientific. industrial trade paper our seaports are without proper defenses. Like San printed m t1,1e Spanish lang-uage. It circllI.ates t.hrouJ!hout Cub�, the West Nicolas I., appoint.ed him court dentist. In t.he other Indies. :\lexlco, central and 80uth AmerICa, SpalTl and Spamsh posses­ Diego, they are at the mercy of any single piratical sions-wherever the S")anish language is bpokeT!. *3.00 a year, post paid to field of work he was honored by the Kings of Belgium, any part of the worltl. Single copies 2il cents. See prospectus. boat that chooses to enter. This is a very humiliating CO., Sweden and Prussia. He occupied the chair of theory MUNN & Publishers, position for a country like ours to be placed in. The :161 .Broadway. New York. and practice in the Baltimore College of Dental Sur­ ll' The safest way to remit is by pos�al order. express money order, indifference of Congressmen to the naval defense of pratt or bank check. Make all remittanceb payable to order of MUNN gery, and also in the dental department of the Na­ & 1'0. the country is astounding. They waste their time over � Readers are specia1ly requ�sted to notify the publishers in case ot tional University, Washington, D. C. any failure. delay, or irregularity in receipt of papers. party squabbles, vote billions of money for schemes in­ tended to help bring votes to t.heir respective sides on NEW YORK, SA'I'DRDAY, MAY 16. Hl9l. election day ; but as to the immediate creation of an The Fur Seals in Beilring Sea. enterprising, prompt and effective navy, which is of Every spring the seals appear ill droves frolll theit> (JoDlen'•. vast importance to the country, but little is done, and unknown winter quarters, aml settle down on the Pri­ nlltl�traten arti le markerl an c � are wit.h a�t.eriRk.l that little very slowly. All told, we have a pair of bylov Islands, some 200 miles away from the mainland Autotomy in animaiR ...... 312 Momtor�, hydraulic ...... ;,.... 308 Bottles, !lla��. cutting ...... 305 Navy, American ...... 313 small torpedo boats, half a dozen or so of small cruisers, of Alaska. The males come first, accompanied by the Bronze. liquId ...... 311 Navy. German ...... •••.•.... OO>j Bu:.!."s, chinch. destruc • ...... •• &13 Notes, natural history ...... 312 and an equal number of larger vessels. young seal pups born during the previous summer,and · e Omnibus, electric ...... ,� . Paper making, advance in . . .. There should be fifty ships where now there is one. ��:t�l�� �:� h�� �.� : :::: . .. 3(),S choose their respective homes on the Tocks. The Caterpil:lctrs�top trains .:::::::::::...... 313�n Picotall of Hindostan* ...... SU Chalk. phosphatic, i:lJng-lish...... 309 Plants, preserving ...... ,U3 Every harbor in the country should be guarded by females follow three weeks later-meek little creatures. ..••. ...•... . firing ...... Electricity. domestic 310 Porcelain...... 311 efficient sentinels consisting of vessels of high speed, Elephant, usefulness ...... 312 Pratt, Charles ...... H04 in steel gray garb, very different from the big brown of 311 ...... Japan, steamer .•.... Rebuilding while afloat . . . :U2 ready for instant action, to maintain and enforce the Federation.Empl'e�8 employers' ...... 311 Road, cable, N. Y. City' ...... 303. 310 male seals, with their fighting propensities. Often one ...... t·or ...... Fruits. fertilization of ...... 809 Saw steel . . . . . BOO authority of the repUblic. seal possesses twenty wives, and he has hard task to GinReng. taxes on. . .. , ...... 300 Seals in Behring Sea ...... :104 Health. preserve ...... ;{05 eaports, our defenseless ...... 304 to . . .. S defend his home and family from his neighbors. In­ Healthy at 104..••...... •..•• 306 SoH. odor of the ...... :108 Homeopathy. Milton's ...... •.... 3Oi1 Spiders, protective mimicry .• ... . 312 CHARLES PRATT. deed, the old seals fight like furies, becoming covered Institute. watchmakers' ...... 310 1'elegram. damages for nonade_ Iron, ...... lar.!!e run of...... 805 livery ...... �IO On the evening of May Charles Pratt, eminent as with scars and terrible wounds, and sometimes losing Jack screw. Kalbach's* ...... • 306 Telephone, lJondon to ParIs ...... 30..'\ 4, ...... 305 Knowledge. sci. and prac ...•..... :)11 'l'io. history of . . o . ... a philanthropist of the best type, died from a �udden an eye or part of a flipper in the fray. Most of the Lenses. Rpecial, in photo...... 304 'J'oad8, poison ·of ...... •. . :)]2 Light effect on Rpines •...... 312 Trade mark-generic name ...... 304 attack of heart disease. While much that he did in the fighting is done with the mouth. The combatants ap· Locomotive. breatbing- of ...... 306 Tree. tallow, China ...... 310 Locusts, periodical ...... 31;� 'rympanum. the* ...... 3J1 endowment and �upport of institutions is known and proach each other with averted heads and sly looks, LOCk, an ancient ...... 308 Water, drawing. ancient meth.. Machine for chamfering stone. ods•...... • ... . 311 has made him famous as one of the world's benefactors, till suddenly they utter a shrill piping whistle, and en' Dalot's*...... 30tj Wedding, electricaL ...... 3I:l Magnetizations, �Ilperimposed •. . 312 Well. a deep ...... , ...... 304 a great deal of the good he performed was known to gage with their sharp canine teeth, the hair flies and Mtllaria, mysteries of...... 310 Wells, artesian ...... X06 Manometer on Eiffel tower* ..306, 307 few besides himself. Thus it is said that his last busi· the blood flows amid much furious bellowing. The r ; �:�·h��\�!��y��l:::::::::·.' . :::: ,: . Zeal more than discretion ...... �312 ness transaction before he died was the signing of a �::�::�. ���8fa� � �::::: : : :: . :: �� . young bachelors-frOID one to five years old-herd to· check, as a donation to the Brooklyn Board of Chari­ gether in their own quarters at a respectful distance. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF ties. till they are strong enough to fight for wife and home.

He was born in Wilbraham, Mass. , October 2, 1830. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT At the age of 19 he engaged in the paint and oil busi- A Deep Well. No. 802. ness, beginning at the foot of the ladder. As one of ten children he was obliged to work for his own sup- Some time ago the Wheeling Development Company For the Week Ending May 16, 1891. port, and succeeded 80 well that in 1857 he was able to began drilling a well near Wheeling', W. Va. , in search Price 10 cents. For �alt! by all new",dt'slp.fl"l PAGE come to this city and Rtart as a member of the firm of of petroleum or natural gas. The hole has now I. EJ,ECTRIClTY.-An Incandescent Lamp Factory In the North­ Devoe, ORMAN COLI.INS Reynolds Pratt. This firmde alt in paints and reached a dept.h of 4,100 feet. In this distance several west.-By W. If -Description of a.new ind�stry & of Wisconsin.-A great lamp at Appleton. WIS.-DetaIls of oils. Soon afterward Mr. Pratt started on his own ac- veins of coal have been passed, and both oil and gas the methods adopted for manufacturingfactory . lamps ..: ...... • 12813 On Variational ElectriC and Magnenc Screen mg.-By SIr W. count in the refining of petroleum. His brand of have been struck, but not in paying quantities. 'I'he THOMSON.-A very curious inventigat.iun into.the properties of kero- imperfectly conducti�g electric screens.-1 illustration ...... 12814 sene, known as astral oil, is known everywhere. Later .hole is 8 inches in diameter. It is reported that Pro­ The Electrical Utilization of Water Power.-By MADISON BUI!:LI...-Numerous instances of utilizatIOn of water power by his firm was absorbed by the Standard Oil Company. fessor White, State geologist of West Virginia, has suc· means of electric transmissIon. showmg the world's work in this important line ...... 12815 Of the latter corporation Mr. Pratt was a leading ceeded in interesting the officers of the United States Underground Conduit for Electric Railways.-A. conduit pro­ tect.ed against tbe entrance of water.-An ingenious system for member up to the day of his death. Geological Survey in the exploration, and that the kep,plOlZ tbe ct)nductnr drY.-l illustration ...... 128]5 II. KN'1'OM.OLOGY.-Report on Insect�.-lqrst in�tallment of a ra­ His great wealth was devoted largely to the came hole is to be continued to a depth of 1,000 feet more, po.:ot by Prof. C. H. b�ERNALD. of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass .. and from other sources upon injurious of education. The Adelphi Academy, of Brooklyn, N. or as far as is practicable, with the idea of making in· insects and methods of destroying and holding t.hem in check.-l{ illustrations ...... 12818 Y., practically owns him as its father. He found it'a vestigations of tem perature and magnetic conditions. HI. GH:OI... OGY.-Gold in Columbia.-An interesting communication concerning g'oldrin the two Columbias. British Columbia and the private school, and by his donations, and advice and _ ' . , _ United States of Colombia.-With valuable data and accounts of processes adopted by tbe natives...... 12816 direction, brought it up to the standard of a high Trade Mark-Generic NalDe. IV •.\1 EUHAN ICAL ENGINEERINl}.-The Builders of the Stearn Engine-'rbe ��ounders of Modern Industries and Nations. -8y grade incorporated literary and scientific college. His Dr. H. . H. THURSTON.-Prof. Thnrston'R address at the centennial The Supreme Court of Illinois held, in the case of celebration of tbe American patent sy�tem. -A very valuable donations to this cause exceed a quarter of a million tribute to the SCientific work of the world and the methods guid- Bolander vs. Peterson, that a generic name, or one ing- scientists ...... 12808 of dollars. A few years ago the Pratt Institute, of 1:lJ.-The Treatment of Tuberculosis .-French investiga merely descriptive of the article made or sold, or its V. M I11I>ICINon the cure by a Brooklyn, for manual training and scientific in8truc­ tions of tuberculosis tranflfusion of bIood.-Re- qualities, ingr':ldients or characteristics, and which may markable l'esults attained.-1 illustration ...... 12822 tion generally, was opened to the public. This was VI. MIRCE(�rJANtCOUS.-The :\1atteawan Asylum for the Criminal be employed truthfully by other makers or dealers is not I!lsane.-A New York State asylum. built for the protection of the entirely his creation. It is familiar to our readers, crimina ll y insane.-Its great size and general description of itB entitled to protection as a trade mark, and that words arran.!lements..• ...... •...... of organges...... 12810 having been illustrated in this paper. Upon the Pratt California Oranges.-The cultivation and uRthering desiguating a trade indicating that a particular class of In California.-Graphic accounts of the industry, with statistics Tnstitute over one million of dollars was spent by its and data ...... 12818 goods is dealt in cannot be exclusively appropriated VII. NA V AI. ENGINEIDRING.-The Royal Sovereign.-A descrip- founder. Large additions to the Institute were contem­ tion of the largest battleship hithertc constructed for the Brith.h by one as a trade mark or trade name. In this case it navy.-General,dimensions. armament, and weight�. -1 illustration 12807 plated, which it is to be hoped may yet be carried out. II. �I. S. Royal Arthur.-A first class protected cruiser recently was held that the words " Swedish snuff store, or launched at Portsmouth.-De�cription her rm n Upon the principle of the Peabody buildings in " of a a me t and u:ene- " ral features of cor,struction.-1 illustration...... 12808 magazine, " could not be protected. P HO OGRA PHY.-Photo�raphic Perspective and the Use of London, Mr. Pratt established a large flat house in the VllI.l1�nl aru:ement.-AT rational photographic repro­ examination of the ... � .. duction of landscapes. -Some of the peculiar appearances investi- Green point district of Brooklyn. It is 200 by 135 gated ...... • ...... " ...... 12813 feet in size and contains 120 suites of rooms upon its Spectacle Lenses in Photography. IX. byPHYSICS. cbanges -Baroscupicof 1'herrnometeaboutr. by-A thermometerits workingof position brought shifting of center six floors. The building affords homes at moderate gravity.-For mnlre of its com;;t.ructiOn and theory. -2 illustrations. 12811 Mr, Lyonel Clark says fair results can be obtained Van 't Holl's Law of Osmotic Pres8ure.-By D. J. CARNEGIE.­ Some exceedmgly remarkable resnlts obtained from investigation cost. It contains a reading room and library for the by fixing two meniscus spectacle lenses in a tube, with of molecular pressure. -The tndlCation of dissociation in solution. use of the occnpants. The income derived from it was their concave sides facing each other. and with a suit­ -A most remarkable and E'tartling possibility.-4tllustrations ...•. 128W X. T ECHNOLOGY.-The Practical Application of Magnesia Cement. devoted to the maintenance of the Pratt Institute. able diaphragm between them. His general conclu­ -By CARL OTTO WEBER-A valuable co · tribution to the theory of oxychloride of magnesia cements. - Examination of the well What other plan!' Mr. Pratt had in view for the sion was that they would not work well enough to known Sorel's cement. and conditions for obtaining therefrom the best results.-A pplications in which thiS cement may be of future is uncertain. The work of his life is of double cause photographic opticians to put up their shutters, a . · · 12811 v ��iSkY.:':'FuAei'oii ' tn' wilisky'an'ci ·notes ·o�· ihe Scotch and iristi importance. It has brought about abiding and perma· but would do a certain alDount of useful work, espe­ manllfactl1re of the liquor ...... 12821 XI. ZOO LOG Y .-'rhe Ounce. or Snow Leopard.-An interesting speci- nent good and has set noble example for others to cially in the hands of those photographers who, on. men recently added to the London Zoological Society's collection a er regions of m s - follow. from the upp tbe Hi alaya . l illustration •. ...••.••• 12818 oosthetic grounds, do not like prints sharp all ove....

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MAY 16, 18<)1.] j'titufifit 1\tutriCIU.

Early History of' the Discovery and Use of' Tin. mines were almost entirely neglected, frequent intestine How to Preserve Health. A very interesting work is that of Philip William commotions, and the subsequent wars with the Danes, One of the best ways to keep in good health, says Flower, written and published in England, and entitled allowing no time for such innocent and peaceful pur­ the. Monthly Bltlletin, is not to think or worry too .. A History of the Trade in Tin ; a Short Description suits. In the year 1066 tbe Saxons in their turn were much about it. If you feel strong and well, don't of Tin Mining and Metallurgy; a History of the Origin pushed aside by the Normans. and subsequently the imagine that some insidious disease may be secretly at­ and Progress of the Tin Plate Trade, and a Description tin mines in Cornwall were again vigorously developed. tacking your constitlition. Many people are like the of the Ancient and Modern Processes of Manufactur­ The Norman sovereigns derived immense revenues from inexperienced traveler, who anxiously inquired about ing Tin Plates." It is a somewhat rare work in this the export of this metal, and, in the year 1198, when the symptoms of 'CIeasickness, and how he should know country, says the Boston Herald. the country was almost ruined by the Crusades, Rich­ when he had it. One generally knows when he is sick, In the search for information through the archives ard Cwur de Leon, then abroad, placed the manage­ and frequent.ly many supposably alarming symptoms of the world as to the origin and first employment of ment of the mines in the hands of the Archbishop of prove, upon investigation, to be either perfectly natu­ tin, Mr; Flower tells us that shortly after the descrip­ Canterbury, who, from this and other sources, was en· ral occurrences or of very slight importance. tion of the flood will be found a reference to Tubal abled to collect and remit to his employer a sum of Eat and drink w hat you desire, as long as it agrees Cain, .. an instructor of every artiflcer in brass." The money exceeding £1,000,000 sterling. with you. Your stomach knows pretty well what it notice in Genesis thus fixes the discovery and use of In the reign of King John (1199-1216) the produce was can digest. Plain, simple food is desirable, as a gen­ tin and copper, according to the Bible, at between so inconsiderable that the rent of the tin farm amount­ eral thing, but the luxuries of the table, in moderation, 4004 and 1635 years before the Christian era. And not ed to no more than 100 marks. At this time the Jews will do no harm. only were the existence and use of these metals known, were sole managers, if not proprietors, of the mines. Alcoholic beverages are not fit for habitual use. but the art of converting them was soon far advanced, The right of working the mines was then wholly pos· They are true medicines, and should only be used like for we find in the Book of Kings, written 1015 B. C., sessed by the king, who, being sensible of the languish­ any other medicines-under the advice of a physician.

O' King Solomon sent and fetched Hiram out of Tyre. ing state of the manufactur!,), bestowed some valuable As a regular beverage they can do no good, but will He was a widow's son of the tribe of Naphtali, and his privileges on the country by relieving it from the ope­ almost certainly do harm. father was a m an of Tyre, a worker in brass, and he ration of the arbitrary forest laws, and granting a Take all the sleep you can get, but remember that was filled with wisdom and understanding and cun­ charter to the tinners. the necessary amount varies greatly for different ning to work all works in brass. " Tin mines were known to exist in Spain, but the con­ persons_ Some must sleep at least nine hours, while Any one doubting the nature of this metal can be re­ stant invasions of the Moors caused the mines to be others thrive under six. Only don't rob yourself of assured by reference to the chapter which follows, giv­ abandoned or neglected. what you really need. The " midnight oil " is a terri­ ing in detail a most elaborate schedule of the pillars, In the year 1240 tin was discovered in the mountains bly expensive illuminant to burn either for purposes of the chapiters, the baths, the lavers, the pots, the shov­ of Bohemia by a Cornish tin man who had been ban­ labor or study. els, and the basins, some of cast and some of wrought ished from his native country, either on account of his Always treat a common cold with great respect, bright brass, which Hiram the artificer prepared for religion or because he had committed murder. Further Ninety-nine times out of a hundred it will get well the temple of King Solomon. Further ample evidence discoveries followed at Altenburg, in Saxony, 1458, and any way, but the hundredth cold, if neglected, may as to the early use of tin and brass is to be found in in.Barbary, 1640. lead to bronchitis, pneumonia, or consumption. It is the Iliad of Homer, written, as it is believed, between Richard, Duke of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., best to take no such chances. the years 962 and 91 5 B. C. 1216-1272, derived immense profit'!! from the mines, the If you are sick enough to need any medicine at all, We find, then, that brass-and consequently tin-ex­ produce of which was !!ubject at this period to a royalty beyond the simple remedies familiar to all, you are isted in Tyre, the great seaport town of the Phwnicians, of 40 shillings for every £1,000 in value, payable to the sick enough to need the attendance of a physician. on the p.oast of Syria. about 1000 B. C. They are fre· duke, and twice a year all the tin produced had to be By all means take as much exercise as you can, and quently referred to in all works relating to tin or to brought to appointed places, where it was officially be in the open air as much as possible. Outdoor life is Oornwall. The Phwnicians were merchants, and car­ stamped and weighed. the natural condition of mankind, and the more one ried on an important trade from the ports of Tyre and The Jews being banished the kingdom in the can have of it, the better. The practice must not be Sidon. These cities rivaled each other in magnitude, eighteenth year of Edward I., 1290, the mines were carried to extremes, however. There are many days fame, and antiquity. The Tyrians excelled all other again neglected till the gentlemen of Blackmoor (lords when one is much better off in a warm, comfortable, nations in the manufacture of a purple dye, said to of the seven best tithings stored with tin) obtained a well-ventilated house than trying to take outdoor have been extracted from a shellfish found on their charter from Edward, Earl of Cornwall, with more ex­ exercise in a midwinter storm, or under a July sun, coast. It is now well known that tin dissolved in plicit grants, privileges, etc., among them that of re­ and no one ever strengthened his constitution by muriatic acid produces a brilliant purple dye, and that ceiving as their own due and property the toll tin, that sleeping with his bed-room window open with the out­ tin dissolved in nitric acid will produce a scarlet dye. is I-15th of all the tin raised. The kings and dukes of side temperature at zero, or allowing the snow to drift It is not unreasonable, therefore, to su ppose that the these times would appear to have treated this industry in upon his pillow. use of tin in dyeing had much to do in the production very lightly, for it is recorded that Ed ward I., in 1305, Fresh air, sunlight, good and sufficient food, pure of the Tyrian purple of the Phwnicians. in the thirty-second year of his reign and the 36th of water, outdoor exercise, temperance in all things, and It is impossible to fix the date at which the export his age, mortgaged or assigned his due for one year to a cheerful disposition, are the chief remedies in trade in tin was commenced from the British Islands, settle a wine bill for £750. nature's dispensatory, and are worth more than all the but it is certain that it existed and was controlled by In 1376 the tinners were able to obtain protection by drugs and medicines of the shops. Dr. Holmes has the Phwniciaus when Herodotus wrote his history, 450 act of Parliament, but the civil wars following (viz., truly said that if nine-tenths of all the medicines, pa­ B. C. Herodotus refers to the Cassiterides (the Scilly the Wars of the Roses) the mines were again very much tent, proprietary and otherwise, in the world were Islands) as the places whence they were then obtaining neglected. When, in 1485, these wars ceased, England poured into the ocean, it would be all the better for their supplies ; but neither he nor any other historian became more settled and tin mining became more mankind and all the worse for the fishes ; and the best bas left us any information as to when that trade com­ profitable and prosperous. Prudent Queen Elizabeth physician can do little without good nursing, and thus menced. The Phwnicians p.alled this land of tin (155B-1603) appears to have taken more interest in the aid nature in throwing oft' disease. .. Baratanac," and Bochart and other historians at­ mines than her predecessors, for she sent to Germany . � ... tribute the very origin of the name of Britain to this and brought over German miners, by whom many of A. Remarkable RUD of' Iron. work. the Cornish processes were very much improved. The Mancelona (Mich.) says: Stack No. 2, After the Phwnicians the trade in tin with the Very little has been written, and next to nothing can Herald blast No. 1, of the Antrim Iron Furnace. completed the Cassiterides was taken up by the Greeks sailing out of be ascertained. of the progress of this trade from 1600 third year of its present blast April 15. Number of Marseilles, the city of Massila, which was built by a to 1700. In the reign of Queen Anne (1702-1714) it is re­ days in blast, 1,050, and the total product during that colony of Greeks 600 B. C. The Phwnicians prob­ corded that the queen had in stock 5,000 tons of tin, time amounted to 66,347 tons of pig iron-a daily aver­ ably sailed straight across from their colony of equal to five years' consumption, demonstrating the age of 63% tons. A trifle over a year and a half of this Gades or Cadiz, and returned direct to that port eXistence of hard times for the producers, or proving run, or, to be exact, 582 days of it, the stack was blown with their valuable cargoes. The Greeks, how­ that the queen was a . . hard bargain " to deal with. with a small Weimer engine, with a product of 32,326 ever, appear to have been accustomed to coast up the It was after the death of Queen Anne, but there ap­ tons-a daily average of 55,% tons. The balance of the English Channel, and crossing over from Kent to pears to be no record of the exact date, when Eastern run (468 days) was made with a large engine of the France, the tin was conveyed overland on horseback or foreign tin first arrived in Europe to compete with same make, during which time the product amounted in thirty day!! to the mouth of the River Rhone. the Cornish product; but as early as 1760 small quanti­ to 34,021 tons-a daily average of 72,% tons. The Romans, who had always been large purchasers ties of Banca tin were received in Holland. In 1787 the To make this amount of iron, 115,410 tons of ore was of tin, were the next to follow the Phwnicians and importation of Banca tin to Holland was so much be­ llsed and 146,000 cords of wood cODflumed. Had the Greeks. The following anecdote is derived from Strabo, yond their own requirements that the Dutch shipped stack been blown during the entire period with the who also tells of the conquest of Britain by Cresar : a quantity to England, but that same year the increase large engine, the total product would, of course, have "Furmerly," he says, "the Phwnicians alone carried from the Cornish mines was about 500 tons. The mar­ been much greater, but the record is a remarkable one, on this .traffic (in tin) from Gades, concealing the pas­ ket was, however, relieved by the East India Company nevertheless, and it is believed that no cha.rcoal stack sage from every one, and when the Roman!! followed a taking 800 tons to China, where a market had already in the United States has ever made so long a run or so certain shipmaster, that they also might find the mar­ been opened for it. The trade with China, however, large an amount of iron with a single lining. ket, the shipmaster of jealousy purposely ran his vessel was brought to a close in 1817 by the return of Cornish upon a shoal, leading on those who followed him into tin from China to London, and the underselling of the ... , . the same destructive disaster. He himself escaped by mine product in the home Illarket. The history of tin Cutting Glass Tube., Bottles. etc. means of a fragment of the ship, and received from the from that date to the present day is only a question of Another method, by Prof. Wm. Thomson, consists state the value of the cargo he had lost. The Romans, figures and statistics, which are beyond the scope of in having some strips of thick blotting paper at hand nevertheless, by frequent efforts, discovered the pas­ this article. from a quarter to half an inch in width, and of differ­ sage." Tbe discoveries of tin in Germany 500 years ago, ent lengths. Two pieces of such paper are wetted and As soon as the Romans made a conquest of Britain which never became important, were practicallyaban­ wrapped round the bottle, tube, or other vessel to be they formed in the tin province camps and roads (still doned several years since. Cornwall has safely defied cut, once or oftener (once is sufficient). These pieces of visible) and left behind them vases, urns, sepulchers, all competition from Europe and the East, but the paper, cut true, are wrapped round the vessel like two and money that exhibit daily proofs of their having cloud which threatens her has risen in the south, in hands. They must not be placed too closely together­ been a stationary people in these parts, and th&.tDam­ her own colonies. In the year 1872 large discoveries of say fmm a quarter to three-eighths of an inch apart for nonium extended even to the Polerian promontory or surface tin ore were made. in Queensland and New large vessels, and rather less than a quarter of an inch the Land'!! End, limited by the western parts of Somer­ South Wales, and all at once a new supply appeared to apart for tubes of an inch or so in diameter. Whpn setshire. The Romans, as is well known, occupied find a sale in Europe. this is arranged a fine flam� about two or three inches Britain from B. C. 55 to A. D. 409, or 464 years, during .. . , . long is allowed to play on the glass between the two which period the Cornish tin mines were largely THE GERMAN NAVY.-Eleven line-of-battle ships, pieces of wet paper, the vessel being slowly revolved worked by the ancient Britains, possibly for their own with an aggregate displacement of 70,000 tons, are now and the point of the flame kept between the two advantage, but more probably as serfs, and in A. D being built for the German government, viz., three at papers. Within a minute usually the vessel separates 409 the Romans had to give way to the Saxons. Bremen, two at Gaarden, near Kiel, one at Wilhelms­ with a clean cut along the line against which the flame During the S axon dominion (from 410 to 1066) the hafen, three at Dautzic,two at Bradow, near Stettin. played.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 306

NEW METHOD OF CHAMFERING STONE. Arte.. ian Well ... tubes are known by number, and besidescarry each The usual method of chamfering stone is to chip off Whether water can be obtained by artesian borings an independent graduation. In practice the pump is the corners by means of a mallet and chi!

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. �titntifi, �mtri,an.

READING THE DEGREES OF :PRESSURE. SITUATION OF THE MANOMETRIC TUBE ON THE EIFFEL TOWER.

AIR PUMP FOR FORCING THE MERCURY INTO THE TUBE.

OPEN COLUMN MANOMETER FOR EXPERIMENTS ON COMPRESSION OF GASES.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 308 J tieutiiit JmttitJII. [MAY 16, IB9I. -- The Odor or the Soil after a Shower. Hydraulic Monitors. When a monitor gets away from control in this man­ BY DR. T. L. PHIPSON, F.e.B. One of the most noteworthy features in many por­ ner, there are two things that can be done. The water This subject. with which I was occupied more than tions of the gold region is the elaborate system of may be shut off at the head gate, a process involving twenty-five yearlS ago, appears from a paragraph in a water supply for the use of the hydraulic mines and much delay and perhaps loss, or some brave man may late number of the Chemical News to have recently at­ the tremendous changes which were the result of the rush in and get to the monitor without being struck tracted the attention of Professor Berthelot and M. few years during which hydraulicking was at its height. by the stream. To do this requires agility and pluck. Andre. I find, on referring to my oid notes, which are So great have been these changes-hills washed. away, The stream is liable to box the c�mpass inside of a dated 1865, that it is doubtful whether I ever published valleys filledup, others created-that in many locali­ minute, and its course must be watched and the prob­ t he results of these observations ; and as the distin­ ties the entire landscape has been altered. The old able direction noted. Then over the rough surface the guished chemists I have just named have not quite proverb ascribing the power to remove mountains to man must hasten, careful not to make a misstep, and at solved the problem, I hasten to give the results I ob­ such as had faith only to the amount of a grain of mus­ the same time ready to flee should the erratic stream tained so long ago. tard seed has never been exemplified, but the hydraulic betray It tendency to change its course so as to en­ After a considerable number of observations, I ar­ miners have afforded the most ample demonstration danger life. There have been many hairbreadth es­ rived at the conclusion that the odor emitted by soils of their ability to move mountains in the search of capes and some thrilling exhibitions of bravery under and sedimentary strata after a heavy shower of rain in wealth. Lofty mountains have in fact been brought such circumstances as these, and it has been only by summer was due to the presence of organic substances low through no other agency than the pipe line, the the exercise of the greatest coolness and bravery that closely related to the essential oils of plants, and it ap­ monitor, and the sluice, and the tremendous power of great loss of property and life has been prevented. peared evident to me that, during the hot dry weather, water never received such an exemplification as in the A. J. Bowie, of this city. in his work on hydraulic these porous surfaces absorb the fragrance emitted by history of the hydraulic mines of California. mining, states that the stream from a six inch nozzle. thousands of flowers, and give it up again when the There are, indeed, so many remarkable facts con­ with a 450 feet vertical pre8sure, delivers a blow equal rain penetrates into these pores and displaces the nected therewith that, were they not abundantly sub­ to 588,735 foot pounds per second, equivalent to 1,070 various volatile substances imprisoned therein, which stantiated, one might well be pardoned for receiving horse power. When one comprehends this fact, he will are only very slightly soluble in water. I believe that their relation with incredulity. Qne might not believe be abundantly prepared to believe almost anything many kinds of soil possess this property, but those on that a stream of water issuing from a nozzle or pipe six that could be said about the power exerted by such a which my observations were first made were the chalk inches in diameter, and with no other force but gravity stream. soils of Picardy, in France. I found that not only behind .it, would have much effect at any considerable With a force such as that exerted by the stream from chalk, but also marls, compact limestones, phosphatic distance from the aperture, yet such an apparently in­ a monitor, it is apparent that a tremendous amount of rocks, and some kinds of schists and amphibolites are significant stream, with a fall behind. it of 375 feet, will material can be washed away in a very short time. The porous enough to possess it to such a degree as to emit carry away a solid bowlder weighing a ton or more at quantity removed depends, of course, upon its nature, a decided odor when they are strongly breathed upon. a distance of 50 to 100 feet, while at a less distance it whether loose soil, ordinary gravel, or cement gravel. Finding the property of which I speak very remark­ will toss such a bowlder about as a boy would throw a In some places, under favorable circumstances, as high able in certain chalk rocks of Picardy, I endeavored to pebble. as thirty-six cubic yards to each inch of water have ascertain the nature of the substance, or substances, The velocity and force of such a stream as it issues been removed in twenty-four hours. With a flow of to which it was owed. I dissolved a very large quan­ from the nozzle of the monitor is something terrific. 500 inches the bulk rElmoved each day is thus seen to tity of the chalk in dilute hydrochloric acid, and The column of water is solid-so solid that if one were be enormous. In cement gravel the amount handled passed the carbonic acid through various media, water, to undertake to thrUl�tany object into it, it would make daily is as little as three cubic yards per inch. The alcohol, weak potash solution, and dilute acid ; but no more impression than if it were iron instead of quantity handled daily is, however. almost entirely de­ none of these liquids appeared to arrest the passage of liquid. If a crowbar or other heavy objElct be thrust pendent upon the grade of the sluices. In the case of the odoriferous substance. The only liquid which I against the stream, it would be snatched from the hand the highest amount just mentioned the stream had a found would retain it was an aqueous solution of and thrown to a great distance as if it were a feather­ fall or head of 350 feet, the banks were 100 feet high, bromine. This arrested it. and when the bromine weight, while the man who should firmlygrasp an ax and the sluices had a grade of one inch to the foot, solution was afterward carefully evaporated at a low and attempt to cut through the stream would undergo while 1,000 inches of water were used. Under such con­ temperature, a yellowish prod uct. soluble in alcohol, an experience that he would remember for many a ditions and with such results it must be apparent that and having a strong odor of cedar wood, was obtained, day. the removal of mountains is only a question of time­ which, from its chemical and physical properties, ap­ If a man were to receive the full force of such a stream and not a very long time, either. peared to be very similar to, if not identical with, at a distance of a couple of hundred feet, even though Some idea of the immense amount of earth and gravel bromo-cedren, derived from essence of cedar. the impact be momentary, he would be killed as quickly moved by the hydraulic mines of this State can be •••• • as though struck by a cannon ball. He might escape gathered from some recently published statistics upon Magnetic Rocks. being mangled, but the breath would be most effectu· this point. DUring the height of the hydraulic indus­ In a letter to Na ture the following instance of extra­ ally and suddenly expelled from his body. try there were in use from the Feather, Yuba, Bear, ordinary local magnetic disturbance, due to the pres­ At 400 feet from the nozzle, a six inch stream with 375 and American Rivers, Butte Creek, and the two Dry ence of magnetic rocks, is cited by Commander Creak : feet fall, ",wung momentarily against the trunk of a Creeks, a total of 10,650,505 miner's inches of water each : In September, 1885, when her Majesty's survey­ tree, will denude it in a. second of the heaviest bark as twenty-four hours. At an average of 3� cubic yards ing vessel Meda was passing Bezout Island. near cleanly as if an ax had been used. Whenever such a of gravel to the inch there was thus washed away daily Cossack, Northwest Australia, a steady deflection of stream is turned against a gravel bank it cuts and bur­ 38,600,000 yards of material. This is a low estimate. her compa8S of ilOdegrees was observed. This remark­ rows into it in every direction, gouging ont great As an actual fact much more was carried away. But ahle result has, however, SIDce been exceeded by ob· caves, causing thousands of tons of earth to fall, which the amount stated represents a mass of earth 500 yards servations made in the Penguin on November 6, 1890. is in turn quickly disintegrated and washed into the long, 386 yards wide, and 200 yards high. With such The Penguin being two miles north, 79 degrees east, sluices. Bowlders so heavy that a man can scarcely a tremendous quantity washed away every twenty-four from Bezout Island, a deflection of 22 degrees was ob­ lift them are tossed about like chaff, stumps and trunks hours, it can readily be understood that no great length served. The ship was immediately anchored, and of trees are thrown to one side like straws. and the of time need elapse literally to remove mountains and some hours of the next day were spent investigating work of destruction goes on at a pace that is appalling. cast them into the sea. -San Francisco Chronicle. the matter. On Bezout Island itself the absolute If one who has never seen a monitor in operation under ... .. , . values of the variation and dip were normal. the dip full head could imagine the ordinary stream from a fire The Advance in Paper Making. being 50 degrees 1" 7 south. But at a position north hose magnified about a thousand times, he would be In an interview with Col. A. G. Payne, of the !\.,w 79% degrees east, distant 2'14 miles from that on Bezout able to form some conception of its power. York and Pennsylvania Company, by a representative Island, the observed dip on board was 83 degrees south, The water is brought in open ditches or flumes, some­ of the Paper Trade Dews rel!ttive to the prices for soda with a very small deflection of the compass. At 900 times from a great distance, around mountain sides, fiber, Mr. Payne, who was a pioneer in the business, feet to the westward of this the dip was normal, and and across valleys and ravines. When the vicinity said : .. I remember when soda fiber brought thirteen it decreased rapidly as the center was quitted in any of the mine is reached a box is put in, from which a cents ; that was about eighteen years ago, when it was direction. At about 100 feet south of the center of dis· pipe conducts the water to the point where it is to be first used for paper. It is now quoted at three and turbance, the compass was deflected 55 degrees. This used. It is the distance between this box and the level three-fourths cents. The Yaryan system revolution was the largest deflection observed, but · the compass of the monitor that gives the pressure. With from 300 ized the cost of recovering soda ash by cheap evapora­ was disturbed over an area of about a square mile. to 450 feet fall the execution done is tremendous. At tion. Until recently this system was used by Ameri­ The general depth of water in this area was nine the monitor the water is conducted into a still smaller cans only, but now they have adopted it abroad, and fathoms, and the quality of the bottom quartz sand. pipe with nozzle about one-third the size of the supply are using it at Glasgow. Everything is cheaper to-day The observations of the magnetic elements at Cossack pipe, the compression giving it still greater force. The in the manufacture of soda fiber than it was in the old and the neighborhood showed little or no disturbance monitor is constructed something like the ordinary hose times, except wood and labor, and it was natural for from local magnetic effects. It is therefore evident nozzle, but has a ball joint that permits it to be swung the decrease in the cost of the production to be accom· that the disturbances were due to magnetic minerals in any direction. It is balanced with weights, and by panied by a faUing off in the price of the product. at the bottom of the sea. means of an ingenious device known as a deflector the The manufacture of chemical fiber has become a great •••• • tremendous stream can be turned in any direction by industry, and the fiber itself is used more in the manu­ An Ancient Lock. the slightest force. Almost the weight of a finger will facture of good book paper than ever before. There The European l ..rade Mail says that " an Egyptian suffice to direct the movement. were only two mills which manufactured chemical fiber lock has been found which was in use more than 4,000 Easily as it is managed, however, the monitor some­ at the start, and they produced twelve tons daily, years ago. The old Egyptian lock was not made of times becomes imcontrollablEl, and when this happens whereas now the total monthly product foots up to metal, like those we use nowadays, but of wood, and a scene of destruction and even death ensues. The fifteen million pounds. This increase does not seem so the key that opened it was wooden, too. On one side pipe sways to and fro at its own volition, and the great, however, when we consider that a five ton of the door to which it was fastened there was a staple, stream flies first in one direction and then in another. paper mill in the early days was a big thing, whereas and into this staple fitted a wooden bolt that was fixed If the miners are not warned in time to get out of range, to-day mills with an output of thirty or forty tons are to the door it8elf. When this bolt was pushed into the they may be mowed down as if by the discharge of a common." staple as far as it would go. three pins in the upper volley of grape. Sometimes the runa way monitor seems part of the staple dropped into holes in the bolt and as if manipulated by some bloodthirsty monster, and THE telephone line between London and Paris went held it in its place, so that it could not be moved back appears to be deliberately tltrned upon the fleeing men, into regular operation on April 2 with much success. al-{ain until the pins were lifted. The key was a straight following them as they fleein every direction and over­ The charge is $2 for a talk of three minutes. The piece of wood, at the end of which were three pegs the taking them before they can reach a place of safety. In opening of this line is considered a big thing in Europe. same distance apart as the pins which held the bolt one case a sluice tender, hearing an unusual noise, The distance is 297 miles, of which 211 miles are by cable firm. When the key was pushed into the bolt through raised himself above the edge of the cut in which the laid under the British Channel. Long distance tele­ a hole made to receive it, the pegs came into such a sluices ran just in time to receive the full stream square phoning has been in vogue in this country for many position that they were able to lift the pins that fixed in his face and chest. He was knocked down, thrown years. In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of March 24, 1883, the bolt, and when these were lifted, the bolt could be into the sluice, and washed away. When found his we recorded a conversation we had by telephone be­ lifted out of the staple." The most modern locks work body had not a stitch of clothes upon it, and apparently tween New York a.Dd Cleveland, 0., a distance of 650 on a similar principle. every bone in it was broken. miles.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. $titutifit �mtritau.

rieties and among our wild grapes ; but it occurs more which these organisms receive their name_ In such the frequently with the hybrids, where some foreign variety removal of the shells by acetic acid leaves an internal (Vitis fJinifera) has been crossed on some native (Vi­ cast in phosphate, covered with a short crop of little Chinese Taxes on Ginseng. tis labrnsca). While soil, situation, pruning, man­ hair-like processes, each of which is the cast of a fora­ To the Editor o/ the Scientific American : uring, in brief, thorough intelligent culture, are im­ men. For the information of your readers I wish to correct portant factors, we would suggebt the use of some po­ A comparison of the French phosphatic chalk with an error in Consul Nicolas Pike's reply to L. C. Shus­ tent variety. We instance three varieties, one each of that from Taplow establishes their identity beyond sar l'e ginseng. American ginseng, clarified, pays an the black, red, and white grapes, whose quality is such doubt. In general appearance they are indistinguisha­ import duty of Hai Kwan taels 8 per picul (133% lb.) as to render them worthy of a place in any amateur ble, while the same organisms, in It similar condition of Crude ginseng pays a duty of taels 6 per picu!. The collection, yet each shy bearers. For the Moore's Early phosphatization, occur in both. They occupy, how­ Hai Kwan tael is equal to $1.53 (Mexican). (black) we would suggest as a fertilizer the Telegraph, ever, about the same position in the chalk system. The J. W. BURKE. also an early black grape and an immense bearer. That Belgian deposit is somewhat newer-later, in fact, than Newchwang, N. China, March 19, 1891. noble table grape, the Brighton, a shy bearer, its blos­ any chalk existing in England ; but in appearance and ...... soms apparently imperfect, we believe to be benefited composition it closely resembles the English phosphatic Facts about the Fertilization oC our Fruits. by the near planting and training together on trellis chalk. The microscope, however, discloses the differ­ Tu the Editor of the Scientific American : of the Vergennes-a variety possessing vigor of vine ence that in the Belgian rock foraminifera are com­ The devices w hereby nature would insure the fer­ with great productiveness. That lovely white grape, paratively scarce, and are Dot phosphat.ized. The fish tilization of our fruits are manifold. The winds are the Eldorado, to insure fertility should have for a near remains are similar in all these chalks ; but from the made her " common carriers." Every passing breeze is neighbor the Niagara or Pocklington. Belgian chalk the remains of a saurian upward of fifty called into req u isition. A banquet is spread for the As to the apple, in the course of our experimenting feet in length oave been unearthed. This phosphatized insect world. There is gorgeous coloring to catch the with seedlings, we have had a curious illustration of chalk is at present known in one pit only in England. eye, the sweetest perfumes to lure the smell, and cups this matter of fertilization. and, though search is being made along the outcrop of brimming with nectar to gratify and intoxicate the We had drilled in together a quantity of the seeds of the same beds, it has not at present met with success. taste. But each parting guest on leaving the banquet the Duchess of Oldenburg and of the 'l.' alman Sweet. .. �., .. hall becomes a postal messenger, bearing the loves of Of the seedlings, two of each variety were allowed to Saw Cor Steel. the flowers. To th cl of tion p of the remain, and up id . e wide cir e rela shi they grew to bearing age side by s e General Manager Potter, of the Homestead mills, of insect world, of and n bug and utt fl , The first to g fly bee a d b er y fruit was the seedlin of the Duchess, Carnegie Brothers & Co., has invented a cold saw for there must also be added at least one from the family bearing the fifthyear from the seed, followed the next the purpose of sawing iron and steel, which has proved of -t t extraordinary fertility the Talman seedling. And now for the appar­ birds he humming bird; he year by a great I:!uccess, and is creating considerable interest. of the flora of the isle of Juan ent results of fe rtilization. Fernandez being credit­ The Duchess (as is wdl For some years an instrument has been in use, known the distinguished botanist attached to "her known), a summer apple, coarse-grained, tart, mainly ed by as the hot saw, that is, it, could only cut metal that MajestY'b of exploration " to the hu m ing birds, desirable for cooking ; the Talman Sweet, as its name fleet m had been heated to redness, but it is not equal to the throng plants and t of u g t winter apple, of finer grain and an who " the flowering rees the s g ests, a swee new saw brought out by Mr. Potter. The hot saw ti of h s d ing u h prov in t island," some varie es these birds being indige­ excellent baker. T e ee l D c ess ed he leaves a burr on one edge, but the new cold saw does nous. t u to th typ size and color, main r e e Duchess e as in clean, smooth work and is not very expensive. the precautions which Nature has taken shape more conical, less tart, an early fall rather than But with all A Pittsburg Dispatch reporter had a talk with a u n u h Duc l good and facilities provided of air, insect , and bird, it re­ s mmer apple, a d ( nl ike t e hess) a fair y gentleman who had seen the saw at work a short time mains that som varieties of f u r. the individual traits of the e l . e r it are defecti ve in their keepe These se d ing ago, and secured from him the following description of f il at o All of our i size, shape, color-perfectly tl'ne to methods and means of ert iz i n. straw­ The Ta man-in the uew invention ; The instrument itself is simply a berry growers are made familiar with this fact, as con­ original, even to the freckle8 on its skin and the raised circular saw of finesteel, tem pered somewhat hard and s division of st in t a Sweet trade mark). nected with the natural exual am a e hemispherical line (the Talm n atiout one-quarter of an inch in thickness at the peri­ Nothing of la c s and pistillate varieties. The term bi-sexual is applied resemb n e being lacking in external , phery. It is ground slightly thinner at its center to to the fo rmer, though, as is implied, the bi-sexual be­ even to the minutest particular. But instead of being clear itself easier in a deep cut. It is made to revolve ing f-fer i i g. a a l -a k -th sel til z n Yet even here there is a distinction win ter pp e late eeper e seedling has de\'elop­ at a slow speed, while the old hot saw was run at a iff c Some of so- a s nmer m and a d eren e. the called self-fertilizing ed w apple, its grain becoming coarser, and fro high rate and did its work by means of the intense v t h t r ro uct v s - d. ho h arie ies ave hei p d i eness materially enhanced a standard sweet it has become a ub aci T ug friction created rather than teeth. It cuts but one by the presence of somewhat inclined to " t another variety more potent than wa er core," yet an excellent inch a minute. The machine differs fromthe ordinary th s l . to eat (as the p a is) out of em e ves The fertility of the SharplesG (a bi-sexual dessert fruit, an apple " hr se circular saw ill this respect, that it is not the work that is h ." , the most " u r sum­ variety) improved by the proximity of the Jessie or and It.s vicinity, when ripe pop la moves up to the saw, but the work is fixed stationll-ry is a mer resort " on our Here h Wilson. It a f amili r fact than many of the bi-sexual premises. t e Talman has and the saw is made to travel along the table through e D ch ss either, as varietios are not on ly s lf-fertilizing, but arc of such evidently been fertilized by the u e , we it. It is driven by a worm wheel and screw of some superior potency, having, as the fruit growers would suspect, at a period prior to production of the seed four or five feet in length, along which it can be moved say, so much pollen as to be availablo, and as such sown or the result of a later cross of these two seedlings easily by hand-screw gear or by self-acting feed gear. at period of s m n . largely useful in fertilizing the pistillate varieties, blo so i g J. P. ROE. The saw runs in a tank of solution, and the greatest which, in turn, properly fertilized, become the most Lake Rest Farm, Oshkosh, Wis. care is necessary in regard to the quality of the materi­ of the productive. The law affinities obtains in vego­ als in this solution. It is made up of ten pounds of table as in the the selection of Phosphatic Chalk in England. animal kingdom. In whale oil soap, fifteen pounds of sal soda, two gallons varieties, to the best results this matter of af­ The discovery of a deposit of phosphatic chalk in a obtain of lard oil, with water added to make forty gallons of finityshould be considered, plants, like animals, often pit near Taplow has been announced. At the request mixture. The new saw will be used . in cutting the of the Director-General of S r , . possessing a stronger affinity for a different strain of the Geological u vey Mr armor plates for the government the proper size. blood, as, for instance, with us the Jessie proves the Strahan undertook the investigation of the deposit, . I. � . best fertilizer for the Bubach No. 5. Both being large and laid the results before the Geological Society of Russian Mercury. berries and of moderate firmness, for effectiveness every London on the 25th of March. The pit from which the third row set with Jessie being sufficient ; and here, to original specimen had been collected is oid and disused, Among the articles of export from Russia which are add to the firmness and duration of bearing, Gandy's but has in former years yielded a iarge quantity of now beginning to attain a certain importance are quick­ silver and phosphorus. Until quite recently Russia Prize, a late, firm, potent variety, llIay be made to chalk for agricultural purposes. In '�he lower part it alternate with Jessie to advalJtage; the order then exposes flint-bearing chalk of the usual character, and obtained all the quicksilver consumed by h er frow abroad, but since the COlIlmencement of exploitations being one row of the Gandy, two rows of the Hubach, in the u pper part two bands of the brown phosphatic of the mines of Bakhmut, Russian mercury is not only and the fourth of Jessie. The principle involved being chalk, 8 feet and 4 feet thick respectively, which are simply this : that where any variety is wanting in any separated by 12 feet or 14 feet of nearly white, flintless ousting the foreign article from the local markets, but point, as of productiveness of plant or fruit, of finn­ chalk. it has become an article of export. In 1887, 7,803 po ods ness of textnre or quality of fruit, we choose for its Under the microscope the brown chalk proves to be of it were exported from St. Petersburg and Libau. In fertilizer a variety excelling in the point lacking. a purely organic deposit. The finewhite mud removed 1889, 3,150 poods of phosphorus were also exported. This matter of family affinities we claim to be a fact of by washing in water con�ists of some extremely minute The mercury mines of Saigewa, near the Nikitowka Station of the Azof Railway, prove to be exceedingly horticulture, and the success of the fruit grower de­ bodies cOlU mon in the chalk, known as rhabdoliths, pends largely upon his recognition of this fact. The coccoliths, and discoliths, which, though of doubtful rich. The deposits contain three layers of hydrargerous ore, the total quantity of ore containing the metal Warfield No. 2 should be crossed with Burt's Seedling, history, are believed to be of organic origin. '.r he being estimated at 12,000,000 poods. The ore is or what may (of the new varieties) prove still b etter, brown sand is made up of the following organisms, sprung the Governor Hoard. For earliness, firmness, and po­ taken in order of their abundance. First, the shells by means of dynamite, crushed by manual labor and tency as a fertilizer, we would recommend the Michal's of foraminifera ; secondly, small, crystal-like prisms by crushing machines, and finally roasted. In 1889 the y ld the mines was 10,202 p o m ic Early. broken from the shells of the Inoceramus, a common ie of o ds of pure etall quicksilver. In working the deposits, traces of former What may be said of the strawberry applies to our chalk mollusk ; t�l irdly, comminuted bones, teeth, and native plum-Prnn'lt8 americana-now much improved scales of !>mall fish ; and, lastly, small oval pellets, the workings and abandoned pits are found, showing that these same mines have already been exploited in by culture and careful selection from new seedlings. exuvire of fish, which were probably about the size of We find here in some instances the need of Ii. fertilizer, sprats. The foraminifera include numbers of genera ancient times. and again the superior potency of certain varieties to common in the chalk, such as (}lobigerina, Textularia, ... . , ... be a marked characteristic. Many varieties, like the Cristellaria, and Planorbnlina. They are, generally Milton's Homreopathy. Winnebago and the Miner singly, are almost worthless; speaking, filled with an opaque mass of phosphate of Irrespecti ve of one's views as to the Se\!er ,L schools but if set in close proximity with a strongly potent va­ lime, the shell itself being sometimes carbonate of of medicine, it is interesting to note the falot that the riety, as the De Soto, their productiveness will be as­ lime and sometimes phosphate in a translucent form. poetical mind of John Milton anticipated the beory of sured. In the case (with the plum) of large, vigorous The small prisms from the Inoceramus shells are also Hahnemann, as is evinced by the following e.l' ·:,ract trees, making abundance of wood, but shy bearers, we partly converted into phosphate of lime, while the fish from his preface to .. Samson Agonistes." He remarks would recommend grafting in the uppermo&t branches remains and the pellets consist, as usual, principally of that tragedy has power, .. by raising ['ity or fear or and extremities of limbs, by either cleft or whip graft­ this substance. terror, to purge the mind of these and such like ing as occasion may require, scions of some potent va­ By treatment with acetic acid a portion of the car­ passions ; that is, to temper and reduce them to just riety. This, to succeed, should be done as early as bonate of lime which cannot be removed by washing mealmre with a kind of delight, stirred up by seeing possible in the season. The condition of bark and bud can be dissolved out, the phosphate of lime being un­ those passions well imitated. Nor is n ature wanting of tree and scion should be the same. The plum starts affected by the process. These phosphatized portions in her own effects to make good this assertion ; for so early in the season, and is impatient of delay in the of the organisms can thus be separated out from those in ph ysic things of melancholic hue and quality are scion. which have remained in their original mineral con­ used against melancholy, sour against sour, salt to re­ Many of our grapes are deficient in their productive dition. In some cases the phosphate has so completely move salt humors." I do not remember ever seeing powers, the flo wers not being sufficiently self-fertilizing. filled the foraminifera that it has penetrated the in­ this Miltonic statement of .. Similia similibus curan- Instances are not wanting of this among OUl' native va- numerable little pores, or fo ramina, in the shell, from tur " commented on before. H, C. HOVEY.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 310

TliE lIROADWAY AND SEVENTH AVENUE CAlILE Seventh Avenue Railroad Company is Mr. Geo. W. sent, he could not have done the work. Rich Grain ROAD. McNulty. The work is being executed by the con- Distillery Company vs. Western Union Telegraph (Uontinued from firstpa ge.) tractors, John D. Crimmins & Bro., of this city. Company. locality was at the intersection of Fulton Street with '],he public will be benefited by this improvement, ------...... -fl -.._------Broad way. Although this is but half a mile from the not only by the removal of so many horses from the 'rhe Tallow Tree in ChIna. southern terminus of the road, twenty·one slIch cross street and by the improved service certain to be af· Mr. Hosie, the British consul at Wenchow, in his last sections were plotted at intermediate points between forded, but the new rails will lie fluEh with the pave- report describes a curious vegetable product which is the line of this section and the end of Whitehall Street. ment and will have so small a groove as not to inter· cultivated in his district. This is the tallow tree (Stil­ This fact gives a good idea of the extent of work reo fere with carriage or truck wheels. The question of lingia sebije ra, Roxb.), the fruit of which pl'Oduces oil quired to determine what had to be done in the way of different speeds on the upper a nd lower portions of the as well as tallow. The berries, which resemble coffee clearing the ground. The illustrations also show how road is also a matter for consideration in the near future. beans in appearance and size, are first steamed and many are the obstacles in the way of prosecuting the ••• , • then pounded in an ordinary rice trough. By pound· work. Electricity for Domestic Purposes. ing, t he 80ft mealy mesocarp is partially separated 'I' he next step in the work is the clearing of the The Pall Mall Budget says one of the latest adapta- from the kernels. The whole is then placed in a bam- grouml. This is now in progress. For this boo sieve, the meshes of which are just large purpose, wherever necessary, the tracks are enough to allow the mealy matter to be temporarily shifted to one side, and the scrubbed through, and small enough to keep gronnd is excavated on the line of the con back the kernels, which are hard, black, and duits. The pipes are moved and shifted as about the size of peas. From the mealy required, so as to leave everything clear. At matter the tallow is expressed in primitive the present time this work is blling prose- wooden presses. To obtain oil, the kernels cuted at many points upon the line of the are dried and passed between two millstones road, so that no delay shall be experienced held at !Such a distance apart, by means of in putting the conduits in place, once the a bamboo pivot, as to crush the hard shells operation begins. of the kernels without injuring the white A careful recapitulation of the obstacles in interiors. The whole is then passed through and upon the ground at the point illustrated a winnower, which separates the broken gives no less than twenty·five classes of in- shells from the solid matter. The latter is cumbrances or occupants of the street, either then placed in a deep iron pan, and roasted on the surface or below it. In the category until it begins to assume a brownish color, are included gas and water mains, valves for CROSS SECTION OF THE CAlILE ROADWAY AND CONDUIT. the process being accompanied by continual gas and water, sewers, with their manholes, stirring to prevent burning. The crushed basins and connections, Edison electric con- shells make an excellent fuel for the pur· duits and manholes, electric subways with pose. It is then rround by a huge stone their vaults, service boxes, and air pipes, commercial tions of electricity to domestic purposes, in London, is l'oller in a circular stone well, steamed, made into cir· cable conduits and vaults, pneumatic tubes, steam the establishment of telephonic communication be· cular cakes with bamboo and straw casings, and pipes, with expansion joints, return pipes. valves, and tween the servants' hall and the other rooms in the passed through the wooden press. A good lighting oil "alve stems, cellar vaults, and finally the horse rail· house. There is very little expense in the installation. of a brownish yellow color is thus obtained. The tal· road tracks. A perspective view of the incumbrances, The common ordinary wires of the ringing bells are low is called " p' i yu "-that is, skin or external oil. pipe lines, etc., completely exposed as if by an excava· used without any alteration. A telephonic mouth· __• I • tion, produces the effect of a perfect labyrinth of cross piece is provided at each end, and if you wish to sum· ]Uysteries of Malaria. connections and parallel lines at various depths. I mon the servant, you ring the bell as usub.l, and then Walter Coote, author of "Wanderings, South and What the outcome of it all will be in the future it is speak your message to him over the telephone. The East," who has been at the Fiji Islands, has the foI­ hard to say. advantage to the servant is plain. It saves him or her lowing notes upon the vagaries of what is called The lesson taught is obvious. To lay pipes and con· one journey up and down stairs. Suppose you make malaria, the strange ways of which, The Christian at duits in the earth as has been done in this city is op· up your mind, half an hour before your usual dinner Work adds, are often past findingout : posed to every principle of municipal engineering. time, to dine out, and suppose you wish to communi· I have 8een Englishmen living in Fiji, 011 the bor' "I The growing complication is bringing about a condi· cate this piece of intelligence to the servants. Under deI'S of almost stagnant estuarieE, with the densest and tion of things which may yet lead to serious results. the present system it is impossible. You may ring, and most rank vegetation around them on all sides, with There is but one way to escape from the difficulty. It they will jump to the conclusiou that you want your mosquitoes and a hundred such insects infesting the is to construct an adequate subway to contain the dinner quickly. Give two peals, and they will only district like a plague ; in dry seasons their houses entire mass of pipe lines and possibly the sewers also. think you are in an extra hurry. You must wait till will stand in the very center of groat plains of reeking The complication is increased in many cases by the use the soup is brought up, before you have a chance of ooze, in times of flood the muddy river will rise to of two or more pipes to do the work of one. If a putting in a single word, whereas in future you will their very verandas, and yet these people are robust proper subway were provided, the operations of sub- merely have to ring the bell and then telephone, .. I and healt.hy. I have gone from there, and a few weeks stituting a single large duct for two or more small ones, shall dine out. Get me a cab." later visited islands in the Solomon group, or New and in general any operations tending to simplify the • '., • Hebrides, where I have found a dry coral soil and high underground distribution of light, heat, and power, Damages for Non-Delivery of Telegralll. land, upon which the pure trade wind blows freshly could be readily effected. The present time is most A distilling company sent a message to boilermakers month after month, steep land, too, from which the favorable for !mch an operation, as Broad way will soon in a neighboring city notifying them that a boiler VIas rain water is quickly borne downward to the sea, and receive a new and expensive pavement, which it out of repair and asking them to "send man at once." all this but a few hundred miles from the Fiji group, would be poor policy to lay until there is no danger of By reason of the failure of the telegraph company to and in the same latitude, and blown upon by the same disturbing it. transmit or deliver the message, the distilling company trade wind, and yet in these places it is almost death The original plans for the cable road contemplated was compelled to suspend operations for twenty·four for a white man to spend more than a few months in

Se ale {8"= f Fo o t:. CROSS SECTION OF THE STREET AT BROADWAY AND FULTON STREET.

an excavation of the width of the entire roadway. hours longer than it would have done had the message the year on shore, and practically no one who lives But it was found that this complicated operations, as been transmitted and delivered in -:;he ref'ular course ashore at all can hope to escape frequent and severe at· the prism to be cleared was of too large section. Ac· of business. The Superior Court of Kentucky held in tacks of fever. In fact, it is only by being thoroughly cordingly it has been determined to put ea.ch conduit an action against the telegraph company that the allclimated, through a long period of time, that he can in separately. The general construction is shown in the sender of the message was entitled to recover for the hope to live there at all." cuts. The slot is firmlytied, so as not to close. 1m· additional expense incurred in feeding cattle, and the • I e , • proved rails are used, which will not interfere with additional amount paid to hands, by reason of the AMONG the useful institutions of Chicago is the traffic. Two power stations will probably be used, one delay caused by defendant's failure to transmit ;he Watchmaker's Institute, Athenreum Building, Van at Houston St.reet and other at 51st Street. The con· message. The court said that as it was the business of Buren Street. Here, for $25 a month, pupils receive duit will be 24 inches deep and 15 inches wide. At in· the firm to which the message was sent to send men to both theoretical and practical instruction in all tervals drainage pipes will be inserted connecting with repair boilors, it must be presumed that they would branches of the art. The most improved tools are the sewer, to carry off any water that may find its way have followed tbeir usual course of business, and it was used, and the utmost pains taken to instruct the learn­ through the slot. The engineer for the Broadway & not reasonable to presume that had the man been ers thoroughly.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titnUfic �tutricau. 311

ANCIENT METHODS OF DRAWING WATER Firing Porcelain. nected with the experiment, but, after a time, it was We have already described some of the ancient The United States consul at Limoges, France, says, attempted, and the results were far better than antici­ methods of raising water, but these were confined to in his last report to the United States government, pated. The heat was shown to be absolutely pure. the elevation of water from streams or natural bodies that the proprietors of the large porcelain factories No gases or smoke in any way discolored the china, of water lying on the surface. For elevating water there have been for a long time studying the question which came from the kiln much whiter and in better from wells and cisterns, different mechanism was re­ of red ucing the price of fuel. At a recent congress of condition than when it is fired with the best of wood. quired . the manufacturers, it was said that some new and In the muffles there was a decided advantage. The One of the ancient machines for this kind of work is cheap way of manufacturing porcelain must be found delicate colors, which show at once the presence of represented in Fig. 1. In this machine a long beam for France, or the industry which has become so fam- the slightest quantity of gas. were perfect. " This weighted at one end is pivoted in a forked post new discovery," says Consul Griffin, "promises and arranged to oscillate on its pivot. To the to revolutionize the whole porcelain industry." lighter end of the heam is connected a rod It is estimated that, by employing these oils, which is attached at its lower end to a bucket, there will be a reduction of about 15 or 20 per and the weight of the heavier end of the beam cent in the making of china. is more than sufficient to lift a bucket full of The only question now is the present classi­ water. Upon the beam is placed a plank, and fication of residuum oils in the customs tariff, at the sides of the plank are arranged hand­ all the present duty on petroleum·-120 francs rails. The operator walks forward and back­ per ton-is prohibitive, but strong pressure is ward upon the beam, thus alternately add ing being brought to bear on the government to his weight to the lighter end of the beam have fuel oils classified as fuel, which pays only and removing it therefrom, causing the 1 franc 30 centimes a ton. New life is given to bucket to alternately dip into the water and an industry that was seriously threatened, and lift it to the surface, where it is emptied it is hoped that the French porcelain will be by another person. In some cases these brought to a greater state of perfection by this machines are provided with steps to give new American invention. a better foothold. It is said that the operator ... � .. upon these machine!'! becomes so expert that The Em.ployers' Federation. the water never ceases running in the troughs A federation of employers is in progress of leading from the well, and still his confidence organization in San l!'rancisco, which will in­ is such, notwithstanding his apparently dan­ clude the foundrymen, ship owners, lumber gerous position, that he laughs, sings, smokes, dealers, box makers, builders, harness aud and eats in this peculiar situation. This ma­ leather makers, etc. The idea is to form a chine is peculiar to Hindostan, and is known federation of employers of the Pacific coast on as the picotah. the same plan and to be just as extensive as the The earlier machines for raising water by organization of trades unions in the Council of power were known by such names as the tym­ Federated Trades, with its sub-federations in panum, noria, chain of pots. Of these the all parts of the coast, so that, no matter in tympanum and noria were driven by the what trade or locality the Council of Federated stream from which the water was taken. The -Trades might exert its power, it would meet an earlier form of tympanum consisted simply of a equally compact organization to oppose its de­ series of gutters united at their open ends to a crees. It is not proposed to attempt to destroy horizontal hollow shaft placed a little higher trades unions, but to restrain them and to resist than the discharge sluice, the gutters being ar­ unreasonable demands ; nor is it desired to re- ranged rad ially, and of sufficient length to ex- duce wages, but to so arrange matters that em­ Fig. I.-THE PICOTAH OF HINDOSTAN. tend from the shaft into the water. The sides ployers shall }lot be dictated to as t

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 312 Jtitutifit �tUtritau�

With More Zeal than DI.eretlon. planking being used. Thirteen of the lower deck the same thing is true of Lepidoptera. Pale greell An esteemed contemporary announces the discovery beams have been taken o�t, and new ones, 16 by 16 moths, like Actias. Geometra, and Pachyarches, are of three •• weak points " in the patent laws of the inches, put in. The new keelson is fastened down with protected by their coloring, which is common to both United States. It has reached the conclusion that the bolts 1� inches in diameter and 7 feet long, which are sexes, and are quite hidden when nestling among the establishment of "oppressive monopolies " under the driven 16 inches into the main keel. New chain lockers leaves. Such seems also to be the case with Lehera protection of patents ought to be effectively prohibited; have been put into the ship, and a heavy platform eryx, a lycaenid which is greeni!lh on the under side, the foreign inventor labors under almost insuperable carries the big water tank, holding twenty tons of and may possibly be the ease with some Catopsilias. disabilities in respect to the nature of proof required water, enough to last the crew six months. New But bright metallic green is, I think, the latest devel­ to establish his priority of invention in contested cases; 'tween decks have been put into the craft, and the oped color among butterflies, and decidedly the most and that patented inventions not put in public use entire main deck will be taken out, together with the conspicuous. No one who has not seen it can imagine within a reasonable time after the protection has been poop deck, forward house, topgallant forecastle, and the brilliancy of Arhopala fa rquharii or 01'nithoptera given, ought to be summarily deprived of it. We fear the forward part of the cabin, and all will be renewed, brookeana in the greenest jungle. The brightest of that the real source of our contemporary's disquietude as will the waterways all around the ship. I t is ex- the metallic blue butterflies look dim beside them. is to be found in the fact that the American patent law pected the work will be finished in three weeks, and It may be confidently asserted of all such butterflies s has not been framed to meet the requirements of in- the ship will then be given a seven year cla s and will that, unless the species is protected, only the male is fringers. We may further remark that Congress ap- load grain for Europe. The estimated cost of repair- green. The protected Ornithopteras have sometimes pears to have no constitutional authority to change it ing the vessel is over $40,000. R. S. Alexander & 00. assumed green colors as well as golden and orange, to correspond more nearly to the views of this enter- have the contract.-PacVlc Lumberman. and the female shares in this useful ornamentation prising and industrious class of citizens. The Consti- .. I • I .. to some extent. In non· protected butterflies the tution of the United States, in express terms, empowers Natural History Note.. green is confined to the upper side, and is quite in- Congress "to promote the progress of science and The Poison of To ads.-The skin of toads and sala- visible except during flight. In the Lycaenidae it is the useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors manders has lately been submitted to a microscopical found in many Zephyri, in some Poritias and Massagas, and inventors the exclusive right to their respective examination by Mr. Schultz, who finds that there in a few Arhopalas, and in Lampides marakata, a rare writings and discoveries." In view of the magnificent are two kinds of glands present in the skin of these butterfly I discovered in the Malay Peninsula, and results achieved under its stimulus by the inventors of animals, viz., mucous and poisonous glands. The named after its emerald tint above. Among all these, America, it is too late to question at this day the former are present all over the body, the latter are whenever the female is known, it is blue, orange, wisdom of the fathers' provision ; but whether wise or confined to the back of the body and limbs and the black, violet, or any other color but green. The conser­ unwise, there it is, a part of our organic law, and ear region behind the eyes, and in the salamander are vative and, in butterflies, unadorned sex has not yet likely to continue so. The patentee's right is exclu- present at the angle of the jaw. The poison glands are acquired the latest development in colors. It is also re­ .� ive, and though it may be limited in duration, it can- larger than the mucous glands in the salamander, are markable that the green colors seem to occur where the not be limited in scope. Congress has no power to step oval and have a dark granular appearance, due to genus is most dominant. The Malay Peninsula and in between the patentee and his personal property, and strongly refractive drops of poison, a good reagent for Borneo form the great center of development of the undertake to dictate to him how, where and when he which is copper hrematoxylin. The poison is secreted genera Arhopala and Lampides, and it is there that shall use it or refrain from using it. We esteem it the by epithelial cells lining the glands, and, when the most of the green species occur. The outlying Arho­ one crowning merit of the American patent system animal is stimulated electrically, it is exuded slowly in palas, thoRe of the northwest Himalayas, and the that the grant is unconditional and absolute, or with· drops by the toad, but discharged in a fine jet, some- Timorian islands, are all blue. In Zephyrus, the green out drawback or restriction in the nature of conditions times to the distance of a foot or more, by the sala- species are found only where the genus is best repre­ snbsequent. Two of our contemporary's points are mander. The anresthetic action of thtl poison of the sen ted and most vigorous. Zephyrus pavo, a species therefore disposed of by constitutional proviston. As toad and the use to which it is put in m edicine by the found in the Bhutan and Assa.m hill ranges, remote to the remaining one, it is declared that while "it is Chinese have already been pointed out. from the regular habitat of the genus, has, I discovered. already possible for American inventors to obtain Effect of Light on Sp ines.-In a note communicated the male blue and greatly reselllbling allied females valuable patent rights in foreign lands, • . • • it is to the French Academy of Sciences, Mr. A. Lothelier "from the western Himalayas. The green and orange well nigh impossible for a foreign inventor to secure states that in Berberis vulgaris, Robinia pseudacacia, Ornithopteras also occur only in the heart of the Or­ a patent here if there can be found an American un- Ulex europreus and other plants, the formation of nithoptera region. These remarks on green butterflies scrupulous enough to claim the invention, naming a spines is dependent on the access of light. Plants also apply in some degree to certain other unusual date prior to the foreigner's application in his own grown in comparatively little light present very few colors of great brilliancy, such as the "hining coppery country. " This is a gross misstatement of the provisions spines, but those grown with free accetls of it have gold of Ilel'da brahma and the fieryred of Thamala and practice of our patent law. Our rules of practice more numerous, more differentiated and more devel- marciana. It ought to be borne in mind that such provide that he who, being an original inventor; first oped spines. M. Lothelier has observed that the loss colors must never be ascribed to a female without care­ makes known to others within the realm (thus enabling of assimilation power caused by the development of ful examina.tion." its existence to be legally proved) the invention he has spines is usually balanced by the stronger growth of ThePh enomenon of Autotomy in Certain Animals. ­ made, and perfects and seeks to patent the same with axillary leaves. Mr. Fredwicq, of Liege, has established the fact that reasonable diligence, is entitled to the grant. It mat- Protective Mimicry in Sp iders.-In the journal of the amputation of the claws in the crab is a reflex ters not in the least whether he be a foreigner or a the Elisha Mitchell Society, Mr. Atkinson calls atten- phenomenon with which the will of the animal has native ; the rule is the same. The benefit to the tion to two new cases of protective mimicry in spiders. nothing to do, and which is always brought about by public, which is the consideration, and the sole con- A Cy rtarachne takes shelter in summer and autumn an excitation affecting one of the articulations of the sideration, for the grant, arises from the making known under leaves, where it has absolutely the aspect of a limb sacrificed. He has shown, too, that lizards sus­ of the invention to the people of the United States. small univalve mollusk which :is extremely abundant, pended by the tail never succeed .in breaking it, if There is no conceivable reason why we should reward and which often fix�s itself in an analogous position. bruising of this organ be carefully avoided. He con­ a foreigner, as of a matter of right, for something he The second example is found in a small spider, Tlwmi- cl udes therefrom that, in these animals, autotomy is has done in his own country and not elsewhere, unless sus aleatorius, which is remarkable for the length of its again dependent upon a reflex act, and he places in he has, by publication or otherwise, constructively fore legs. the hind ones being, on the contrary, very this category all the cases of mutilation, apparently placed some person in this country in possession of a short. This spider, which lives upon grasses, ascends the voluntary, that are presented by insects, worms, echi­ knowledge of it, and the very moment he has done culm, stops suddenly and disappears from sight. It noderms, etc. At a recent session of the French this, he stands precisely on the same footing, in every sufficesto fasten itself to the spike by its hind legs, and Academy of Sciences, Mr. Charles Contejean gave an particular, with his domestic competitor. to bring together its fore legs, extended, and forming account of some experiments that he hat! just mane Suppose it is true that a certain proportion of the an angle with the culm, in such a way as to make upon the grasshopper and lizard. and that permit him · patents granted are never put to use. Suppose that itself nearly undistinguishable from the spikelets. to bring new proofs forward to the support of this some .• successful " inventor has " found that progress The Usefu lness of the Elephant.-In modern times, opinion. He has found, among other facts : (1) That along a certain line was barred by some old claim that we have only to look to India to be convinced of the autotomy cannot be induced in grasshoppers and in has never been put to any service whatever, and great usefulness of the elephant. To the agriculturist, lizards enfeebled by long fasting; (2) that lizards arti­ neither benefits the public itself nor permits any one who uses him before his wagon or his plow, he is in- ficially chilled can no longer break off their tails : (3) ('Ise to do so." How large is the proportion l' There d ispensable, and for the transportation of heavy arti- that such breakage is so much the more easy and more ·are now in force about 300,000 patents. How many of cles he has no rival. We see him carrying immense rapid, on the contrary, in proportion as the animal is these are obstructions in the way of progret!s because tree trunks out of the Indian forest, and by his inde· more active ; (4) that in the lizard, as in the grass­ their owners will neither use nor permit them to used ? fatigable industry, in picking up and carrying off hopper, electric excitation it! that that gives most suc­ Not one-tenth of,one per cent. Isit then worth while in large stones, aiding the construction of roads and rail- sess ; (5) that autotomy is more easily induced in a attempting to guard against a limited and largely im- ways. For labor of this kind a coolie receives from decapitated lizard than in an intact animal, the mod­ aginary evil, not only to inflictin calculable injury and four to eight annas, while five and six rupees are paid erating action exerted by the encephalus being sup­ injustice upon the vast body of deserving inventors, for the daily work of an elephant. From this fact we pressed. but, by removing what is the principal incentive and conclude that one elephant performs the work of from - I., .. stimulus to invention, the absolute security for a fixed twelve to twenty-two coolies. From the record of the Superimposed Magnetization •• term of years of patented property, to dry up, as it British expedition against King Theodore, of Abys- Experiments by M. Jalllin have shown that two lon­ were, the spring of invention at its very source ?-The sinia, in 1868, we learn that 44 elephants were shipped gitudinal magnetizations of inverse polarity may be Electrical Engineer. frOID Bombay for use in the campaign. Each animal imposed on a piece of steel without mutual neutraliza­ ., ... was in charge of two men. Of this number, five suc- tion. The same has been shown by M. Decharme to Rebuilding while Aftoat. cum bed during the campaign. The remaining 39 reno be true for transverse magnetization, and in a recent A novel piece of work has been undertaken in San dered valuable services, being intrusted with the trans- communication to the Academie des Sciences, M. De­ Francisco. The ship Edward O'Brien, built in Maine portation, through a mountainous country, of cannon, charme describes the result of magnetizing the same in 1865. has been practically rebuilt without being ammunition and supplies. It was frequently very diffi- piece of steel successively, longitudinally and trans­ taken from the water. A crew of riggers was employed, cult to procure proper food for them, and as it was versely. The specimen of steel was 100 fi m. long, 28 and the fore and main ma&ts, each weighing over 100 often necessary to traverse great distances to reach mm. broad, and 3mm. thick. If the conditions were tons, were lifted by means of shores six inches clear of the watering places, the death of the five animals is I favorable and care was taken, it was found possible to (he keelson. This was done without sending down ascribed to these hardships. Although elephants move obtain an iron filing sketch, showing two simultane· the topgallant masts or any of the light yards. The slowly through a mountainous country and soon be- ously existing magnetizations. In most instances, lower deck stanchions were then knocked out, and the come footsore, they performed their task with ad- however,the two magnetizations were merely superim· old, keelson taken out the entire length of the ship, to­ mirable faithfulness. Without them it would have posed, and by making the proper passes the longitudi­ gether with the sister keehwns. These were then re­ been necessary to await the building of wagon roads. nal and the transverse magnetizations could be made placed with new timbers 16 by 16 inches in size. Four (}reen Butterjlies.-" Grant Allen shows," says Mr. to predominate in succession, and with increasing of these form the keelson, and two on each side form W. Doherty, in the journal of the Asiatic Society, of strength. until saturation point was reached. A bar the sister keelsons. These run the entire length of the Bengal, "that, whilQ greenish flowers are among the magnetized first longitudinally and then transversely ship, and are scarfed and keyed with oak keys. The oldest, really green flowersare the most recently devel- would thus appear to be in a state of magnetic insta· entire skiD of the ves.sel has been replaced, 4 by 16 oped of all and among the most.conspicuous. Very much 1 bility.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. ,citutific �mttl,aU. 313

Periodical Locusts. CASTROGRAPHY. other plant or weed to grow for an entire season. In reply to one of our correspondents who asked in­ Do not look for the word castl'ogl'aphy in the When mature, the larva enters the ground, where it formation concerning these insects, Dr. C. V. Riley, to dictionary, for it is a neologism created to designate forms an oval smooth cavity, within which it changes whom we referred the inquiry, says : a new art. Castrography (from the Greek, meaning to a chrysalis of a deep mahogany brown color, pointed .. In reference to the 17-year locust, or periodical to write by cutting) consists ill writing or drawing in at the extremity. These chrysalides are often turned up cicada, I may say that in more northern localities the relief in the substance of a sheet of thin cardboard, by in large numbers when the ground is plowed. Birds of insect appears once in 17 years in a given location, means of the blade of a penknife. It was devil:'ed by all kinds, and even domestic fowls, are very fond of while further south it occurs once in 13 years. In other Mr. Mills, an American, who exhibited the process at these chrysalides (as many of them are also of the words, there are two dit;tinct races, one called Sep­ Paris in a public establishment. This artist traces the larVal), and many are thus destroyed by their enemies, tendecim and the other Tredecim, according as they drawing or writing by means of incisions made in the to whose view they are exposed by the plow. appear either in 17 or 13 years. There are, however, a substance of the card. As the knife blade makes a . 1. . A Electrical 'Veddlng. number of more or less well marked broods, according very sharp angle with the card, these incisions may be to locality. Of Lhese I have tabulated 22. and bave in­ very deep. In measure as they are made, the opera­ At a wedding reported in Baltimore, a few days ago, dicated in Bulletin No. 8 of the Division of Entomology tor, with the back of the blade, raises the upper part no sooner had the company been comfortably seated and in the Annual Report of the Department of Agri­ that he has just cut, so that its outline is at once con­ than the room burst into a flood of light from numer­ culture for 1885, and also in other writings, the exact verted into a sort of bass-relief. On illuminating the ous varicolored incandescent electric lamps hidden territory which each of these 22 broods occupies. The card, thus prepared. sideways, it exhibits, in fact, the among the decorations. The entrance of the bride State of Indiana has 5 broods, viz., 1885 (XXII), 1888 high lights, tones and half tones and the true a.nd pro­ and bridegroom was welcomed by the automatic ring­ (V), 1889 (VIII), 1893 (XI), and 1894 (XII). The next jected shadows of sculpture. As for the rapidity of ex­ ing of electric bells and the playing of electrical musi­ brood to appear in Indiana is brood XI. in 1893. The ecution, it will suffice for us to say that the specimens cal instruments. After the first course, the room was last occurrence of this brood was in 1876, and in that prepared specially before our eyes by the artist, for plunged into semi-darkness, when suddenly, from the year I had no authentic accounts {rom Indiana. In the reader!! of La Na ture, were executed in less than a floral decorations upon the table, there glowed tiny 1842 and 1859, however, its appearance was recorded in minute by the watcho (See accompanying figure.) electric lamps. Not only the flowers, but the interior Sullivan and Knox Counties. In 1894 brood XII will Mr. Mills varies the style of his delicate compositions of the translucent vases in which some of them were appear. Here again I received no records from Indiana ad infinitum. Here we see flowers, such as eglantines gathered, scintillated with flashes of light. After a in 1877, but in 1843 and 1860 it was recorded in Dear­ and forget-me-nots, here ornamental designs, and here while a miniature electric lamp, which in some unex­ born County. The largest brood which Indiana has is again birds, ornamental plants, etc., rising !Suddenly plained manner had attached itself to the bride's hair, XXII, which appeared in 1885, and is due again in 1902. under the blade of the rapid knife. In the time that was seen to glow with dazzling brightness. A toast It occupieR the entire southern part of the State. This it, would take a draughtsman to put a sketch upon having been given, two serpents slowly uncoiled them­ brood is well recorded in Indiana as far back as 1834. paper, Mr. Mills gives us not only the contour, but selves and issued from the wine bottle that stood be­ ...... also the shadows, obtained by the play of light upon side the bridal couple. Cigars and coffee were served, Destruction of Chinch Bugs. the bass-relief. and the cigars were lighted by an electric lighter. while BY F. He SNOW. This procetls is scarc�ly capable of furnishing any- coffee was prepared in full view of the company by an At the recent meeting of entomologists at Champaign, electrical heater. The speeches that were made were Ill., Dr. F. H. Snow read an interesting paper on the liberally applauded by an electrical kettledrum placed above 3ubject. His experiments have been continued under the table. As the company dispersed, the elec­ through the two seasons of 1889 and 1890, and have tric current set off a novel pyrotechnic display, amid been rt.lmarkably successful. As entomologist �'o the the crimson glare of which the festivities ended. Kansas State Board of Agriculture, I had prepared an . '.' " article for the annual meeting of that board in January, Caterpillars Stop Trains. 1889, stating what was known at that time upon the The'Carolina Central runs through the Big Swamp

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 314 Jeitutific �mtriclUf [MAY 16, IB9I.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. INSULATING SWING JOINT. -Henry P. slide in and out, with means for securing the holder in Inner end of the tip and force it outward. The con· lI.ring position in the aperture. The cartridli:B chambers struction is designed to largely extend the durability of Engineering. Drew, New York City. This device is designed for use when gas and electric light fixtnres are mounted to­ act as firing chambers, and when the cartridges have the tip, so that It need be renewed only at long TRACTION ENGINE. - Mr. John H. Intervals. I(ether and supported by the swing joint. Electrical been discharged, the holder may be quickly replaced by Crumb, of Burliugame, Kansas, has patented an im­ insnlation is provided in the fiexingjoint so as to pre­ a filledholder. The arm may also be made for use as a TWINE HOLDER AND CUTTER.-Messrs, proved traction engine iu which all the wheels are used single breech loader, and when used as a magazine gun vent escape of electricity, and the joint is otherwise so J. J. Quinn F. C. Snebold, of Deming, New Mexico, as traction wheel., and In which the steering may be is designed to facilitate very rapid firing without lower­ & constructed as to afford meaes to freely conduct gas have patented an improved twine holder and cutter, eJl'ected in the usual way by the turning of the wheels ing the gnn from the shoulder. either in a straight line or at angles. which IS designed to conveniently hold spooled or which are pivot.ed ; or, if desirable, the engine may be CHECK PUNCH.-Lloyd M. Mills, Grand bunched twme, and to give the twine the amount of ten­ moved off bodily in any direction withont tumlnli:. DRILL BIT.-Robert McKee, Meeker, Rapids, Micb. This is a device to cut or punch a sion required. The device is provided with a cutrer of Tbis construction affords peculiar advantages for many Col. This drill has lengthwise grooves on opposite desired numeral or figure out of a check, draft, etc., peculiar form fastened on the spindle of the spool. uses, such as ditching, plowing and other agricultural sides gradually decreasing in depth from the npper end so that the several numerals or fignres stand In perfect The cutter is formed so that it may be readily sharpened operations. to the point of the d rill, and In the grooves slide broad­ pointed, wedge-shaped arms pendent from an annnlar alignment. Die rods are adapted to slide toward and by grinding. VALVE GEAR FOR STEAM ENGINE. - from a common center on a die wheel turning below the collar fitting on a threaded sleeve on the bit shank, the BANJO.-An improvement in banjos, Mr. Wilber J. Cunningham, of Rapid City, South rods and actuated from the latter, so a8 to bring the arms being held in place by a circnlar band. The bit is designed to increase the resonance in the instruments, Dakota, has invented an improved valve gear for steam corresponding die of the die wheel in line with the adapted to be enlarged by screwing down the drill tube, and give them a full, heavy, clear, distinct and bell-like engines, which insures a quick opening and closinli: of actuating rod having a cotresponding die. The con­ which expands the arms on the collar. tone, has been patented by Messrs. J. M. Smith & G. J. the ports at the proper time in the stroke, thereby struction Is simple and durable and the device Is easily LOCK FOR VEHICLE DOORS. - P a Fritz, of Butler, New Jersey. The banjo is provided securing a more effective distribution of the steam than u 1 and quickly manipulated. with a split or sectional resonant ring suppor ted by is obtained in engines of ordinary construction. The Sohege, Paris, France.-This device comprises an air­ VEHICLE FIFTH WHEEL.-Al fred W. studs projecting from the edge of the rim. The reson­ engine Is provided with a cam on the main shaft, and compressor located on or near the driver's seat, and Johnson, New Brunswick. N. J. The attached fifth ant ring forms a bearing surface for the periphery of the rock shafts carrying arms having rollers which are en­ operated by an osclllatable lever, tbe air passing by wheel section provided by this invention is mainly head. The members of the ring are spaced and bolted gaged by opposite sides of the cam. The slide valves pipes to a dilatable reservoir. The latter as It expands circular on its exterior margin, but eccentric on opposite or riveted together, and the head stretched ti/!'htly over are arranged to mov" In a line at right angles to the depresses one end of a lever, the other end of which sides in front, forming angular protruding shoulders, In the ring by the use of Ule usual hoop and hook screws, axis of the engme. actuates a series of levers, which cause tbe release of a pawl from the cam-shaped locking bolt, whIch disen­ combination with an outer section attached to the body or in any other suitable way. HEATING ApPARATUS. - Mr. Cyprien gages from the door, allowing the door to open. of the vehicle having eccentric set-off spaces and MARINE VESSEL.-A fireproof vessel Dnb6, of New York City, has patented au improved shoulders, and adapted to receive the fifth wheel section BEVEL GRINDING MACHINE.-Eugene has been patented by Joseph B. Brolaski, of St. Louis, steam or hot water heater designed principally for attached to the running gear loosely within it, with Homan, New York City. ThIS machine is for cuttinS( Mo., in which the walls and ceiling are formed by metal warming bnildings, and capable of being nsed to good freedom to tum and move backward aud forward and polishing bevel edges on plates of glass used for .heets, and wooden parts wherever they are employed aoivantage for generating steam for motive power, or therein. With this construction the draught pole or mirrors and other purposes. Standards are erected on are covered witb sheet metsl. The metal sheets used for heating water for various purpose.. The heater is thills cannot move laterally, or the truck axle be turned a pair of elOllgated horizontal shears, and a platen for partitions are applied alternately to opposite sides provided with a double shell forming water chambers when being drawn ahead, without causing the load to swings on the standards near Its center of height. The of the wooden uprights, thus forming panels. The at opposite sides of the fire box, which are connected be moved forward relatively to the running gear. edges of tbe metal sheets are bent aronnd the uprights. by transverse tubular water chambers at the front and platen carries a pair of bracket arms each loosely sup­ VELOCIPEDE. - William B a ely, The same Inventor has patented a novel water-til!bt rear of the fire box. The wliter grate is supported by porting a pendent fork piece, the standards having I k Vernon, Bournemouth West, England. This is an im­ compartment for vessels, which is designed to provide transverse water tubes arranged alternately between fianged nuts and screws therein having radial collars provement in foot rests for bicycles and tricycles, to aga1Ust the sinking of a vessel should it spring a leak· the grate tubes. In the upper port.ion of the double embracing the fork pieces. diminish the shocks and jars transmitted to the legs of The compartment when open will permit of the ready clIsinli: is suspended a fire tube boiler which connects the rider when desceeding steep hllls at high speeds handling of the cargo and will not interfere with its safe with tbe steam space in the top of the double· walled Electrical. with the feet on the rests. There are gnides on the stowage. fire box. fork or frame permitting up and down motion of the WASHING MACHINE.-Mr. John Van • REGULATOR FOR ELECTRIC LAMPS.­ A. RADIATOR.-Mr. Charles E. Marston, foot rest, while a spring upholds the foot rest in the Messrs. C. H. Balsley, Jr., and E. M. Porter, of Con­ Winkle, of Denison, Iowa, has patented a washing ma­ of Dover, New Hamp8hire, has patented an improved gnides and affords an elastic support for the rider's ­ cWne consisting of a tub with a frame mounted therein rll_diator consisting of hollow .uperimpo.ed sections. nellsville, Pa., have patented a cnrrent regulator for in feet. and provided with a series of rollers, uprights being each formed with inclined walls, and with upwardly candeJlcent electric lamps, by means of which the light HANDLE FOR BICYCLES. - This is an­ fixedto the comers of the frame so as to movejvertically dnd downwardly extending fianges around the central may be increased or diminished at will. The invention other mvention of the same inventor of a handle to in ways in the sides of the tub. The uprights have the lower fianges of each section fitting within consists of a switcb provided with a number of sections openmg, ­ absorb or neutralize the jarrlnli: or tremulous motion series of holes for receiving wires for holding the up lille upper one of the next section. A detachable open­ each section being provided with resistance which i; ordinarily transmitted to tbe hands and arms in operat­ rights and rollers at any desired elevation. The ma­ ended tube seated upon the upper section Is held by a cnt out or put in the circuit by turning the switch. By ing a machine. In recesses in the ends of the hauds chine is provided witb a bent lever connected at one nut screwed on the lower end of the tube and bearing means of this invention an incandescent electric lamp are elastic bnshings of conical form, interposed between end with oscillating arms and having at the other against the lower sectIOn. The construction of this may be turned up or down in much the same manner end a handle. To the bend of the lever is pivoted a radiator is such as to convey the water of condensation as gas. the handle and its t.ang, the busbings being compressi-ble by end pressure, while elastic washers are interposed roller provided with a rubber adapted to move over the downward without leakage. ELECTRICAL RAILWAY POLE.-An elec­ between the ends of the handle and abutments on the roller. tric railway pole has been recently patented by M. Fos­ RAILROAD SPIKES.-An improved rail­ tang by which the handle and the busWngs are held in ter Milliken, of New York City. The object of this in­ road spike has been recently patented by Messrs. place. Walter J. Hammond and John Gordon, of Rio de vention Is to furnish a simple and economical means of CAST IRON SINK.-George H. Shattuck, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Janeiro, Brazi l. This spike is provided with a head bracing the cross arms of the poles against lateral having a beveled edge furnished with a series of steps strain, so that the arms will be prevented from bending Medina, N. Y. This sink has a top fiange with tbick­ BUILDING EDITION. adapted to l\ucc!!Ssively engage the edge of the base of to too great an extent when the wires supported by the ened corners, the thickened portions being beveled down­ arm. are drawn very tight. The invention consists ward from the miter line to the flange and toward the the rall when the spike is driven farther after It has In MAY NUMBEK.-(No. 67.) become loose. horizontal bars secured to a mllst and located at right inner edge of the flange, the object being to make a sink angles to the arms, and Independent brace arms ar­ which will bear rough handling in storing and shlpp1ng, STEERING ApPARATUS.-An improved TABLE OF CONTENTS. ranged In diamond form around the mast and se­ and yet of lighter weight than is now customary, the steam steering apparatus has been patented by Mr. Elegant plate in colors showing the residence of cured to the side arms. metal being so disposed as to withstand shocks, while 1. Henry Ivison, Esq., at Rutherford, N. J. One of Joseph B. Brolaski, of St. Louis, Mo. This improve­ less metal than heretofore used Is employed. ment is designed to be nsed on a Clas8 of steamboat!! the most picturesque and best appointed honses TONGUE FOR EARTH SCRAPERS. ­ propelled by independent side wheels worked by inde­ Optical. in the vicinity of New York. Also photo­ Samuel E. Licklider, Everett, Mo. In the construction pendent engines, the object being to steer the vessel TINTOMETER.-Mr. Joseph W. Lovi­ graphic perspective view, floor plans, etc. independently of the rudder. In steering by a rudder, provided for by this invention, brace bars bolted to the 2. Plate in colors showing the residence of Mr. George bond, of Salisbury, England, has patented a"tintome­ tongue extend beneath the hound bars, to the inside of Comstock, of Bridgeport, Conn. One of the the point of pivot Is at the bow, but by steering with ter " for the examination of translucent matter for color independent paddle wheels the point of pivot Is amid­ which they are bolted at their rear ends, so as to handsomest in Bridgeport. Photographic per­ Intensity and of opaque matter for superficial color ships, allowing of turning the vessel mnch quicker strengthen and stiffen the hounds, and co-operate with spective view, floor plans, etc. Cost structure or texture. A patent was granted to the same $10,000. than i8 possible with the ordiuary steering apparatns. the scraper and other working parts, preventing the Design for a staircase of ple-asing and novel ap­ Inventor May 1887, for a monocular instrument of 3. 31, working mechanism from becoming jammed or acci­ The invention consists, In combination with the steam this kind. The present improvement consists in mak­ pearance. supply pipes of the two engines, of valves provided dentally locked. The device is also applicable to Photographic views and floor plans of a colonial ing the instrnment binocular, so as to afford a better 4. with weighted valve levers, and a beam pivoted on one wagons and sleighs. cottage in Armour Villa Park, Bronxville, N. Y. view of the matter under examination and of the stand­ of thp. posts of the steering li:ear and connected at op­ Cost W. W. Kent, architect, New York. ard to which it is referred. BIER - Wiltshire Sanders and John $2,800. posite ends with the valve levers, the beam being ar­ Engravings showing a perspective and Door plans B. Rafferty, Reno, Nevada. This is an Improvement in 5. ranged so that it may be raised or lowered to open or cf the residence of Mr. George Burnham, at foldinli: or collapsible biers provided with casters to close both valves simultaneously, or tilted so as to open Powelton Ave. ;Jhiladelphia, Agrleultural. adapt them to be easily moved. The frame has side pa. one valve and close the other as required In steering. Sketch of a drawing room. CULTIVATOR AND FERTILIZER DIS­ bars with Internal longitudinal grooves, in combination 6. A dwelling at New Haven, Conn. Cost complete TRIBuToR.-A combined cultivator and fertilizer dis­ with a hinged and folding leg and brace therefor, while 7. Per8pective view, floor plans, etc. tributor has been patented by Mr. Lehman B. Buzby, of the rectangular ends of a transver8'l bar enter the $6,345. Railway Appliances. Illustrations showing perspectives and ground plan Mauricetown, N. J. This machine is provided with grooves and are adapted to slide or lock therein as the S. RAILROAD TIE. - Bridgt's S mit h, of the First Presbyterian church, recently erected shares or· hoes, and is designed to act as a furrower, bar is turned or adjusted. Macon, Ga. This tie Is made of metsl, rectangular in at Rutherford, N. J. Total cost complete $70,000. marker, and ridger, in addition to its regular nses. It FIRE ESCAPE.-Henry Vieregg, Grand form and hollow, and has produced thereon depending Messrs. Fowler & Hough, New York, architects. is provided with an attachment whereby the team is Island, Neb. Brackets on the face of the building sup­ 9. A very attractive and picture.que cottage erected at points or teeth. A plate having upwardly turned edges used for lifting the plows out of the ground, thereby re­ port a rod from which depends a movable hanger carry­ Wayne, Pa. Cost complete. Floor pians, fits in the body of the tie and constitutes its bottom, ­ $3,800 lieving the driver. The machine is compact and sim Ing a .heave pulley, over which passes an endless cham thus adapting the tie for use at points where water is perspective elevation, etc. ple, and well adapted to the use for which it Is in­ wound upon drums in the cage of the device, the cage liable to find ontlet through the railroad, the water 100 A cottage at Fanwood, N. J. Cost $4,200complete. tended. being preferably of metal. Attached to one of the . Photographic view, fioor plans, etc. passing through the tie. FOOT FOR PLOW STOCKS.-William B. drum shafts in the cage are friction wheels, adapted for 11. Sketch showing the new " Empire Theater " of Brown, Headsville. Tex. Two forwardly-curved bars engagement by brakes pivoted in the cage. The device Philadelphia, Pa., designed to be une of the most MechanIcal. are clamped to the be.am of the plow, and a heel is rig- may be readily moved to any window from which a commodious play houses in America. Architect Idly secured at its forward end between the lower ends person desires to escape, and the speed of the descent is Augus S. Wade. SCREW CUTTING MACHINE. _ An im- of said bars, the rear end of the heel being bent npward readily controlled. Miscellaneous contents : Statuary marble.-John provement in screw-cntting machines has been patent- 12. and forward, and secured between the said bar. above W. Root.-Ornament in architecture.-Steam pIpe ed by Messrs. Henry Westbrook and Robert Burns, of BOTTLE CAPPING. - Louis Picard, its forward end. The foot thns has few parts, and is required for heatlng.-Painting ironwork.-Archi­ Woodstock, Canada. This improvement relates to the Rheims, France. ThIS is a bottle-wiring and capsule­ strong and durable. tectural foliage.-A luxurious bath.-Hardwood chuck holding the cutters. The chuck is divided into removmg device for champagne and similar bottles. A finish.-Decoratlons of the Hotel Metropole, Lon­ two equal parts, each carrying a pair of adjustable cut- CULTIVATOR, PLANTER, AND FERTIL­ three-branched frame is made to embrace the bottle don, England.- -Oldest dwelling in the United ters, the parts being mounted on a face plate in such a I R DISTRIBUTOR.-Edwin C. Worrell. Murfrees­ neck and cross the cork, a strand uniting the lower ZE States.-An improved gas engine, illustrated.-A manner as to permit of th eir being separated when the borongh, N. C. A rectangular frame formed of sections ends of the branches and having one end free, while two sanitary laundry tub, illustrated.-Real estate in­ screw Is to be discharged by the dies or cutters. The of gas pipe Is mounted on snpporting wheels and a ver­ capsule-removing strands extend from the point where vestments.-American tin and terne plates.-An two parts of the chnck are held in the posItion of nse ' tically adjnstable snpplementary frame is hune- thereto the end of the base strand opposite its free end joins easily coupled door hanger, illustrated.-Archi­ h are the adjacent branch, with which it is integral. With by levers whi� operated by a cone on the mandrel and support.s the cultivating, distributing, and planting tectural wood work, illustrated.-An improved of the machme, and the parts when released by the devices. The pulverizing disks below the hopper are this fastening the cork Is released by a single pull, the scroll saw, illustrated.-Improved system of fire­ movement of the cone are separated by spiral springs. mounted on a shaft pivoted at one end in the supple- cork then being removed by the gaseous pressure or proofing, iIlustrated.-The new Bolton heater, e, ­ otherWIse. _ mentary fra� and said shaft may be swung diago PRO C E S S OF MAKIN G BRUSHES. illustrated.-The Sturtevant system of heating nally to the line of drauli:ht and steer the machine. Mastin C. Paukey, Scranton, Miss. This is a process of INDICATOR AND ADVERTISING DEVICE. and ventilating school houses.-Finishing natural forming brushes from blocks of wood having fiber -Edward U. Smith, Oskaloosa, Iowa. This is designed woods. em bedoled ID a pulp, saw palmetto for instance, and especial !y as a convenience for barber sbop., etc., the MIscellaneous. The Scientitic American Architects and Builders consists in Boftenlng the pnlp by means of moisture, frame supporting spaces for advertising cards, and Edition is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. Single copies luosenlng and detaching the pulp from the fiher by SCRIBER.-William Potter, New York having near Us bottom match and broom holding 25 cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal to about combing on both faces of the block, drying the combed City. On a base carrying an equalizing plate or turn receptacles, while near the top is a space for a clock, two hnndred ordinary book pages ; forming, practi­ block, and then sawing through the solid part of the table is a movable post, parallel rods being pivoted to and in the rear is a wheel and ratchel mechamsm, cally, a large and splendid MAGA I E 01' ARCHITEC­ the eqnalizing plate and to the post, while a scriber operated by a pull cord, whereby successive uumbers Z N block. TUBlI, richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and arm is attache l to the post, and a socket adjustable are displayed through suitable openings, a gong or bell FEEDING ATTACHMENT FOR TAN with fine engravings, illnstrating the most interesting npon the arm is adapted to receive a pencil or other rinli:ing as t.he cord is pulled. PRESSEs.-Albert F. Jones, Salem, Mass. The press examples of Modem ArcWtectural Construction and markiIlg implement. The device forms a tool of simple crib has an opening in its bottom near its rear side, in BILLIARD CUE. -- William S. and allied snbjects. and durable construction, capable of nse either right or which revolves about one-half of a feed roller, and in Thomas Thompson, Townsend, Montana. This cue The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Convenience left. front of a f1" ont opening in the crib revolve a pair of has an externally threaded sliding sleeve on Its forward of this work have won for it the LARGEST CIRCULATION pressnrerolls. Rearwardly inclined shafts enter the MAGAZINE GUN. - Charles J. Wahl­ extremity, an outer sleeve rotating therein, In the for­ of anyArcWtectnral publication in the world. Sold bJ crib at its rear, geared for rotation at their lower ends quist, Asslnibolne, Montana. This gnn has an aper­ ward end of· which is an adjnstable tip, whereby, when all newsdcalers. carrying within the crib three·armed agitators, extending throngh it from side to side at a down­ either the cue or the rotary sleeve is rotated in the ·and ture lIlUNN & CO .. l'uBLI8BBBB, which prevent bunching of the shavings. ward incline in which a cartridae holder is adapted to proper direction, the slidiD� sleeve will bear on the 361.Broadway.New York.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. j titutifit �tUtritau.

ing ink from paper f A. Javelle water or a mixture of Cars, combined dust arrester and ventilator for, Horse tail holder and rein �uard, J. W. Linds",y. . 451.608 H. A. Dirkes ...... 451.465 Horsesboes. at.tachiDI! toe weights to. G. W. oxalic and tartaric acids in equal quantity dissolved in ...... Cars, draught apparatus for. M. Carter. Jr ....•. ... M.l,851 Wemple ...... , ...... 451.&17 watt:r. Carat drawhead and coupling mechanism for rall- House. See Portable house...... 451.481 O...... 451.7»" Theh c arge Insertionunder thts head is OneDotlar way, J. Hatlletd ...... Hub borer, A. Abbott for ...... (3026) Cars. switching device for, JI�. C. Cash ...... 451,888 Hydrant. W. C. Rathbun ...... 451 .518 line lOr eacll insertion : about eight words a J. W. asks how to clean tar­ ...... a to lim. Card'board boxes, machine for unitinll the sides Hydrant, J. Redican ...... 451.772 W ...... 451.58.'; ...... 451,1')2( A dverti$ements must be received at IJublicalion nished gold and silver lace. A. Brush away all the dust, of, J. eil. .... Hydropneumatic en�ine. L. Kessler .. . oJ/i Ct C ..rpet stretcher. W. W. Patterson ...... •. ... 451.571 Hydrocarbons. relining. E. D. Kendall ...... 451.600 as earty as Thursday morning to appeal' in next issue. then brush with rock alum which has been burned, Carriallejack. C. L. Bellamy...... 451.6Bti Indicator. See Sawmill Inclcator. Water Jevel crushed, and sifted through a lawn sieve. This will re­ Carrier. See Cash carrier. Parcel carrier. Pneu· indicator. matie carrier. Inkstand. '1 \ Sweesy ...... 451.741 move tbe tarnish...... I wish to buy second hand lathes. planers. drills. Cart. road. N. H. Hill ...... 451.671 Insulated electric conductor, J. B. Williams. D...... 451.528 451.586. 451,58, 9hapers. belting, engines. and boilers. Will pay cash. (3027) A. M T. asks how to Cart. road. R. Scott ...... pickle Case. See Cain case. File case. Jack. See Carriage jack. Walton jaCk. N. Y...... W. P. Davie, Rochester, mushrooms. A. Wash.the mushrooms with water, wipe Cash carrier. G. T. [I"' arnell...... 451.471 Jewelry. J. Roth.child ...... 451.61;) Cash reJrister. W . G. l�atimer ...... 451.493 Joint. See Hail joint. B"i1way rail jOint. For Sale-A large number of 16 and 32 ligbt Jenney them with flannel and put them in brine and boil. After Castinll. W. G. Richards ...... 451.!l()() I{ nitttng machine, Circular. A. Kay...... 451 ,7 1 3 Castinll . ... 451.101 lynamos at half their original cost. For particulars ad" boiling for a few minutes drain in a cullender and machllle. sash weight. F. N. Cline ...... Knit.tin� machines. stop motion for circular. Casting steel wheels. W. G. Richards ...... 451.51, 'I'ownsend & Schneebell ...... 451.628 lres8 I�ouisiaDa Electric Light Company. New Orleans. spread ont on a linen cloth to dry. Place in bottles. add Castin� wheels, method of and mould for. W. G. Knitting machines. take-up device for, J. Auer- " ...... 451.!'Ill 451.446 La. a little mace and fill np the bottle with white vinegar. Richard •... den ...... Catch. spring. P. Forl(...... 451.470 Knitting machines, thickening mechanism for Acme engine. 1 to 5 H. P. See adv. next issue. Pour some melted mutton fat on the top before corking Cbaius. macbine {In makin� sheet metal, F. Egge 451,658 circular, J. Bettney...... 451,747 Chair. See Ii'olding chair. Rail chair. Knitting machines. thickening thread feed mech� . . and seal with bottle wax. P,_eo & Dies. Ferracur.e Mach. Co., Bridgeton. N 1. Chair attachment. rocking. C. Kade ...... 451.490 anism tor. W, H. Stewart...... '51,703 Chart for draughting patterns for 2arments, G. Knob attachment. W. L. Morton ...... 451.(>03 (3028) ...... •...... Burnham standard turblDe. Burnham Bros., York. Pa. G. F. S. asks : 1. Is water por­ I)rummond 41) 1,553 Ladder. G. T. Campbell ...... 451.893 chopper. J...... 451.708 ons ? Not in the mechanical sense. It. has physical Chopper. See Cotton J..Iadder. extension tire, L. Crafts . . .. Wanted-Garbage buruer. Send full particulars. cir· A. Chronometer escapement.. E. Wuthrich ...... 451.630 Lamp, \V. P. Butler ...... 451,753 ...... "'.. 451.111 ...... culars. etc" to M. & Co., care Scientific American. or molecular pores. 2. Can you reduce the bulk of Ch uck. J. Hartness ...... Lamp burner attachment, G. S. Gates .. . . . 451.555 Cigar bunches. makina, R. A. Bright.. •.....451.749, 451.750 Lamp wick adjuster. G. H. Wilson ...... 451.118 water by pressure f A. Yes. Best Ice and Refrigerating Machines made by David CillH.r bunches. manufacture Of, W. A. Peck ...... 451.7;:)7 Lamps, current regulator for electric. Balsley. Jr., CIl(ar bunchinll machine. Peck & Bright ...... 451.739 & Porter ...•• ...... 451.798 Boyle. Chicago. III. 170 machines in satisfactory nse. (3029) E. S. D. asks : Will you kindly CII,"r bunchinl(ma ehine. M. Van Gulpen ...... 451.010 Lamps, socket for incandescent, Deacon & rOiling & ...... 451.656 Steam Hammer>. Improved Hydraulic Jacks. and Tube (through columns of give a re- Ch.:ar forming and machine, Peck Wightman ...... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN) Bright ...... 451.138 I..Iamps, wick. raising device for central drau.cht. 24 York...... Expanders. R. Dudl(eon. Columbia St .. New ceipt for a preparation suitable for remofing wood Cillsr machine roll. Bril(ht & Peck ...... 451.748 IV. M. Hoerle ...... 451.483 Cillar machine roll. Peck &; Bright...... 451.736 J..Iantern and lamp. tUbular. C. L. Betts ...... 451.5S! stains from the hands of wood tUrners f Would like Screw machines. milling machmes. and drill presses. Chzar wrappinR'machine. Peck &. Brifi{ht.••..... •• .. 451,735 Last block tastener, C. H. Ga1fney...... 451,759 The Garvin Mach. Co., I..Iai�ht and Canal Sts., New York. to know of some chemical or preparation which would Clamp. See Wall puper clamp. Latch. F. J. I,au ...... 451.638 i Latch. J. P. Sandber" ...... 451.526 permanently remove such stai"s. We would sug Y Packer Ratchet Drills are drop torged from Norway A. ­ �� H:' MOBeley·.·. '::. Leather staking and stretching machlDe. G. W. Cl81��g;'�;;�:'eutch. fricti��on, C. E. Burwell . . ..':.. '::::::::::::...... :.:. ::.. �l:t�¥451.752 Baker ...... 451.196 Iron and bar steel. Billings & Spencer Co .• Hartford.Conn. gest javelle water. Borax would also be advantageous Clutch. friction. H. P. Claussen ...... 451.727. 451.728 Leatber treating machine. A. A. Huntinlt.... •. .... 451.486 used in strong aqueous solntion...... 451.65:\ ...... 451.680 Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a Rpecialty. John Clutch. friction•• 1. F. McLaul(hlin...... Level. lluid. A. Gamble ...... Clutch. friction. L. S. Pfouts ...... 451.663 Lifter. See '1' ransom lifter. Greenwood & Co .• Rochester. N.Y. See iIlus. adv.• p.roD. (3030) F. C. K. asks for some salt or Cock. stop. R. T. Baine...... 451.748 Light. See b'lash light. Coin case. R. D. Culver ...... 451.664 LinkS and apparatus therefor. manufacture of, J. other chemical which is soluble in milk, and that would Wanted-Capital to develop several useful inventions. Coke making apparatus. F. J. Jones ...... 451,4.88 H. Baker ...... 451.197 Sketches furnished on application. Addres. Orlswold have no effect on it while cool. but that would have an Combustion, utilizing products of, Biedermann & Liquids, device for applyinll, C. S. Pease .•.... •. . 451,640 Harvey ...... 451.612 Lock. See Nut lOCk. Permutation Jock. Seal Bros., Dodge Center, Minn. acid reaction when heated that would coagulate the Confections, etc., machine for mouldIng, J. C. lock. Switch lock. Wagon lock...... 451.52.1 ...... 451.709 For the original Bogardus Universal Eccentric Mill. milk withont changing its color or making it poison­ Ruby ...... I.ock. J. Fey ...... Cooking apparatus. spirit. E. Otto...... 451,837 Lock. P. McMahon ...... 451.878 F'oot and Power Presses, Drills, Shears, etc.• address J. ous. A. Sulphate of ammonia becomes acid on boiling Corks by �rindIDl!.machine for the manufacture Lockinl( mechani.m. coin-operated. B. Haliett .... 451,556 Lowman ...... 11.160 ...... 451.479 S. & G. F. Simpson. 26 to 36 Rodney St.• Brooklyn. N. Y. and might answer your requirements. of. & Howard (r)...... Mangle. Hagen & Cooper . . . . . Corset fastenlnl(. W. �'.McGee ...... 451.fi06 Marbles, machine for mouldin�. A. L. Dyke ...... 451�855 The best book for electricians and beginners in elec· Cotton cbopper, A. Carr. , ...... 451,663 Mattress. woven wire. A. Alhwever...... 451.704: Cotton cleaning apparatus, dust trunk for, J. C. Measuring machine, clotb. A. I. Mitchell ...... 451,ti97 tricity is ,. Experimental Science." by Geo. M. Hopkins. NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. Potter ...... •.... 451.600 Metal, coutina. li\ J. CJamer ...... 45J.&'J2 By mail, $4 j Munn & Co., publishers,S61 Broadway, N. Y. Cotton conveying dond cleaning apparatus, W. E. Met.er. See Electric meter. Fluid meter. ARTISTIC HOMES. in city and in coun­ Elam et aI ...... 451.856 Mill. See Rod mill. A rare opportunity for a young man with a few thou·' Cotton. pneumatic machine for picking.. C. Bald- MOUld. See Car wheel mOUld. try, with other exam ples of domestic . . . " ...... 451.589 . .. . 451.576. 451.511 sand dollars capital to secure a permanent position as win . Moulder's lIask. W. G. Richards ...... 451.846 a c it c re. Albe t W. Cotton pressinll machinery. J. A. Bachman ... . Motor. See Electric motor. manager of a Western water works company. Address r h e tu By r Fuller Couplln�. See Car coupling. (Jar and atr brake Multiple signal transmitter. B. J. Noyes ...... 451.512 President Water Co .. care this paper. and William Arthur Wheeler. Bos­ coupling. Pipe coupling. Railway rail eoup- MusiC leaf turner, F. M. Hurley ...... 451.'163 ton : Ticknor & Co. 1891. plates. Ilnl(. MUsical instrument, I. }1'. Gilmore ...... 451.667 For Sale-Four Buckeye engines. comparatively new. 70 Cover. swinginl(.Bartlett & Naber. Jr...... 451.<141 Musk. artificial, A. Baur...... • ••.....•..... 4,)1.�41 Price $6. J. E. A. Hamilton ...... 451.&i8 15 by 18 cylinder. Flywheel 9 ft. by 16 1n. face. Disk cranks Crane and elevator, combined ttoatinJ(, Nippers, D...... Walsh ...... 451.900 Nut lock. T. R. White ...... '" 451.711 CUL-oft's. and automatic For particulars address Louisi­ This very elegant work presents a ...ries ot photo­ Crane. hydr.. ulic. Kennedy " Aiken (r)...... 11.16.1. 11.1&1 Oil and "rease extractor. T. H. Gilbert ...... 451.816 Crupper. F. H. Kiekenapp ...... 451.561 Oil burner. Upson & Smith ...... 451.18' ana H:lectric Light Company, New Orleans. La. gravures of houses. of pnblic buildings. railroad stations. Cultivutor. M. S ..ttley ...... 451.527 Oils, neutralizinjl 8ulpho.chlorinated, A. Sommer 451.531 Eng;ineers, mannfacturer8� and makers are invited to high schools. etc .• in various parts of the conntry. Of Cultivator and fertilizer distributer. combined, L. Packing, composition adapted for steam, J. John- B. Bu.by ...... 451.805 Bon. . .•...... •••.•••.••••••••••••••• . ••.•.•••. 45l�693 send gratuitously catalo�ues. price·lists. and trade terms each bnilding the exterior view with plans, as a rule. is Curtain or shade guide. H. T. Edson ...... 451.600 Paper fastener, C. Grunzwela ...... 451,710 Assoc...... to George rl\ Poole, Assoc. R. I. B. A., M. I. C. E., given. The execution of the work leaves nothing to be Curtain stretching and drying machine, H. V. Paper foldinl(. A. P. Warner ...... 451.5a� ...... 451.007 451,809 Colonial Architect and Superintendent of Public Works. Holmes . Paper holder and cutter. roll, J. H. Corneilson . . . . desired, and the uncommented·on illustrations tell their Cut-oil for conductors. J. D. Shepard...... 451.119 Paper holder and cutter. roll, J. B. Seymour, Jr ... (.51.b'2.'l Department of Public Work. and Buildings. Perth.West­ ...... 451 .685 own story. Cutter. Sl3e Watchmaker'S jewel setting cuttero Paper holder and cutter, roll, M. S. 1.' racy .. ern A ustraJia. Damper, "rate. M. J. Robbins ...... 451.774 Paper splitting and folding machine. J. L. Cox . . . . 451.459 THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC ELEC' Dental cottnn pellet macbine. R. N. Roberts .•.... 451.701 Parasol. R. �'. Painter ...... 451.570 arSend for new and complete catalol(ue ot Scientific Die press, W. A. Turner ...... 451.a:-w. e , t p • TRICITY AND MAGNE'l'ISM. By Philip Ditchinl( machine, R. Hunter ...... 451.558 �:��� �p�·a��t�s� iiichardson'. �nd other Books for sale by Munn &; Co .• 361 Broadway. !.S: · :::: Ooor mats, fa8teOln� device for, L. H. Clamer .••• 451.63:.1 ;:��::Paris Ilreen, making. J. C. Jestlup...... :':. . ::....' :gl:�451.481 Atkinson. • • Ph.D. York : New York. }free on application. A.M New Drier. See Clotbes drier. Pavin", block. composition. J. H. Drake ...... 451.466 D. Van Nostrand Company. 1891. Drill. See Borinl( and reaming drill. Twist drill. Peat fuel. appartus for the manufacture of. A. A . 405. $2 Du.t collector. R. R. Watters ...... 451.542. 451.543 lJick.on...... 451.462 Pp. xii, Price . Dye. blue. Mohler & Mayer ...... , ....•...... 451.502 Peat machine, A. A. Dickson ...... 451,463 451.684 • lCgg extracting or separatin,i'device, L. K. Strang Peat to fuel, machine for reducing crude, A. A. This book, it is stated, was written for learners rather ...... ElectriC brake. J. M. Payne ...... 451.5140 Dickson ...... 451.� than for the learned. It includes a very convenient reo Klectrlc conductor. J. D. F. Andrews ...... •. . 451.005 Permutation lock. W. P. Shattuck ...... 451..529 ElectriC cond�ctors, switch for overhead, J. Petroleum distillates, purtfyin�. '1'. J. Gordon . . . .. 451,724 sume of the subject of current electriCity. contains nu­ ...... 1£$ Kuehnle...... 451.696 Photol(raphic sbutter. C. C. Packard ...... 451.880 J. .. . . 451.7:.w . . .. . merous illustrations and seems altogether to be an ac· ElectriC lines. etc., pole for. R. Fletcher .. . . . Piano aetion, A. H. Stuart . . . . .; ...... 451.ti62 ElectriC machine. dyt;lamo, L. N. P. Poiand ...... 451,700 Picket wlfinllmachine. J. R. Shalfer...... 451.581 ceptable presentation of the subject. Electricity is now o Pillow sham holder. F. J. Waite ...... 451.5:JS $ ...... 401.565 .cttled (;n a basis so far fixed that much that is written ?��e. Pi pe coupling. J. W. Moore ...... Electric �r�·. ����. :::::::::::...... :....: �l:�451.870 . . . . :...... 451.478 HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. �I:���}� �:��:��:motor. E. M. G. Hewett ...... Piston. Good & Lindroth .... about its eiements is necessarily a repetition in each Electric motor. W. E. Hyer ...... 451.589 Pitcher. beverage. O. W. Van Denburgh ...... 451.581 Narnes and Address must accompany all letters K1ectric motor, F. M. La Botteau ...... •. .. 451.872 Plane iron sharpenlDfi{apparatus. C. BransgrQve•. 451.801 . book. Dr. Atkinson seems to have brought his subject or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our KJectric motor or dynamo-electric machine, W. Planter. �'. M. lI aines...... 451.819 ...... 451.694 ...... 451.871 information and not for publication. well up to date. Numerons illustrations, with an excel­ F. Collin...... Planter. corn. E. M. Heylman ...... Electric motor or dynamo electric machine. S. S. Plsntpr ••eed. J. Howland ...... 451.761 References to former articles or answers should lent table of contents and index. add materially to the - Wheeler...... 451.884 Plaster, '1'. Jones ...... 451,f.60 give date of paper and puge or number of question. valne of the work. Electric motors, constructIng field magnets of, S. Plast.erinllwall�. etc., composition of matter for, Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should S. Wheeler...... 451.885 Resllan & Longley ...... 451.519 be repeated ; correspondents will bear in mind that ElectriC stop motion. C. A. Dayton ...... 451.&19 Plow ard cultivator, Christian & Stanley ...... 451.806 some answers require not a little research, and. Electric wire conduit. underground. H. B. Cobb .. 451.614 PluAh fabrics, manufacturing double·faced. }1'. tt ...... 451.831 ...... •.... thollgh we endeavor to reply to all cithBr by letter Embroidering machine. I,. L. Mick aI .. . . rronnar . , 4.1)1.743 or E...... 451.619 or in this department, euch must take his turn. INDEX OF INVENTIONS Engine. See Gas em.rine. Gas vaporJena-ine. Pneumatic carrier, D. Leaycraft ...... IIydropneumatic ena-ine. Rotary engine. Pocketbooks, t1afety device for, J. M. Lucas ...... 451.829 SpeCial Written Information on matters of Steam t>onjil'ine. Traction engine. Poker chip or count.er bolder, A. K.�Evan8 ...... 4.S1,.72� pprsonlll rather than general interest cannot be Por which Letters Patent ot the Enaine piston, steam. J. H. Blessin�...... 451,850 Pool table. W. H. Violett ...... 451.5:16 expected without remunerat ion. Bnginps. operatinfi{ reciprocatmg electriC, C. J. Portable house, C. H. Leonard ...... 45J.133 Sciervlfic American Supplements referred United States were Granted Van Depoele ...... •... 4.1)1,i86 Pot. See 'I'ea pot. 451.751 to may be had at the office. Price cents each. Evaporating apparatus. vacuum, H. Burgess .•.... Press. See Die press. Prmting press. 10 ...... 451.484 ...... 451.fi81 Books referred to. promptly supplied on receipt of Excavator. D. E. Horton Printing press. W. H. Goldin" ...... Extem:ion ...... 451.597 . . . . 451.731 • table. G. Maanussan ...... le r S le8 ie ...... price. . ! i � P ...... � .. 451.820 !� p� May 5, 1891, Extension table slide. C. F. Hall ...... ���re�� � � �� l : Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly Extractor. See Oil and Krease extractor. Pllmp. I,ister & Pedersen ...... 451 .821 marked or labeled. FabriCS, frame for hold ina' and stretching, C. F. Pump. E. Nelf...... 45 1.835 ...... 451.814 .•••••• .••..••.•••. . 451.591 &ND b· los ...... Pump valve. steam. H. Beisheim EACH BEARING THAT DATE. Fan. F. M. La Boiteaux ...... 451.873 Radiator. C. E. Marston ...... 451 S;lO (3020) R. G. W. asks : Can you give me F'snninllmill attachment. J. Herson ...... •...... •.. 451.670 Rail chair. J. Johnson ...... 4.11.82:\ Fare receiver. portable. M. H. Allison ...... 451.611 Rail jOint. W. H. Connell ...... 451.454 any te.t to know when any gold remains in a worn-out [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.) �' arm gate. ll. A. Benefiel ...... 451.886 Railway. electric. R lit. Hunter ...... 451.692 Fastener. E. �'. Schult...... 451.645 Railway pole. electric. F. Milliken ...... 451,8;;2 cyanide of gold bath. without the troublesome way of . Faucet. Hescock & Sawyer ...... 451.695 Railway rail, J. E. Mandeville ...... 451.56.� evaporatinl(? You might test it by. try inl( if it will Accouchement apparatus for instruction, M. Feedwater, apparatus for heating, G. H. Bur. Railwap rail coupling, J. T. Wicker ...... •.... 451 .544 A...... 451.675 ...... 1< lautsch ...... pee (r) ...... 11.162 Railway rail joiut. V. A. Tyler ...... 451.fl46 deposit any gold upon a clean surface of silver. Or add Addressing machine� E. W. l,I"""'ish ...... 451,6OIi Feedwater heater for steam boilers. A. &; R. Wild- Railway spike, Hammond &. tJordon ...•...•....••.. 451 ,859 ...... 451,833 ...... solution of sulphate of iron to acidified sample. pre· Adjustable wrenCh, J. Muller ...... man ...... 451.546 Railway switch. W. R. McGibony . . . . . 451 .5()' A ...... • 451,460 ...... 451.532 ...... 451.6:{7 Air and gases. compressor for. T. C. Craven Feeder. L. J. Swoboda ...... Railway system. electric, C. K. Harding .. . . cipitate will indicate gold if the bath is clean. Alarm. See Temperature alarm. Fence. wire. T. J. lngraham...... 451.672 Railway tie. '1\ Brown ...... 46I.8(K Alarm signal M. A. U'Dunnell ...... 451.639 lt� ences. end or corner structure for. C. F. Darnell (51.461 Railway tie. H. V. & T. Slut...... 451.781 (3021) E. H. A. asks for the process of Alcohol from SU2ar cane. apparatus for manufac. Fencing. machine for wiring wood. S. H. & M. H. Rail ways. conduit sYl!!tem for electric, W. H. turing, G. Descamps ...... ••...... •.... 451.679 Merridith ...... 451.500 �'ord ...... " ...... 451.815 burnishing the gilt on photog. aph cards. A. The gilt ...... Anchor. W. W. Smith ...... 451.5l'2 Fifth wheel. J. J. Black ...... 451.681 Recorder. See Time recorder. on card mounts is put on by first using a size. then the Animal trap. H. C. Anderson ...... 451,745 File box and manufacturing' the�:8ame. C. M. Register. See Cash regist.er. Animal trap. J. Picard ...... 451.839 Carnahan ...... 451.726 Rod mill. I. A. Kilmer ...... 451.673. 451.674 gold leaf is applied and rubbed or brushed over with a Atomizer, J. Scboettl ...... 451.643 File cabinet. F. A. Tyler ...... 451.5.'\1\ Roof. metal. C. R. Everson ...... : ..... 451.650 ...... 451.867 ...... thin solution of albumen; when dry. this is burnished Auger handte. Dutton & Lee ...... File case. M. C. Meigs ...... 451.5119 Roof. portable. Jj]. Ran kin. Jr ...... 451.512 Automatic brake. C. K. Pickles ...... 451.899 File. paper or bill. A. Dom ...... 451.729 RooOnll. sheet metal. J. C. Bayer ...... 451.550 with an agate or bone tool. Axlesor shafts, manufacture of, C. Lock ...... •• 451.676 Firea:-ms. front shrht for, W. L. Marble ...... 451�4H9 Rotary enJltne_ J. Schwarzmann ...... 451.711 Banjo. Smith &; Frit ...... 451.782 Fire bar, locking, D. J. Morgan .•• .••••... ' ...... 451.6m Rules. bevel attachment for folding. C. D. Cow- (3022) A. K. C. asks how to melt or dis­ Bar. See Fire bar. Grate bar. �' ire escape. S. A. De Ca.tilho ...... 451.852 gilL ...... ; ...... , 451.810 Bars or beams. makln" lIan"ed. E. r,. Clark ...... 451.453 Flash Ii"ht. magnesium. O. Doehn ...... 451.858 Safe front. P. �' . King ...... 451.0115 �olve old rubber that has been used and out of shape, ...... 451.715 ...... Basins. etc .• holder for. H. B. Rockill ...... Flask. See Moulder's flask. Sand box. �'. G. Corninl( ...... AAl.41i5 to 451.457 ...... •• .. 451,i95 ...... 451.r.45 ...... " ...... 451.458 so .s to recnst. Would a mould of plaster Paris answerf Basket stand or holder, G. II. Anderson �' Iower holder. K. B. Tudor ...... Sand distributer. F. G. Corning ...... Battery. See Secondary battery. Fluid meter. E. Ruud ...... 451.881. 451.8S� Sash. window. T. J:4�.I�o nl!eneckel'...... 451.596 f 451.492 ...... Would the article be smooth and not sticky A. Yon Bed and dresser. combined toldinJr, M. & A. Lain. �' lush bolt. corner. P. For� ...... 461.474 Sawmill indicator. J. l. Hatlleld ...... 451.860 ...... 451.564 ...... 451.476 cannot melt or dissolve old rubber. It can be worked Bed. foldin". A. Matusk" ...... Foldin.ccha ir. H. [1·orsyth ...... 451.415 Sawmill set works. II. Gawley ...... �. Bed. foldinl(. N. N. Potter ...... ; ...... 451.842 Ji' orllingand finishing circular articles, apparatus Sawmills, pulley for band, R. �'. Barker ...... 451,590 up by mastication with fresh gum. It can be shaped to Bed. woven wire. H. Roberts ...... 451.522 for. C. Fairbairn...... 451.410 Saw set. C. F. Leopold ...... 451.4114 Belt. T. R. PixtOD ...... 451 .'770 If·rame. nt a certuin extent only by pressure and heat. If once See Type frame. Window frame. e Berth guard and ladder. J. Plaut ...... 451.516 Furnace. See Glass pot furnace. Sulphur fur· ��:;:. � ?A�·J'r� �h�� .::::::::::: :::::.::::: ...... melted. it will not again solidify. In .. Rubber Hand m · \ e ...... 451.651 nace. Scale. platform. C. B'·unner ...... :':.:..:::::. . . ' 401.6131gU�� � � �l�c';:: ;,� p��rd; fo��: . . . .. 451,755 Scourer. See Grain scourer. Stamps and the Manipulation of India Rubber." by Furniture, detachable lea- for, E. B. Clark . ... . $1 Board. See Wash board. }1"' urniture. school, J. M. Sauder ...... 451.776 Screen. See Slidig2' screen. mail, you will find the whole subject treated. Boiler. See Steam boiler. Fuse. percussion. K. IC .\I almstrom ...... 451,5� Screw cutting device. Westbrook & Bnrns ...... 451190 Boiler tubes, apparatus for cleaning, Platt & Gas burner. Prather &; Bohn ...... 451.517 Seal lock. C. E. Davis (r)...... 11.161 ...... 451.84.1 ...... (3023) L. D. N. asks to a Thorp . Gas burner sMety attachment. Jo S. Valentine . 451.785 Seaming machine. )-I'.P. De JoniCe...... 451,489 how repair ...... Bolt. See �' Iush bolt. Gp.s engine. G. W. Lewis ...... 451,821 Seat. See Car seat. looking glass where the coating has seemed to have Bolt headin� machine. G. H. Webb ...... 451.604 fJ "s meters, valve and quantity register for, J. L. Secondary battery. T. H. Aldrich ...... 451 .445 Book support. revolving. C. H. Burdick ...... 4f>l.632 ...... 451.756 Secondary battery. G. A. Washburn ...... 451.540; 451.541 parted or has been removed in spots. A. From a small Cloudsley ...... Boot or shoe. laced. Ie ordiIlllr.Y.writ- Car W. G. Bich ...... 451,078 liQrse detacher. I!'...... 451.451 Steam boiler ana furnllce,J. K. . H . .. what chemiclIl T. Brown. Jr ...... lIlcCrea.rY. .. . 451.1iOf

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. $citutific �mtritau.

Steam engine. H. Boltholl...... 451.7'� Steam engine. duplex. BlessinR' & Overton ...•••. 451.�04 ...•.••••• < •••• 51 8 �bverfi$emenf$. Steam engine. triple. J. H. Blessing 4 . LIST O F B OOKS ELECTRICAL Stearn J,!'enerator•• 1. Thorn...... 451.7424� New Nickel Iron, Wood Box Bells, fine11nish, one mag-! Inside Page� ench inQertion cents -ON- Steam or hot water heater, C. Dube ....•••. •.••.... 451.813 - .. - ,.:i alin . net, two poles. 60 cents; two magnet.s. tiS cents. Annun­ Ba-:k PaRe. ench insertion line. e Steam trap, H. A. Tobey ...... 451.533 ..-- 81.00 II. ciators. Olnts, $4.50. Special prices on large orders. Steam trap. L. Woerner...... ••••....•. 451.547 The above are chnr�es per agate line-about eight L� Steering apparatus, 8team. J. B. Brolaski ...... 451,860 words per linc. This notice shows the width of the line, Stench trap, J. II. Wait ...... •• 451.:' ,j and is set in agate type. EnJ,l"ravings may head adver­ Stitching machine. buttonhole. J. W. Lufkin ....•. 45�.4�C tisemt:''lts at the same rate per agate line. by measure­ Stocking, W. Esty...... -!51.468 meut, f'3 the letter press. Advertisements must be f:5tnker. mechanical. P. Rohan ...... •.. 451.m2 receivCLl �" � pubEcation officeas eariy as Thursday morn­ and ...... 451.7W En[ �t()ne. ornamenting artitlcial. W. Bleiss lloo In� to )pear in next issue. i ri f n[ M8chaliiCS Stranding and lJandtwisting machine, W. H. Nay- ;;; s�rr����i�:i�;;',�;; lor ...... 451.569 Rtrap. See Bill strap. Street Rweeper. M. 'r. Gordon ...... 451.723 Applied Mechanics. A Manual of. By Wllliam Suint, purifying. I. Ross ...... 4&].642 John Macquorn Rankme. With numerous diagrams. USE ADAMANTIt is WAL Hard, UeL PLn"e, ASTERand Ad­ Sulphur furnace, C. H. Fish ...... •.. ... 4il1,651 'rwelftheditIOn, thoroughly revised by W. J. Millar, C.E. hel!Jive. Does not Switch. See Rallway switch. l.'ramwayswitch. check or crack. London. 1888...... $ 5. 00 Switch and lightning arrester, combined, E. W. It is impervious to wind. water, . . and disease germs. dries in a Constructive Steam EUU'ineering. A Descrip.­ Rice, Jr ...... 451.521 It It tive Treatise on. Embracing .h.ngines. Pumps, and Roil­ Switch lock. Hunt Idog ...... 451,485 few hours. can be applied in Table. See F.xtension& table. Pool table. kind of weather. ·It is in gen- ers. and their Accessories and Appendages. By J. M. Whitham, M.E., C.N. One vol.. large octavo. 90C pages, Tea pot, ccfi'ee pot,etc .• R. P. &, J. M. Moncrieff.. 451,862 for tbe ::�r;:� bOO ilIu::!trations. Handsomely bound in cloth. Jm�t pub- 'l'elegraph a-pparatus.fire alarm , J. W. Stover. . ... 451,�102 ;::.m;xirig�uSin,,;a�n-d lisbed. 1891...... ,...... $10 .00 Telegraph repeater. A. C. Booth ...... ••. 451.4-19 Address ADAMANT MFG. CO. Tele/lraphic apparatus. ship's, W. Chadburn ...... 451,754 Eligilleel'. ll1Ulwrhrht. Rud Mechanic' s Poc­ Telephone receiver. W. 8. Corwin ...... 4f>I,6,{4 30!) E. C.enesee :-.t., ket ()olnpnnion 'l' empleton'Se Comprising Decimal 'I'emperature alarm. L. Zagelmeyer ...... 451,548 8yrllcuse, N _ Y. Arithmetic. 'rabIesof Square and Cube Hoots. Practical Terra cotta blocks, manufacture of. Leech & Geometry. Mensuration. Strength of Materials, Mechanic . Powers. Water Wheels, Pumps and Pumping Engines, Important Improvements. Doulton ...... 451.8.14 r CE-HO REFRIGERATOR. . USE AND Steam Engines. 'rabIes of Specific Gravity. etc. Also a All the Essential Featuresgreat]y perfected Thill tiP. W. Sellers ...... 451.H92 Directions and Dimensions for construction withone The Most Durable in Alignment. Thrashers. tractIOn attachment for. til. A. & C. illustration of Reries of Mathematical 'rabIes. containinl;C" the circum­ Easiest Running and Most Silent. Howland...... 451.5�l7 cold house for preserving fruit from ferences, squares, cubes, and areas of circles. supertlces, season to season. The air is kept dry and pure through .. All type cleaned in 10 seconds without SOiling- the hands. Tie. See Rail way tie. out the year at a temperature of from to and solidity of spheres, etc. Revised. corrected, and Time recorder, watchman's, E. Gee ...... 451.666 34° 36°. Con­ enlarged from the eighth English edition, and adapted to C. tainedin SC'IEN"TIFIC A.M:ERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 1 16. American practice, with the addition of much new mat- The Smith Premier Typewriter Co., Syracuse, N. Y., U. S. A. rI'imerecorder. workman's. J. C. English ...... 451,721 Price 10 cents. To be had at Send for Catalogue. 1 82 this officeand of all new.. ter. By Jnlius W. Adams. N. .• 1888...... $2 .00 Tintometer. J. W. Lovibond ...... 45 . 8 Gealers. Y Tire for cycles. F. Gleason ...... 451.471 Engineel's, Field Book for Railroad Engineers. Con­ 1,L'obaccobox. wooden, J. M. Baker ...... 451.54!} taining furmulrefor laying out curves, determining frog . 451 51 l '.roe wei/lht.J. A. Newt-Iome...... Screw Cut­ angles, levelIng, calculating earth work. etc. TO/lether . . . 451.4BLl LIGHTNING WELL -SINKING 1.1'oogue support. C. iI·. Haldeman ...... ting Auto­ with tables of radii, ordinates. defiections. long chords. MACHINERY MAHUFICTURERS. Tool cutting. �harpeninll,and polishing apparatus. Hyrdaulic, Jetting, Revolving, Artesian, matic Cross logarithms, logarithmic and natural sines, tangents, etc.• . MacLean ...... 451,509 Diamond Prospecting Tools, Boilers, E. P. Feed, etc. etc. By John B. Henck, A.M. Revised edition. N. Y •• Engines, Tools. making dies for threading, W. L. Dixon ... 4.')1.890 Wind Mills, P ;ffi s. Encyclopedi 1888...... $�.50 a, 1,000 1.'Oy Di�tol. ji�olmer & Schwing ...... 451.554 engravmgs,U p Earth's Strata, Determi. Engineer's Handy Book. Containing a full ex­ nation quality water;mailed,25c. Toy target. 'W.H. Reiff...... 4bl.725 Traction engine, J. H. Crumb ...... , ...... 451.811 planation of the Steam Engine Indicator and its use and The Ameriean Well Works, advantages to Engineers and Steam Users. With for­ Aurora, III. Traction engine. N. L. Darling ...... 451,64b 'rramwayswitch. S. Goodhue ...... 451,760 Inulrefor estimating the power of aU classes of Steam 13 S. Ca.al L. Ca.talogue i ab ll" Transom Jifter, Mouat, Jr ...... 451.693 St., Cbieago, IlL Trap. See Ammal trap. Steam trap. Stec.ch Free to t1t�� �I��'S t e �i �J of all our ��:��States��r8 Navy, !�� the :rs'i} Revenue��airly Service, ; the Mercantile��� h ir Ma­l I trap. rine, or to take charge of the better class of stationary l Dallal, Teua. Trolley wheels underground, mechanism for car- steam engmes. With illustrations by Stephen Roper, rying•• Holland ...... 451.6!l1 1. author of RopPor's Series of Hand Books. for Steam Trousers stretcher, J. B. Granjon ...... •.. 451,617 1889 ...... $3.50 TrUCk. J. M. S ll ...... 451.78U I Inventors can sell U.ers. Tenth edition. . A on �lOIL WELL SUPPLY CO. ADVERTISING SPECIALTIES special Circular of Roper's Works wi1l be mailed Truck, electrici raHway, W. H. Knight ...... 4f>1.491 !lIanufactured s t °r ok 92 "' ATER STREET, Trunk. .• Palica ...... 451.513 un royalty, inventi'on o ty or application. F J. . lty that can be m�ed for advertising.,! F�tg'�� Pittsburgh, l'a., Truss. W. M. Greenlee ...... 4.;;l.x17 Correspondencr �tTI�e u invited. 'I'he Tuscarora Advertising e .. �t anufactnrers of everything needed for TUI!.bame, A. El.llredge ...... , ...... 451.891 Co., Coshoct.on, O. co J1� � e�� h :r � �h Jr:eI :� tw �¥�� gt�1; Twine for grain binding harvesters, ji�. R. Wil- and� averages� � of'! the }followi! ngIJ: Boiler� �g pressure,� �Fuel .A.�T�I!!iI:I:.A.J.V "VVELLS liams ...... 451.791 fired, Ashes and unconsumed combustible, Uptake tem­ Twine for uf!leup on gratn binding machinery, pa- perature, Feed temperature, Turns per minute, Throttle for either Gas, Oil, Water, or Mineral . 451.773 Tests. Boilers, Engines, Pipe, per. U. L. liice ...... The Sebastian-May Co. Opening, etc. Oblon� bO:lfds. N. Y., 1889...... 50 Cordage, Drilling Tools, etc. Twine holder and cutter. Quinn Snebo1d ...... 451,771 & Improved Screw Cutting Hydraulics_ Hydraulic Power and Hydraulic Ma­ Illustrated catalogue, price 'I'wine machines, automatic feeder for, G. A.. IlI!alJi!!�.· lists and discount sheets I�owry ...... 451 ,497 chinery. By Henry Robinson. With numerous wood Twine making machines, automatic feeder for, cuts and 43 litho. plates. 1887 .., ...... $1 0.00 on request. A. T.Jowry...... 451,400 Hydraulic Motors. Turbines and Pressure En­ . . .. . 451.890 gines. for the use of Engineers, Manufacturers, and STEREOTYPING; THE PLASTER TwistG. drill. J. E. Merritt ...... �:�e�LATHESr k D AN D . . . ,n Students. By G. R. Bodmer, Am. Inst. C.E. With nu- Type frame for chases. N. E. Smith ...... 4M.ti2.!J ue:l�r�i ��d ��:; Paper Proce�ses.�Comp08ition and preparation of the l.' ypewriting machine. W. Rennyson ...... 451.57;) I merous illUstrations. 1 ...... $5.00 �;;UOutfits.� Lathes:i� on trial.��aR Cats.­ 889 mould, the best alloys of metal and proper degree of Typewriting machine. C. Walker ...... 451.b'29 heat. trimming and mending the plate, etc. A minute Valve gear. W.J.CunninghamW...... 451.812 ]ogues mailed on application. H ydraulimt_ Practical Hydraullcs. A series of rules . 16i) to 1 67 Highland A and tables for the use of engineers, etc. 1.'hos.Box. description of both processe�. with numerous illustra.­ Valve gear for ore stamps. C. Kendrick. Jr ...... 451,765 Ninth edition. 80 pages, with 8 plates. 12mo, cloth. tions. A paper of great illtereRt to every printer. By Valve gear, steam-actuated cut·oft', Bolthotf... 451.719 S!DNEV, OHIO. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN H. 1889...... $ �.OO Thomas Bolas, F.e.S .• F.I.C. Valve, steam �toP. J. H. Blessing ...... 45J,848 SUPPLEMENTS. 773 and 774. 10 cents each. Valise. U. M. Powell ...... 451.843 TA LCOTT'S COMBINATION MechnnicM of Engineeri n". (Fluid�.) A treatise on Vaporizer. A. F. Henry ...... 451.822 hydraulics and pneumatics. For llse in technical schools. I. P. Church. 832 pages. 8vo. cloth. 1889...... $3.00 Varnish. H. J. C. Bertling et aI...... •• 451.705 PATENT BELT HOOn::�, Vebicle starter. S. L. Huizer ...... 451.762 w. o. TAI,COTT. Providence. R. I. Mechanical Drawing Self-Taught. Comprising . Vehicle wheel. J. H. Gross ...... 451,858 instructions in the selection and preparation of Drawing ARTEOil SIANdrilled VelOCipede. \Vorms& Z'Vierzchowski...... 451.588 N i Instruments, Elementary Instruction in Practical Me­ Wells, and GasWells, Vending apparatus. E. G. �'isher ...... , ... . 451.472 I e r e ty �e [�� ��:n�;d chanical Drawing, together with examples in simple Ge­ Vessel, fireproot.J. B. Brolaski...... 451,802 A 11Jo�!ir�'!d' kinds first-class� �lathe, �I�l�:i!? planer, 'lP�and benchPt work. Par­� ometry and Elementary Mechanism, including Screw rl����� ��:��uJ�:� Vessels. watertight compartment for. J. B. Bro- ticular attention to special machinery, tooll'. dies, and 'rhreads, Gear Wheels, Mechanical Motions, Enginps. c�� 1aski ...... 401.803 press work. Safety COIlst.ruction Co .• .113 & 145 Ea'm St., N. Y and Boilers. By Joshua Rose. M.E. IllUstrated by 330 able:g�ra�sg ��Jmr:�¥>�and Mounted . . 451.655 . Veterinary inhaler. H. T. Welch ...... engravings. Philadelphia. 1889...... $4.00 BteamHoraeDrilling PowerMachines for 100to 451.863 Violin, A. Springer ...... Mechanical llIovements. Five Hundred nnd Sev­ fiOOft. Send 6 cents for illustrated Violin rest. C. F. Albert...... 4!J1.744 catalogue. Piel'ce A l'tcsio,u . en Mechanical Movements, embracing all those which Wagon. dumping, .1. M. Kimball ...... 451.825 are most important in Dynamics, Hydraulics, Hydro­ and 011 Well Supply Co .. Wagon, farm, M. W. Montllomery...... 4il1.89' 80 Beaver Street. New York. . footatics. Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Mill and other Wagon jack. W. C. Merritt ...... 451.fiOl Gearing, Presses, Horology, and Misce1laneous Ma­ Wagon lock, B. G. Lowrey ...... , ...... 4:)1.861 chinery, and including many movements never before \Vallonrunning Ilear,road. C. W. Saladee ..451.5:!J. 451,525 published, Hnd several which have only recently come \Vall paper clamp and brush. combmed. P. . 451.879 into use. By Henry T. Brown. Sixteenth edition. �RunW forEUREKA weekR and INCUB not vary 2 degrees.ATOR New regulator. McQneney ...... I 3 1888 ...... $ 1.00 Wash board. G. M. Price...... •... 451.844 Catalogue 5 cents. J. L. Campbell, West J.iJ1izabeth. Pa. of WaSlhingmachine. J. 0. Burt...... •...•..... 451.688 Mechanical I·a�timt's_ Being the firstv01ume Washing machine, W. Ounaldson...... 451,757 the new U Amateur Work IJlustrated." A Practical :\laga­ PEANUTS ; GROWTH AND . zine of Constructive and Decorative Art and Manual THEIR Washinl!machme. Z. W. �hields ...... 451.530 Cu1ture.-By Van . . 51 7 7 Labor. \Vith supplements containing Designs and \Vork­ J. S. �·owler. A valuable paper with 3 \Vashing machine. J. A. Winkle ...... 8 °U illu�trations. Contained in 8Cll\:NTIFIC AMERICA� Watchmaker's jewel setting cutter. A. Hartunl!.. 4451,;712 n ing Drawings to scale for Various Piecel'lof Work. Useful r� ���� SUPPLFJM ICNT, No. ,.,.�. Price 10 cents. To be had at """ ateh, stemwinding and set I ing. R. E. Moreland. 451.600 S3 PRINTING PRESS. money� tf�l.. Cata­ and Ornamental, and s.everalhundr ed illl1stratiun�. One logue for two stamps. Kel $3.00 this officeand from all newsdealers. Watch winding mechanislll. R. �. Moreland ...... 451.566 sey & Co., Meriden. Conn. large quarto volume, 586 pages. Cloth. Price•. ... Watcbes. balance stafffor •.1. II. Cooper ...... 451.808 a . c i W ..ter heater. O. M. Sbannon ...... 451.624 St d f � �� n ��ty 1.�� 'R i? .ft�, Cx....A.:FI.:EI;.·S Water heating attachment for hot air furnaces. Trinity�-; � College.! ! 'fcDub .. F.R.S'W�� .. London �� and:� Edin� .• i��J�·.R.S.:t;� ...... 451.79.1 G. G. Wolfe S.A .• and E. F. Bamber. With 11l1merous diagrams. Ventilating and Drying 4 9 Fine Taps, Dies. Reamers, Etc. Water level indi�ator, Ji . H. Montreuil...... 51.69 Third editiou. London ...... $3.75 'Veather strip. J. R. Long...... 451.f>62 . Mtne Engineel'in". A Practical l�reati!'!e on. By Weather strip. P. H. Reed ...... 4.01.641 G. C. Greenwell, F.G.S.M. In�t. 'l'hirdedi tion. FAHunning,NS Adjust. able Weed puner, Lonl!...... , ...... 451,435 C.E. W. IC Reprinted from tbe Second. N. .. 1889...... $6. 00 Self.. OiJing Bearlng�. Well boring drills, means for securing. Walp & Y (�atalogue free. Dauxdater ...... 451,7f18 I.lghtninsr and Green Riv"r Screw Plates. Mining- Machinery. Cont.aining Illustrations De­ Press Rolls for Wool Well packer. oil. A. W. Newell ...... 451.76!l Bolt Cutters. IIand and Power Dril1ing Machines, Punch­ scriptions. and Current Prices of the various kinds of \Vashing and Wheel. See Fifth wheel. Vehicle wheel. ing Presses, 'l'ire Bender�. Tire Upsetter:s,and oth- y i g rp u 8 Machines: Wheels. manufacturing metRl, E. W. Wickey .. . .., £51.54.5 er Labor Saving Tool�. Send for Price List. �:�. il�� p gt�n �m �:�:h � tlfs, � Window frame. V. R. Koontz ...... 451.826 rI1�{t��Drills, Air Compressors,� : � W Ore ��Breakers. �Screens.� � Jiggers,llLg� GEO. P\CLARK, Manuf. Window frames, Mesker Arbegust ...... 451.S74 to 451.877 WILEY RUSSELL MFG. CO., Greenfield, Mass. AmalgamHting Pans and Settlers, Percussion Tables, & & Vanner!'!,Ore Feeders. Chlorination Plant, Aerial Rope­ Box L. Wind40r I,ocks , Ct. Windows. mal!neticattac hment for, T. N. Sterry. "�I.tiOa New York Office.126 Liberty Street. \\'II'e shears, M. Raughtigan ...... 451,HUl ways, Winding Engines. Steam Engines and Boilers. \Vood for ornamental and decorative purpose�. Turbines, Water \V heels, Pumping Engines, Diamond STEREOTYPING.--A cutting or preparing. L. W. Murch ...... 451,8:)4 Boring Machines for deep boreholes. Boring 1'ools. Mine series of lectures by Thomas Holas. discu8VAsinLUAg t.heBLEmost d INVENTIONS PRACTICALLY DEVELOP£'D Btores, etc., the whole being codifiedfor telegraph pur­ recent methods in thIS branch of typogra�lt.y, With 23 . Drawings, Pattern Making, Experimental hnd Fine Ma­ F��.1 J��i���.����.��:, ...... " ..... 451.792 poses. and forming the best guide to intending- pur­ illustra.tions. Contained in SCI I.!;NTIFIC AMF:HICAN S['p . . . chine Work of all kinds. .\lILI�IKEN ;�:�g�:Yeast cake, J. W. Cameron ...... 451,700 & D'AMOUR, chasers of Mming Machinery. By C� Cornes. 12mo. P""" " "T. 774. 10 ... 151-153 Cedar Street, near West Street, New York. NOB. 773 and Price cpnts eaCh. cloth. London. 1889...... $1 . 00 1'0 be had at tbis officeand from all newsdealers. The Prnctical �team Enginf't'r'jiI Gllide. In The most Succefl'8ful Lubricator the Design Constrnction and Management.of Americ:m DESIGNS. tor Loo@e Pulleys in Bite. Stationary, Portable, and Steam Fire En/lines. Steam UZEN'S PATENT Pumps, Boilers. Injectors. Governors. Indicators. Pis­ Game counter, L. Steinberjler...... %O,7Ot, 20.710 tons and Rings, Safety Valves and 8teHm Gauges. For Handle for spoons. forks, etc.• 8. 14'. Roberts ....•.. 2O.7Oh PULLEY OILER ,ec,om.n<·n.st four Teal'S. Prices Emory Edwards. Illustrated by 119 Engravings. 'l'hird Spoon. R. D. Williams ...... : ...... �O.711 �:very user of m&ehin· Edition. revised and corrected. 420 pp. 12mo . ... $2.50 " Catalogue No. 56," Punll'''' nnd Pumpin", A Handbook for Pump this paper. Users. By M. P. Bale. Being Notes on Selection, Con­ Y AN DUZEX k TIFT. Cincinnati, Ohio. struct-ioll, :md Management. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated. TRADE MARKS. London. 1889...... $1 . 00 ear I!l.4:r-l couplinln'• .8tandard Car Coupling Company... . Pumping- Rnl{ine. Practical Handbook on Direct­ . INVENTIONS INTRODUCED AND Carlsbad powder, effervescent.8. Kutnow & Co . .. 19.422 Acting"Pumping Engine. and Steam Pump ConstrUctIOn. promoted. Wilson Co .• to 6 College Place. New York Cheroots. H. Rosen berg, ...... 19.4;)5 & � By Pbilip R. Bjorhng. Wltb 20 plates. 1889 ...... $� .OO Coffee. J. G. Notter Colfee Company...... 19.442 Pnnlping EnR"ine nnd �team Pump Construc­ UNION MAN UFAC')'URING & I' LATING Cuffee extract., A. Veuino ...... lSl,416 ELECTRO MOTOR. SIMP CO. LE. HOW TO tIon. Practical Handbook on Direct-Acting. 123p ages. of Expectorant�. 1iquid. \V. D. Rea ...... 19.4�4 23&-238-240Carr oIl Ave.• Chicago. Manufacturers . 19,415 make. By.G. M. Hopklns.-Description of a small electro with 20 plates. P. R. Bjorling. 12mo. cloth. 1889 . . . $�.OO Eye water. Taylor & Way ...... motor devlRed and Clmstrncten with a view to assisting METAL SPECIALTIES FOR INVENTORS. Food for live stock. C. Kertell ...... 19.432 amateurs to make a motor wnich might be driven witn �tenm Roilcl·!!1. their Management and Working on Garment stays, Amber Bone Manufacturing Com- ie• s ALL KINDS PT.ATING. advantage by a currfmt derived from a battery, and O OF pan y ...... 19.441 which would have sufficient power to operate a foot i� a:::'s �.���. �.'� ... . Estimates furnished. Correspondence invited. Gum, chewing, Bell Yore ...... 19.429 � �� � �'\"" fia .: � �� � ..��� � $!£� � & lathe or any machinf>requiring not over one man power. �tealn UOilCl' CatechiMm. A Practical Book for Hair toniC. M. W. Denike, ...... 19.419 With 11 figures. Contained in �C[I,;r-;TIF IC AMEHH'AN Steam Engineers, and for J"iremen.Owners and Makers Headache powders, W. S. Taylor ...... , ...... 19.42ti SUPPL F.M F.NT. No. ti41 . I';ice 10 cents. To be bad at of Boilprs of any kind. covering the Properties of Steam Knives. forks. �poons, and other flold.Ril ver. and thi� otticeand from all newsdealers. and of Fuels. and the 1.'heory and Practice of Designing-, plated articlt's, M. W. Galt, Bro. Co ...... 19,421 Medicines containing pepsin. pan creatine,& ca1feine, Constructing. Setting, Connecting, 'resting, Firing. and and celery, fluid,Sharp Dohme Repairing. By Robert Grimshaw. M.E. ProfuselY illus- & ...... 19.4:2l"i trated. .• 1888...... $2. 00 Pencils. lead. Eagle Pencil Uompany ...... l!l.4�7 PE TYPEWRITERS N. Y . StenCIls.FOR Steel Stamps. Rubber and Water Pills. R. Hudnut ...... " 19.4:11 SUi)ply. Not-:.:s un 'Vater Supply in N.ew Remedy for dIseases of horses and cattle, W. J. Metal 1.1vpp.'Vhe els. Dies, etc. Countries. By T. ,V. Stone, A!o!�oc. M. Inst., C.E •• author . 19.418 Il �odf'l and Expf'rimental WOl'k of " Simple Hydr"ulic Formul",."1888 ...... $3 .00 Abbey ...... Small Machinery, Novelties, etc., JIlP,n­ Remedy for di.eases of poultry. W. J. Abbey ...... 19.417 Water Snpply. Drnil :1l1"e.an d Sanitary Appliances Salves. pills. and remedies for tikin diseases. ufacturect by special contract. of r�esid:nces, includin� Lifting MachInery, Lighting Wheatley Brothers ...... 19.428 York StencilWks, 100 Nassau S�., N.V and Coolring Apraratu::" etc. By Frederick Colyer. Sardines, chocolate. preserves, and mushrooms. T. 1889 ...... 1 .50 W. Stemmler ...... 1�.438 $ Shovels. axes. hatchets, and hoes. Struller. Meyer 'l'hermodynumlcs of ,� he SteRm FngiDe and other Heat Engines. Peabody. 470 page 8vo. &; Scb umacher...... 19.439 C. H. •• Soaps. deterllents. starch. and bluing, Lever ROCK DRILLS clotb. 1889...... $5.00 Brothers ...... , ...... 19,423 'Q'hermouynnmics, Heat MotOl'S, Rnd Refrig­ s:.poonl'l. forks. and tableware. solid and plated, erating Ith lc�ine�. By De Volson Wood. N. Y., ...... Rand & Crane ...... In.4.16 1U). C .. cloth $4.00 , 1 AIR COMPRESSORS, Starch. laundry, Wax Starch ('ompany ...... 9.443 MINING AND QUARRYING MACHINERY, The YOUIl2"Mec hanic. Practical Carpentry. Con­ Tobacco, leaf. F. GarCia. Bro. & Co ...... 19.430 taining Directions for the Use of all ldnds of Tools, and 'j'nilet washing powder. F'. S. Jfairchild ...... , ... 19,420 for the construction of Steam Engines and Mechanical Whalebone, substitute for, Amber Bone Manufac- MOdels, including the Art of Turning Wood and Metal. turing Company ...... 19.440 .. .. Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co. By John Lukin. IlIuBtrated. 12mo ,...... $ 1.7,'i WhiRky. f{ inahan & Company ...... 19.444. W.44& No. 10 PARK PLACE, YORK. NEW . The C;omplete Practical Machinist. EmbraCing Whisky. P. M. I�agoni. .. , ...... 1!-l.434 Send for Complete Priced Catalogue. Lathe Work. Vise Work. Drills and Drilling, Taps and Whisky, Hassinier Co...... • ...... A. & ]9..437 Dies. Hardenin/land 'l'empering,the MakinJ;tand Use of ;;;;;;=�� Tools. Tool Grinding, Marking Out Work. etc. By Printed copy ot the speCIfication und drawing of oshua Rose. Il1ustrated by 356engravings. Fourteenth anyA patent in the foregoing Jist or any patent in prtnt edition. thoroughly revised and in Io(reatpart rewritten. .... bsued since will be turnished from this officefor 25 489 page- "mo. - _ ...... $�.i) 0 NICKEL ANO cents. In ordering]86.'). please state the name and number of the:!patent deSIred. and remit to Munn Co., 361 Broad­ IT Any f the aoove oooks promptly sent by mail, & postpaid, ("In- receipt of the price, by NICKEL SAL way. New York. •• ROUCES, Canlldin.n Pat.entM may now be obtained by the . Da:UN"N" � CC> inventors for any of the inventions named in the fore­ Publishors of the "Scientific American," OOM POSITION. going list. provided they are simple. at a cost of *40 BUFFING WHEELS, each. If complicated. the cost will be a HUle more. For 36 1 Broadway� NG!w York. ELECTRO & NICKE rUli instruction8 addres8 Munn &. ..Co 3b'l Broadway, SfJIId our NttW ana III&f pr- few UompleuOataloglu Of Books, PLATINO OUTFIT \'lew YorL Otller foreillnlI&tente Willi be obtained. "'"f- to -V addreaa.

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J,itutifit �tutritau.

F(}11n1ded by lIlathew Carey. 1785. AUTOMATIC IN FUEL AND WATER SUPPLY. HENRY CAREY BAIRD '" CO. Industrial Publishers, Book.eners, and Importers, The Shipman Automatic Steam Engine ",1 " WaIn St •. Philndelphin. . U. S. A. STATIONARY AN D ... l'a . MARINE. of Petroleum. Kerosene Oil. Ilnd Nat ral Fuel. !::TOur new and86 RevisedSvo, Catalogue Practical and u Gas HorM J'owel', �ingle. 8cientitlc Books, pages. and our other Cataloguesof i 1. 2. 4. 6, and S and Circulars. the whole covering' every branchof Sc .. S a d �� Horse Power. Compound enne applied to the Arts. sent free and fre� postage n will furnish his For Elevattng Water. Creameries, and all Manufacturing Purposes. toaddress. any one in any part of the world who Summer BOSTON SHIPMAN ENelNE CO., 210 St.,

DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN Experimental Science large Yiel�s.-:­ BY BluBy st Furnaces. withA specia] reference to of James Gayley. description of 80me theyrmcl­ Geo. Ill . Hopkins. f es in PROPOSALS. pal blast urnac andthe pr aUnt.i ited States. showl.ng the In er t i changes in design c ce by means of .wbICh ex­ t es ng Experi_ traordinarilyWi tlah rge8 yields have been obtainedIII SCI In lC the =-- 'l' IFIC last ments in Every Branch decade.AM ICAN 8UPPLl!:Mfigures. Contalll ed of Physics. Descriptions ER h:NT, ,.,ti. 10 'ro at office and No.m Price cents. of Simple and Efficient r all BERMUDA. Apparatus, m u h be bad this f o newsdealers. NOTICE TO ENGINEERS, CONTRACTORS, Etc. Madec ofat which maym obe Home. A ng Subjects SMALL ELECTRI'J MOTOR FOR AM- E it Sealed tenders for deepening the chanreeeivednels lea atding treated are lectric y in H its B an ateurs.-By C . D. Parkhurst. in n.f into Hamiof ltonColomal a.rbor. Bermuda. wiJ] be the all r ches, Magnet­ Bermuda. �1t e �te :L . Description detail a Office the Secretary, Hamilton. up ism, Heat. l�ight, Photo­ asmall and eaSIly madebrass motor powerful enougha to drIve trr12 o'clock noon of graphy. Microscopy, Op­ '1 1891. Witenth or twelve incb a fan and to givet i goodin breeze. Co e SCIEN­ 'l'UillRDAY. THE 14TH OF JULY, tical Illu!'lA lOns. Mechan­ igPOj)Ll· TIF C 15Al figures\H:RIC. flrawn-\ '\ S(Tl to'PLIO :-:cale.IE�T, No.n a 7'6".n d 10 in to iCa I'!,Ietc. I worldt ofnValu­A I this Office aU newsdealePrice rs. Tenders to be sent in duplicate, and be marked b e nforma io . cent�. To be had at and from on the covers, .. fl' ender for Channel Improvements." Source of RationalA superb C1 :1l\jiQQlA!tfMt Complete plans of the work may be seen. and specifi­ Amusement. Address : The Amerloan Writing cations. conditions of contract, forms of tender, and work for Young and Old. Maohlne Co., Hartford. Conn.; printed information regardinl!the work may be obtained at the office of the Crown Agents for the Colonies. Illustrated CircularE and Table of Contents sent free. 'oe. Broadway, 740 A P S. 680 ILLUSTRATIONS. ____N-'.. e_w_t:_o r_* Offi_ 237 Downing Street, London ; at the office of Her Britanuic G ___ -=== _ _ General York ; PRICE, by postpaid, • MajestY '8 Consul at New aud at the office mail. - $4.00. OCK ORE BREAKER of the Colonial Surveyor, Hamilton. Bermuda. MUNN CO., PlIblis"e- t·s, & & The Government of Bermuda will not be bound to ac­ THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, cept the lowest or any other tender. Office of Capacity npto 200 tons per hour. W, Colonial Surveyor. 361 Broadway, New York. Has produced road CARDY HALLETT, more bal1a.st. HAMILTON. 1891. Bermuda, March. metal, and broken more ore than ------al l other Breakers combined. Builders of High Grade Mining U. ��\ �� � ?s WANTED! Machinery. for f'atalof!ues. �in!:fl�h':io����il J. �ltse�e�r Jp !M.� Send in triplicat.e, will011 be received at 1,this1891. office 1,000until 12 One Rilldell's Cl,TES IRON WORKS, (standard time) Monday, ,J une for barrels NE�V ELEMENTS :iO(! So. (�linton �t., «'I� �ca::o hydraulic Portland ceil1ent and 6,000 barrelsis American natural cement. rrhe attention of bidders inVited to of Hand Railing. St 26. 1885. and 215 Fran klin .. Boston, Vla.ss. the Acts of 1887.Con gressVol. approven February 414, �econd E o 1870 or GYMNASTICS GIRLS.-AN IN· February 23, 23. page 332, and Vol. 24. page diti n, Revised later. FOR Statutes at Large.D. W. J,.forOCKW specificatIOnsOO U, Major and of allEnginee>·s. informa­ teresting account of th instruction tion. apply to EDWARD MEEKS, at th e course of given Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. e BerkeleyContatnBd Athl etic Club for Ladies. WithSUPPLII:­ 18 illus· 1012 trations. 7;j3. in SCIENT10 I FIC AMERICANhad this i ME�Toffice , No. all newsPricedeal ers.cents. To be at -FOR­ and from T�E Underground SteaD) Pip.·s A, WYCKOFF & SON, MONTAUK 116 ERst he n Place, C mn g to sbowlining Y. CAMERA. outside staves. ELMIRA, N. e , with seal leather, supplied Is compactwith am)n at covered sn double rapid rectilinear lens. 'l'akes ap h int r h s PSt S O��,c si � 6'f e , 4 �5 r� C���� . :' ;:;{���� THE DAIMLER MOTOR SITES TO SUBSTANTIAL ci�� ion books furnished for CO. FREE ]oS�f�� *\�:��;�u��� � ��; THE A IM LE R MOTOR . D Is prepared to and 4 Horse Power G. GENNEET. furnish I, �. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES W 56 East lOt" St . New York. or PETROLEUM MOTORiS the Virginia and t . GAS inginia, rapidly growing townsIRON, of CHEAP LUMBER, esC Vir­AP : all I ust l Purposes. Fully illustrated catalogue possessRAILROADing CHEAP F ACIL TI S J. H.HE DIN­ The HulldeI s' and Manufacturers' for nd ria FUEL. and I F. , Mddress and price on appl,ication. in o ratio at Pa.., P esi t Exchange, Helena, Montana. list Motors pe n GEE. 330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia , r den and General Manager of numerous Land.& Compan W st ies Correspondence Works, Stein way, Long island City. Office. 111 East 14th Street, New York City. situated along the lines of the Norfolk e ern please s d solicited. :Manufacturers and dealers Railroad. en catalogues. Address H. Secretary. WILL. JONES. THE LEAD PENCILS I That Meet the \Vallts of All Pencil Users al'e AM ICAN RAERP IT G H • • " DIXON'S E S M" of same ma Or other grades of hardness ke. your sta io r the If NT IC t ne does not keepsend them.in mention to SCOIES PHn � AMERICA N andCOMPANY, 16c. stampsN. J.t J1'01' E DIXON CRUCIBLE Jersey City, PHOTOGRAPHY ! samples worth double the money. Our the J.Jatest Novelties for Amateur are KNACK CAMERA"'. MASI:OT CAlUERA"', 'I'JUAD CAMERAS, THE FISHKILL" COR LISS ENCINE Waterbnry Detective Cnmera •• COMBININC A MAXIMUM OF ECONOMY, EFFICIENCY, AND DURABILITY. !EI1A!ST��N��� View «'amelo as, and IN THE WORLD. IrvinK Fishkill Landin Machine Co., Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y. lll agazi n e ('nllleras for Films. �Speed, Comfort and Safety. THE SCOVILL ADAMS CO., RJ. . & , AGENTS WANTED. No. 423 HroOine Street, New- York. 79. Barrel, Keg, Hogshead Large Illustrated Calalogue sent Free to any Address. 45 sold in '88 AND THE EAGt.E BICYCLE MFG. CO., STAVE MACHINERY. STA_FORD, CONN. sold Over 50 varieties '"nYPEWRITERS. 2,288 in '89 manu­ New or Second-Hand. any make, bought. sold and Ma­ex- 6,268 sold in '90 factured by changed. tieL our prices. Everyt.hinggu aranteed. I E. & B. HOLMES, chines rented anywhere.NATI ONANewL ca'!'talo¥Pl

& 14 Water N. Y. l POCKET PEN PENCIL STAMP, with NAME'l C. S . St., ROCHES1'ER, .s������� �i;; "J��J'� (0 ' $1 Bill 'rt Cheap � W: ��g l?P'i� i.=O for small newspa· �'t.�il��;, �. . . .nItper, E r _ 20e.e- · lD. $44. ve y­ Self.taker PrID te .. thing easy. printed l:%,:;�: q �ALANSON CARY � �. two 8 s to _-..,\r\'l\l ��i::e�::S22��inpn. cards,evervthine:. NewActJ.bic money. Terms free. OF SPRINGS �.� rules. �end tamp for ConCataloguen. NUFAc:rURER KEL�EY & CO., Meriden, 'l'halm'lIL1fg.Co.No. 316 BaIt. St., Baltimore, LId.,U.S. A. � A FLAT OF E.VEiWDEsCRIPTION fac Lury. , ST�EL. 240 &: 242 W. 29�, S1: NEW-¥ORI:< •

ROCKWe manufacture BREAKERS and at short AWDand l w OREt CRUSHERSand FOR S ALE. r� ��W:n �V ��o';.r the nv nt supply notice o es rates,E lSti W.one Ore CrusherA. con­ RIENMUTH. ll,!r�fc"u� taining i e ANDIOn desc A},UABL"Eribed in Letters IMPROVEMENTS, Patent issued to Blake. June 15, 1858. to­ lars. address CARL Hockville. l!onn. gether withand NEW July V IJ. for which Letters Patent were granted May 11th 2Oth. 1SSO. to Mr. S. Marsden. All Crushers supplied by us ure constructed FOR SALE.-OTTO r m v d and hair strengthened. under these patents. ,. horse power. In good condItion.GAS Used aENGIN time.E Dandloufl'permanently e o e Send 1Oc si v t J.P. Caldwell,31 Clovelly st.,Lynn, Mass XAt'O lf.A"::��!�.� KINNEAR & GAGER CO Columbus,short Ohio. .( l .) o FARlJJJ E-l�1JC�t N� W r-J'�rl';.';��rji�It.rfi�tI/HI�?NN. ..

© 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 318 j'citutific !mtritJu.

�()vertigements. B. W. JOENS'

Inside Page, each insertion - - • - 7:;c ents a line Back Pa $1.00 a line, ge, each insertion ••• - ESTOS SECT.OIAL PIPE COVERI.G. a es per agate lme- ASB wordsThe above are ch rg -about eight SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE- per line.a"mte 'rhis type. noti ce shrowsi the width ofe the line. MENT. number of SCIENTIFIC in n� a 8 h adver­ Any desired back the andtisemen is setts at the E per agatev ng hne.may ad ea re­ AMERICAN SUPPLEMEN at this officefor ment. he e samee rate by m su 10 A a ofcan ne bewsdealers had in parts of as t t �ents. Iso to he h d aU l t r press. Advertisements' T mustmorn­ be re ei e at publication office as early a 'l h a the country. T In!!c v appeard in next issue. s u sd y to ELECTRIC A Non·Conductin� Covering for Steam and Hot Water Pipes, etc. REA.DILY ATTACHED OR REMOVED BY ANY ONE. PERMaT'lYimCUSSION System of Percussion DR Tools.ILLS ASBESTOS BOILER OOVERINGS _ Drill t ns c mm a or 'We IIIrI!preparedto take ClYntractsfor appl ying Steam Pipe ana Boiler Coverings in any part of the Um1 edStates. nor con ai no o ut t A 11moving i its contacts. p te te in c os­ :EI:. �. JOEl:NS JU:.A.Dir"U·F.A..CTU�ZNc;;,. C<>JU:�.A.NY. c rcu ('ase�.are ro c d l SOLE MANUFACTUBEBS OF ed metalliCecon omical , 81rn le . H. Billbo rd, Building FeU., Fire.Proof mOlMo ere easily a l than psteamr and or W. Job.s' Asbestos a Sheathings, Paints. h nd ed Liqnld Paints, Asbestoa e'c. Roofing, air drills. 87 Maiden Lane, New York. CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA. BOSTON. moisture,Sate an d darureliable.pne8�, Not or afl'eeted by Whter. dripping

Weight of dr400ill, with tripOd, uuout �.H)l1nds. Speed of dr21illin nghole, in . ha2 rd granite,per mi nute. ineheSf'nd s jor df'�cl'ipUV6 NotWithstanding the majority of riders panlphlet and pr'lces. W n e 50.000 Sawyers Edisoll Genel'ul a t d are SAWS S A W buying Safeties, there are those Elecll'ic Co. OVERMANWHEEL CO., CHICOPEE FIILLS, MASS. a ndfun LUmbermen ato of Em- S t e BOSTO N. WaSHINGTON. DENVER. ISAN FRANCISCO. sendso uss theirBook addressof for copyew .18 90 edi- who prefer high wheels, and h y �A WS, prefer Edison Building, SPECIAL er n' P- n New York. A. G. SPALDING &. BROS., at'U'NTS. first to the well - known and well­ tion. We are introduceS NATURAl. i Broad St., NEW Y RK. PHILADELPHIA. A GAS fOr heating and tempering nws wi h A t e CHICAGO. O wonderful effect t r d W upon improving theirto reduce qual- W ity and toughness, EIenablinllUERSO usN. SM.I'I'a S &prices. CO. (Ltd.).Address Ueaver Falls. Pa. S G0LHMBIAS�: in Stock and send TO BUSINESSof the SCIENTI IC AMERICAN MEN THE PHONOGRAPH.-A DETAILED We keep them will you Catalogue. E AD.-HOW TO MAKE The mvalue m as anr adver­o TH COPYING P ti8in� a i f t mw; w h is many ediutimes greatercannot be overestimated.Fthat Its ci cul t n ;,?o'i,��t" �':'�3�';,�.fOWltg 8 ��g��� POPE CO. and how to theit gelaantine enllravin2. Practicalalso directions now thant of any Similar 'l'errIto­journal E n all t e ���ings.����i Coj�nt�l ed in SCI���lCNT JFIO AMERIOAN SUPPL ­ 7'7 Franklin St., BOSTON. howby w toic preparethe are pad, tllJd the an ilinew i inken published.and read inIt allgoes i o h States and M�NT, �o. ain632. 10 bad letterh h copies madetake; how to apply the r tt ries. of ish e world. 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