Memories of the SAAL in Lisbon Socialism Was Not Around the Corner Camila Maria Pombeiro Lopes Da Costa Rodrigues 23/04/2018

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Memories of the SAAL in Lisbon Socialism Was Not Around the Corner Camila Maria Pombeiro Lopes Da Costa Rodrigues 23/04/2018 Memories of the SAAL in Lisbon Socialism was not around the corner Camila Maria Pombeiro Lopes da Costa Rodrigues 23/04/2018 Orientador: Professor Tiago Fernandes Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência Política Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência Política, realizada sob a orientação científica de Tiago Fernandes Apoio financeiro da FCT Dedicado aos dirigentes das organizações de moradores dos Bairros SAAL “Abaixo com o Fascismo Acima a Revolução Morte ao Capitalismo Casas sim – barracas não!” António Albino Machado AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao meu orientador, Professor Tiago Fernandes, à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia e aos dirigentes associativos e outros intervenientes no processo que enriqueceram a tese com a sua experiência. Memories of the SAAL in Lisbon – Socialism was not around the corner TESE DE DOUTORAMENTO Camila Rodrigues RESUMO A tese encontra-se organizada em dois momentos que analisam criticamente e apresentam alternativas à literatura relativa à evolução da sociedade civil pós- revolucionária portuguesa. Esta literatura é consideravelmente extremada, uma vez que alguns autores desvalorizam fortemente as consequências ativadoras da revolução enquanto outros vêem essas consequências de uma forma bastante positiva. Num primeiro momento geral e contextual, a tese considera a evolução do contexto político e institucional português, em particular no que se refere às associações de moradores e às cooperativas de habitação, para demonstrar que as consequências da revolução na ativação das organizações da sociedade civil apresentam variação de acordo com o tipo de organização constituída, uma vez que alguns tipos organizacionais apresentam mais vitalidade do que outros. Um olhar mais profundo sobre esta variação, apoiado em análise documental e entrevistas em profundidade com atores relevantes, demonstra que a revolução constituiu um incentivo significativo para a constituição das organizações da sociedade civil em geral, mas o regime democrático pós- revolucionário não incentiva igualmente todas as organizações, o que tem um impacto considerável na sua posterior evolução. Num segundo momento exaustivo que constitui o núcleo da tese, é apresentada uma análise histórica comparativa a longo prazo, ao nível micro, dos bairros SAAL que foram construídos na cidade de Lisboa, desde a revolução até o presente, contribuindo assim para a compreensão deste programa para além do contexto imediato de sua implementação. As organizações SAAL que emergiram do movimento de moradores no contexto revolucionário tiveram que lidar com um ambiente político radicalmente distinto, uma democracia liberal fortemente influenciada pela adesão à UE. Durante 40 anos, muito aconteceu nestes bairros, revelando alguns aspectos importantes sobre a evolução dos movimentos de moradores. Num contexto político e institucional semelhante, estas organizações idênticas evoluíram de forma diferente, considerando que algumas entraram em colapso enquanto outras foram notavelmente resilientes. Em alguns casos, foi possível observar uma reativação destas organizações, sob sua forma institucional original ou com uma nova constituição formal. Uma abordagem etnográfica baseada na reconstituição dos caminhos históricos dos bairros através da memória oral dos seus líderes clarifica as múltiplas idiossincrasias da participação de moradores. Alguns fatores explicativos subtis mas significativos que muitas vezes passam despercebidos em estudos comparativos quantitativos são identificados e expostos através de uma abordagem qualitativa raramente utilizada na ciência política, contribuindo assim para ampliar seus horizontes conceptuais e metodológicos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: SAAL, participação, qualidade da democracia, movimentos de moradores ABSTRACT The thesis is organized in two different moments that critically scrutinize and present alternatives to the literature around the evolution of the Portuguese post revolutionary civil society. This literature is considerably extreme, since some authors strongly devaluate the activating consequences of the revolution, while others see these consequences in a rather positive light. In a first general and contextual moment, the thesis considers the evolution of the Portuguese political and institutional context, particularly concerning the associative and cooperative housing sectors, to demonstrate that the consequences of the revolution in the activation of civil society organizations presents variation according with the type of organization constituted, since some organizational types present more vitality than others. A deeper look into this variation, supported in documental analysis and in-depth interviews with relevant actors, demonstrates that the revolution did constitute a significant incentive to the constitution of civil society organizations in general, but the post-revolutionary democratic regime does not encourage all organizations equally, which has a considerable impact in their posterior evolution. In a second exhaustive moment which constitutes the core of the thesis, it presents a long-term micro-level comparative historical analysis of the SAAL neighbourhoods that were built in the city of Lisbon, from the revolution to the present day, to further the understanding on this program beyond the immediate context of its implementation. The SAAL neighbourhood organizations that were drawn from the neighbourhood movement in the revolutionary context had to cope with a radically distinct political environment, a liberal democracy strongly influenced by the adhesion to the EU. During 40 years, a lot has happened in these neighbourhoods, revealing some important aspects concerning the changing role of neighbourhood participation. In a similar political and institutional context, these identical organizations evolved differently, considering some collapsed while others were remarkably resilient. In some cases, it was possible to observe a reactivation of these organizations, under their former institutional form or in a new institutional guise. An ethnographic approach based in the reconstitution of the historical paths of the neighbourhoods through the oral memory of their leaders sheds light into the multiple idiosyncrasies of neighbourhood participation. Some subtle but significant explanatory factors that often go unnoticed in quantitative comparative studies are identified and exposed through a qualitative approach seldom used in political science, thus contributing to widen its conceptual and methodological horizons. KEYWORDS: SAAL, participation, quality of democracy, neighbourhood movements INDEX Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9 On Participation .............................................................................................. 14 Participation and the quality of democracy .................................................. 14 The classics .................................................................................................. 17 Proponents and opponents .......................................................................... 19 Social Capital ................................................................................................ 21 Deliberative democracy ............................................................................... 23 Participation in the city ................................................................................ 26 Alternative settings and perspectives ........................................................... 30 The paradox of participation ........................................................................ 33 Participation and democratic quality in Portugal beyond the revolution ....... 36 Portugal between critical junctures .............................................................. 36 Housing cooperatives between shifting tides ............................................... 50 The SAAL neighbourhoods in Lisbon ............................................................... 71 The SAAL ...................................................................................................... 71 The SAAL in Lisbon ....................................................................................... 87 Analysis ........................................................................................................... 99 Approach ..................................................................................................... 99 Analytical model ........................................................................................ 111 Common features ...................................................................................... 121 Differentiated paths ................................................................................... 136 The perspective of the actors ........................................................................ 147 The City Council ......................................................................................... 152 Fonsecas e Calçada .................................................................................... 159 Curraleira ................................................................................................... 171 Dona Leonor .............................................................................................. 181 Quinta do Alto ...........................................................................................
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