Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of

I. DEL: RAZVOJ NA PODRO ČJU HIDROLOŠKEGA MONITORINGA

PART I: DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

SPREMEMBE V MREŽI CHANGES TO THE NETWORK OF HIDROLOŠKIH MERILNIH MEST V HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING LETU 2008 GAUGING STATIONS IN THE YEAR 2008 Mag. Roman Tr ček Roman Tr ček, MSc

Zaradi vsebinskih posebnosti delimo državno Due to substantive differences the national mrežo hidroloških opazovanj na mrežo za network of hydrological monitoring is classified into opazovanje površinskih voda, mrežo za the surface water monitoring network, opazovanje podzemnih voda, ki je sestavljena iz groundwater monitoring network (consisting of the mreže na aluvialnih vodonosnikih in mreže na alluvial aquifers monitoring network and springs izvirih, ter mrežo za opazovanje morja. monitoring network), and the sea monitoring network. Površinske vode Surface water V državni mreži za meritve površinskih voda je v letu 2008 delovalo 176 vodomernih postaj (v 176 water gauging stations (hereinafter w. g. s.) nadaljevanju: v.p.). V tem letu je bilo operated in 2008 within the national surface water avtomatiziranih 6 v.p., od teh je bila v.p. Medno monitoring network. 6 w.g.s. were automated that zgolj prestavljena za 40 m gorvodno. Na v.p. Kal- year, of which w.g.s. Medno was merely shifted 40 je bil v septembru zgrajen talni prag, kar metres upstream. A sill was constructed in je vplivalo na preto čno krivuljo. Novo zgrajene September at w.g.s. Kal-Koritnica, which affected AMP v letu 2008 so torej: the rating curve. The newly constructed automatic - v.p. Preska na Tržiški Bistrici: gradbena dela so gauging stations (AGS) in 2008 include: bila zaklju čena novembra 2008, - w.g.s. Preska on the Tržiška Bistrica River: the - v.p. Čentiba na Ledavi: gradbena dela so bila construction work was completed in November zaklju čena maja 2008, 2008, - v.p. Škocjan na Reki: gradbena dela so bila - w.g.s. Čentiba on the River: the zaklju čena oktobra 2008, construction work was completed in May 2008, - v.p. Petanjci na Muri: gradbena dela so bila - w.g.s. Škocjan on the River: the zaklju čena maja 2008 construction work was completed in October 2008, - v.p. Ruta na Radoljni: gradbena dela so bila - w.g.s. Petanjci on the Mura River: the zaklju čena aprila 2008. construction work was completed in May 2008 - w.g.s. Ruta on the Radoljna River: the Na v.p. Železniki na Selški Sori in v. p. Ranca na construction work was completed in April 2008. Pesnici so se gradbena dela za čela konec leta 2008 in se zaklju čila v letu 2009. Construction work on the w.g.s. Železniki on the Selška River and on w.g.s. Ranca on the Na omenjenih merskih mestih je bil za časno River started at the end of 2008 and was prekinjen niz podatkov. Meritve pretokov za completed in 2009. potrebe izdelave preto čne krivulje so bile zgoš čeno izvajane takoj po kon čanju gradbenih The gathering of datasets was temporarily halted del. Kontinuirano spremljanje gladine je bilo at the aforementioned monitoring stations. The izvedeno v obdobju nekaj mesecev po gradbenih discharge measurements for the formation of the delih in je v nekaterih primerih segalo v leto 2009. rating curve were carried out on a more frequent basis right after the completion of construction Med letom je bilo narejenih 1131 hidrometri čnih work. Continued monitoring of the water level was meritev (75 ve č v letu 2007), 619 z akusti čnimi carried out a few months after completing dopplerjevim merilnikom (ADMP) (52 ve č kot v letu construction work and in some cases extended 2007) in 505 z ultrazvo čnim hidrometri čnim krilom into the year 2009. (FlowTracker – FT) (27 ve č kot v letu 2007). Sedemkrat je bil merski profil ob obisku During the year, 1,131 hydrometric measurements vodomerne postaje suh. V letu 2008 ni bilo were conducted (75 more compared to 2007), of nobene meritve s klasi čnim hidrometri čnim krilom. which 619 were carried out with the acoustic Na 94 postajah so bili vodostaji zabeleženi z Doppler current profilers – ADCP (52 more

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

limnigrafskimi zapisi, na 27 pa z digitalnimi zapisi compared to 2007) and 505 with the ultrasonic avtomatskih merilnih postaj (AMP) ali velocimeters – FlowTracker FT (27 more podatkovnimi zapisovalniki. Vedno ve č merilnih compared to 2007). The measurement profile was mest ima po dva neodvisna merilnika vodostajev arid on 7 occasions during visits to the water (ultrazvo čni merilnik in plovec ali tla čna sonda). Na gauging station. None of the measurements in ta na čin je verjetnost izpada podatkov zelo 2008 were performed with the traditional current zmanjšana. meter.

Opazovanja so potekala na vseh 176 vodomernih At 94 stations, the water levels were read from the postajah. Od tega so se izvajala redna dnevna recording made by water-level recorders, while at opazovanja na 101 vodomerni postaji, na ostalih 27 other stations they were read from digital pa enkrat tedensko z obmo čnimi opazovalci recordings of automatic gauging stations (AGS) or vodnogospodarskih podjetij. Ob izrednih razmerah data loggers. An increasing number of gauging je bilo narejeno veliko opazovanj visokovodnih sites have two independent water level gauges (an stanj. ultrasonic gauge and a float or pressure probe). This greatly reduces the probability of data loss. Temperature vode so se v letu 2008 merile na 70 merilnih mestih – na 39 postajah AMP na Observation took place at all 176 water gauging površinskih vodotokih in na dveh postajah na stations. Of the aforementioned total, regular daily morju. Enkratdnevna opazovanja (izjema je ena observation was carried out at 101 water gauging postaja, kjer so opazovanja potekala enkrat stations, while once weekly on the remaining tedensko) so se izvajala na 31 postajah. Nekaj stations by local observers of water management termometrov je bilo živosrebrnih, nekaj pa companies. When extreme conditions occurred, alkoholnih. Na 16 postajah se je merilo z ro čnim several observations of high water conditions were termometrom in AMP. carried out.

V letu 2008 so se zajemali vzorci vode za Water temperatures were measured at 70 gauging dolo čanje vsebnosti in izra čun transporta sites in 2008 – at 39 automatic gauging stations suspendiranega materiala na 11 vodomernih on surface streams and at two stations at sea. postajah. Na eni postaji se je zajem izvajal Daily observations (except one station where the vsakodnevno – vzorcev je ve č kot 300, na štirih observations took place once weekly) were carried postajah pa je bilo zajetih okoli 100 vzorcev. Na out at 31 stations. Some thermometers were ostalih postajah je bil zajem vzorcev vode le classic mercury-in-glass thermometers, while ob časen – ob visokih vodah. others were alcohol thermometers. Manual thermometers and AGS were used at 16 stations. Podzemne vode In 2008, water sampling to determine the V državni mreži za meritve podzemnih voda na concentration of suspended material and calculate aluvialnih vodonosnikih je v letu 2008 delovalo 138 the transmission of suspended material took place merilnih mest. V marcu je bila AMP Mercator at 11 gauging stations. At one station sampling prestavljena iz parka v notranje prostore was performed daily – more than 300 samples trgovskega centra v Ljubljani. Omenjena postaja je were taken, while around 100 samples were taken sicer ena izmed petih AMP na mreži aluvialnih at four stations. The remaining stations performed vodonosnikov. only periodical sampling – at high water levels (floods). Opazovanje izvirov je v letu 2008 potekalo na 16 merilnih mestih. Konec leta je bilo ukinjeno merilno Groundwater mesto Metliški – Obrh. Septembra je prišlo do trajne okvare merilne opreme na merilnem 138 gauging sites operated within the national mestu Rakitnica – Blate. Merilno mesto Mošenik je network of groundwater monitoring on alluvial ostalo neopremljeno (podatkovni zapisovalnik) vse aquifers in 2008. In March, AGS Mercator was leto. shifted from the park to the inner premises of the shopping centre in Ljubljana. The aforementioned station is one of the five AGS in the alluvial aquifer network.

The observation of springs took place at 16 gauging sites in 2008. By the end of the year, the

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Slika 1: Gradbena dela na v.p. Ruta na Radoljni (foto: Rok Ferme) Figure 1: Construction work on the w.g.s. Ruta on the Radoljna River (photo: Rok Ferme)

Slika 2: Meritev visokovodnega pretoka dolvodno; v.p. Cerkvenikov mlin na Reki (foto: Primož Gajser) Figure 2: Measuring the flood flow downstream; w g.s. Cervenikov mlin on the Reka River (photo Primož Gajser)

Morje Metliški Obrh – Obrh gauging station ceased operation. A serious error in the measuring Pri opazovanju morja v letu 2008 je bilo nekaj equipment occurred in September at the Rakitnica sprememb. Postaja v Luki Koper ni ve č delovala. – Blate station. The Mošenik gauging station Na oceanografski boji v Piranu je bilo veliko remained unequipped (data logger) all year round. izpadov podatkov. Postaja Koper pri stavbi Uprave Republike Slovenije za pomorstvo je delovala Sea skladno s pri čakovanji . There were a few changes to observations at sea in 2008. There was no loss of data at the tide gauge Koper which is located near Slovenian

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Maritime Administration. A number of data loss instances occurred at the oceanographic buoy located at the sea 1NM away from the coast of city Piran to the west. The tide gauge Luka Koper was removed.

Slika 3: Vrtine in zunanja komunikacijska omarica na AMP Mercator na Ljubljanskem polju. Fotografija prikazuje kontrolo montaže črpalk (foto: Ladislav Podržaj). Figure 3: Boreholes and external communication cabinet at the AGS Mercator on Ljubljansko polje (Ljubljana Field) The photo demonstrates the pump installation control (photo: Ladislav Podržaj).

SEZNAM OPAZOVALCEV V MREŽI MERILNIH THE LIST OF OBSERVERS IN THE NETWORK MEST HIDROLOŠKEGA MONITORINGA OF THE HYDROLOGICAL GAUGING STATIONS

Postaja za Postaja za Opazovalec podzemne vode Opazovalec podzemne vode

Observer Groundwater Observer Groundwater observation station observation station Arta č Jože Brezovica Merljak Luka Ren če Artenjak Stanko Spodnja Hajdina Mesari č Feliks Bakovci Berani č Ivan Zg. Jablane Mulec Eda Žepovci Berani č Slava Brunšvik Ou ček Franc Rankovci Bizjak Ivan Gotovlje Pe čnik Franc Spodnji Stari Grad Bone Branko Vipavski Križ Pinter Ervin Nem čavci Cvetko Božidar Sandi Trgoviš če Pleško Jože Kozarje Cvikl Anton Zg. Grušovlje Plošinjak Franc Stojnci Čih Elizabeta Gornji Lakoš Rat Alojz Letuš Drobni č Fran čiška Malence Repnik Anica Mengeš Erjavec Franc Lipovci Repnik Anica Preserje Filipi č Igor Klju čarovci Repnik Anton Parižlje Fišer Ana Zgornja Gorica Rodošek Dušan Veliki Podlog Galun Janez Kungota Rojc Cvetka Vol čja Draga Jarkovi č Fran čiška Drama Simon čič Ivan Gorica Jenko Marta Meja Simoni č Rajko Dornava Jerebic Franc Brezovica Slapnik Milena Podgorje

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Postaja za Postaja za Opazovalec podzemne vode Opazovalec podzemne vode

Observer Groundwater Observer Groundwater observation station observation station Ka č Tomaši č Irena Arja vas Stamni čar Dejan Veš čica Kau čič Anton Plitvica Stropnik Marko Medlog Kmecl Leopold Škofja vas Šavri č Daniela Bukošek Kološa Elizabeta Radmožanci Škraban Avguštin Krog Kova č Marija Sinja Gorica Tement Lidija Sobetinci Kregar Marija Dolenja vas Tonja Helena Sveti Duh Arta č Jože Brezovica Merljak Luka Ren če Krušec Ivana Segovci Vil čnik Avgust Ptuj Lepej Darinka Starše Weingerl Jože Mali Segovci Mali Viljem Šempeter Zadobovšek Rudolf Trnava Medvešek Jožica Hrvaški Brod Zevnik Marija Žibrek Jelena Zgornje Krapje

Vodomerna Vodomerna Opazovalec Reka, jezero Opazovalec Reka, jezero postaja postaja Observer River, lake Observer River, lake Gauging station Gauging station Avši č Boštjan Čatež Milavec Andrej Malni Malenš čica Balog Milena Hoteš ček Milavec Ivanka Hasberg Unica Gornja Bani č Jože Podbo čje Mlinari č Franc Radgona Mura Baša Slavko Podkaštel Moli čnik Vinko Lu če Lu čnica Mudrini č Bevc Franc Šoštanj Velunja Aleksander Bodeš če Bevk Marija Trzin Pšata Mustar Marija Rašica Rašica Bizjak Marija Re čica Nemet Ladislav Zagaj Bistrica Postojnska Bizjak Nada Okroglo Sava Novak Jože jama Blaži č Filipina Prestanek Pivka Oberstar Vida Prigorica Ribnica Dolenja Bucaj Stanislav Kubed Rižana Obštetar Borut Trebuša Trebuša Buh Ljudmila Komin Omerzel Jože Metlika Kolpa Cankar Darinka Medno Sava Pavša Silva Golo Brdo Idrija Čas Pavla Sol čava Pažur Andrej Petrina Kolpa Černigoj Jože Ajdovš čina Hubelj Pec Franc Lo če Ferfolja Alojz Miren I Poto čnik Jože Podnanos Mo čilnik Fortuna Jožefa Bistra Bistra Potokar Janez Litija Sava Ba ča pri Furlan Emil Vipava Vipava Rovš ček Milojka Modreju Ba ča Roženbergar Gabriel Miro Rožni vrh Drago Kranj Gabrijel čič Zlatko Solkan So ča Samec Oton Polže Glojek Marta Kraše Seklji č Edvard Pesje Lepena Gogala Dušan Cerknica Cerkniš čica Skubic Anica Mieniška vas Radeš ča Harbaš Marija Kranjska Gora Slavinec Angela Škale Sopota Heberle Olga Mlino Blejsko jezero Stegel Vida Mali Otok Nanoš čica Heberle Olga Mlino Jezernica Strniša Jure Žebnik Sopota Herzog Jerneja Cankova Ku čnica Šepec Terezija Rakovec Sotla Ivanjševski Horvat Ladislav Središ če potok Šestan Boris Trp čane Reka Ilijev Zlata Jesenice Sava Dolinka Šestan Boris Trnovo Reka Cerkvenikov Ive Anton Preska Tržiška Bistrica Šestan Boris mlin Reka Bohinjsko Jereb Matevž Žiri Poljanska Sora Šetina Marija Sveti Duh jezero Jevševar Slavko Škale Lepena Škoflek Biserka Velenje Paka Jurkošek Romana Veliko Širje Savinja Škrbec Simon Branik Branica

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Vodomerna Vodomerna Opazovalec Reka, jezero Opazovalec Reka, jezero postaja postaja Observer River, lake Observer River, lake Gauging station Gauging station Kac Jože Stari Trg Suhadolnica Šorn Stanislav Vir Ra ča Kali č Matjaž Otiški vrh Meža Štancer Drago Črnolica Kali č Matjaž Otiški vrh Šturm Albin Kobarid So ča Kapš Stanko Pre čna Pre čna Šuštar Andreja Mla čevo Grosupeljš čica Karni čnik Elizabeta Ruta Radoljna Švarc Janko Dvor Gradaš čica Kern Janez Pšata Pšata Tominec Franc Medvode Sora Klemen Slanc Marija Razori Šujica Trauner Julijus Celje Voglajna Koblar Alojzija Železniki Selška Sora Tršinar Milka Martinja vas Trunkelj Ko čevar Franc Gradac Fran čiška Trebnja Gorica Višnjica Košir Luka Sodražica Bistrica Vodišek Ivanka Vodiško Gra čnica Log pod Kova č Anica Mangartom Koritnica Vodopivec Jože Dornberk Vipava Kova čec Ivana Zamušani Pesnica Vošnjak Martin Dolenja vas Vugrinec Krajnik Rudolf Suha Sora Štefanija Videm Dravinja Leban Ivan Tolmin Tolminka Zagorc Cveto Nazarje Savinja Lesjak Matilda Levec Ložnica Zajc Anton Podbukovje Krka Mlinš čica Leskovec Alojz Podroteja Idrijca Zalokar Marjan Domžale Kanal Malis Viljem Hrastnik Sava Žagar Bojan Log Čezsoški So ča Martin čič Andrej Dolenje Jezero Stržen Žakelj Janez Vrhnika Ljubljanica Meja č Antonija Nevlje Žakelj Janez Verd Lubija Mesari č Gizela Polana Ledava

Vzdrževanje hidrološke postaje Lo če na Dravinji (foto: Arhiv ARSO) Maintenance of gauging station Lo če on the Dravinja River (photo: EARS archives)

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

HIDROLOG – NOV INFORMACIJSKI HIDROLOG (Hydrologist) – NEW SISTEM DRŽAVNE HIDROLOŠKE INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE SLUŽBE NATIONAL HYDROLOGY SERVICE

Mag. Marjan Bat, Jože Miklav čič Marjan Bat, Msc, Jože Miklav čič

Ve čina podatkov, izvedenih iz meritev v mreži Most of the data derived from the measurements državne hidrološke službe, ki jih objavljamo v within the national hydrology network, which we Hidrološkem letopisu 2008, je bila obdelana v publish in the 2008 Hydrology Yearbook, were HIDROLOGU, novem informacijskem sistemu processed in HIDROLOG, the new information Urada za hidrologijo in stanje okolja (Urada) na system of the Hydrology and State of Environment Agenciji Republike Slovenije za okolje (ARSO). Office (Office), Environmental Agency of the Sistem je rezultat ve čletnega dela, ki smo ga Republic of Slovenia (EARS). The system is the skupaj opravili podjetje Monolit informacijski result of several years of work performed by the sistemi d. o. o. in delavci Urada. V informacijskem company Monolit informacijski sistemi d. o. o. side smislu je HIDROLOG združil podsisteme državne by side with Office colleagues. In the information merilne mreže za podzemne vode, izvire, sense HIDROLOG combined the subsystems of površinske vode in morje. Doslej sta imela celovito the national network for monitoring groundwater, informacijsko podporo monitoringa površinskih in springs, surface water and the sea. Up until now podzemnih voda. Prvi je od konca osemdesetih let the two have had the comprehensive information prejšnjega stoletja uporabljal BHP ( Bazo oziroma support of surface water and groundwater zbirko Hidroloških Podatkov), v sistem povezane monitoring. The former, from the late 1980s, used fortranske programe na ra čunalniku VAX; drugi pa BHP (Hydrology Database), a system using SSOPPV ( Sistem za Shranjevanje in Obdelavo Fortran-associated programs on the VAX Podatkov Podzemnih Voda), podatkovno zbirko, computer, while the latter used the SSPGD razvito okoli leta 1995 v programu FOXPRO, ki je (System of Saving and Processing Groundwater že upoštevala na čela relacijskih modelov Data) database developed around 1995 in the podatkov. Lo čena programska paketa sta program FOXPRO, which already took the omogo čala vnos, kontrolo, obdelavo, shranjevanje relational model of data into account. The in zajem podatkov. V obeh so se verificirali letni separate program packages enabled the entry, bloki dnevnih vrednosti. Programa nista imela control, processing, saving and capturing of data. grafi čne podpore. Podatki opazovanja morja in Annual blocks of daily values were verified in both. izvirov so se obdelovali z razli čnimi programi in The programs had no graphical support. Sea and shranjevali lo čeno na osebnih ra čunalnikih. springs observation data were processed with different programs and saved separately on Proti koncu devetdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja personal computers. smo na tedanjem Sektorju za hidrologijo Hidrometeorološkega zavoda RS za čutili potrebo By the end of the 1990s, operating under the then po sodobnem in enotnem informacijskem sistemu, known Hydrology Sector of the zasnovanem na relacijskem modelu podatkov. Hydrometeorological Institute of the Republic of Zavod je tedaj za čel pri obdelavi podatkov uvajati Slovenia, we felt the need for a modern and sistem za upravljanje z bazami podatkov unified information system based on the relational ORACLE, in odlo čitev, na kakšni osnovi bo deloval model of data. It was then that the Institute began, sistem, je bila s tem že sprejeta. Razmišljali smo, in terms of data processing, to introduce the ali naj za naše potrebe kupimo že razvito orodje ORACLE RDBMS and so the decision regarding za delo s hidrološkimi podatkovnimi zbirkami ali pa on which basis the system shall operate was thus naj se razvoja lotimo z uporabo lastnega znanja in inevitable. We deliberated whether it would be znanja, dostopnega na tržiš ču. Zaradi tehnoloških wise to buy an already developed instrument to in organizacijskih posebnosti ter ve čdesetletne meet our needs for hydrological database tradicije naše službe, o kateri pri ča tudi obsežen processing or to develop our own instruments arhiv podatkov, ki ga je bilo treba prepisati v novo using our knowledge and the knowledge available podatkovno zbirko, smo ocenili, da je lasten razvoj on the market. Due to technological and boljša rešitev. organisational particularities and more than 60- year tradition of our service, demonstrated also by our extensive data archives which had to be

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Zna čilnosti HIDROLOGA copied to the new database, we deemed that our own development would be the better solution. Sistem HIDROLOG sestavljata spletna aplikacija v tehnologiji J2EE in podatkovna zbirka v ORACLU. HIDROLOG characteristics Spletna aplikacija z relacijskim modelom povezuje številne HIDROLOGOVE interne in zunanje The HIDROLOG system comprises a web podatkovne tabele. Skrbniki zunanjih tabel so application using the J2EE technology and the razli čne službe ARSO, interne tabele pa so v ORACLE database. The web application with the pristojnosti Urada. relational model of data combines several HIDROLOG internal and external database tables. V podatkovno zbirko HIDROLOGA se zapisujejo le Various EARS services are administrators of the podatki, ki jih je mogo če povezati z vodomernimi external tables, while the Office is responsible for postajami državne hidrološke službe. Te the internal tables. predstavljajo osnovni podatkovni gradnik celotnega sistema. Vodomerne postaje so le ena Only data which can be associated with the water od podmnožic merilnih mest ARSO, ki so enotno gauging stations of the national hydrology service popisana v Informacijskem Sistemu Merilnih Mrež. are registered in the HIDROLOG database. This ISMM hrani med drugim podatke o imenih postaj, represents the basic data element of the entire njihovih lokacijah (koordinate merilnega mesta), system. Water gauging stations are merely one of merilni opremi (seznam merilnikov, historiat, the subgroups of EARS gauging sites, which are tipi…), organizacijski pripadnosti oziroma vrsti recorded in a uniform manner in the I nformation merilnega mesta (na primer meteorološka, System of Measuring Networks. The ISMN also, hidrološka postaja, merilno mesto za dolo čanje among other data, keeps data on the names of the kakovosti vode …). Podatki oziroma tabela(-e) stations, their location (coordinates of the ISMM so za HIDROLOGA ena od zunanjih tabel. monitoring site), gauging equipment (list of V njih je zapisan del informacij o vodomernih measuring devices and their state, types, etc.), postajah, potrebnih za pravilno interpretacijo organisational affiliation or type of the monitoring hidroloških podatkov. Podatki o lastnostih, ki so site (such as meteorological, hydrological station, posebnost vodomernih postaj (na primer površina monitoring site for determining water quality, etc.). vodozbirnega zaledja, oddaljenost merilnega Data on the ISMN table(s) are treated as external mesta od izliva reke, nadmorska višina kote »0«), tables by HIDROLOG. These tables record part of so zapisani v internih hidrologovih tabelah. the information on water gauging stations required for correct interpretation of hydrological data. Data Med zunanjimi podatkovnimi tabelami, ki so on the characteristics representing a particularity operativne neodvisno od delovanja sistema of water gauging stations (for example the area of HIDROLOG in niso obvezno v pristojnosti Urada, the drainage basin, distance of the water gauging so poleg omenjenih tabel ISMM trenutno še: site from the river’s outfall, datum point altitude) – tabele podatkovne zbirke avtomatskih merilnih are recorded in internal hydrological tables. postaj (AMP) ARSO, vklju čno s tabelami sistema Among the external data tables which are za kontrolo in popravljanje podatkov AMP operatively independent of the functioning of (Kolomon); HIDROLOG and are not necessarily under the – podatkovna zbirka hidrometri čnih meritev z authority of the Office, you will currently find the akusti čnimi merilniki (HidFlow – glej Podatkovna following in addition to the ISMN tables: zbirka rezultatov meritev pretoka kot orodje za – tables from the EARS automatic gauging podporo odlo čanju, Hidrološki letopis 2006). stations (AGS) database, including the tables within the system for control and correction of V interne tabele se zapisujejo podatki meritev v AGS data (Kolomon); mreži državnega hidrološkega monitoringa in – the database of hydrometric measurements with rezultati obdelav teh podatkov. V ta sklop tabel acoustic gauges (HidFlow – see the Database of sodijo na primer tabele vrednosti (verificirane discharge measurement results as a tool for oziroma arhivske ter urne in dnevne delovne decision-making support, 2006 Hydrological vrednosti hidroloških veli čin – vodostajev, Yearbook). pretokov, …) in ekstremov (dnevni, mese čni minimumi in maksimumi hidroloških veli čin), tabele Data on measurements within the national preto čnih krivulj, tabele povzetkov rezultatov hydrology monitoring network and processing hidrometri čnih meritev, opazovalcev, podatkovnih results of this data are recorded in internal tables. tipov ter opomb. Hidrološke veli čine, ki jih lahko This set of tables includes for instance value merimo na vodomernih postajah, so: višina gladin tables (verified or archived and hourly or daily

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia vode – vodostaj, temperatura vode, vsebnost work values of hyrdological quantities – water suspendiranega materiala, specifi čna elektri čna levels, discharges, etc.) and extremes (daily, prevodnost. monthly minimums and maximums of hydrological quantities), rating curve tables, tables demonstrating the summarised results of hydrometric measurements, observers, data types and notes.

SEZNAM HIDROMETRI NE VREDNOSTI EKSTREMI SEZNAM SEZNAM Č SEZNAM PRETO ČNE HIDROLOŠKIH MERITVE PODATKOVNIH OPOMB OPAZOVALCEV KRIVULJE POSTAJ VALUES EXTREMES TIPOV GAUGING HYDROMETRIC LIST OF RATING STATION LIST OF MEASUREMENTS DATA TYPE REMARKS OBSERVERS CURVES REGISTER REGISTER

HIDROLOG = APLIKACIJA + PODATKOVNA ZBIRKA

ISMM HIDROLOG = APLICATION HidFlow + DATA BASE

KOLOMON

PODATKOVNI OPAZOVANJA ZAPISOVALNIK SUROVI MERITVE LIMNIGRAF PODATKI OBSERVATIONS DATA AMP W. LEVEL LOGGER ROW DATA MEASUREMENTS RECORDER

Slika 1: Shema podatkovnega modela informacijskega sistema HIDROLOG Figure 1: Data model scheme of the HIDROLOG information system

Vrednosti od čitajo opazovalci s poljubnega The following hydrological quantities can be merilnika (na primer merilne letve ali vodnega measured at water gauging stations: water table termometra), lahko jih zabeležijo merilne naprave levels – water level, water temperature, z merilniki (avtomatske merilne postaje ali suspended material concentration, specific podatkovni zapisovalniki, opremljeni z merilniki za electrical conductivity. Values are read by vodostaj, temperaturo …, limnigrafi), lahko se observers using any type of meter (for example dolo čijo z laboratorijsko analizo zajetih vzorcev. Z staff gauge or water thermometer). They can also vsemi temi podatki polnimo zbirko » surovih« be recorded by measuring devices with gauges vrednosti : (automatic gauging stations or data loggers – podatke, ki jih vsakodnevno ali enkrat mese čno equipped with water level, temperature, gauges, pošiljajo opazovalci, vnesemo v zbirko surovih water-level recorders (limnigraph), etc.), or can be podatkov s tipkovnico (nekaj podobnega velja tudi determined through laboratory analysis of za rezultate laboratorijskih analiz); gathered samples. With all this data we complete – v predpisano digitalno obliko prevedene the database of “raw” values: (digitalizirane) analogne zapise z limnigrafskih – data sent once daily or monthly by observers is trakov prepišemo v zbirko surovih podatkov s entered by hand (keyboard) into the database of posebnim vmesnikom; raw data (something similar also applies to the – podatke podatkovnih zapisovalnikov v dolo čenih results of laboratory analyses); časovnih intervalih zajamemo na merilnih mestih - the analogue recordings from water-level in nato prepišemo v zbirko surovih podatkov s recorder strips translated (digitalised) into the posebnim vmesnikom; prescribed digital format are copied into the raw – podatki avtomatskih postaj prihajajo v zbirko data database with a special interface;

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia neposredno s prenosi z merilnih mest (zapisujejo – data from the data loggers are collected in se v zunanjih tabelah podatkovne zbirke AMP). certain time intervals at gauging sites and then copied into the raw data database with a special Vse surove vrednosti so časovno in prostorsko interface; dolo čene (s povezavami v podatkovnem modelu) – automatic gauging station data enters the ter do dolo čene mere kontrolirane in pripravljene database directly through transmission from za nadaljnje obdelave s programom HIDROLOG. gauging sites (recorded in external tables of the Ta omogo ča tabelari čne in grafi čne preglede AGS database). surovih podatkov, na osnovi katerih se obdelovalec odlo ča, katere surove podatke bo All raw values are defined in time and space (with uporabil za pripravo urnih delovnih podatkov na links in the data model) and to a certain point delovni ravni . Na nekaterih merilnih mestih controlled and prepared for further processing namre č vodostaj zaradi ve čje zanesljivosti in through the HIDROLOG program. This enables neposredne kontrole lahko merimo z ve č razli čnimi tabular and graphic reviews of raw data, based on merilniki hkrati – na primer z radarjem in tla čno which the processor decides which raw data will sondo – in imamo za isto veli čino ve č serij surovih be used for preparing hourly operational data at podatkov. Urne delovne vrednosti predstavljajo the work level . At some gauging sites, due to naslednjo stopnjo v podatkovnem toku, ki se greater reliability and direct control, the water level za čenja s surovimi in zaklju či z verificiranimi can be measured with various gauges podatki . Podatke, ki so na merilnih mestih simultaneously – for example with the radar and zabeleženi v razli čnih časovnih intervalih pressure probe – thus obtaining several sets of (enkratdnevna opazovanja, petminutne meritve raw data for the same quantity. Hourly work digitalnih merilnikov), posebni algoritmi časovno values represent the next stage in the data flow poenotijo, so časno pa dolo čijo tudi dnevne starting with raw and ending with verified data . minimume in maksimume ter jih zapišejo v tabeli Data recorded at gauging sites in various time vrednosti in ekstremov. Na delovni ravni operater intervals (once daily observations, five-minute tudi pretvori vodostaj v pretok (H/Q). Pretvorba measurements using digital gauges) is unified, upošteva veljavno preto čno krivuljo, ki je umerjena time-wise, by special algorithms simultaneously s hidrometri čnimi meritvami, katerih rezultati so defining the daily minimum and maximum values zapisani v zunanjih in internih tabelah. and entering them in the table of values and extremes. At the work level, the operator also Po kontroli, usklajevanju in korekciji urnih converts the water level into discharge (H-Q, vrednosti sledi pretvorba urnih vrednosti v stage-discharge). The conversion takes into dnevne . V nasprotju s prejšnjim sistemom, ki je account the applicable rating curve calibrated with srednje dnevne pretoke dolo čil s pretvorbo H/Q iz hydrometric measurements, the results of which dnevnih vodostajev, se v HIDROLOGU srednji are recorded in external and internal tables. dnevni pretoki izra čunajo iz urnih pretokov. The control, harmonisation and correction of Vse podatke ter preto čne krivulje in rezultate hourly values is followed by the conversion of izvrednotenih hidrometri čnih meritev lahko hourly values to daily values . Contrary to the operater pregleduje v tabelari čni ali grafi čni obliki. previous system, which determined mean daily Z ustreznimi pravicami, ki mu jih dodeli skrbnik discharges through the H/Q conversion from daily sistema, lahko s posebnimi orodji serije ali water levels, HIDROLOG calculates the mean posamezne urne in dnevne podatke tudi popravlja. daily discharges from hourly discharges. Popravljeni podatki so v podatkovni zbirki posebej ozna čeni, lahko pa jim operater doda tudi All data, rating curves and results of hydrometrical tekstovno opombo. measurements can be reviewed by the operator in tabular or graphic form. With the appropriate rights Po zaklju čenih usklajevanjih se vrednosti in assigned by the system’s administrator, the ekstremi v podatkovni zbirki verificirajo in jih ni operator can also correct datasets or certain mogo če brisati ali kako druga če spreminjati. hourly and daily data through the application of Podatke lahko deverificira le skrbnik podatkovne special instruments. The corrected data is zbirke. V letu 2008 smo verificirali le dnevne specially marked in the database. A text comment vrednosti, postopoma pa bomo vpeljali may also be added to the marking by the operator. usklajevanje in verifikacijo na ravni urnih vrednosti, kjer bodo podatki to dopuš čali. Verifikacija urnih Upon completing harmonisation, the values and vrednosti bo so časno pomenila tudi verifikacijo extremes in the database are verified, meaning izvedenih dnevnih vrednosti. they cannot be erased or otherwise altered. Data

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Iz verificiranih dnevnih vrednosti lahko zaenkrat v can only be unverified by the database HIDROLOGU izra čunamo srednje in zna čilne administrator. In 2008 we only verified daily values letne ter obdobne vrednosti (na primer obdobni but gradually we will introduce the harmonisation srednji letni pretok – sQs), iz verificiranih dnevnih and verification at the level of hourly values pretokov pa krivuljo trajanja. Vse podatke, ki jih wherever possible. At the same time the HIDROLOG prikaže v tabelah, lahko tudi izvozimo verification of hourly values shall also represent v formatih xls, pdf ali csv. the verification of derived daily values.

Prednosti in nadaljnji razvoj For now, HIDROLOG enables the calculation of mean and characteristic annual and periodic Tehnologija in trenutna zasnova sistema ponujata values (e.g. periodic mean annual discharge – številne možnosti za nadaljnji razvoj. V doslej sQs, etc.) from verified daily values, while the zaklju čenih fazah smo želeli predvsem prestaviti duration curve is calculated from verified daily osnovne delovne operacije Urada, povezane z discharges. All the data demonstrated in the tables meritvami v državni hidrološki mreži, v novo by HIDROLOG can be exported in .xls, .pdf or .csv programsko okolje. Ne glede na to pa sistem že format. sedaj prinaša številne novosti delavcem Urada kot tudi uporabnikom hidroloških podatkov. Časovni Advantages and further development zamik med meritvami in verifikacijo oziroma objavo podatkov (spletne strani, Hidrološki letopis) The technology and current concept of the system se skrajšuje. Tudi verifikacija urnih vrednosti in provide a number of opportunities for further izra čun srednjih dnevnih pretokov iz urnih sta development. In the phases completed to date, we novosti, ki jih prinaša novi sistem, in pomenita mainly wanted to transfer the primary work kakovostnejše in uporabnejše podatke. Obe operations of the Office associated with izboljšavi sta nekako pri čakovani glede na to, da measurements within the national hydrology bomo v prihodnjih letih vsaj v podsistemu service to a new program environment. površinskih voda na vseh vodomernih postajah Regardless of this, the system has already enkratdnevna opazovanja nadomestili z contributed a number of innovations to Office neprekinjenimi meritvami in vsaj polurnim employees as well as to the users of the vzor čenjem. Krajši časovni zamik med izmerjenimi hydrological data. The time delay between the vrednostmi in verificiranimi podatki ter grafi čna measurements and the verification or data podpora obdelavi podatkov prav tako prispevata k publication (websites, Hydrological Yearbook) is ve čji kakovosti. Ponujajo pa se nam številne getting shorter. Also the verification of hourly možnosti za nadaljnji razvoj modulov za analizo, values and the calculation of mean daily zajem in grafi čne prikaze podatkov. discharges from hourly values are innovations derived from the new system and imply increased Oraclov sistem kontroliranih dostopov omogo ča quality and usefulness of data. Both improvements varno delo s podatki številnim uporabnikom are more or less expected, considering that we will spletne aplikacije HIDROLOG. V sistem se lahko replace once-daily observations with continuous prijavijo kot najavljeni uporabniki z natan čno measurements and at least half-hour sampling in dolo čenimi pravicami ali kot nenajavljeni gostje, ki the next few years at least within the surface water podatkov ne morejo spreminjati. Hkrati lahko do subsystem at all water gauging stations. The podatkovne zbirke HIDROLOGA, v kolikor jim shorter time delay between the measured values upravitelj zbirke dovoli, dostopajo tudi programi na and verified data and graphic support for data strani klienta (na primer Access, Excel), pa tudi processing also both contribute to greater quality. razli čne aplikacije, ki se izvajajo v spletnem okolju. Several opportunities are arising for further Tako lahko verificirane dnevne vrednosti za development of modules for analysis, capturing vodostaje, pretoke, temperaturo vode, vsebnost in and graphical demonstration of data. transport suspendiranega materiala, ki so shranjeni v HIDROLOGOVI podatkovni zbirki, The Oracle system of controlled access enables uporabniki posredno pregledujejo na spletnih several users to work safely with data of the web straneh ARSO ( http://vode.arso.gov.si/hidarhiv/ ). application HIDROLOG. They can enter the system as registered users with precisely defined rights or as unregistered guests who cannot alter the data. At the same time the programs (software) on the client’s side (e.g. Access, Excel, etc.) as well as various applications operating in the web environment may access the HIDROLOG

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

database, if allowed access by the administrator. This enables users to indirectly view through the EARS website ( http://vode.arso.gov.si/hidarhiv/ ) verified daily values for water levels, discharges, water temperatures, concentration and transport of suspended material stored in the HIDROLOG database.

Slika 2: Delo v HIDROLOGU Figure 2: Working in HIDROLOG

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Slika 3: Pregledovanje verificiranih dnevnih podatkov iz podatkovne zbirke HIDROLOG na spletnih straneh ARSO (http://vode.arso.gov.si/hidarhiv/) Figure 3: Reviewing verified daily data from the HIDROLOG database through the EARS website (http://vode.arso.gov.si/hidarhiv/)

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

PREMEŠ ČANJE SUSPENDIRANIH TRANSPORTATION OF SUSPENDED SNOVI V SLOVENSKIH REKAH MATERIAL IN SLOVENIAN RIVERS

Mag. Florjana Ulaga Florjana Ulaga, MSc

Erozija kot eden od hudih problemov v pokrajini je Erosion is a serious issue in the region and is v Sloveniji mo čno prisotna. Pod pojmom erozija widespread across Slovenia. The term erosion razumemo spremembe v površinskem sloju implies changes to the surface layer of the earth’s zemeljskega površja, ki nastanejo zaradi surface caused by rainfall, temperature delovanja padavin, temperaturnih razlik, vetra, differences, wind, terrain slopes and running naklona reliefa in teko čih voda. Prenos water. The transportation of suspended material is suspendiranega materiala je produkt tega a product of this process. procesa. A good third of Slovenia is comprised of landslide, Dobra tretjina ozemlja Slovenije je sestavljena iz mechanically non-resistant and unstable clay plazovitih, mehansko neodpornih in nestabilnih slates, clay sediments (deposit) and flysch. In the glinastih skrilavcev, glinenih usedlin in fliša. Na region of the Julian Alps and Karavanke Mountain obmo čju Julijskih Alp in Karavank lahko govorimo Range strong torrential activity is present, while o mo čni hudourniški aktivnosti, na celotnemu climate conditions with great temperature obmo čju Slovenije pa o klimatskih razmerah z amplitudes and frequent intense precipitation are velikimi temperaturnimi razlikami in pogostimi prevalent across Slovenia’s territory. In addition to intenzivnimi padavinami. Poleg naravnih the natural conditions which subject the region to zakonitosti, ki pogojujejo veliko erozijsko the great threat of erosion, the hazard risk was ogroženost ozemlja, je ogroženost pogosto often also increased by man with his reckless use pove čal tudi človek z nepremišljenim poseganjem of land. So erosion is currently a complex issue in v pokrajino. Tako je danes erozija eden najbolj the country and a threat to the economy, as kompleksnih problemov v pokrajini in v erosion processes are gradually destroying land, gospodarstvu, saj erozijski procesi postopoma sweeping away the nutritious substances and uni čujejo zemljiš če, odnašajo hranilne snovi in altering the water regime. spreminjajo vodni režim. In order to better monitor the erosion process, Da bi lažje spremljali potek erozije, ugotavljali identify its intensity and uncover its effects, we njeno intenzivnost in razkrivali njene posledice, se also observe the transportation of material through seznanjamo tudi s premeš čanjem materiala po the river bed, its retention in the channel, re čnem koritu, njegovim zadrževanjem oziroma accumulation on larger river sections, also as a zastajanjem v strugi, akumuliranjem na ve čjih result of human impact. With the correct work re čnih odsekih, ki so posledica tudi človekovega methods, good laboratory analyses and well- vpliva. S pravilnimi metodami dela, dobrimi thought-out placement of the water gauging laboratorijskimi analizami in premišljeno station network we can reliably identify the postavljeno mrežo merilnih postaj lahko ob characteristics of sediment (debris) transportation pravilnem vrednotenju podatkov precej zanesljivo upon correct valuation of data and as a result also odkrivamo zakonitosti premeš čanja plavin, s tem influence the river basin features. pa tudi vplivamo na lastnosti porečja. The network monitoring the transportation of Mreža postaj monitoringa premeš čanja suspended material in water suspendiranih snovi v vodi The beginning of monitoring the transportation of Za četek monitoringa premeš čanja suspendiranih suspended material goes back to 1955 according snovi sega, glede na arhivske podatke Agencije, v to the data collected from the Agency’s archives. leto 1955. Najprej smo za čeli vzor čiti in We first began sampling and calculating the izra čunavati premeš čanje suspendiranih snovi na transportation of suspended material at the water vodomernih postajah v Rade čah in v Šentjakobu gauging station in Rade če and Šentjakob on the na Savi ter v Velikem Širju na Savinji. V Sava River, and in Veliko Širje on the Savinja naslednjem letu smo za čeli izvajati monitoring tudi River. The next year we started to perform na Dravi na Ptuju in na Muri v Petanjcih. Temu so monitoring also on the River in Ptuj and on sledile uvedbe meritev na vseh ve čjih vodotokih, the Mura River in Petanjci. This was followed by

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia krajše obdobje pa je odvzem vzorcev potekal tudi the introduction of measurements on all larger na manjših rekah, kot na primer Ložnica, Pesnica, water courses (streams), although for a shorter Tržiška Bistrica. Najkasneje smo za čeli vzor čiti na period sampling also took place on the smaller rekah jugozahodne Slovenije, na Reki leta 2001, rivers, e.g. Ložnica, Pesnica, Tržaška Bistrica, etc. na Dragonji in Rižani pa leta 2006. V 55-letnem We started sampling most recently in the south- nizu je bilo v monitoring skupno vklju čenih 44 western part of Slovenia, on the Reka River in vodomernih postaj. Najdaljši niz spremljanja 2001 and on the rivers Dragonja and Rižana in premeš čanja suspendiranih snovi ima Savinja, kjer 2006. In the course of 55 consecutive years a total na vodomerni postaji Veliko Širje izvajamo number of 44 water gauging stations were monitoring že 50 let (slika 2). included in the monitoring. The longest period of continuously monitoring the transportation of suspended material was recorded on the Savinja River, where monitoring at the Veliko Širje gauging station has already been carried out for 50 years (Figure 2).

Slika 1: Ukinjene in delujo če postaje monitoringa suspendiranih snovi po pore čjih Figure 1: Terminated and operating stations of the monitoring of suspended material in river basins

Preglednica 1: Število delujo čih postaj v petletnem obdobju Table 1: Number of stations operating in the 5-year period

Obdobje/Period 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2005- 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2008 Št.delujo čih postaj/ No.of gauging stations 6 6 8 12 25 16 13 13 15 16 14

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Savinja - Veliko Širje

2500

2000

1500 S(kg/s) 1000

500

0 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Slika 2: Premeš čanje suspendiranih snovi v Savinji v Velikem Širju Figure 2: Transportation of material in the Savinja River at Veliko Širje

Na nekaterih postajah monitoring ni potekal ves At some stations monitoring was not carried out čas. Postaja je lahko delovala nekaj let, nato ve č continuously. A station could have operated for a let ni bilo odvzema vzorcev, kasneje pa so vzorce number of years then stopped sampling for a few ponovno odvzemali. Dejansko število let z years but later started sampling again. Actual odvzemom vzorcev je prikazano na sliki 3. number of years of sampling is demonstrated in Figure 3. Med postajami monitoringa suspendiranih snovi, ki so delovale v letu 2008, odvzem vzorcev najdlje Among the stations monitoring suspended poteka v Velikem Širju, Gornji Radgoni, Mirnu in material, operating in 2008, sampling was carried Kobaridu. out the longest in Veliko Širje, Gornja Radgona, Miren and Kobarid. Med ukinjenimi postajami monitoringa je opazovanje skoraj štiri desetletja potekalo na Among the terminated monitoring stations postajah Rade če in Šentjakob na Savi, vendar so observation was carried out for almost four z odvzemom vzorcev prenehali leta 1993 in 1994. decades at the stations Rade če and Šentjakob on the Sava River; however, sampling ceased in Tri desetletja je monitoring potekal v Zamušanih 1993 and 1994. na Pesnici, 27 let na Sotli v Rakovcu, dobri dve desetletji pa na Š čavnici v Pristavi in v Petanjcih Monitoring was also carried out for three decades na Muri. Skupno ve č kot deset let, ponekod z at Zamušani on the Pesnica River, 27 years on the vmesnimi prekinitvami, je monitoring potekal na Sotla River in Rakovec, and a little over two postajah Polana na Ledavi, Videm na Dravinji in decades on the Š čavnica River in Pristava and on Podbo čje na Krki. Na ostalih rekah je monitoring the Mura River in Petanjci. Monitoring was carried premeš čanja suspendiranih snovi potekal le deset out collectively for more than 10 years, in some let ali manj. places with intermediate stoppages, at the gauging stations Polana on the Ledava River, Videm on the Dravinja River and Pobo čje on the Krka River. On the other rivers, the monitoring of suspended material transportation took place for only 10 years or less.

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

50

45

40

35

30

25

št.let / years 20

15

10

5

0 a a č č na č avnica č e - Sava - e je - Krka - je č č Dvor - Krka Dvor- na - Pre - na Ptuj - Drava - Ptuj Suha - Sora - Suha č Medno - Sava - Medno HoteškIdrijca - Rade Petanjci - Mura - Petanjci CmurekMura - Miren I - Vipava - I Miren Gabrje I - Mirna - I Gabrje Hrastnik - Sava -Hrastnik entiba - Ledava - entiba Kobarid I - So - I Kobarid Podbo Laško I - Savinja - I Laško Pre Videm - Dravinja - Videm Ranca - Pesnica - Ranca Šentjakob - Sava - Šentjakob Rakovec I - Sotla Rakovec- I Č Kubed II - Rižana - II Kubed Polana I - Ledava - I Polana Radovljica - Sava - Radovljica Videm I - Dravinja - I Videm He Formin - Drava - Formin He Podklanc I - Meža - I Podklanc BrezovecLožnica - Otiški Vrh I - Meža - I OtiškiVrh Otiški Vrh I - Mislinja - I Otiški Vrh a pri Modreju - Ba - Modreju pri a Žiri - Poljanska Sora Poljanska - Žiri Veliko Širje - Savinja - Širje Veliko Pristava I - Š - I Pristava Zamušani I - Pesnica - I Zamušani č Podkaštel I - Dragonja - I Podkaštel Gorenja Gomila - Krka - Gomila Gorenja Gornja Radgona - Mura - Radgona Gornja Ba Jesenice - Sava Dolinka Sava - Jesenice Cerkvenikov mlin - Reka - Cerkvenikovmlin PreskaTržiška- Bistrica Zminec I - Poljanska Sora Poljanska - I Zminec Dolenja vas I - Selška Sora Selška vas - I Dolenja Domžale - Kamniška Bistrica Kamniška- Domžale Log pod Mangartom - Kanal Roje Kanal - Mangartom pod Log št.let opazovanj / years of observation Slika 3: Število let opazovanj premeš čanja suspendiranih snovi na vodomernih postajah Figure 3: The number of years observing the transportation of suspended material at gauging stations

Preglednica 2: Monitoring suspendiranih snovi v letu 2008 Table 2: Monitoring suspended material in 2008

Šifra Postaja Za četek Let opazovanj Prekinitev niza Code Station First year Years of observation Interruption of observation

1060 Gornja Radgona - Mura 1977 32 NP 3725 Hrastnik - Sava 1997 12 NP 4200 Suha - Sora 1974 13 1980-2001 6210 Veliko Širje - Savinja 1955 50 1990-1993 8080 Kobarid I - So ča 1960 27 1977-1998 8450 Hotešk - Idrijca 1978 25 1980-1985 8500 Ba ča pri Modreju - Ba ča 1985 24 NP 8600 Miren I - Vipava 1978 31 NP 9050 Cerkvenikov mlin - Reka 2001 6 2004-2005 9210 Kubed II - Rižana 2006 3 NP 9300 Podkaštel I - Dragonja 2006 3 NP NP - neprekinjen niz / uninterrupted

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Preglednica 3: Vodomerne postaje na katerih se je izvajal monitoring suspendiranih snovi Table 3: Water gauging stations at which monitoring of suspended material took place

Let Za četek Konec Šifra Postaja opazovanj Prekinitev niza First Last Code Station Years of Interruption of observation year year observation 1020 Cmurek - Mura 1978 1980 3 NP 1070 Petanjci - Mura 1956 1976 20 1974 1140 Pristava I - Š čavnica 1979 2004 22 NP 1220 Polana I - Ledava 1963 1978 13 1974, 1976, 1977 1260 Čentiba - Ledava 1979 1995 5 1981-1985, 1988-1994 2110 Ptuj - Drava 1956 1965 10 NP 2140 He Formin - Drava 1979 1981 3 NP 2240 Podklanc I - Meža 1979 1980 2 NP 2250 Otiški Vrh I - Meža 1997 2001 5 NP 2390 Otiški Vrh I - Mislinja 1992 2000 3 1994-1999 2650 Videm I - Dravinja 1988 1999 12 NP 2652 Videm - Dravinja 2001 2006 6 NP 2830 Ranca - Pesnica 1967 1975 8 1974 2900 Zamušani I - Pesnica 1967 2004 31 1974,1977,1978,1988,2003 3060 Jesenice - Sava Dolinka 1980 1980 1 NP 3420 Radovljica - Sava 2004 2006 3 NP 3530 Medno - Sava 1997 2002 6 NP 3570 Šentjakob - Sava 1955 1994 38 1974, 1977 3740 Rade če - Sava 1955 1993 38 1974 4050 Preska - Tržiška Bistrica 1978 1979 2 NP 4210 Žiri - Poljanska Sora 1971 1978 7 1973 4240 Zminec I - Poljanska Sora 1974 1981 5 1975, 1976, 1979 4290 Dolenja vas I - Selška Sora 1973 1977 5 NP 4440 Domžale - Kamniška Bistrica 1978 1988 10 1983 4690 Gabrje I - Mirna 1977 1982 6 NP 4740 Rakovec I - Sotla 1978 2006 27 1985, 1996 6200 Laško I - Savinja 1990 1993 4 NP 6600 Brezovec - Ložnica 1958 1959 2 NP 7040 Dvor - Krka 1978 1984 7 NP 7110 Gorenja Gomila - Krka 1978 1979 2 NP 7160 Podbo čje - Krka 1977 1987 12 NP 7340 Pre čna - Pre čna 1978 1985 8 NP Log pod Mangartom - Kanal 8245 Roje 1992 2000 8 1997 NP - neprekinjen niz / uninterrupted

Izvajanje meritev in rezultati analiz Performing measurements and results of analyses Na Agenciji Republike Slovenije za okolje v okviru monitoringa površinskih voda izvajamo tudi The Environmental Agency of the Republic of monitoring premeš čanja suspendiranega materiala Slovenia, within the monitoring of surface water, v slovenskih rekah. Cilj spremljanja je izra čun also performs the monitoring of suspended skupne koli čine materiala, ki se premesti prek material transportation in Slovenian rivers. The izbranega mesta v vodotoku v dolo čeni časovni objective of the monitoring is to calculate the total enoti . Dinamiki gibanja plavin v vodi sledimo z volume of material which is transported through merjenjem vsebnosti suspendiranega materiala, iz the selected site in the water course within certain katere izra čunamo premeš čanje materiala kot units of time. The sediment movement dynamic in produkt s pretokom vode. Najve č materiala se v the water is observed through measuring the rekah premesti ob visokih vodah, zato se tudi concentration of the suspended material, from monitoring izvaja najpogosteje v času visokih which we calculate the transportation of material voda. as a product through the water discharge. The

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Na podlagi analiz podatkov dolgoletnega niza smo greatest amount of material is transported at high- ugotovili, da najve čja vsebnost suspenza v vodi water (flood) levels; therefore monitoring is nastopi pogosto nekoliko pred viškom performed most frequently during high-water visokovodnega vala. Zato je tudi predvidevanje levels. koli čin suspenza zelo težavno. Upoštevati je treba, v katerem delu vodozbirnega zaledja so bile Based on the data analyses through a multi- padavine, kakšna je geološka sestava tal na tem annual period of time, we found that the highest obmo čju, predhodno namo čenost zemljiš ča pa concentration of suspended material in the water tudi čas od zadnjega visokovodnega vala. occurred often slightly before the peak of the high- water wave was reached. Thus the prediction of Na podlagi poznavanja velikosti pore čja lahko suspended material quantities is very difficult. We ocenimo zniževanje zemeljskega površja v zaledju have to consider in which part of the drainage posamezne postaje. Tako lahko ocenimo, da bi se basin we would find precipitation, what is the ob podobnih hidroloških in erozijskih razmerah, kot geological structure of the terrain in this area, prior smo jih zabeležili v 30-letnem obdobju, površje water-drenched land and also the time of the last pore čja Mure v tiso čih letih v povpre čju znižalo za flood wave. 12 mm, Vipave za 16 mm, Savinje pa za 86 mm. Pri interpretaciji teh vrednosti pa ne smemo Based on the knowledge of the volume of the river pozabiti na geološko pestrost zaledja, na basin we can estimate the lowering of the land selektivnost erozije, na korozijo na kraških surface in the hinterland of a certain station. obmo čjih ter na kratek niz podatkov in dolgo dobo, Therefore, we can make an assumption that in ki je potrebna za ve čino geomorfoloških hydrological and erosion conditions similar to sprememb. those recorded over the 30-year period, the surface of the Mura, Vipava and Savinja river Najve čje koli čine suspendiranega materiala se basins would have been lower on average by 12 skozi re čni profil premestijo ob visokovodnem mm, 16 mm and 86 mm, respectively. In stanju, zato je vzor čenje takrat najbolj pomembno. interpreting these values we cannot forget the Pogostnost vzor čenja je torej odvisna od koli čine geological diversity of the hinterland, erosion padavin oziroma od višine in pretoka vode, selectivity, corrosion on karst areas and the small prepuš čena pa je tudi presoji opazovalca. V volume of datasets and long period needed for the izrednih hidroloških razmerah, ko je hitrost vode majority of the geomorphological changes to izjemna ali ko reka prestopi bregove, klasi čen occur. ro čen odvzem vzorcev pogosto ni mogo č. Tako so najve čje vsebnosti in koli čine premeš čenega The largest volume of suspended material passing re čnega materiala v resnici lahko še nekoliko through the river profile is transported at high ve čje, kot to lahko ugotovimo z našimi meritvami. water levels, so sampling is most significant at that Kljub temu so opazovalci v celotnem obdobju time. The sampling frequency is thus dependent opazovanj v veliki ve čini primerov uspeli odvzeti on the precipitation volume or water height and vzorce vode tudi ob visokih vodah. Najve čja discharge, also being left to the discretion of the koli čina premeš čenega suspendiranega materiala observer. In extreme hydrological conditions, v reki je lahko odraz izrednega pretoka ali izredno when the water velocity reaches extreme levels or pove čane vsebnosti suspendiranega materiala. when a river overflows its banks, classical manual sampling is often impossible. Thus the highest V skladu z letnim Programom hidrološkega concentration and volume of transported river monitoringa Agencije in glede na hidrološke material is in fact slightly higher than recorded in razmere smo v preteklosti mrežo monitoringa our measurements. In spite of this, during the suspendiranih snovi delili v postaje primarne entire period of observation the observers mreže, kjer se je izvajal dnevni odvzem vzorcev, managed to take water samples even at the high na primer na Savi v Hrastniku (slika 4), in na water level in most cases. The largest volume of postaje sekundarne mreže, kjer so bili vzorci transported suspended material in the river can odvzeti le ob izrednem hidrološkem stanju. Na reflect extreme discharge or an exceptional vseh postajah smo ve čkrat letno so časno z increase in the concentration of suspended meritvami pretoka izvajali tudi profilne meritve material. vsebnosti suspendiranih snovi, ob katerih so bili vzorci odvzeti v ve č to čkah štirih do sedmih According to the Agency’s annual Program of vertikal re čnega profila. Na ta na čin smo dobili hydrological monitoring and with regard to podrobnejše informacije o transportu hydrological conditions we classified the network suspendiranih snovi skozi profil vodomerne of monitoring suspended material in the past into

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia postaje. primary network stations, where daily sampling was performed, for example in Hrastnik on the Najmanjše, srednje in najve čje izmerjene Sava River (Figure 4) and secondary network vrednosti v obdobju stations, where sampling was carried out only in extreme hydrological conditions. In addition to Ob nizkovodnem stanju je vsebnost suspendiranih discharge measurements (stream gauging) snovi v rekah zelo majhna. Rezultati laboratorijskih several times annually at all stations we also analiz odvzetih vzorcev vode izkazujejo, da se ob simultaneously performed profile measurements of majhnem pretoku premosti skozi profil reke le 1 suspended material concentration where sampling g/s. Zato vzor čenje ob nizkovodnem stanju za was carried out at several points of the four to poznavanje re čnega transporta plavin ni najbolj seven verticles of the river profile. As a result we smotrno. Najve č suspendiranih snovi prenese reka obtained detailed information on the transport of ob visoki vodi, torej ob pove čani hitrosti vode in suspended material through the profile of the seveda tudi ve čjem pretoku. Tako smo najve čje water gauging station. vrednosti premeš čenega suspendiranega materiala v celotnem obdobju opazovanj izmerili Minimum, mean and maximum recorded leta 1958 v Muri v Petanjcih, kar 11.658 kg/s (slika values during the reference period 5). Sledijo Sava v Hrastniku, ko smo septembra 2007 v vzorcu izmerili dobrih 7500 kg/s, pa Drava At a low water level the concentration of v Ptuju septembra 1965, skoraj 5000 kg/s, Sava v suspended material in rivers is very low. The Rade čah 3290 kg/s (januarja 1979) in Savinja v laboratory analyses results of water sampling Velikem Širju 2300 kg/s (novembra 1998). indicate that at the low discharge only 1 g/s is transported through the river profile. So sampling at low water levels to assess the river transport of debris is not very practical.

Sava - Hrastnik 2005

3600 1080

3000 900

2400 720 ) 3 /s) 1800 540 3 Q Q (m S (kg/s), c (g/m 1200 360

600 180

0 0 01.12. 02.12. 03.12. 04.12. 05.12. 06.12. 07.12. 08.12. 09.12. 10.12. 11.12.

S (kg/s) c (g/m3) Q (m3/s)

Slika 4: Pretok (Q), vsebnost (c) in premeš čanje (S) suspendiranega materiala v Hrastniku na Savi Figure 4: Discharge (Q), concentration (c) and transportation (S) of the suspended material in Hrastnik on the Sava River in 2005

V vseh navedenih primerih je bil na dan zabeležene The largest volume of suspended material is izredne koli čine premeš čenega materiala mo čno transported by the river at high water levels, pove čan tudi pretok vode. meaning at the increased water velocity and also increased discharge. So the highest Kako izredne so koli čine prenesenih snovi po reki ob results of transported suspended material izrednih razmerah, je razvidno tudi iz preglednice 4. during the entire period of observation were

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Na postajah z dolgim nizom vsakodnevnega vzor čenja recorded in Petanjci on the Mura River in 1958, nam izra čunane srednje obdobne vrednosti služijo kot an incredible 11,658 kg/s (Figure 5). That result kazalnik razumevanja izrednih hidroloških stanj in is followed by Hrastnik on the Sava River, nihanja parametrov vode. where in September 2007 we measured slightly above 7,500 kg/s, then Ptuj on the Drava River Zaklju ček in September 1965, reaching almost 5,000 kg/s, followed by Rade če on the Sava River at Ob analizi podatkov ve č kot 50-letnega obdobja 3,290 kg/s (January 1979) and Veliko Širje on monitoringa premeš čanja suspendiranih snovi v vodi the Savinja River recording 2,300 kg/s smo prišli do zaklju čka, da se tudi v slovenskih (November 1998). In all these instances the vodotokih bistveni delež plavin premosti skozi re čni water discharge increased significantly on the profil ob visokovodnih stanjih. S slike 6 je razvidno, da date of recording the extreme volume of se je skozi profil Mure v Gornji Radgoni leta 2002 transported material. premostilo ve č kot 70 % suspendiranega materiala le v treh visokovodnih stanjih: 21.–26. marca 4 %, 11.–16. The extremity of the volume of the material avgusta 55 % in 5.–9.decembra 13 %. transported down the river in extreme conditions is demonstrated in Table 4. At Poleg za časne prekinitve izvajanja monitoringa na stations with a long series of daily sampling, the nekaterih vodotokih, za katere je zna čilna manjša calculated mean periodical values serve as an sposobnost premeš čanja re čnih plavin, smo v skladu z indicator explaining the extreme hydrological ugotovitvami o zna čilnostih poteka premeš čanja conditions and oscillation of the water suspendiranih snovi zmanjšali tudi pogostnost parameters. vzor čenja le na odvzeme vzorcev ob izrednih hidroloških stanjih. S tem smo pripomogli k ve čji Conclusion ekonomi čnosti hidrološke službe, na podlagi dolgoletnega niza opazovanj in s tem poznavanja Upon analysing data capturing the hidroloških razmer na vodomernih postajah pa je transportation of suspended material in water poro čanje o stanju vseeno zadovoljivo. V okviru over a monitoring period of over 50 years we projekta modernizacije merilne mreže ARSO – concluded that the main portion of debris is Nadgradnja sistema za spremljanje in analiziranje transported through the river profile at high stanja vodnega okolja v Sloveniji, se predvideva water levels in Slovenian watercourses too. uvedba avtomatskih merilnikov, s pomo čjo katerih bo Figure 6 clearly demonstrates that more than mogo če stalno spremljanje hidroloških parametrov, 70% of suspended material was transported med katere sodita tudi vsebnost in premeš čanje through the profile of the Mura River in Gornja suspendiranih snovi v vodi. S tem bo kakovost Radgona in 2002 in just three instances of high monitoringa ve čja, omogo čen pa bo tudi nadzor nad water conditions: between 21 and 26 March trenutnim stanjem premeš čanja suspendiranih snovi v 4%, between 11 August and 16 August 55% rekah. and between 5 December and 9 December 13%.

In addition to the temporary suspension of monitoring on some watercourses with a smaller capacity to transport suspended river debris, we also reduced the frequency of sampling to only taking samples in extreme hydrological conditions in line with findings relating to the characteristics of the process of transporting suspended material. By doing this we contributed to the greater economy of the hydrologic service and based on the multi- annual observation series and resulting knowledge of hydrological conditions we also maintained a satisfactory level with regard to reporting these conditions. Within the project modernising the EARS monitoring gauging site Odvzem vzorcev vode v Cerkvenikovem mlinu na Reki 12. network – Upgrading the system for monitoring decembra 2008 (foto: Arhiv ARSO) and analysing the water environment status in Water sampling at Cerkvenikov mlin on the Reka River on Slovenia , the introduction of automatic gauges 12 December 2008 (photo: EARS archives)

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

is anticipated, with which the constant monitoring of hydrological parameters shall be possible, also including the concentration and transportation of suspended material in water. This increases the monitoring quality while also enabling supervision over the current conditions related to the transportation of suspended material in rivers.

Preglednica 4: Najve čje in srednje obdobne vrednosti premeš čenega suspendiranega materiala Table 4: The maximum and mean periodical values of transported suspended material

Vodotok Vodomerna postaja Najve čji letni transport 2008 (kg/s) Srednji obdobni transport (kg/s) Stream Gauging station The highest annual transport Mean transport in the period (kg/s) (kg/s) Mura Gornja Radgona 1681 12 Sava Hrastnik 7500 16 Savinja Veliko Širje 2311 6

100000 11659 10000 7500 4970 3288 2311 2271 1681 1617 1433 1062 799 1000 739 426 351 332 330 280 272 240 223 189 kg/s 145 122 96 84 79 100 73 56 53 50 41 35 32 32 17 16 13 13 12 10 11 5 4

1 1 1 a a č č na č avnica je-Krka e-Sava č č č Dvor-Krka na-Pre Ptuj-Drava Suha-Sora č Miren-Vipava Hotešk-Idrijca Cmurek-Mura Petanjci-Mura Rade Gabrje I-Mirna Gabrje entiba-Ledava Hrastnik-Sava Podbo Kobarid I-So Kobarid Laško I-Savinja Laško Pre Videm-Dravinja Ranca-Pesnica Č RakovecI-Sotla Šentjakob-Sava Kubed II-Rižana Kubed Polana I-Ledava Polana Radovljica-Sava Videm I-Dravinja Videm Podklanc I-Meža Podklanc Otiški Vrh I-Meža OtiškiVrh He Formin-Drava He Brezovec-Ložnica Žiri-Poljanska Sora Žiri-Poljanska Otiški Vrh I-Mislinja OtiškiVrh a pri Modreju-Ba pri a Veliko Širje-Savinja Veliko Pristava I-Š Pristava Zamušani I-Pesnica Zamušani č Veliko Širje I-Savinja Širje Veliko Podkaštel I-Dragonja Podkaštel Gorenja Gomila-Krka Gorenja Gornja Radgona-Mura Gornja Jesenice-Sava Dolinka Jesenice-Sava Ba Cerkvenikovmlin-Reka Preska-TržiškaBistrica Zminec I-Poljanska Sora I-Poljanska Zminec Dolenja vas I-Selška Sora vas I-Selška Dolenja Domžale-Kamniška Bistrica Domžale-Kamniška

max. ekstrem (kg/s) Roje Mangartom-Kanal pod Log

Slika 5: Ekstremne vrednosti premeš čenega suspendiranega materiala v rekah Figure 5: Extreme recorded values (results) of the transported suspended material in rivers

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Hidrološki letopis Slovenije 2008 The 2008 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia

Mura - Gornja Radgona 2002

900 600000

800 50846 500000 700

600 400000

500 /s) 3 300000

Q Q (m 400 sumarni S (t)

300 200000

200 100000 100

0 0 1.1. 31.1. 2.3. 1.4. 1.5. 31.5. 30.6. 30.7. 29.8. 28.9. 28.10. 27.11. 27.12.

Q (m3/s) sumarni S (t)

Slika 6: Premeš čanje suspendiranih snovi v Gornji Radgoni na Muri v letu 2002 Figure 6: Suspended material transportation in Gornja Radgona on the Mura River in 2002

Otežen odvzem vzorcev vode zaradi naplavin na v.p. Suha na Sori (foto: Florjana Ulaga) Aggravated sampling on w.g.s. Suha on the Sora River (photo: Florjana Ulaga)

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