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Ricardo Belmonte-Lopes Investigando O Isolamento

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Ricardo Belmonte-Lopes Investigando O Isolamento RICARDO BELMONTE-LOPES INVESTIGANDO O ISOLAMENTO ESPLÊNDIDO DA AMÉRICA DO SUL: FILOGENIA E BIOGEOGRAFIA HISTÓRICA DOS THAMNOPHILIDAE (AVES: PASSERIFORMES: TYRANNI) Tese apresentada ao Curso de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, do Setor de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Zoologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcio Roberto Pie. CURITIBA 2013 ii RICARDO BELMONTE-LOPES INVESTIGANDO O ISOLAMENTO ESPLENDIDO DA AMERICA DO SUL: FILOGENIA E BIOGEOGRAFIA HISTÓRICA DOS THAMNOPHILIDAE (AVES: PASSERIFORMES: TYRANNI) Tese apresentada ao Curso de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, do Setor de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Zoologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcio Roberto Pie. CURITIBA 2013 iii iv Dedico este trabalho para meu pai João Carlos de Macedo Lopes, meu segundo pai Arthur Geronasso Neto, meu avô Miguel Belmonte, e meus padrinhos Doraldo e Aline Milward, os quais foram cedo demais e não tiveram a oportunidade de ver seu menino virar doutor. v “Is there no one to deliver you from your ignorance? Maybe you'll look and see there'll be no deliverance Turn to vulture parasites who prey on lost souls Suck the life from hapless fools who give them control (…) Sad domination by those who say More than they'll ever know A ticket to the depths of dogma hollow It's them you follow (…)” Swisher, P; Dean, M; Weatherman, W. (1994) Deliverance. vi AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a minha mulher Bianca Reinert e a minha família pela paciência durante as intermináveis horas de trabalho e ajuda nas coletas; à Marcos R. Bornschein pela amizade e por me ceder os materiais que deram origem a este trabalho, assim como por sua indispensável ajuda na coleta e taxidermia e também por todas as varias discussões sobre taxonomia dos Thamnophilidae e afins; ao ICMBio pela concessão das autorizações de coleta (números 19792-2, 19792-3 e 26277-1); a Carla S. Fontana e ao Museu de Ciências Naturais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Porto Alegre (RS) pelo empréstimo de tecidos e pelo recebimento de novas coletas; a Gustavo Bravo e Robb Brumfield da Louisiana State University (LSU) pela parceria nos trabalhos com a filogenia dos Thamnophilidae e pelas sequências inéditas cedidas; a Alexandre Aleixo por auxiliar na viabilização da parceria com os pesquisadores da LSU; a Maria A. dos S. Alves (UERJ) pelas de amostras de sangue de Formicivora littoralis ; a André M.X. Lima, Camila R. Alves, Carlos O.A. Gussoni, Felipe A.C. da Silva, Glauco U. Kohler, Giovanni N. Maurício, Leandro Correa, Leonardo W. Patrial, Sergio A. Morato e outros que ajudaram com as coletas e idas a campos e que eventualmente posso ter esquecido. Agradeço a Marcel Tscha por me ensinar a trabalhar em um laboratório de biologia molecular, a Walter Boeger e equipe do Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular e Parasitologia Evolutiva pela paciência e ajuda durante a fase inicial do projeto, assim como a técnica Paula A.F.B. Bassi e aos outros usuários do Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Danúcia Urban. Agradeço ainda aos colegas do Laboratório de Dinâmica Evolutiva e Sistemas Complexos pela ajuda com coisas diversas, pela troca de informações e pelas risadas; a meu orientador Marcio R. Pie por ter me dado à chance de desenvolver esse projeto quando apareci do dele pedindo por orientação, e a todo curso de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (funcionários, docentes e discentes). A realização deste estudo não teria sido possível sem o apoio, na forma de bolsa de estudos, fornecida como bolsa de mestrado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (CNPq/MCT; 132893/2009-6), e após a realização de progressão, na forma de bolsa de doutorado fornecida pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e posteriormente, novamente pelo CNPq (141823/2011-9). Também agradeço a Cláudio J. B. de Carvalho e Eduardo A.B. Almeida pela leitura crítica e sugestões à minha pré-tese e aos membros da banca pelas sugestões. vii SUMÁRIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................. xiv ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... xvi Introdução Geral ...................................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Resumo gráfico ................................................................................................................................. 12 Destaques .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Abreviações ....................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Introdução ................................................................................................................................. 14 2. Material e métodos .................................................................................................................... 18 2.1. Obtenção de sequências de DNA .................................................................................. 18 2.2. Análises filogenéticas .................................................................................................... 19 3. Resultados ................................................................................................................................. 21 4. Discussão .................................................................................................................................. 28 4.1. O gênero Myrmeciza ..................................................................................................... 28 4.2. Subfamílias Euchrepomidinae e Myrmornithinae ......................................................... 29 4.3. Subfamília Thamnophilinae ........................................................................................... 29 4.3.1 Tribo Microrhopiini ................................................................................................... 29 4.3.2 Tribo Formicivorini ................................................................................................... 30 4.3.3 Tribo Pyriglenini ....................................................................................................... 31 4.3.4 Tribo Pithyini ............................................................................................................ 31 4.3.5 Tribo Thamnophilini ................................................................................................. 32 viii 4.4. Distâncias genéticas para o CYB entre pares de espécies do mesmo clado ................. 32 4.5. Nomenclatura ................................................................................................................ 33 5. Conclusões ................................................................................................................................ 35 6. Referências Bibliográficas ........................................................................................................ 35 CAPÍTULO 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 46 Introdução .......................................................................................................................................... 48 O fim do Cretáceo e o evento de extinção do C-P (antes de 65,5 Ma) .............................................. 50 O Cenozóico ou Terciário (65,5-2,58 Ma) ........................................................................................ 58 Paleoceno (65,5-55,8 Ma) ......................................................................................................... 58 Eoceno (55,8-33,9 Ma) .............................................................................................................. 64 Oligoceno (33,9-23,03 Ma) ....................................................................................................... 70 Mioceno (23,03-5,33 Ma) ......................................................................................................... 78 Plioceno (5,33-2,58 Ma) ............................................................................................................ 95 Conclusão .................................................................................................................................. 99 Literatura Citada ................................................................................................................................ 99 CAPÍTULO 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 118 Abstract. .......................................................................................................................................... 119 Resumo. ..........................................................................................................................................
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