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The Image of the Enemy in Kuwaiti Children THE IMAGE OF THE ENEMY IN KUWAITI CHILDREN Thesis submitted in fiilfiment of requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London By Mohammed Dughaim Mohammed Al-Dughaim (BA, MA, MSc, DipEd) University College London Faculty of Clinical Sciences Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 2001 ProQuest Number: U643132 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U643132 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract The Image of the Enemy In Kuwaiti Children This study is an empirical investigation of the "enemy image" in Kuwaiti schoolchildren and look at the whether their image of the enemy differ according to factors of age, gender or experience of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The study also aims to examine the effects of the enemy image on the children's adjustment and their attitudes towards authority figures such as parents, policemen and teachers, and also whether this has diminished their willingness to cooperate with people who they dislike. One hundred and sixty children served as subjects. Eighty children from Kuwait ranging in age from 8 to 14 was compared with forty Egyptian and forty English children who served as a control group. Data collection was through the administration of the Enemy Image Scale (EIS), Child Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Child FAQ), Semantic Differential Scale (SDS), Draw-A-Person Test (DAP), and Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG). In addition, the Crisis Interview (Cl) was administered only for the children who experienced the Iraqi invasion. The results of the study demonstrated no significant differences in the children's perception of the enemy image based on the age. However, gender differences between children in their perception of the enemy image were found. Kuwaiti children were significantly different in their view of the enemy than non-Kuwaiti children and the highest means were observed in the attitudes towards authority figures among children who experienced the Iraqi invasion. It was also found that Kuwaiti children showed hostility effects in competitive - cooperative behaviour. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract......................................................................................................... 2 List of Tables................................................................................................. 7 List of Figures.............................................................................................. 11 List of Abbreviations.................................................................................... 12 Dedication................................................................................................... 13 Acknowledgements..................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.............................................................15 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 16 1.2 Statement of Problem............................................................................ 17 1.3 Importance of the Study........................................................................18 1.4 Aims of the study................................................................................... 19 1.5 Outline of the Thesis.............................................................................22 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.................................. 24 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 25 2.2 Image.................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Defining of Images..............................................................................27 2.2.2 Types of Images .....................................................................29 2.2.3 Images and Emotions.........................................................................32 2.2.3 Concluding Remarks..........................................................................34 2.3 Enemy Images....................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 Defining of Enemy Images.................................................................35 2.3.2 Development of Enemy Images..........................................................38 2.3.3 Function and Influence of Enemy Images......................................... 40 2.3.4 Theories of Enemy Images................................................................43 2.3.4.1 Realistic Group Conflict Theory...................................................... 44 2.3.4 2 Social Identity Theory......................................................................46 2.3.4 3 Sociopsychlogical Theory................................................................48 2.3.4 4 Psychoanalytic Theory....................................................................50 2.3.5 Contributory Factors in Enemy Images Formation............................ 52 2.3.5.1 Socialisation....................................................................................52 2.3.5.2 Education........................................................................................ 55 2.3.5 3 Media............................................................................................... 56 2.3.5 4 Political Events...............................................................................58 2.3.6 Concluding Remarks..........................................................................62 2.4 Children and Others............................................................................ 66 2.4.1 Introduction........................................................................................66 2.4.2 Children's conception of self and............................................. other 66 2.4.3 Children and Enemy Images..............................................................74 2.4.4 Kuwaiti Children and Enemy Images................................................ 77 2.4.5 Concluding Remarks..........................................................................81 2.5 Summary............................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................. 83 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 84 3.2 Studies on Images.................................................................................84 3.3 Studies on Enemy Images.....................................................................88 3.4 Studies on Children's perception of.......................................... others 122 3.5 Summary and General Critical Evaluation...........................................126 CHAPTER FOUR: METHOD....................................................................132 4.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 133 4.2 Study Design....................................................................................... 133 4.3 Pilot Study........................................................................................... 133 4.3.1 Choice of Instruments.......................................................................134 4.3.1.1 Enemy Image Scale..................................................................... 135 4.3.1.2 Children's Personality Assessment Questionnaire....................... 151 4.4 Main Study.......................................................................................... 160 4.4.1 Sample............................................................................................ 160 4.4.2 Instruments....................................................................................... 166 4.4.2.1 Crisis Interview............................................................................. 166 4.4 2.2 Semantic Differential Scale......................................................... 177 4.4.2.3 Draw-A-Person T est................................................................... 182 4.4.2 4 Prisoner's Dilemma Game...........................................................185 4.4.3 Procedure......................................................................................... 187 4.4.4 Hypotheses..................................................................................... 193 4.4.5 Statistics Used................................................................................. 198 4.5 Summary............................................................................................. 199 CHAPTER FIVE: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS............................. 200 5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................201 5.2 Background Data.................................................................................201
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