Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
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F:\RSS\Me\Society's Mathemarica
School of Social Sciences Economics Division University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK Discussion Papers in Economics and Econometrics Mathematics in the Statistical Society 1883-1933 John Aldrich No. 0919 This paper is available on our website http://www.southampton.ac.uk/socsci/economics/research/papers ISSN 0966-4246 Mathematics in the Statistical Society 1883-1933* John Aldrich Economics Division School of Social Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper considers the place of mathematical methods based on probability in the work of the London (later Royal) Statistical Society in the half-century 1883-1933. The end-points are chosen because mathematical work started to appear regularly in 1883 and 1933 saw the formation of the Industrial and Agricultural Research Section– to promote these particular applications was to encourage mathematical methods. In the period three movements are distinguished, associated with major figures in the history of mathematical statistics–F. Y. Edgeworth, Karl Pearson and R. A. Fisher. The first two movements were based on the conviction that the use of mathematical methods could transform the way the Society did its traditional work in economic/social statistics while the third movement was associated with an enlargement in the scope of statistics. The study tries to synthesise research based on the Society’s archives with research on the wider history of statistics. Key names : Arthur Bowley, F. Y. Edgeworth, R. A. Fisher, Egon Pearson, Karl Pearson, Ernest Snow, John Wishart, G. Udny Yule. Keywords : History of Statistics, Royal Statistical Society, mathematical methods. -
MODES for Windows Print
Marshall Library of Economics Marshall Papers Section 9 Autobiography and personal honours Identity code Marshall 9 Description level 3 Content Summary This diverse section contains the few remaining biographical notes by Alfred, longer notes on Alfred by Mary Marshall, lists of recipients of complimentary copies of Marshall's books and subscribers to his portrait fund, his academic honours, a large scrapbook of newspaper cuttings about Alfred's career kept by Mary and her album of watercolour paintings of places visited on European travels Identity code Marshall 9/1 Previous number Marshall LBB 34 (part) [uncertain attribution] Description level 4 Record creation Person Role writer Name Marshall, Alfred Date undated Document form Record type notes Specific type autobiographical Acquisition Summary Possibly a late accession as formerly in Large Brown Box Content Summary Single page annotated 'Reminiscences' down left side by Marshall. Recounts how when at school was told not to take account of accents in pronouncing Greek words and therefore decided to save time by not learning them or using them in written work. The result was he received the only very heavy punishment of his life. 'This suggested to me that classical studies do not induce an appreciation of the value of time; and I turned away from them as far as I could towards mathematics'. Summary In later years he has observed that fine students of science are greedy of time, whereas many classical men value it lightly. Is most grateful to his headmaster [Revd James Augustus Hessey] for making him think out essays in Latin. Person Name Hessey, James Augustus, Revd Subject keywords Physical descript Summary 1 p. -
Preview Guide
ContentsNOT FOR SALE Preface xiii CHAPTER 3 The Behavior of Consumers 45 3.1 Tastes 45 CHAPTER 1 Indifference Curves 45 Supply, Demand, Marginal Values 48 and Equilibrium 1 More on Indifference Curves 53 1.1 Demand 1 3.2 The Budget Line and the Demand versus Quantity Consumer’s Choice 53 Demanded 1 The Budget Line 54 Demand Curves 2 The Consumer’s Choice 56 Changes in Demand 3 Market Demand 7 3.3 Applications of Indifference The Shape of the Demand Curve 7 Curves 59 The Wide Scope of Economics 10 Standards of Living 59 The Least Bad Tax 64 1.2 Supply 10 Summary 69 Supply versus Quantity Supplied 10 Author Commentary 69 1.3 Equilibrium 13 Review Questions 70 The Equilibrium Point 13 Numerical Exercises 70 Changes in the Equilibrium Point 15 Problem Set 71 Summary 23 Appendix to Chapter 3 77 Author Commentary 24 Cardinal Utility 77 Review Questions 25 The Consumer’s Optimum 79 Numerical Exercises 25 Problem Set 26 CHAPTER 4 Consumers in the Marketplace 81 CHAPTER 2 4.1 Changes in Income 81 Prices, Costs, and the Gains Changes in Income and Changes in the from Trade 31 Budget Line 81 Changes in Income and Changes in the 2.1 Prices 31 Optimum Point 82 Absolute versus Relative Prices 32 The Engel Curve 84 Some Applications 34 4.2 Changes in Price 85 2.2 Costs, Efficiency, and Gains from Changes in Price and Changes in the Trade 35 Budget Line 85 Costs and Efficiency 35 Changes in Price and Changes in the Optimum Point 86 Specialization and the Gains from Trade 37 The Demand Curve 88 Why People Trade 39 4.3 Income and Substitution Summary 41 -
Chapter 1: What Is Statistics? Christopher J
Chapter 1: What is Statistics? Christopher J. Wild, Jessica M. Utts, and Nicholas J. Horton Christopher J. Wild University of Auckland, New Zealand President, American Statistical Association Jessica M. Utts University of California, Irvine, United States Chair, Statistical Education Section, ASA Nicholas J. Horton Amherst College, United States e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract What is Statistics? We attempt to answer this question as it relates to grounding research in statistics education. We discuss the nature of statistics (the science of learning from data), its history and traditions, what characterises statistical thinking and how it differs from mathematics, connections with computing and data science, why learning statistics is essential, and what is most important. Finally, we attempt to gaze into the future, drawing upon what is known about the fast-growing demand for statistical skills and the portents of where the discipline is heading, especially those arising from data science and the promises and problems of big data. Key Words Discipline of statistics; Statistical thinking; Value of statistics; Statistical fundamentals; Decision making; Trends in statistical practice; Data science; Computational thinking 1.1 Introduction In this, the opening chapter of the International Handbook of Research in Statistics Education, we ask the question, “What is statistics?” This question is not considered in isolation, however, but in the context of grounding research in statistics education. Educational endeavour in statistics can be divided very broadly into “What?” and “How?” The “What?” deals with the nature and extent of the discipline to be conveyed, whereas any consideration of “How?” (including “When?”) brings into play a host of additional factors, such as cognition and learning theories, audience and readiness, attitudes, social interactions with teachers and other students, and learning and assessment strategies and systems. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Biometrika for the Decade 1960–1969
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Biometrika for the decade 1960{1969 Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 19 May 2021 Version 1.02 Title word cross-reference #4315 [Har79]. 0 · 1 [dVW66]. 2 × 2 [BH60a, BH61a, OI61a, OI61b, Pla64]. 50 [Bar66d]. k [Bur60b]. A [Hol66, Mar63]. A + B [Mar63]. b2 [Pea65b]. β [Mos62]. β2 [JNAP63, JNAP65]. χ [JP69, JP70]. χ2 2 [Hit62, MA65, Put64, Tik65b, Wis63a, Wis63b, You62]. χr [Sen67]. d [dVW66]. Ek=M=1 [Bur60c]. [RK69a]. exp(−a)+ka = 1 [BDM60]. exp(b) − b=(1 − p) = 1 [BDM63]. F [Ati62, BDO60, CB63, CB66, GS62b, PB61, Pri64a, SZ60, Tik65b, Tik66]. GI=G=1 [Kin62]. GI=M=1 [Fin60a]. k [DG68a, Kor69, Maa66]. M [Har69a, Pea69, Cro61, Lin60]. M=M=1 [GS65]. X2 [Wis63a, Wis63b]. N [Gil65, Hai65b, ST66, Arc62, Arc64, Hof63]. p [Rao68b, Rao69]. Q [Gow66a]. 3 2 2 R [Mil65a]. ρ [Sno63]. S [Bur60a, Bar66d].p s = 1 [Bar66d].p smax=s0 2 2 [Cha67a]. SU [Joh65b]. σB/σ [Sis68]. b1 [Pea65b]. β1 [JNAP63]. 1 2 P m p 0 f(Yt) [Con65]. β1 [JNAP65]. t [Amo64, FKM67, GJ68, Haj61, HPW61, Joh61, MSA66, Owe65, SA62a, Sis64]. 2 2 2 2 T0 [IS64]. U [Maa66]. UM;N [Ste65b]. UN [PS62b, Ste63a, Ste64, Tik65a]. (s) 2 2 V1 [Bar66d]. VN [Ste65a]. -
Coasean Fictions: Law and Economics Revisited
Seattle Journal for Social Justice Volume 5 Issue 2 Article 28 May 2007 Coasean Fictions: Law and Economics Revisited Alejandro Nadal Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj Recommended Citation Nadal, Alejandro (2007) "Coasean Fictions: Law and Economics Revisited," Seattle Journal for Social Justice: Vol. 5 : Iss. 2 , Article 28. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol5/iss2/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications and Programs at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Seattle Journal for Social Justice by an authorized editor of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 569 Coasean Fictions: Law and Economics Revisited Alejandro Nadal1 After the 1960s, a strong academic movement developed in the United States around the idea that the study of the law, as well as legal practice, could be strengthened through economic analysis.2 This trend was started through the works of R.H. Coase and Guido Calabresi, and grew with later developments introduced by Richard Posner and Robert D. Cooter, as well as Gary Becker.3 Law and Economics (L&E) is the name given to the application of modern economics to legal analysis and practice. Proponents of L&E have portrayed the movement as improving clarity and logic in legal analysis, and even as a tool to modify the conceptual categories used by lawyers and courts to think about -
1 the MAKING of INDEX NUMBERS in the EARLY 1920S
THE MAKING OF INDEX NUMBERS IN THE EARLY 1920s: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE FISHER–MITCHELL DEBATE Felipe Almeida Victor Cruz e Silva Universidade Federal do Paraná Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa Área 1 - História do Pensamento Econômico e Metodologia RESUMO O surgimento sistemático da abordagem axiomática dos números de índice ocorreu no início dos anos 1920, um período marcado pelo pluralismo na academia econômic estadunidense. Promovida por Irving Fisher, a abordagem axiomática dos números de índice teve como objetivo selecionar uma fórmula ideal universalmente válida para números de índice, empregando uma série de testes estatísticos. No entanto, desde a primeira apresentação da abordagem de Fisher, no Encontro Anual da Associação Estadunidense de Estatística em 1920, até a publicação de seu livro “The Making of Index Numbers” em 1922, Fisher enfrentou uma série de críticas, não endereçadas à sua fórmula ideal propriamente dita, mas à própria idéia de uma fórmula universal para números de índice. Os principais indivíduos envolvidos nesse debate foram Wesley Mitchell, Warren Persons, Correa Walsh (que foi o único que apoiou a proposta de Fisher) e Allyn Young. Entre eles, o principal representante dos antagonistas de Fisher era Mitchell. Este estudo argumenta que as divergências entre Fisher e Mitchell resultam de seus distintos entendimentos da economia como uma "ciência". Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é ilustrar como Fisher, como economista matemático, privilegiou a universalidade das teorias econômicas, enquanto Mitchell, como institucionalista, entendeu a economia como uma disciplina contextual e histórica e como essas preconcepções estão presentes no debate sobre números de índice. Para ilustrar suas posições, este estudo explora evidências baseadas em arquivo. -
AN INVESTIGATION INTO the FORMATION of CONSENSUS AROUND NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS in the 1950S
THE ECLIPSE OF INSTITUTIONALISM? AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FORMATION OF CONSENSUS AROUND NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS IN THE 1950s A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Julie Ragatz May, 2019 Committee Members: Dr. Miriam Solomon, Department of Philosophy Dr. David Wolfsdorf, Department of Philosophy Dr. Dimitrios Diamantaras, Department of Economics Dr. Matthew Lund, Department of Philosophy, Rowan University, External Reader © Copyright 2019 by Julie Ragatz Norton All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT The Eclipse of Institutionalism? An Investigation into the Formation of Consensus Around Neoclassical Economics in the 1950s Julie Ragatz Norton Temple University, 2019 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Dr. Miriam Solomon As the discipline of economics professionalized during the interwar period, two schools of thought emerged: institutionalism and neoclassical economics. By 1954, after the publication of Arrow and Debreu’s landmark article on general equilibrium theory, consensus formed around neoclassical economics. This outcome was significantly influenced by trends in the philosophy of science, notably the transformation from the logical empiricism of the Vienna Circle to an ‘Americanized’ version of logical empiricism that was dominant through the 1950s. This version of logical empiricism provided a powerful ally to neoclassical economics by affirming its philosophical and methodological commitments as examples of “good science”. This dissertation explores this process of consensus formation by considering whether consensus would be judged normatively appropriate from the perspective of three distinct approaches to the philosophy of science; Carl Hempel’s logical empiricism, Thomas Kuhn’s account of theory change and Helen Longino’s critical contextual empiricism. -
INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 3 00 Nortfi Z eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9011133 Sudden leaps: The young Alfred Marshall Butler, Robert William, Ph.D. -
Statistics Making an Impact
John Pullinger J. R. Statist. Soc. A (2013) 176, Part 4, pp. 819–839 Statistics making an impact John Pullinger House of Commons Library, London, UK [The address of the President, delivered to The Royal Statistical Society on Wednesday, June 26th, 2013] Summary. Statistics provides a special kind of understanding that enables well-informed deci- sions. As citizens and consumers we are faced with an array of choices. Statistics can help us to choose well. Our statistical brains need to be nurtured: we can all learn and practise some simple rules of statistical thinking. To understand how statistics can play a bigger part in our lives today we can draw inspiration from the founders of the Royal Statistical Society. Although in today’s world the information landscape is confused, there is an opportunity for statistics that is there to be seized.This calls for us to celebrate the discipline of statistics, to show confidence in our profession, to use statistics in the public interest and to champion statistical education. The Royal Statistical Society has a vital role to play. Keywords: Chartered Statistician; Citizenship; Economic growth; Evidence; ‘getstats’; Justice; Open data; Public good; The state; Wise choices 1. Introduction Dictionaries trace the source of the word statistics from the Latin ‘status’, the state, to the Italian ‘statista’, one skilled in statecraft, and on to the German ‘Statistik’, the science dealing with data about the condition of a state or community. The Oxford English Dictionary brings ‘statistics’ into English in 1787. Florence Nightingale held that ‘the thoughts and purpose of the Deity are only to be discovered by the statistical study of natural phenomena:::the application of the results of such study [is] the religious duty of man’ (Pearson, 1924). -
The Scientific Rationality of Early Statistics, 1833–1877
The Scientific Rationality of Early Statistics, 1833–1877 Yasuhiro Okazawa St Catharine’s College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. November 2018 Declaration Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit of 80,000 words for the Degree Committee of the Faculty of History. Yasuhiro Okazawa 13 November 2018 i Thesis Summary The Scientific Rationality of Early Statistics, 1833–1877 Yasuhiro Okazawa Summary This thesis examines the activities of the Statistical Society of London (SSL) and its contribution to early statistics—conceived as the science of humans in society—in Britain. The SSL as a collective entity played a crucial role in the formation of early statistics, as statisticians envisaged early statistics as a collaborative scientific project and prompted large-scale observation, which required cooperation among numerous statistical observers. -
Economists' Papers 1750-2000
ECONOMISTS’PAPERS 1750 - 2000 A Guide to Archive and other Manuscript Sources for the History of British and Irish Economic Thought. ELECTRONIC EDITION ….the ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the“ world is ruled by little else. “Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist.’ John Maynard Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) ECONOMISTS’ PAPERS 1750-2000 THE COMMITTEE OF THE GUIDE TO ARCHIVE SOURCES IN THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN 1975 R.D. COLLISON BLACK Professor of Economics The Queen’s University of Belfast A.W. COATS Professor of Economic and Social History University of Nottingham B.A. CORRY Professor of Economics Queen Mary College, London (now deceased) R.H. ELLIS formerly Secretary of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts LORD ROBBINS formerly Professor of Economics University of London (now deceased) D.N. WINCH Professor of Economics University of Sussex ECONOMISTS' PAPERS 1750-2000 A Guide to Archive and other Manuscript Sources for the History of British and Irish Economic Thought Originally compiled by R. P. STURGES for the Committee of the Guide to Archive Sources in the History of Economic Thought, and now revised and expanded by SUSAN K. HOWSON, DONALD E. MOGGRIDGE, AND DONALD WINCH with the assistance of AZHAR HUSSAIN and the support of the ROYAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY © Royal Economic Society 1975 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission.