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Odonata Diversity in Thadiyankudisai, Palni Hills of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu

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Odonata Diversity in Thadiyankudisai, Palni Hills of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu Odonata Diversity in Thadiyankudisai, Palni Hills of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu KR MANIKANDAN ( [email protected] ) Tamil Nadu Agricultural University M MUTHUSWAMI Tamil Nadu Agricultural University N CHITRA Tamil Nadu Agricultural University M ANANTHAN Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Research Article Keywords: Odonata, diversity indices, Horticultural ecosystem, Southern Western Ghats Posted Date: June 30th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-638978/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Odonata diversity in Thadiyankudisai, Palni Hills of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu K. R. Manikandan1, M. Muthuswami2, N. Chitra3 and M. Ananthan4 1Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agriculture College and Research Institute, Madurai- 625104, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Email: [email protected] 2 & 3Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Email: [email protected], [email protected] 4Directorate of Open and Distance Learning, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Email: [email protected] Abstract A total of 419 individuals under 5 families, 8 genera and 10 species of Odonata were recorded in the present study. Among them family Libellulidae was speciose (5 species) followed by Euphaeidae (2 species), Chlorocyphidae (1 species), Coenagrionidae (1 species) and Aeshnidae had 1 species. The dominance order of Odonata was Pantala flavescens (44.40%) > Diplacodes trivialis (22.70%) > Orthetrum chrysis (7.40%) while rest of the fauna ranged from (1.40 to 6.90%). Pantala flavescens was maximum during NEM (50.0%) followed by summer and winter (43.8% each) and minimum during SWM (38.5%). Margalef Index of Species Richness was highest (2.00) during winter. Simpson Index of Diversity was highest (0.75) during SWM while Shannon-Wiener Index of Dominance was highest (1.75) during summer. The species were evenly distributed during summer with Pielou’s Evenness Index value of 0.76. The community change was 80.00 per cent change during January, 2018 and had a steep fall in February and April, 2018 and reached a peak of 66.67 per cent during March and November, 2018. Keywords Odonata, diversity indices, Horticultural ecosystem, Southern Western Ghats. Introduction Western Ghats one of the mega hotspot centres of the world is endowed with rich biodiversity and the flora and fauna of the Western Ghats in general are by and large endemic 1 | P a g e viz., 54 per cent of the flora, 65 per cent of amphibians, 62 per cent of reptiles, 53 per cent of fishes. Estimate of invertebrate diversity and their endemism better studied is extrapolated to be rich in diversity and high endemicity of Palni Hills is the eastward extension of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. Invertebrate diversity remains to be studied. As part of our studies on the insect diversity in this region the inventory of Odonata was undertaken during January, 2018 to January, 2019. The Palni (formerly Pulney) hills in Dindigul District are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats of India (maximum east-west length of 65 km, and north-south width of 40 km) situated between 10.12° and 10.15° N and 77.26° and 77.33° E, covering an area of 2068 sq.km. It is one of the important global biodiversity hotspots with high endemism. The hills are subdivided into the Upper and the Lower Palnis. Insects belonging to the Odonata order (Dragan flies and Damsel flies) have been studied from the perspective of ecological indicators, and many studies show that certain species exhibit high association with particular habitats (Smith et al. 2007). In the study area of Thadiyankudisai, coffee is cultivated in an area of 13,436 ha, and insect pests are a major constraint in achieving higher yield. Basic study on Odonata diversity is a prerequisite for the success of any biological control and IPM, and hence the present study was carried out. As part of studies on the insect diversity in this region was conducted from January, 2018 to January, 2019. Results A total of 419 individuals under 4 families, 9 genera and 10 species of Odonata were recorded in the present study. Among the Odonata families, Libellulidae was speciose (5 species) followed by Euphaeidae (2 species), Chlorocyphidae (1 species), Coenagrionidae (1 species) and Aeshnidae (1 species) (Fig.1 – 13). The dominance order of Odonata: Pantala flavescens (44.40%) > Diplacodes trivialis (22.70%) > Orthetrum sp. (7.40%) and rest of the fauna ranged from 6 to 29 numbers (Table 1). Pantala flavescens was the maximum during NEM (50.00%) while Diplacodes trivialis (26.90%) in SWM and Orthetrum sp. (9.60%) in SWM (Table 2). Margalef Index of Species Richness (2.00) was the highest during winter. Simpson Index of Diversity (0.75) was the highest during SWM while Shannon-Wiener Index of Dominance (1.75) 2 | P a g e was the highest during summer. The species were evenly distributed during summer with Pielou’s Index of Evenness value of 0.76 (Table 3). Discussion Odonata species assemblage at Thadiyankudisai comprised of 419 individuals 5 familes, 8 species and 10 species with maximum representation of five species under Libellulidae (Anisoptera), two species under Cholorocyphidae and one species each under Coenagrionidae and Euphaeidae of Zygoptera. Among the Odonata, Pantala flavescens (44.40 %) was the most abundant species followed by Diplacodes trivialis (22.70 %). Abundance of the remaining fauna ranged from 1.40 to 7.40 percent. The dominance of Libellulidae has been previously reported from other parts of the Western Ghats (Subramanian et al. 2008; Koparde et al. 2015). Libellulidae occur commonly in the plains, semi evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, coastal swamps (Subramanian et al. 2008). Pantala flavescens and Diplacodes trivialis have been recorded as a commonly occurring fauna in agro ecosystems such as rice (Gunathilagaraj et al. 1999) and (Arulprakash et al. 2017) and pulses ecosystems that are cultivated under dry irrigated conditions unlike rice with standing water during most part of the cropping period (Chitra et al. 2000). Gunathilagaraj et al. (1999) have reported that the activity of the Pantala flavescens was unhindered in the rice fields sprayed with pesticides. Among Zygoptera, Esme mudiensis (Coenagrionidae) is another commonly occurring fauna and is often observed in the wetlands (Subramanian et al. 2008) and has been reported from rice fields (man-made wetland) of Coimbatore Gunathilagaraj et al. 1999), Pattukottai (Arulprakash et al. 2017). Odonata species assemblage under study was observed during all four seasons. The maximum abundance of Pantala flavescens was found to be during NEM (50.00 %) followed by winter and summer (43.80 %) and SWM (38.50 %) while D. trivialis was observed the maximum during SWM (26.9 %) and was consistent during the other three seasons NWM (20.8%), winter (21.3%) and summer (21.9%). Margalef Index of Species Richness for Odonata was found to be during winter (2.0) while Simpson’s Index of Diversity (0.75%) and Shannon- Wiener Index of Diversity (1.75) indicated that the maximum diversity was observed during summer and the species were evenly distributed during summer (0.76). Higher diversity and even species distribution during 3 | P a g e summer may be attributed emergence of 2-3 generations of different species of Odonata during summer months and the same phenomenon has been reported elsewhere (Michael and Norma 2010). A total of 68 species of Odonata are endemic to the Western Ghats (Subramanian et al. 2008). More than 70 per cent species belonging to these families that occur in India are endemic to Western Ghats (Subramanian 2007). Libellulidae and Gomphidae are well-distributed Anisopteran members across Indian subcontinent, with few species restricted to Western Ghats and/or northeast India (Fraser 1934, 1936; Subramanian 2005). It is opined that in place wherever deforestation, canalization of water bodies, urbanization, industrial development and disturbance of the natural cropping systems with agrochemicals was seen, dominance of Libellulidae was observed (Subramanian et al. 2008; 2011). Material and Methods The present study was carried out to study at Horticultural Research Station, Thadiyankudisai from January, 2018 to January, 2019. Survey sites were chosen based on accessibility. Dindigul district is located at latitude 10.29° N and longitude 77.71° E and has an average elevation of 1098 meters above (MSL) with soil types red and peat with average rainfall of 1400 mm. The area falls under Lower Palni hills where coffee is intercropped with silver oak, pepper, avocado, mandarin orange, macadamia nut, Indian coral tree, silk cotton, jack and banana. General application of chlorpyriphos 20 EC and quinalphos 25 EC in recommended doses per acre is the common plant protection measure followed here. The research plot was allotted near northern region of Kodavan river and southern region of Thathampara canals, which the name usually have been called by the native people of Thadiyankudisai. Net sweeping (30 cm diameter of the hoop and collection bag length 60 cm) was carried out at weekly intervals randomly from five plots of size 10 m x 10 m between 10.00 h and 12.00 h. Collected insects were transferred into polythene bags containing cotton dipped in chloroform (99.4 %). while the other insects were placed on filter paper and sorted out. Photographed image taken from the canon camera. 4 | P a g e Identification was done based on the taxonomic keys of Fauna of British India (Fraser, 1933, 1934 and 1936). Identified collections were deposited at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Insect Museum, Entomology, Coimbatore. Diversity Indices Relative abundance of the insect specimens was calculated by the formula, Relative Density (%) = (Number of individuals of one species/Number of individuals of all species) ×100. Species or alpha diversity was quantified using Simpson’s Diversity Index (SDI), (Simpson 1949) and Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon and Weaver 1949).
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