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Electromagnetic Methods for Landmine Detection

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Electromagnetic Methods for Landmine Detection Electromagnetic Methods for Landmine Detection A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science and Engineering 2018 By Peipei Hu School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS FOR LANDMINE DETECTION 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 13 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 14 Declaration ............................................................................................................................... 15 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................................ 16 Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................................... 17 List of Constants ...................................................................................................................... 19 Preface...................................................................................................................................... 20 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 21 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 22 1.2 Statement of Originality ................................................................................................. 23 1.3 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................................ 24 1.4 Publications .................................................................................................................... 25 Background ...................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Global Landmine Challenge .......................................................................................... 26 2.2 Global Contributions of Humanitarian Demining ......................................................... 30 2.3 Demining Organisations ................................................................................................ 31 2.4 The Role of Metal Detectors .......................................................................................... 32 2.4.1 Background to International Mine Action Standard ............................................... 33 2.4.2 Specifications of Clearance ..................................................................................... 34 2.4.3 Categories of Mined Areas ..................................................................................... 34 2.4.4 Demining Procedures using Metal Detectors ......................................................... 35 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS FOR LANDMINE DETECTION 2.4.5 Targets for Metal Detector Checks ......................................................................... 37 2.5 Metal Detectors for Humanitarian Demining ................................................................ 38 2.5.1 Overview of Metal Detector Manufacturers ........................................................... 39 2.5.2 Portable Metal Detection Systems .......................................................................... 40 2.5.3 Arrays (Vehicle Based Systems) ............................................................................ 41 2.6 Review of Alternative Technologies to MD .................................................................. 42 2.6.1 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) ........................................................................... 42 2.6.1.1 Categories of GPRs ....................................................................................................... 43 2.6.1.2 Configuration of GPR Systems ..................................................................................... 44 2.6.1.3 Limitations of GPR ....................................................................................................... 45 2.6.1.4 The AN/PSS-14 Detection System ............................................................................... 46 2.6.1.5 VMR3 MineHound ....................................................................................................... 47 2.6.1.6 Summary Evaluation ..................................................................................................... 48 2.6.2 Infrared (IR) ............................................................................................................ 48 2.6.2.1 The Infra-red Detector in LOTUS................................................................................. 50 2.6.2.2 Summary Evaluation ..................................................................................................... 52 2.6.3 Electrical Impedance Tomography ......................................................................... 52 2.6.3.1 Summary Evaluation ..................................................................................................... 54 2.6.4 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) .................................................................. 54 2.6.4.1 Summary Evaluation ..................................................................................................... 56 2.7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 56 Theoretical Background ................................................................................................... 58 3.1 Maxwell’s Equations ..................................................................................................... 58 3.2 Biot-Savart Law ............................................................................................................. 60 3.3 Magnetic Dipole Moment .............................................................................................. 65 3.4 Magnetic Polarizability Tensor ...................................................................................... 66 3.4.1 Tensor Composition ................................................................................................ 67 3.5 Calculation of Tensor 퐌 ................................................................................................ 70 3.5.1 The Forward Model ................................................................................................ 71 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.5.2 The Inverse Model .................................................................................................. 72 3.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 74 Coil Design ...................................................................................................................... 75 4.1 Ideal Coil Arrangement.................................................................................................. 75 4.2 Coil Design A - Overview ............................................................................................. 75 4.2.1 Comparison between plastic and enamelled wire ................................................... 79 4.2.2 Preliminary Transmitter Coil .................................................................................. 80 4.2.3 Preliminary Receiver Coil....................................................................................... 81 4.3 Analytical Approach to Optimising the Coil Geometry ................................................ 83 4.4 Coil Design B – Overview ............................................................................................. 90 4.4.1 Transmitter Coil ...................................................................................................... 93 4.4.2 Receiver Coil .......................................................................................................... 95 4.4.3 Final Coil Assembly ............................................................................................... 96 4.4.4 Measurement Results of the Coils .......................................................................... 98 4.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 102 Tensor Measurement System ......................................................................................... 103 5.1 Measurement Apparatus .............................................................................................. 103 5.1.1 Transmitter Amplifier ........................................................................................... 105 5.1.2 Receiver Amplifier................................................................................................ 107 5.1.3 Data Acquisition System – Red Pitaya ................................................................
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