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Beyrouth-Dakar-Abidjan Beyrouth-Dakar-Abidjan LES PHANTASMES DE THEODOR HERZL SEPTEMBRE 1997. 5000 L.L. N o 22. SEPTEM BRE 19 9 7 PROCHAINE MISE EN VENTE LE 2 OCTOBRE So m m a i r e ÉGYPTE: LES FELLAHS EN JACQUERIE 14 LES PH ANTASMES DE THEODOR WALID AKL: AIMEZ-VOUS H ERZL 20 H AYD N ? 76-79 TOPOS: Ont contribué à ce n um éro CH YPRE, UNE DIVISION SANS DIVI- Hanan Abboud, Paul DENDES E ISU OU T FEU Achkar, Zeina Arida, 30 D V : T , Jamal Asmar, Christophe Ayad, TOUT FLAMME 34 MIXED-MÉDIA: Médéa Azouri, Fadi Bacha, Nabil Badawi, CIEL, MON JT ! 52 EXTRÊMES: Lara Baladi, Reeva Berbari, Alain Bifani, Nadine Chéhadé, BARKA, LA MAIN DANS LA L’AFRIQU E DE L’OU EST Jabbour Douaihy, DES LIBANAIS 40-51 Houda Kassatly, Hala MAIN 66 BEITEDDINE, Kassir, Salma Kojok, Charif Majdalani, IDADE DE FADO E SPH INX LE Farouk Mardam-Bey, C 72 L , Nada Nasser-Chaoul, Abdallah Raad, SPLEEN DE GUIZEH 86 ONAN EN Michael Young. EMPORTE LE VENT 90 MAH DI ‘AMEL, DES CONFESSIONS ET DES HOMMES 94 SAVEURS DE VOYAGE: D EL’O TTOMAN L’O RIENT-EXPRESS, ET DE SES BIENFAITS 102 CARTE POS- IMM. MEDIA C ENTRE, ACCAOUI, B.P. ACHRAFIEH 166495 TÉL.: (961-1) 561406 -7 -9 TALE: WASH INGTON, CAPITALE D’EM- FAX: (961-1) 561412 E-MAIL: [email protected] PIRE 104 MICHEL KH LEIFI: ARAB IS BEATIFUL 80-85 L’O RIENT-EXPRESS, MAGAZINE MENSUEL DE L’O RIENT-LE JOUR, EST ÉDITÉ PAR LA SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE DE PRESSE ET D’ÉDITION, S.A.L. Rédacteur en chef Samir Kassir Culture et Société Direction artistique Infographie Photos Photogravure Rédacteur en chef adjoint Omar Boustany Émile Menhem Alexandre Medawar AR–EM PICTS ClockWise Directeur Anthony Karam Enquêtes et reportages Maquette Illustrations Houda Kassatly Impression Camille Menassa Secrétaire de rédaction Carmen Abou-Jaoudé Edouard Chaptini Mazen Kerbage AFP Joseph Raïdy Publicité Caroline Donati Chantal Rayes Pressmedia Tamam S.A.L. L’ORIEN T-EXPRESS 3 SEPTEM BRE 1997 algarade SAM IR KASSIR ONGTEMPS, ON A PARLÉ DU nisme politique. L’enjeu pour eux, LCONGRÈS DE BÂLE SANS TROP c’était d’abord de réunir le «peuple SAVOIR POURQUOI, on s’en aperçoit Un État pas comme sans terre», que ce soit en Ouganda, aujourd’hui qu’on en commémore le en Argentine ou en Palestine. La centenaire. En fait, aujourd’hui «terre sans peuple» n’est venue comme hier, quand on parle du pro- qu’après dans le raisonnement, et jet sioniste, il est toujours bon de se les autres pour des raisons d’opportunité. rappeler qu’en l’occurrence «une Mais on ne retrouve Herzl que pour nation a solennellement promis à une deuxième le territoire d’une troisième», selon la phrase bien C ette con ception de l’aven ir qu ’on t connue, et si terrible dans sa simplicité, d’Arthur Koestler, pour- tant bien peu suspect d’antisionisme. C’est dire si la commémo- t ou j ou r s eu e les d i r i gea n t s si on i st es: ration du centenaire du Congrès de Bâle n’a pas grand sens. durons un peu, et puis on verra bien Cela, les adeptes des théories conspirationnistes ne veulent pas l’entendre, et ils sont légion dans nos contrées, spécialement ceux mieux le quitter. Même devenue sans peuple, ou peu s’en faut, la qui s’obstinent encore à confondre les résolutions de Bâle avec les Palestine est restée en travers du chemin du pays pas comme les Protocoles des Sages de Sion, ce faux fabriqué par la police tsa- autres. Irréductibles, toujours renaissants jusqu’à être propre- riste en 1903 (à partir d’un libelle contre Napoléon III intitulé ment miraculés de l’Histoire, les Palestiniens sont là qui disent Dialogue aux enfers entre Montesquieu et Machiavel). Contre aux Israéliens qu’ils ne seront jamais comme les autres. C’est ce cette confusion des combats, il y a les données de l’Histoire: jus- que Shimon Pérès avait perçu. C’est ce qu’Itzhak Rabin s’était qu’à la Grande Guerre, jusqu’à la déclaration Balfour très exac- résolu à accepter. C’est ce qui s’est dit à Bâle même la semaine tement, le sionisme politique reste un acteur plus que marginal dernière, au cours de la commémoration du congrès de 1897, et dans les relations internationales. Qu’on se souvienne seulement dans la bouche du successeur, lointain certes, de Herzl, Avraham des pitoyables démarches de Theodor Herzl auprès de la Sublime Burg, président du Congrès juif mondial et de l’Agence juive, et Porte et de ses émois d’amoureux transi devant le Kaiser. Si les peu importe en la matière que ce poste n’ait été que le lot de choses ont changé ensuite, ce n’est pas en raison de la dynamique consolation offert il y a quelques années à celui qui était l’étoile interne du sionisme, longtemps minoritaire dans toutes les com- montante de la gauche travailliste. munautés juives d’Europe, encore moins de son avancée en Pales- C’est ce que ne comprend toujours pas Benjamin Netanyahu? tine, mais bien des calculs impériaux de la Grande-Bretagne. Tant pis. Il finira par y venir. Après tout, n’est-ce pas l’autre Faut-il pour autant oublier le Congrès de Bâle? Non. Parce que grande leçon du siècle écoulé? ce moment malgré tout fondateur a déterminé les inflexions ulté- rieures de la tragédie palestinienne, et surtout pour ce que cette LONGTEMPS, LE TRAUMATISME DE LA N AKBA PUIS LA SÉRIE DE commémoration révèle. Sur les Israéliens comme sur les Arabes. DÉFAITES qui a suivi ont fait balancer les Arabes entre l’autofla- gellation du désespoir et la conviction irraisonnée et même fata- LONGTEMPS, LA POSITION STRATÉGIQUE DE L’ÉTAT ISRAÉLIEN, son liste qu’il suffira d’attendre pour que Dieu ou l’Histoire leur agressivité structurelle, sa logique négatrice, sa fonctionnalité apportent un jour la victoire. Soyons justes: il s’est trouvé dans le système impérial mondial ont caché aux Arabes la cris- quelques-uns, au cours de ce siècle, pour chercher des voies de tallisation d’une identité nationale chez leur ennemi. Pétrie de résistance, pour concevoir des stratégies, ou simplement pour ten- contradictions, porteuse de déchirement à venir, cimentée régu- ter des échappées. Qu’ils n’aient pas été couronnés de succès ne lièrement par les guerres, comme le voulait Ben Gourion, et cer- saurait condamner l’espérance d’un relèvement. Mais là n’est pas tainement à mille lieux de l’image édifiante que s’en faisait, que la question. Ce que montrent des décennies de revers, c’est peut- s’en fait toujours l’Occident, à travers les deux mythes détournés être, paradoxalement, que les Arabes n’ont pas besoin de rem- du rescapé et du soldat-pionnier, cette identité n’en est pas moins porter des victoires pour forcer la main des Israéliens. une donnée essentielle de l’équation proche-orientale. Si l’on délaisse un instant les règles formelles de la stratégie mili- Quel rapport avec Herzl? Aucun, ou presque. Voyez l’indiffé- taire, on se rend compte qu’une confrontation comme le conflit rence des Israéliens à l’égard des cent ans du mouvement sioniste. israélo-arabe ne peut être régie par la logique du jeu à somme Comme s’ils confirmaient, par leur vision de leur propre histoire, nulle. Par-delà, il y a aussi la pesanteur de l’Histoire, de la culture, ce que disait naguère Maxime Rodinson sur la conception de de l’être-là en face de laquelle la suprématie matérielle et techno- l’avenir qu’ont toujours eue les dirigeants sionistes depuis huit logique ne peut mener que des batailles d’endiguement. Atten- décennies: une perspective toujours circonscrite à cinq, dix ans. tion! Cette pesanteur n’est pas donnée une fois pour toutes. Elle Durons un peu, et puis on verra bien. Mais n’y a-t-il pas autre se mérite, elle s’affûte, et elle ne le fait aussi bien que si elle se chose que ce défaut d’historicité? N’y a-t-il pas aussi l’oubli marie à la géographie. C’est le sens du pari de l’autonomie pales- volontaire du yishouv, cet État d’avant l’État? Curieux paradoxe tinienne. C’est la raison pour laquelle ce pari, aussi précaire soit- pour le pays d’Izkor qui sait si bien manipuler la mémoire mais il, est devenu l’emblème de l’impasse israélienne. oubli commode, il est vrai, tant il permet de refouler sous Israël Cent ans pour en arriver là! Un État, un drapeau, un territoire, la Palestine, pour reprendre le beau titre d’Ilan Halévi, d’occulter une langue (ça, Herzl ne l’avait pas prévu), personne de sensé ne le véritable moment fondateur, celui de l’expulsion, pour s’instal- contestera que c’est énorme. Personne, sauf les Israéliens, bien ler dans la quiétude fallacieuse d’un-État-comme-les-autres. plus sensibles à l’incertitude qui mine leur quotidien et ajourne Et c’est là qu’on retrouve Herzl et les premiers promoteurs du sio- leur avenir. On conçoit alors qu’ils n’aient pas envie de pavoiser. L’ORIEN T-EXPRESS 5 SEPTEM BRE 1997 ici et mai nt enant interviewexpress Enjeu : NADIM SALEM Quand l’État perd Linord Première brèche dans la doctrine haririenne en matière de N adim Salem, le Ras- sociétés foncières: face aux appétits de ses partenaires du semblement de Mar- pouvoir qui lorgnent avec gourmandise le projet Linord Roukoz, dont vous êtes pour la réhabilitation du littoral nord de Beyrouth, le prési- membre, fait beaucoup dent du Conseil a préféré se rabattre sur la bonne vieille tac- parler de lui depuis l’es- tique de l’adjudication.
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