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Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections

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Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2009 Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections Shauna Lynn McNulty University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation McNulty, Shauna Lynn, "Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/50 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Shauna Lynn McNulty entitled "Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard L. Jantz, Walter E. Klippel Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Shauna Lynn McNulty entitled “Pattern and Distribution of Fractures in the William M. Bass and Hamann-Todd Osteological Collections.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz _____________________________________________ Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard L. Jantz ____________________________________________ Walter E. Klippel ____________________________________________ Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges _______________________________________________ Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) PATTERN AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRACTURES IN THE WILLIAM M.BASS AND HAMANN-TODD OSTEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Shauna Lynn McNulty August 2009 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the William M. Bass Foundation for their financial support of this project. In addition, I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee members for their guidance and continual support throughout the process. Lastly, the completion of this project is due to the support and constructive criticism from my family and friends. ii Abstract The goal of this study is to determine whether aspects of modern life predispose individuals to different patterns of trauma than earlier populations. The specific patterns and susceptibilities to injury may be unique to individual populations and provide a reference in order to gauge quality of life and health status for the populations under study. The present investigation was conducted using the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection and the William M. Bass Donated Collection. The analysis of both collections was conducted macroscopically without the aid of radiographs. Only complete, adult specimens were used to allow for greater statistical power, according to the method of Lovejoy and Heiple (1981) and Judd (2002). Each element of the skeleton, except for hands and feet, was visually inspected for the presence or absence of fractures. Demographic information was recorded for each individual and includes cause of death, age, sex, and ancestry. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS Version 9.1.3 (2003) and SPSS Version 16.0 (2007). The frequency data generated by the two collections in this study were analyzed using cross-tabulations with Chi-square tests, to determine if any differences occurred between the earlier and later populations, as well as between age, sex, and ancestry groups. The results indicate that differences exist across the demographic categories. The variation inherent in the sample may be attributed to the fact that the Hamann-Todd collection was created from a more socio-economically disadvantaged population, as compared to the Bass donated collection. Overall, there is significant variation found between the seven groups included in this study, which helps garner a further understanding of modern injury patterns. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Fractures and fracture healing ....................................................................................... 3 Chapter 3: Factors influencing fracture rates .................................................................................. 5 Chapter 4: Patterns of Injury by Age and Sex ................................................................................ 8 Type L ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Type A ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Type J ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Composite Type ........................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 5: Current injury distribution patterns ............................................................................. 14 Type A ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Type B ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Type C ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Type D ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Type E ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Type F ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Type G ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Type H ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Type I ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Common fractures ................................................................................................................. 20 Modes of injury ..................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 6: Fractures by Bone ....................................................................................................... 25 Cranium..................................................................................................................................... 25 Vertebrae ................................................................................................................................... 27 Ribs ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Humerus .................................................................................................................................... 30 Ulna ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Radius ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Clavicle ....................................................................................................................................
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