Lexical-Semantic Features of Hyponymy in the Short
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Cohesion and Coherence in Indonesian Textbooks for the Tenth Grader of Senior High School
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 301 Seventh International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA 2018) COHESION AND COHERENCE IN INDONESIAN TEXTBOOKS FOR THE TENTH GRADER OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Syamsudduha1, Johar Amir2, and Wahida3 1Universitas Negeri Makasar, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Universitas Negeri Makasar, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] 3 Universitas Negeri Makasar, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] Abstract This study aims to describe: (1) cohesion and (2) coherence in Indonesian Textbooks for XI Grade Senior High School. This type of research is qualitative analysis research. The data are the statements or disclosures that contain cohesion and coherence in the Indonesian textbooks. The sources of data are the texts in The Indonesian Textbooks for XI Grade Senior High Schoolpublished by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia. The data collection techniques are carried out with documenting, reading,and noting. Data analysis techniques are carried out through reduction, presentation, and inference/verification of data. The results of this study showed that (1) the use of two cohesion markers, grammatical cohesionand lexical cohesion. The markers of grammatical cohesion were reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. The markers of lexical cohesion were repetition, synonym,antonym, hyponym, and collocation. The later result was (2) the use of coherence markers which are addition, sequencing, resistance, more, cause-consequences, time, terms, ways, uses, and explanations. Those findings showed that the textsof Indonesian Textbooks for XI Grade Senior High School published by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia were texts that had cohesion and unity of meaning so that Indonesian Textbooks for XI Grade Senior High Schoolpublished by the Ministry of Education and Cultureof The Republic of Indonesia was declared good to be used as a teaching material. -
Words and Alternative Basic Units for Linguistic Analysis
Words and alternative basic units for linguistic analysis 1 Words and alternative basic units for linguistic analysis Jens Allwood SCCIIL Interdisciplinary Center, University of Gothenburg A. P. Hendrikse, Department of Linguistics, University of South Africa, Pretoria Elisabeth Ahlsén SCCIIL Interdisciplinary Center, University of Gothenburg Abstract The paper deals with words and possible alternative to words as basic units in linguistic theory, especially in interlinguistic comparison and corpus linguistics. A number of ways of defining the word are discussed and related to the analysis of linguistic corpora and to interlinguistic comparisons between corpora of spoken interaction. Problems associated with words as the basic units and alternatives to the traditional notion of word as a basis for corpus analysis and linguistic comparisons are presented and discussed. 1. What is a word? To some extent, there is an unclear view of what counts as a linguistic word, generally, and in different language types. This paper is an attempt to examine various construals of the concept “word”, in order to see how “words” might best be made use of as units of linguistic comparison. Using intuition, we might say that a word is a basic linguistic unit that is constituted by a combination of content (meaning) and expression, where the expression can be phonetic, orthographic or gestural (deaf sign language). On closer examination, however, it turns out that the notion “word” can be analyzed and specified in several different ways. Below we will consider the following three main ways of trying to analyze and define what a word is: (i) Analysis and definitions building on observation and supposed easy discovery (ii) Analysis and definitions building on manipulability (iii) Analysis and definitions building on abstraction 2. -
ON SOME CATEGORIES for DESCRIBING the SEMOLEXEMIC STRUCTURE by Yoshihiko Ikegami
ON SOME CATEGORIES FOR DESCRIBING THE SEMOLEXEMIC STRUCTURE by Yoshihiko Ikegami 1. A lexeme is the minimum unit that carries meaning. Thus a lexeme can be a "word" as well as an affix (i.e., something smaller than a word) or an idiom (i.e,, something larger than a word). 2. A sememe is a unit of meaning that can be realized as a single lexeme. It is defined as a structure constituted by those features having distinctive functions (i.e., serving to distinguish the sememe in question from other semernes that contrast with it).' A question that arises at this point is whether or not one lexeme always corresponds to just one serneme and no more. Three theoretical positions are foreseeable: (I) one which holds that one lexeme always corresponds to just one sememe and no more, (2) one which holds that one lexeme corresponds to an indefinitely large number of sememes, and (3) one which holds that one lexeme corresponds to a certain limited number of sememes. These three positions wiIl be referred to as (1) the "Grundbedeutung" theory, (2) the "use" theory, and (3) the "polysemy" theory, respectively. The Grundbedeutung theory, however attractive in itself, is to be rejected as unrealistic. Suppose a preliminary analysis has revealed that a lexeme seems to be used sometimes in an "abstract" sense and sometimes in a "concrete" sense. In order to posit a Grundbedeutung under such circumstances, it is to be assumed that there is a still higher level at which "abstract" and "concrete" are neutralized-this is certainly a theoretical possibility, but it seems highly unlikely and unrealistic from a psychological point of view. -
Exploring the Relationship Between Word-Association and Learners’ Lexical Development
Exploring the Relationship between Word-Association and Learners’ Lexical Development Jason Peppard An assignment for Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics Module 2 - Lexis July 2007 Centre for English Language Studies Department of English UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom LX/06/02 Follow task 123 outlined on page 152 of McCarthy (1990 Vocabulary OUP). You do not have to use students: anyone who has an L2 but has not been brought up as a bilingual will do. Use at least four subjects and test them on their L2 (or L3/ L4 etc.). Report your findings, giving the level(s) of subjects' L2 (L3, etc.) and including the prompt words and responses. Follow McCarthy's list of evaluation points, adding other points to this if you wish. Approx. 4530 words 1.0 Introduction Learning or acquiring your first language was a piece of cake, right? So why then, is it so difficult for some people to learn a second language? For starters, many learners might be wondering why I referred to a dessert in the opening sentence of a paper concerning vocabulary. The point here is summed up neatly by McCarthy (1990): No matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of L2 are mastered, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in an L2 just cannot happen in any meaningful way (p. viii). This paper, based on Task 123 of McCarthy’s Vocabulary (ibid: 152), aims to explore the L2 mental lexicon. A simple word association test consisting of eight stimulus words was administered to both low-level and high-level Japanese EFL students as well as a group of native English speakers for comparative reasons. -
Semantic Differences in Translation Exploring the Field of Inchoativity
Semantic differences in translation Exploring the field of inchoativity Lore Vandevoorde language Translation and Multilingual Natural science press Language Processing 13 Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing Editors: Oliver Czulo (Universität Leipzig), Silvia Hansen-Schirra (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz), Reinhard Rapp (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) In this series: 1. Fantinuoli, Claudio & Federico Zanettin (eds.). New directions in corpus-based translation studies. 2. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia & Sambor Grucza (eds.). Eyetracking and Applied Linguistics. 3. Neumann, Stella, Oliver Čulo & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Annotation, exploitation and evaluation of parallel corpora: TC3 I. 4. Czulo, Oliver & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation: TC3 II. 5. Rehm, Georg, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt (eds.). Language technologies for a multilingual Europe: TC3 III. 6. Menzel, Katrin, Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski & Kerstin Anna Kunz (eds.). New perspectives on cohesion and coherence: Implications for translation. 7. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia, Oliver Czulo & Sascha Hofmann (eds). Empirical modelling of translation and interpreting. 8. Svoboda, Tomáš, Łucja Biel & Krzysztof Łoboda (eds.). Quality aspects in institutional translation. 9. Fox, Wendy. Can integrated titles improve the viewing experience? Investigating the impact of subtitling on the reception and enjoyment of film using eye tracking and questionnaire data. 10. Moran, Steven & Michael Cysouw. The Unicode cookbook for linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. 11. Fantinuoli, Claudio (ed.). Interpreting and technology. 12. Nitzke, Jean. Problem solving activities in post-editing and translation from scratch: A multi-method study. 13. Vandevoorde, Lore. Semantic differences in translation. ISSN: 2364-8899 Semantic differences in translation Exploring the field of inchoativity Lore Vandevoorde language science press Vandevoorde, Lore. -
Translating Lexical Semantic Relations: the First Step Towards Multilingual Wordnets*
Translating Lexical Semantic Relations: The First Step Towards Multilingual Wordnets* Chu-Ren Huang, I-Ju E. Tseng, Dylan B.S. Tsai Institute of Linguistics, Preparatory Office, Academia Sinica 128 Sec.2 Academy Rd., Nangkang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, R.O.C. [email protected], {elanna, dylan}@hp.iis.sinica.edu.tw Abstract Wordnets express ontology via a network of Establishing correspondences between words linked by lexical semantic relations. Since wordnets of different languages is essential these words are by definition the lexicon of each to both multilingual knowledge processing language, the wordnet design feature ensures and for bootstrapping wordnets of versatility in faithfully and comprehensively low-density languages. We claim that such representing the semantic content of each correspondences must be based on lexical semantic relations, rather than top ontology language. Hence, on one hand, these conceptual or word translations. In particular, we define atoms reflect linguistic idiosyncrasies; on the a translation equivalence relation as a other hand, the lexical semantic relations (LSR’s) bilingual lexical semantic relation. Such receive universal interpretation across different relations can then be part of a logical languages. For example, the definition of entailment predicting whether source relations such as synonymy or hypernymy is language semantic relations will hold in a universal. The universality of the LSR’s is the target language or not. Our claim is tested foundation that allows wordnet to serve as a with a study of 210 Chinese lexical lemmas potential common semantic network and their possible semantic relations links representation for all languages. The premise is bootstrapped from the Princeton WordNet. -
Machine Reading = Text Understanding! David Israel! What Is It to Understand a Text? !
Machine Reading = Text Understanding! David Israel! What is it to Understand a Text? ! • To understand a text — starting with a single sentence — is to:! • determine its truth (perhaps along with the evidence for its truth)! ! • determine its truth-conditions (roughly: what must the world be like for it to be true)! • So one doesn’t have to check how the world actually is — that is whether the sentence is true! • calculate its entailments! • take — or at least determine — appropriate action in light of it (and some given preferences/goals/desires)! • translate it accurately into another language! • and what does accuracy come to?! • ground it in a cognitively plausible conceptual space! • …….! • These are not necessarily competing alternatives! ! For Contrast: What is it to Engage Intelligently in a Dialogue? ! • Respond appropriately to what your dialogue partner has just said (and done)! • Typically, taking into account the overall purpose(s) of the interaction and the current state of that interaction (the dialogue state)! • Compare and contrast dialogue between “equals” and between a human and a computer, trying to assist the human ! • Siri is a very simple example of the latter! A Little Ancient History of Dialogue Systems! STUDENT (Bobrow 1964) Question-Answering: Word problems in simple algebra! “If the number of customers Tom gets is twice the square of 20% of the number of advertisements he runs, and the number of advertisements he runs is 45, what is the number of customers Tom gets?” ! Overview of the method ! . 1 Map referential expressions to variables. ! ! . 2 Use regular expression templates to identify and transform mathematical expressions. -
Hindi Wordnet
Description Hindi WordNet The Hindi WordNet is a system for bringing together different lexical and semantic relations between the Hindi words. It organizes the lexical information in terms of word meanings and can be termed as a lexicon based on psycholinguistic principles. The design of the Hindi WordNet is inspired by the famous English WordNet. In the Hindi WordNet the words are grouped together according to their similarity of meanings. Two words that can be interchanged in a context are synonymous in that context. For each word there is a synonym set, or synset, in the Hindi WordNet, representing one lexical concept. This is done to remove ambiguity in cases where a single word has multiple meanings. Synsets are the basic building blocks of WordNet. The Hindi WordNet deals with the content words, or open class category of words. Thus, the Hindi WordNet contains the following category of words- Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb. Each entry in the Hindi WordNet consists of following elements 1. Synset: It is a set of synonymous words. For example, “वि饍यालय, पाठशाला, कू ल” (vidyaalay, paaThshaalaa, skuul) represents the concept of school as an educational institution. The words in the synset are arranged according to the frequency of usage. 2. Gloss: It describes the concept. It consists of two parts: Text definition: It explains the concept denoted by the synset. For example, “िह थान जहााँ प्राथमिक या िाध्यमिक तर की औपचाररक मशक्षा दी जाती है” (vah sthaan jahaan praathamik yaa maadhyamik star kii aupachaarik sikshaa dii jaatii hai) explains the concept of school as an educational institution. -
Social & Behavioural Sciences SCTCMG 2019 International
The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences EpSBS ISSN: 2357-1330 https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.33 SCTCMG 2019 International Scientific Conference «Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism» INTERLEXICOGRAPHY IN TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Elena Baryshnikova (a)*, Dmitrii Kazhuro (b) *Corresponding author (a) Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia, [email protected], +7 (968) 812-64-61 (b) Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia, [email protected], +7 (977) 946-74-63 Abstract The paper is concerned with the use of dictionaries of international words by foreign students studying the Russian language. It considers the phenomenon of defining international vocabulary in a dictionary in the context of a scientific field. The authors outline the growth of cross-cultural and cross-language contacts in the history of human civilization. They provide the definition of interlexicography as the method to carry out interlexicological study of international words in various linguistic systems. The paper analyses the issues related to the choice of an illustrative part in the interlexicographic source with regard to qualifying a lexeme as international. There is a background of interlexicographic development based on bi- and multilingual dictionaries of some national languages. The authors analyze the target and goal focus of existing dictionaries of international words, the principles of making up a glossary, its organization and representation in dictionary entries. Through descriptive and comparative methods, along with methodological parameters of linguodidactic representation of the material in line with the educational lexicography, the paper identifies some linguistic and methodological advantages and disadvantages of the existing internationalism dictionaries and their linguodidactic value for teaching Russian as a second language to international students. -
PDF Polysemy and Metaphor in the Verbs of Perception
Manasia: Polysemy and Metaphor 55 Polysemy and Metaphor in the Verbs of Perception Mihaela Georgiana Manasia ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the idea that has been recently that perception verbs have a polysemous structure motivated by ourput forwardexperience by andseveral understanding studies in the of fieldthe world. of cognitive Metaphor linguistics is not only characteristic of poetic language, but on the contrary, it can be found everywhere in everyday language and the polysemous and constructional alternatives makes them a motivating semantic character of perception verbs reflected into a wide range of syntactic KEY WORDS: polysemy, metaphor, perception verbs, prototypical meaning,field to approach metaphorical in this meaning. respect. olysemy represents, within semantics, the term used to Pcharacterize the situation in which a word has two or more polysemy has been subject to controversies and continues to remain similar meanings. Despite this very simple definition, the concept of In 1980, the study of polysemy and metaphor expands a debatable field in the linguistic research. book Metaphors We Live By. relationwithin cognitive of meanings. linguistics It is perceivedespecially withas categorization Lakoff and Johnson’s namely related meanings are organised They intodefine categories polysemy based as a systematic on family resemblance. 55 56 HARVARD SQUARE SYMPOSIUM | THE FUTURE OF KNOWLEDGE to put forward that perception verbs have a polysemous structure, motivatedRecent by studies our experience in the field and of cognitive understanding semantics of thehave world. tried Metaphor represents one of the cognitive instruments structuring the way in which we think, perceive and act. this varietyThe authors of meanings of Metaphors and a part We of Live everyday By criticized language the that classical affects theory of metaphor as a comparison, describing similarities that already exist. -
CS474 Natural Language Processing Semantic Analysis Caveats Introduction to Lexical Semantics
CS474 Natural Language Processing Semantic analysis Last class Assigning meanings to linguistic utterances – History Compositional semantics: we can derive the – Tiny intro to semantic analysis meaning of the whole sentence from the meanings of the parts. Next lectures – Max ate a green apple. – Word sense disambiguation Relies on knowing: » Background from linguistics – the meaning of individual words Lexical semantics – how the meanings of individual words combine to form » On-line resources the meaning of groups of words » Computational approaches [next class] – how it all fits in with syntactic analysis Caveats Introduction to lexical semantics Problems with a compositional approach Lexical semantics is the study of – the systematic meaning-related connections among – a former congressman words and – a toy elephant – the internal meaning-related structure of each word – kicked the bucket Lexeme – an individual entry in the lexicon – a pairing of a particular orthographic and phonological form with some form of symbolic meaning representation Sense: the lexeme’s meaning component Lexicon: a finite list of lexemes Lexical semantic relations: Dictionary entries homonymy right adj. located nearer the right hand esp. Homonyms: words that have the same form and unrelated being on the right when facing the same direction meanings – Instead, a bank1 can hold the investments in a custodial account as the observer. in the client’s name. – But as agriculture burgeons on the east bank2, the river will shrink left adj. located nearer to this side of the body even more. than the right. Homophones: distinct lexemes with a shared red n. the color of blood or a ruby. pronunciation – E.g. -
Introduction to Lexical Resources Oduc O O E Ca Esou
Introductio n to le xica l resou r ces BlttSBolette San dfdPddford Pedersen Centre for Language Technology University of Copenhagen [email protected] Outline 1 . Why are lexical semantic resources relevant for semantic annotation? . What is the relation between traditional lexicography and lexica l resou rces fo r a nno ta tio n pu rpo ses? Bolette S. Pedersen, CLARA Course 2011 Outline 2 . WordNet, primary focus on vertical , taxonomical relations . VbNtVerbNet, prifimary focus on hitlhorizontal, synttitagmatic relations, thematic roles . PropBank, primary focus on horizontal, syntagmatic relations, argument structure . FrameNet, primary focus on horizontal, syntagmatic relations, thematic roles (()= frame elements) . PAROLE/SIMPLE - Semantic Information for Multifunctional, PluriLingual Lexicons - based on the Generative Lexicon (Pustejovsky 1995) Bolette S. Pedersen, CLARA Course 2011 Outline 2 . WordNet, primary focus on vertical , taxonomical relations . VbNtVerbNet, prifimary focus on hitlhorizontal, synttitagmatic relations, thematic roles . PropBank, primary focus on horizontal, syntagmatic relations, argument structure . FrameNet, primary focus on horizontal, syntagmatic relations, thematic roles . PAROLE/SIMPLE - Semantic Information for Multifunctional, PluriLingual Lexicons - based on the Generative Lexicon (Pustejovsky 1995) Bolette S. Pedersen, CLARA Course 2011 Outline 2 . WordNet, primary focus on vertical , taxonomical relations . VbNtVerbNet, prifimary focus on hitlhorizontal, synttitagmatic relations, thematic roles