District Survey Report District Ludhiana Punjab

Home , Allowal (Ludhiana West), Bhattian, Chaunta, Dakha (Ludhiana West), Halwara, Kaind

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT DISTRICT LUDHIANA PUNJAB

Prepared By: Executive Engineer-cum- District Mining Officer Ludhiana. Ph. 0161-2520232 E-Mail: [email protected]

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INDEX

District Survey Report in respect of Minor Mineral Quarries/Deposits of District Ludhiana, Punjab.

Contents: Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 03-04 2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN DISTRICT ...... 05 3. LIST OF MINING LEASES IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY...... 06-09 4. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS...... 10 5. DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJARI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS...... 11 6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF DISTRICT LUDHIANA...... 12-14 7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT...... 15-29 8. LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, MINING ETC.... 30-46 9. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT...... 47-49 10. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH...... 50-52 11. METHODOLOGY AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES…………… 53-55 12. METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF RESERVES & DETAIL OF SATLUJ RIVER IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT: ……..…………… 56-60 13. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES GRANTED IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION,AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY…...... 61-64 14. LIST OF NEW IDENTIFIED MINING SITES IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA ...... ………. . 65-81

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1. INTRODUCTION (i) Origin of the name of the District :-

Ludhiana city was founded in the time of Lodhi dynasty which ruled in Delhi from 1451-1526 A.D. The legend goes that two Lodhi chiefs, Yusaf Khan and Nihang Khan were deputed by Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517 A.D.) to restore order in this region. They camped at the site of present city of Ludhiana which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusaf Khan went across the river Sutlej in Jalandhar Doab to check Khokhars who were plundering the Doab and made a settlement at Sultanpur while Nihang Khan stayed back and founded the present city at the site of village Mir Hota. The new town was originally known as Lodhi-ana, which means the town of Lodhi’s. The name later changed to the present name Ludhiana.

(ii) Location, General boundary of the District :-

Ludhiana is the most industrially developed districts of Punjab and falls in the Patiala Division. It lies between 300 –33’, 310-1’ north latitudes and 750-25’ and 760-27’ east longitudes. It is bounded on the north by the river Satluj, which separates it from Jalandhar District. The river also forms the boundary between Ludhiana, S.B.S.Nagar and Hoshiarpur Districts. To the east, the district adjoins Ropar District and Chandigarh Union Territory and to the west Moga District while to the south and south east it is bounded by Sangrur and Patiala Districts respectively. The district is almost a rectangle having a length along the Satluj of nearly 96 kms, while its breadth ,north and south, is about 39 kms.

The district is divided in to seven subdivision-namely Samrala ,Ludhiana East, Ludhiana West, Raikot, Payal ,Jagraon and Khanna. Besides lying on the Grand Trunk Road 307 kilometres from Ferozepore, Ludhiana is an important junction on the Northern Railway, from which the Ludhiana- Dhuri- Jakhal and Ludhiana Ferozepore railway Ludhiana take off. All important places in the district are interlinked by rail or road.

Page 3 of 81 iii) Total area and population of the District :-

The total area of the district is about 3,614,44 square kilometres comprising tahsil Samrala 873 square kilometres, tahsil Jagraon 1,064.60 square kilometres, and tahsil Ludhiana 1,676.84 square kilometres (including sub tahsil Payal, 227.84 square kilometres)

An official Census 2011 detail of Ludhiana, a district of Punjab has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Punjab. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Ludhiana District of Punjab.

In 2011, Ludhiana had population of 3,498,739 of which male and female were 1,867,816 and 1,630,923 respectively. In 2001 census, Ludhiana had a population of 3,032,831 of which males were 1,662,716 and remaining 1,370,115 were females. Ludhiana District population constituted 12.61 percent of total Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this figure for Ludhiana District was at 12.45 percent of Maharashtra population.

There was change of 15.36 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Ludhiana District recorded increase of 24.89 percent to its population compared to 1991.

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2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA

The District Ludhiana is situated entirely on alluvials of river Satluj. The area is entirely covered with alluvial deposits which comprises of clay and sand. The presence of minor mineral are suitable for mining. Mining of sand/gravel is being done since long time therefore no specific method of exploration is required as the sand, deposited all along the bed is very well exposed on surface moreover, the excavated minerals are accumulated/replenished every year during rainy season by flow of water depending on intensity of rains on the upstream side . Adequate quantity of sand in reserved is available for meeting consumer demand. In district Ludhiana, 6 quarries of sand namely

Majara kalan, Ratangarh, Boont, Hujra, Akkuwal and Chakli Kasab are working and another 16 are about to start operations. There are 305 brick kilns that are working in district and sufficient amount of brick earth is available in district.

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3. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY

THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY.

VALIDITY SR. SITE NAME & AREA DISTRICT of Agreement/ Contract NO. Location Acre/Hectare Period 1. Bhaini Gahi Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 2. Kum Kalan Ludhiana 6.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 3. Ghumait Ludhiana 3.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 4. Miani Ludhiana 4.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 5. Gujjarwal Bet Ludhiana 12.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Kishanpura 6. Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Urf Kum Khurd 7. Sheriya Ludhiana 1.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 8. Chaunta Ludhiana 0.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Bounkar 9. Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Gujjaran 10. Hambran Ludhiana 6.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 11. Patti Multani Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Gorsian Khan 12. Ludhiana 4.20 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Moh. 13. Kania Husaini Ludhiana 12.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 14. Burj Pawat Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 15. Rattipur Ludhiana 3.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 16. Bairsal Khurd Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 17. Jodhwal Ludhiana 4.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 18. Mand Jodhwal Ludhiana 10.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 19. Rajewal Jattan Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 20. Mand Udhowal Ludhiana 12.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 21. Sansowal Kalan Ludhiana 7.10 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 22. Musafarwal Ludhiana 11.30 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

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23. Udhowal Khurd Ludhiana 6.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 24. Rour Majri Ludhiana 5.10 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 25. Sikandar Pur Ludhiana 1.70 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 26. Lubangarh Mand Ludhiana 2.70 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 27. Dupana Ludhiana 2.60 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 28. Chaki Kasib Ludhiana 6.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 29. Kutbewal Gujran Ludhiana 2.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 30. Bagga Khurd Ludhiana 2.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 31. Talwara Ludhiana 2.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Fatehgarh 32. Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Gujran 33. Majara Kalan Ludhiana 1.60 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 34. Rajapur Ludhiana 7.20 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 35. Parjian Biharipur Ludhiana 91.40 01.03.2013 to 28.02.2015 According to EC 23.09.2014 36. Koom Kalan Ludhiana 14 to 30.01.2019 According to EC 23.09.2014 37. Miani Ludhiana 13 to 30.01.2019 According to EC 23.09.2014 38. Gujjarwal Bet Ludhiana 35 to 30.01.2019 According to EC 23.09.2014 39. Mand Chaunta Ludhiana 32 to 30.01.2019 According to EC 23.09.2014 40. Pawat Ludhiana 33 to 30.01.2019 According to EC 41. Parjian Biharipur Ludhiana 91.40 04.01.2016 to 25.06.2017 According to EC 42. Miani Ludhiana 14 04.01.2016 to 30.01.2019 According to EC 43. Pawat Ludhiana 29 04.01.2016 to 30.01.2019 According to EC 04.05.2017 44. Lubangarh Ludhiana 16.73 to 03.05.2024 3.76 According to EC 04.02.2015 45. Dupana Ludhiana to 03.02.2020 According to EC 04.02.2015 46. Sikanderpur Ludhiana 1.70 to 03.02.2020 According to EC 04.05.2017 47. Rattangarh Ludhiana 29.01 to 03.05.2024

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According to EC 04.05.2017 48. Bonkar Gujran Ludhiana 18.53 to 03.05.2024 According to EC 30.04.2018 49. Majara Kalan Ludhiana 5.56 to 29.04.2023 According to EC 04.02.2015 50. Rajapur Ludhiana 7.19 to 03.02.2020 According to EC 04.05.2017 51. Baliewal Ludhiana 40.03 to 03.05.2024 Kutbewal According to EC 03.05.2017 52. Ludhiana 25.00 Arayian to 02.05.2022 According to Form L1 53. Akkuwal Ludhiana 51.03 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 17.25 According to Form L1 54. Hujra Ludhiana 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 55. Bhukri Khurad 55.70 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 56. Chakli Kasab 20.26 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 57. Boont 60.00 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

4.92 According to Form L1 58. Kharak Ludhiana 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 59. Talwandi Kalan 16.01 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

According to Form L1 Ludhiana 60. Garhi Fajal 11.05 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

According to Form L1 Ludhiana 61. Bliewal 48.01 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 62. Khasi Kalan 9.51 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 63. Raur 9.04 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 64. Baura 8.80 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

According to Form L1 Ludhiana 65. Shekhowal 31.01 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

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According to Form L1 Ludhiana 66. Sujatwal 11.76 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

According to Form L1 Ludhiana 67. Kaniyan Husaini 19.79 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

According to Form L1 Ludhiana 68. Bagiyan 16.18 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 69. Hujra 13.76 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 70. Kumbkalan 14.01 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 According to Form L1 Ludhiana 71. Miani 14.01 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

According to Form L1 Ludhiana 72. Parjian Biharipur 91.43 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

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4. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS

MINOR MINERALS

NAME OF MINERALS 2017 2018 2019

SAND 229665866 25103160 132762332

GRAVEL NIL NIL NIL

Data provided by M.O.

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5. DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJARI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS

MINOR MINERALS

NAME OF MINERALS 2017 2018 2019

SAND 7891.90 MT 98855.79 MT 156935.44 MT

GRAVEL NIL NIL NIL

Data provided by M.O.

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6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF DISTRICT LUDHIANA

Satluj is one of the major river of Indus systems. It originates at Mansarovar, Tibet and enters in India near Namigia. It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab states of India. Near the Nangal Town, Satluj enters the Anandpur Dun, a valley/plain area between the Siwalik and the outer range of the Himalayas. This valley runs from Nangal in the North to Kakrala village in the South over a distance of about 50 km (31 miles) and has an average width of 10 km (6 miles). With elevations ranging between 366m (1200 ft) and 278m (900ft) above MSL, it has a North- South gradient of2 m per km (10.6ft per miles). The river flows along the valley's longer axis finally to leave it near Ropar. The Soan Nadi joins the Satluj in the upper sections of this valley from the North- West and the Sirsa Nadi merges with it in the Southern part of the valley left bank (Eastern bank). Due to its general gradient, the Satluj along with its tributaries runs through a braided course. Elongated strips of land between the river and the peripheral hills have a general slope towards the Satluj. These parts of Dun are traveled by a large number of seasonal torrents, locally called Khads, which descend quickly from the neighboring hills. Some of the important streams, which contribute their flow to the Satluj on its way to Ropar are Donala Khad, Dabawali Khad, Charan Ganga Khad, Lohand Khad and Kundlu Ki Khad. Some small flashy streams also outfall in the Satluj from the right-bank above Ropar. After flowing sluggishly through Anandpur Dun, the Satluj debauches from the Shiwaliks just above Ropar, and emerges on to the plains of Punjab. There used to be a weir at Ropar with falling shutters and under- sluices for the diversion of water into Sirhind canal. This was later replaced with a barrage as a component of the Bhakra- Nangal Project in fifties. Another canal, named as Bist Doab canal, takes off from the right-bank of the river. Several natural streams and man- made drains join the Satluj between Ropar and Ferozepur. There is a group of streams below Ropar, 17 which flow in a NE- SW direction Siswan Nadi is another important seasonal stream, which initially flows NE to SW, but gradually turns NW to merge with the Satluj near Khizarpur village after traversing a distance of over 40 km over the plains.

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Immediately under the high bank along the old course of the Satluj, runs a perennial stream called Budha Nala, which rises at Chamkaur in Ropar district. It enters Ludhiana district near Bahlolpur. Passing just below the town of Ludhiana, it flows into the Satluj in Tehsil Jagraon, a few km east of the Ludhiana Moga district boundary. East Beas and West Beas merge with the Satluj from the right bank, upstream of its confluence with the Beas, which joins the Satluj at Harike. A number of surface drains have been constructed to facilitate drainage of the catchments in the plains. These outfall in the Satluj and contribute to its discharge during the rainy season of July September. After Nangal Dam (Punjab), Satluj enters in plains. The land through which the Satluj flows, is alluvial in nature. The inundation spreads over low lands on both sides during high stages of the river, i.e., medium and high floods. The river courses were very unstable and were subject to constant shifting. On an average, the width of the flood plains was in the range of 7 to 8 km (W APCOS, 1996). A heavy flood occurred in the year 1988. The heavy rainfall downstream of Bhakra dam had resulted in locally generated floods. Releases from Bhakra with local floods resulted in acute flooding in the downstream areas. Like all Punjab rivers, the Satluj constantly shifts its course. During the twenty years (1882 to 1903) it has moved b~ about 1.6 km. at several points in the Ludhiana and Samrala Tehsils and about a unit towards the North in Jagraon Tehsil (WAPCOS, 1996). The Satluj flows along the district boundary with Jalandhar district for some 98 km (60 miles). As it leaves Jagraon Tehsil, it turns slightly to the north towards its impending junction with the Beas. When the discharge is at its lowest in the middle of the winter, the river is very shallow. The width of the main stream seldom exceeds 150 meters and the depth is about I to 1.5 m. When in flood, it used to spread 3 to 5 km wide over the country. Even where confined to its narrowest by the Phillaur Bridge works, its width is about 1.6 km. The opening of the Sirhind canal has considerably reduced the volume of water in the river except during flood. The main physical divisions of the district are a low-lying alluvial tract along the river, called Bet, and the uplands called Dhaia. About 120 years ago it is said to have flowed just under the ridge which separates the Dhaia from the Bet. The old towns and villages of Bahlolpur, Machhiwara, Kum etc. were built on its banks. The division between uplands and low lands is distinctly marked everywhere by the ridge or high bank. The bet lies

Page 13 of 81 between the high bank and the present bed of the river. In the east of the district the river and the high bank are 5 to 10 km apart, and this is the width of the Bet for the first 48 km (30 miles. A perusal of various studies conducted at different time on river Satluj revealed that erosion from this river varied from 0.46 KM to 1 KM whereas the deposition varied from 0.5KM to 1.2 KM. So there is the balance of sedimentation deposit in the river every year and extraction of sand /silt will never lead to over exploitation of mineral deposits.

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7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Ludhiana is the most advanced agricultural district and plays an important role in directing the shape of Punjab agriculture. The total geopraphical area of the district is 3767 sq km. The District has 3 lakh ha of net area sown, almost 100% is double cropped, and some area is even put to 3 crops a year. All is irrigated, mostly by tubewells. The water table is going down at an alarming rate in Ludhiana district and even more seriously around the Ludhiana city blocks. There are 72000 operational holdings of whom, 1/3rd are the small and marginal ones of less than 2 ha. It has the distinction of having the agricultural universities of the state (PAU and GADVASU). It is the central district of the state and farmers from all over the state follow Ludhiana so far as adoption of new technology in agriculture is concerned. Ludhiana district achieved the national productivity award for the year 2004-05 .

General census

Table: Block wise Demographic Information of the District

Population S. Name of Literacy Male Female Workers Caste (2001 No. Block (%) (No.) (No.) (No.) (No) Census) Non. Agri. SC Gen. Agri 1 Ludhiana I 147645 77.6 79623 68022 12713 42776 51964 95681 2. Ludhiana II 171376 68.86 91667 79709 21524 39649 69753 101623 3. Machiwara 88899 71.54 46905 41994 15085 24594 23998 64901 4. Samrala 80988 73.99 43167 37821 10733 23341 30640 50348 5. Khanna 107871 71.68 57423 50448 14610 32070 45888 61983 6. Doraha 93559 73.41 49868 43691 13100 26043 32931 60628 7. Dehlon 123299 73.54 65631 57668 17317 35905 48006 75293 8. Pakhowal 106360 76.47 56823 49537 14095 31043 37643 68717 9. Sudhar 167442 74.19 99586 78856 23268 42684 59854 107588 10. Jagraon 137414 69.59 72761 64653 24555 28754 50510 86904 Sidhwan 11. 118313 69.49 62198 56115 23183 22056 41110 77203 Bet Total 1343166 72.76 714652 628514 190183 348915 492297850869

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Table : Block wise Information of Area and Number of Village

Geographical Name of the Cultivated AreaNumber of S. No. Area Block (ha) Villages (ha) 1. Ludhiana I 34146 17735 59 2. Ludhiana II 53556 39397 178 3. Machiwara 32182 27485 136 4. Samrala 19029 15673 63 5. Khanna 27673 22173 88 6. Doraha 24012 21256 57 7. Dehlon 28095 23415 75 8. Pakhowal 29384 24710 51 9. Sudhar 36529 31502 68 10. Jagraon 40995 34342 48 11. Sidhwan Bet 42711 35875 92 Total 368312 293563 915

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AES: Agro-Ecological Situation On account of ecology, district can be divided in to four zones. A brief information about each Agro- Ecological Situation is given as under:-

AES-I: It Comprises of the blocks of Sidhwan Bet, Ludhiana II, Machhiwara, These have a geographical area of 128449 hectare (34.9%), out of which 102757 hectare is under cultivation. It is a flood prone area with medium to heavy normal soil and good quality underground water. This AES is river bed area of Sutlej River.

AES-II: It is district which is comprised of blocks Jagraon (N), Ludhiana 1, Samrala. It has light to medium quality soil and good quality underground water. Main feature of this AES is that the soils were formed by the alluvium deposited by the river Sutlej from the total geographical area of 73175 hectare (19.8%), 50408 hectare area is Under cultivation.

AES-III: This AES consists of blocks Dehlon, Doraha, Sudhar. These have a geographical area of 88636 hectare (24.1%) under them, out of which 76173 hectare area is under cultivation. The soil of this AES is medium to heavy. Underground water in this AES is of good quality.

AES-1V: This AES consists of blocks Jagraon (S), Pakhowal, Khanna, Sudhar. Some of this area was under sand dunes. Those have been reclaimed. Patches of sodic soils existed in the past but those have been reclaimed now. These have a geographical area of 78052 hectare (21.2%) under them, out of which 71825 hectare area is under cultivation.

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Table: Representative Villages and Blocks under Various Agro-Ecological Situations

Name of the Agro- Name of Representative Remarks Region Ecological Blocks Villages Situation River Bed (Bet) AES-1 Sidhwan Bet Jandi, Walipur Flood prone Area, Area Kalan, Gorsian Alluvial soils, Good Ludhiana II Hakam Rai, underground water Kutbewal, Nurpur high watertable Bet, Bhattian Machhiwara Mand Area AES-II Jagraon (N) Jhande, Kaind , Light to medium soils Ludhiana, Sekhupura, Samrala Seh,Dhillwan Good underground water Canal AES-III Dehlon Dhode, Lehra, Canal irrigated, Well command Doraha Sudhar, Ghaloti, drained soils Sudhar Landa Ghumana Reclaimed AES-IV Jagraon (S) Mipur Hans, Light to medium Pakhowal Rachhin, Kaille, soils, good quality Sand dunes Khanna Rajgarh, Karodian, underground water Sudhar(P) Malakpur

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(b) TOPOGRAPHY

Ludhiana district is centrally located in the Punjab plain region. The Punjab plain is the product of the depositional work of the rivers Satluj, Beas and Ravi. This plain is marked for its flatness and featurelessness. However, a microscopic study reveals considerable intra-regional physiographic diversity to which the district is no exception.

The topography of the district is a typical representative of an alluvial plain and it owes its origin to the aggravational work of the Satluj. The alluvium deposited by this river has been worked over by the wind, giving rise to a number of small sand dunes and sand mounds in this otherwise level area. The summer monsoons with their south- westerly direction have played an important role in determining the direction of these sand dunes which mostly run in south – west north – east direction.

In the Ludhiana plain, the elevation ranges from about 268 metres in the east to about 216 metres in the west. Thus the lies of the land is from east to west at a gentle gradient of about 2 feet in a mile. Some notable heights in the district are Machhiwara (264 metres), Samrala (265 metres), Khanna (263 metres), Ludhiana (246 metres), Satluj Bridge (242 metres) and Jagraon (233 metres).

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For a broad understanding of its relief, the district can be divided into:-

(i) The Flood plain of the Sutlej and (ii) The upland plain.

(i) The Floodplain of the Satluj - The Satluj makes an extensive floodplain along its 96 kilometres course in the north of the district. This floodplain covers an area of about 300 square kilometres, which accounts for about 16 per cent of the total area of the district. It is locally known as the Bet. Most of this tract is between the Satluj and its tributary, the Budha Nala, and runs parallel to that master stream for almost the whole of the length of the district. Of course, the Satluj floodplain does have its extension even south of the Budha Nala.

The floodplain is a low lying area, has swampy condition in parts and possesses somewhat undulating topography. It is the widest in its eastern half (about 11 kms) and gradually narrows down towards the west (about 5 kms). The breadth of the floodplain is primarily determined by the distance of the Budha Nala from the Satluj and this distance is more in the east than in the west.

Prior to the construction of the Bhakra Dam over the Satluj (in 1952) and the opening of the Nangal Hydel Channel and the network of Canals in 1954, the whole of the plain was flooded by the river during the rainy season. It rendered much land uncultivable and much uninhabitable. However. It gave rise to many interesting physiographic features. There are many sinuous abandoned channels and the confluence of Butha Nala with the Satluj is marked by intense braiding. Another feature of interest is the prevalence of a number of sand bars, particularly to the north and northwest of Ludhiana city. The damming of the Satluj at Bhakra had a profound effect on its alluviation and erosive power. The floodplain is now practically free from floods, except for a narrow belt of land along the river which is locally known as Mand area. The recent years have witnessed an extensive reclamation of cultivable land in the floodplain . Agricultural families have been settled here in large numbers. Groundnut

Page 20 of 81 and vegetable cultivation has acquired special significance in view of the fertile sandy loams of this area.

[ Thus, the floodplain area of the Satluj is further divisible into two parts (i) the Mand area, which is inundated by the river in its high water and which has little habitation ,and (ii) the flood free floodplain which is being reclaimed for agricultural purposes.

(ii) The Upland Plain,- The upland plain is locally known as Dhaiya. It accounts for about 84 per cent of the total area of the district . It lies at a general elevation of about 243 metres above the mean sea level and has a gentle slope from the east to the west.

The upland plain is separated from the floodplain by a district, though low, scrap which varies in its elevation from 1.5 to 6 metres. In its orientation this scrap parallels the Budha Nala.

The most distinguishing feature of this upland is its characteristic flatness. However, there is number of small sand dunes and sand mounds, varying in elevation from 1.5 to 9.6 meters and in length from a few metres to about 200 metres, scattered over the area. These sand features provide a variety to the otherwise monotonous flatness of the tract. The sand dunes and sand mounds have mostly alluvial origin and have been later worked over the wind action. These are primarily the deposited material of the Satluj in its original course which has since been shifted. Their distributional pattern has a correspondence with the former courses of this river. Moreover, these sand dunes have mostly southwest-to-northeast orientation obviously, in association with the direction of the monsoon winds. The sand dunes find a relatively high concentration along the scrap between the floodplain and upland plain in Jagraon tahsil near Samrala, Machhiwara, Halwara, and Sidhwan.

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Thus, the physiogarphic personality of the district has been fashioned by water and wind. Despite its apparent homogeneity, it is marked by local variations in topography. But one has to work at the micro-regional scale to identity these variation.

The Satluj and its minor tributary, the Budha Nala, constitute of chief hydrographic features of the district. Besides there are some stagnant pools of water in the floodplain of the Satluj and a large number of small spread over the whole district. These ponds are found invariably near the settlement.

The river Satluj:- Since the drawn of history, the Satluj is called the river of density. There is concrete archaeological evidence to establish that this river has accumulated on its banks layer after layer of civilization, and played and outstanding role in India’s cultural and political history. Some historians and archaeologists hold that it was on its banks that Indian civilization took rots and flourished.

The Satluj is the same as the ancient Vedic river Sutudri which referred to in the Rig Veda at two places. In the epic period, this river was known as Satadru, i.e., “one flowing in a hundred channels”. The legend of Vashishtha and Viswamitra is stated in the Adiparva of the Mahabharata which incidentally explains the derivation of the word Satadru. In the classical literature, the Satluj is more commonly known as Satadru. Yaska’s Nirukta and Bhagavata also refer to the Satadru. Amarakosha says that Sutudri is the same as Satadru.

The Satluj takes its origin from the Mansarover Lake in the trans-Himalayan region. It is an antecedent stream and is older; than the mighty Himalayan ranges. In its course across the high mountain ranges, the river has carved out deep gorges which have only a few parallels in the world. It debouches from the Siwaliks just above Ropar, some 32 kilometres east of the boundary of Samrala tahsil, flows due west along the top

Page 22 of 81 of the district for some 96 kilometers and turns as it leaves Jagraon tahsil, slightly to the north towards its junction with Beas at Harike.

During its traverse along the district, the Satluj maintains an east-west directions. Its channel is considerably braided and there are a number of sand islands. The volume of water in the river and the width of the channel fluctuate widely from dry to rainy season. It has been devastating river during its flooding fury.

The Satluj has experienced a westward drift during recent times. This phenomenon is true of many other rivers constituting the drainage system of North India. It is learnt from local tradition that the Satluj used to flow about two centuries back through a channel near the present scrap between the flood-plain and the upland plain. The old town and villages of Bahlopur, Machhiwars, Kum, etc., were built on its banks. The westward drift of the Satluj can be explained through the well-known Ferrel’s law according to which things in motion like rivers and winds, tend to drift towards their right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere.

As event of far reaching importance has been the damming of the Satluj at Bhakra which has checked its flooding menace.

The Budha Nala. – Immediately under the high bank along the old course of the Satluj runs a perennial stream called the Budha Nala which takes its rise near Chamkaur, in Ropar district, and enters the district near Bahlolpur. It runs parallel to the Satluj on its south for a fairly large section of its course in the district and ultimately joins the Satluj at Gorsian Kadar Baksh, in the north-western corner of the district.

The Budha Nala has a sinuous course and the width of the channel varies from place to place. It is a flooding stream during the rainy season but in the dry season it can be crossed on foot at certain points. Its water is quite clear and is used for a number of purposes. Machhiwara and Ludhiana are situated to the south of the Budha Nala. Underground water resources. – The irrigation in the district is through wells. In the Bet, the depth of water below the surface in the wells diminishes from north-east to south-west in Samrala and part of the Ludhiana tahsil. The depth of water

Page 23 of 81 in the wells varies a good deal according to locality and season. It is generally 3.65 to 4.57 metres, but in a dry year will fall much lower.

Underground Water Resources

The long-term groundwater behavior of Ludhiana district indicated an average water table depth was 9.13m in 1998 and 17.97 in 2015 indicating an overall fall of 52 cm/year in, However, the decline rate was not uniform in different blocks but ranged from 21-9- cm/year in different blocks. Blocks Raikot and Sudhar experienced maximum fall rate of 90 cm/year and 70 cm/year respectively. The blocks nearingthe river bed of Satluj namely Machhiwara and sidhwan Bet showed lower annual decline rate of nearly 28 cm/year. Doraha block with Sidhwan canal running though it experienced a fall rate of 21 cm/year.

(d) FLORA (Botany)

The district being mainly an agricultural one, vast tracts of land are under cultivation with the result that very little of the natural vegetation is left. Forested land is scarce and only towards Phillaur on the Grand Trunk Road, about 7 kilometres from Ludhiana city, is located the Ludhiana Reserve Forest. The dominant trees in this Reserve Forest are Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) and Morus alba (Tut) with one or the other predominating in the different parts of the forest. The Willow, Salix tetrasperma (Baishi) is found in the lowlying areas. Other trees met with in the forest are Prosopis spicigera (Chhonkar or Jand) (Mesquite), Acacia niloitica (Kikar), Parkinsonia aculeate (ValaitiKikar), Leucaena and leucocephala (Valaiti banal) and Ehria laevis. The Phloxdatylifera (Datepalm) (Pindkhajur) has been seen to invade parts of certain compartments in the parts of the forest and in some places has ousted the tree species altogether. The blanks in the forest are covered by Desmostachya bipinnata (dab grass). This grass sometimes chokes the seedling of the forest trees and thus interferes with their regeneration. Similarly Acacia farnesiana and the Phlox dactylifera often interfere with growth of more useful species in the Reserve Forest.

Among the other woody plants met with in the district outside the Reserve Forest may be mentioned, Butea monosperma (dhak) which may be seen in hard soil in areas

Page 24 of 81 with heavier rainfall, Capparis deciduas (karir), Acacia nilotica (kikar) and Zizyphus mauritiana (ber) which are seen on waste ground and in the fields around villages and along roadside. Ficus religiosa (pipal) and Ficus benghalensis(ber or bargad) are also commonly seen near villages. Tamarix articulata (farash) is a useful tree often planted along cultivated fields. Dalbergi sissoo (shisham), Albiaia lebbek (siris) and Ficus spp. are met with forming fine avenues along trunk roads. Azadirachta indica (nim) and Melia azedarach (bakain) are useful as shade giving trees and are commonly seen in many places in the district.

The district is not particularly known for any of its fruit trees though the common fruit trees like Citrus spp. (orange, etc.), Eriobotrya japonic (Loquat) and others seem to do well in the area.

Calotropis procera (ak) and Zizyphus nummularia (kokanber) are generally found in the wasteland around most villages. The former is cut for firewood and the latter is used for hedges and also its leaves as fodder.

Among the grasses, Desmostachya bipinnata (dab grass) is abundant and is useful for making mats. Saccharum spontaneum (kahi) finds use as fodder and is also considered a good sand binder. Saccharum bengalense (sarkanda, sarwar) is used in many ways. This grass is particularly found to be useful for cultivation in inferior sandy soils. It is used for thatching purposes and for providing raw material to the ban making industry in the district. Cynodon dactylon Pers. (khabbal) is relished by cattle throughout the tract.

Among other useful plants of the district may be mentioned Typha elephantina Roxb. (dibh). Its popular name is ‘Elephant Grass’. It is used for thatching and mat-making industry. This monocotyledonous plant is found in the water-logged areas, along the canals and railway strips.

(f) FAUNA (Zoology)

The district, being a predominantly agricultural and heavily populated area, can boast of very little natural vegetation and forested land. As a result of increasing emphasis on intensive cultivation of available land and bringing more and more areas under the plough, even such pockets as may be described the habitat or sanctuary for wild life have been eliminated during recent years. Even such birds and animals as were found in abundance in the district some 40-50 years ago may, therefore, be said to

Page 25 of 81 have greatly diminished during the last few decades. Sport or small game in a very restricted form is available along the river bank or in certain areas which have not been cultivated on account of the seasonal overflow of water from the river. Such stretches of land are covered with thick growth of reeds and bushes. Only such wild life is possible in these areas, which may be considered comparatively safe for birds and animals, as can subsist there.

In the cold weather, wild fowl (Kulan) are plentiful along the river and the Budha Nala. In the uplands, good many hares and small game, such as partridges black and grey are found in sugarcane fields and small patches of jungle. Quails are plentiful in their seasons. Various types of sandgrouse may be met with in cold weather amongst fields of Moth, etc. wild pigeon is found all over the country side. Peacocks are a common sight in all parts of the district and may be seen both in the fields and on house-tops. Their number has generally remained steady because the bird is not killed for game by overwhelming numbers of the people. In some of the detached villages, which still have some growth of jungle left, it is possible to get good bag of small game. The Birs or forest plantations which served as game preserves have also shrunk in size.

The wild boars, which were a menace to the villages, have also gone down in numbers as a result of the rapid increase in population and very limited areas left uncultivated. The antelope and ravine deer which were quite common a few years ago are fast disappearing. Even otherwise shooting wild game in the open country, when very large number of people are always working in the fields, is not free from risk.

Fauna is believed to be a gift of nature. The beasts and birds which were once looked upon as no more than a source of food are desired to be preserved as a part of the fauna. Every species in nature has its own role to play even though the average man may not be able to understand it. Wild life, both animals and birds, are friends of the cultivator. More often than not they protect the crops by preying upon worms and insects which might destroy them. Special steps have been taken to preserve and protect wild life through the games Warden.

Detailed lists of zoological types still extant in the district birds, fishes, amphibious snakes, lizards and mammals, etc., are given in the appendices (A-E) at the end of the chapter at pages 24 to 57.

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(g) CLIMATE

(i) Climatic divisions and seasons and their duration.- The climate of district is characterised by dryness except in the brief monsoon season, a very hot summer and a bracing winter. The cold season is from about the middle of November to the early part of March. The succeeding period up to about the end of the June is the hot season. July, August and first half of September constitute the south-west monsoon. The period from mid-September to about the middle of November may be termed the post-monsoon or transitional period.

(h) Temperature and humidity Temperature. – There is a meteorological observatory in the district at Ludhiana and the records of this station may be taken as representative of the meteorological conditions in the district in general. Temperatures increase rapidly after February. June is generally the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 40.6oC (105.1oF) and the mean daily minimum at 27.2oC (81.0oF). Hot scorching dust-laden winds blow during the summer season and on individual days the day temperature may reach above 45oC (1130oF). Afternoon thundershowers and occasional dust-storms bring welcome relief from the heat though only temporarily. With the onset of the monsoon in the district early in July, there is appreciable drop in the day temperatures. But the night temperature in the monsoon season are nearly as high as in the latter part of summer. On account of the increased moisture in the monsoon air, the weather is quite sultry and uncomfortable even in the monsoon season in between the rains. After about mid-September when the monsoon with-draws, the night temperatures decrease rapidly. But the drop in the day temperature is not so rapid. From about November , however, both the day and night temperatures decrease rapidly till January, which is the coldest month. The mean daily maximum in January is 19.5oC (67.1oF) and the mean daily minimum 6.4oC (43.5oF). during the winter season, in association with passing western disturbances, cold waves affect the district and the minimum temperature drops down below freezing point.

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5. Action regarding protection and preservation of wild life is taken under “The Punjab Wild Life Preservation Act, 1959” and the rules framed the reunder in pursuance of section 22 of the said Act, vide Punjab Government Notification No. 5331-Ft-VI- 61/5008, dated 14th September, 1961.

The highest maximum temperature recorded at Ludhiana was 48.3oC (118.9oF) on May 29,1944. The lowest minimum temperature was 1.7oC (28.9oF) on January 16,1935).

(i) Humidity :- Relative humidity is generally high during the monsoon season. In the rest of the year humidity is low, the driest part of the year being the summer season.

The following table I gives normals of temperature and relative humidity during different months of year in Ludhiana district :-

TABLE 1

NORMAL OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY (LUDHIANA)

Mean Daily Relative Humidity Mean Daily Mini Hours Lowest Minimum over Month Maximum mum Highest Maximum Ever Recorded Recorded Temperature Temp (Indian Standard eratu Time) re

0C 0C 0C Date 0C Date 0830/ 173 percent 0/pe rcen t

January .. 19.5 6.4 28.9 1910 January 15 -1.7 1935 January 16 80 52

February .. 22.0 8.6 33.3 1956 February 27 -3.9 1905 February 1 77 48

March .. 28.6 13.6 41.1 1945 March 31 3.9 1945 March 5 62 38

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April .. 35.6 19.2 46.1 1941 April 29 8.9 1905 April 4 46 28

May .. 40.3 24.3 48.3 1944 May 29 15.6 1924 May 5 38 22

June .. 40.6 27.2 47.9 1958 June 17 18.3 1952 June 7 50 36

July .. 36.2 26.8 47.8 1881 July 7 18.6 1958 July 21 73 60

August .. 34.9 26.2 44.4 1884 August 6 20.0 1961 August 21 76 64

September .. 34.9 23.8 41.7 1905 September 5 15.6 1940 Septemb 29 73 52

October .. 33.6 17.4 40.0 1941 October 6 9.4 1932 October 31 62 34

November .. 27.7 10.5 35.0 1909 November 4 2.2 1937 Novemb 30 64 34

December .. 21.7 6.7 29.4 1944 December 4 -1.1 1930 Decemb 24 76 47

Annual .. 31.3 17.5 .. .. 65 43

(j) Atmospheric pressure and winds. Cloudiness.- During the monsoon season and for spells of a day or two in association with passing western disturbances, the skies are moderately to heavily clouded and overcast occasionally. During the rest of the year, skies are mostly clear or lightly clouded.

Winds.- Winds are generally light in the district. In the south-west monsoon season winds from directions between north-east and south-east are common but on many days, particularly in the afternoon, westerly or north-westerly winds also blow. In the rest of the year westerly to north-westerly winds predominate expect in the latter half of the summer season when easterlies and south- easterlies blow on some days.

Special weather phenomena.- During the cold season, western disturbances affect the weather over the district. Thunder-storms occur in association with these. Thunder-storms also occur during the summer and to a lesser extent in the monsoon season. Dust-storms affects the district during the summer season

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8. LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT:

FOREST, AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, MINING ETC. Data of Land Use in respect to District Ludhiana (Area in Hectare)

Sr. Particulars 2007-08 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 No. 1 Geographical Area 368312 368312 368312 368312 368312

2 Forests 10017 10017 10017 10017 10017

3 Non-Agriculture Area 52086 57584 57630 57630 59214

4 Net Sown Area 306209 300711 300665 300665 299081

5 Area Sown More than one time in a 288776 299050 302329 299113 295622 year 6 Total Area under 594985 599761 602994 599778 594703 Crops 1...... Data provided by Cheif Agriculture Officer, Ludhiana

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FOREST

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AGRICULTURE

AES: Agro-Ecological Situation On account of ecology, district can be divided in to four zones. A brief information about each Agro- Ecological Situation is given as under:-

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9. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

Physiography and Soils: Systematic approach of image interpretation along with sufficient collateral information regarding geology, climate etc. of the area revealed the following physiographic units:

2. Hills: This unit is represented by Upper Siwalik belt which consists of massive, poorly lithified sandstone and silt stone. These consists of beds of silt and clay with rounded pebbles and gravels. The hills are covered with sparse vegetation, bushes and shrubs. It has moderate to very slopes and is severely eroded. This unit is further sub divided into (i) Hill side slopes and (ii) Hill foot slopes.

3. Valley: The valleys are narrow to broad with gentle to moderate slopes. The ground water is mostly at shallow depth. The valleys in the area are found in different location and has been subdivided into (i)Hill valley (ii) River bed in plains.

4. Piedmont plain: It represents plain with a gently rolling slope at the base of the hills, intercepted and dissected by seasonal rivulets. This units is partly cultivated and partly under bush vegetation. The deposits near the hills are finer - in texture, in general. This unit is divided into (i) Upper piedmont plain (ii) Lower piedmont plain. Further sub division is done on the basis of landuse, erosion, slope and soils. The piedmont plain 'West of Satluj' consists of coarser material and differ from the deposits of severely dissected piedmont plain 'East of Satluj' which consists of beds and silt and clay along with gravels. A small pocket of piedmont plain south of Siersa River shows mixed characteristics. Flood plain: The flood plain is the result of deposition due to flooding of river Satluj and river Sirsa and it occurs along these rivers forming narrow strips. It is characterized by low relief and consists of pebbles, gravels in sandy and silt matrix. The deposits away from the river are finer as compared to those in the vicinity of the rivers. The eastern side flood plain exhibit comparatively finer

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material than its western counterpart. The flood plain is divided further according to its chronosequence into (i) Old flood plain (ii) Recent flood plain and (iii) Active flood plain. These units are further classified based on landuse and variation in soils. The general characteristics and soil physiography relationships has been given in Table 1 and 2 separately both for 'East of Satluj' and 'West of Satluj'.

Morphological and Physico Chemical Characteristics The soils representing different physiographic units were studied for their morphological and physico-chemical characteristics. The morphological characteristics of the soils reveal that they have 10YR hue except for a few horizons in imperfectly drained soils of the active flood plain which have 2.5 YR hue colors. The values range from 3 to 6 and chromas 2 to 6.

The soils of hill foot slopes, upper piedmont plain (West of Satluj) and active flood plain are sandy, containing more than 85% sand. These soils are very low in organic matter, silt and clay content and thus lack structural peds, being single grain in all layers. The soils of lower piedmont plain lack profile development. The old flood plain soils show weak fine to medium moderate sub angular blocky structure in the B horizon.

The soils fo the area show normal pH, low organic carbon (0.01 to 0.4%) and low electrical conductivity (0.11 to 0.36 dSm-1). The CaCO3 content is low (0.1 to 4.8%). The flood plains soils show irregular distribution of CaCO3 with depth, reflecting parent material stratification. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and extractable bases vary considerably among the studied soils. The fine textured soils from old flood plain have higher CEC compared to the coarse textured soils in other units.

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Soil Classification The soils of the area have been classified according to the criteria proposed by Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1975) based on morphological and physico chemical characteristics. The soils have been classified into 2 orders i.e. Entisols and Inceptisols.

Entisols: These coarse textured soils are young, show no diagnostic horizon except for ochric epipedon. There is irregular distribution of organic carbon with depth. These soils have received new sediments as fast or faster than the assimilation of previous material into the genetic horizons and as such these soils are highly stratified. In these soils, either the operation of pedogenic processes is obstructed or lack of time is the limiting factor of pedogenic evolution of diagnostic horizons. At sub group level these soils qualify for "Typic' sub group; At places, these qualify for 'Aquic' to 'Anthraquic' sub groups as they show characteristic associated with witness.

1. Inceptisols: These moderately developed soils of piedmont plain, old and recent flood plain show the presence of altered textural or structural B horizon i.e. Cambic horizon (Bw). They show moderate pedogenic development. At sub group level these soils qualify for 'Typic' sub group .

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10. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH GEOLOGY

1. There is nothing of geological interest in the district, as it is situated entirely on the alluvium. The district forms a part of the widespread Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The area is entirely covered by alluvial deposits which consist of clay and sand with Kankar. Locally beds of gravel and cemented sands are occasionally present with the unconsolidated sands. The soils are alkaline in nature. The soils are deficient in nitrogen and organic matter. Within the alluvial tract occur the saline and alkaline soils. In the immediate vicinity of the river is a strip of land liable to annual inundation and called Mand or Kachcha. The soil of Mand is generally a stiff, moist loam of dark colour. Saline efflore-scence appears here and there all over the Bet. In the neighbourhood of the high bank the surface is uneven and the upper soil is a poor light sand, shifting under every wind, and blown into hillocks/ in the half of the district, east of the Malerkotla road, the prevailing soil is a stiff loam of darkish colour, with a good deal of clay in it, while to the west of this road a much larger portion of the area is a light loam or sand.

2. Economic Minerals. – The only mineral product of the district is Kankar, which is quarried in many places, and is to be found in sufficient quantity and at so convenient sites that there is no difficulty in obtaining a supply for all the metalled roads and for lime. Saltpetre used to be made in a few villages, but the manufacture has been stopped under new regulations.

GEOMORPHOLOGY & SOIL TYPE:-

The district area is occupied by Indo-Gangetic alluvium. And there are no surface features worth to mention except that area is plain and major drains are Satluj and its tributaries and Budha nala. Soil is the end product of the parent material resulting from the consistent influence of climate, topography and the natural vegetation over a long period of time. In the district soil characteristics are influenced to a very limited extent by the topography, vegetation and parent rock. The variations in soil profile characteristics are much more pronounced because of the regional climatic differences. The soil of this zone has developed under semi-arid condition. The soil is sandy loam to clayey with normal reaction (pH from 7.8 to 8.5). 4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO 4.1 Hydrogeology The district area is occupied by Indo-Gangatic alluvium of Quaternary

Page 50 of 81 age. The subsurface geological formations of the area comprise of sand, silt, clay and kankar in various proportions. In general the Ground water of the district is fresh except in and around Ludhiana city where the ground water is polluted due to industrial effluents. The aquifer disposition of the area is revealed by drilling data carried out down to 408 m by Central Ground Water Board and state govt. The lithological data of these boreholes indicate the presence of many sand beds forming the principal aquifers separated by clay beds at various depths. The data indicates presence of about 5 prominent sand horizons down to 400 m depth separated by thick clay horizons. The first aquifer generally occurs between 10 and 30m. The second is between 50 and 120m. Third between 150-175m. For the forth between 200-250m and the fifth between 300-400m. The aquifers are giving discharge from 3-52 lps with 4.3X10-4 - 6.98X10-4 storability and transitivity is ranges between 628-1120 m2 /day. The sand content in the aquifer in the district varies from 50 to 80%. Clay beds though thick at places occur mostly as lens and pinches out laterally. The granular material becomes coarser with depth. The aquifer at deeper levels acts as semi-confined to con fined. The depth to water level in the area ranges between 9-26 m bgl. In the north easternpart’ Machhiwara’ block area it ranges between 5-10 m bgl and 10- 20 m in north central part of the district in Ludhiana city and Bhaini araian . In rest of the area of the district it ranges between 20-30 meters. During the pre monsoon period depth to water level varies between 4.32 to 31.22 m bgl and in post monsoon it ranges between 2.89-27.30 m bgl. The long term water trend indicates that the water level showing decline ranges from 0.11 m /y -1.34 m/year. 4.2 Ground Water Resources The Ground Water resources of the district were done for each individual block as per GEC 1997 norms. Perusal of the estimates reveals overall stage of ground water development in the district is of the order of 144 %.The ground water development in all the blocks of the district have been categorized as over exploited. Khanna ,Pakhowal and Ludhiana blocks are showing 290 % , 229 % and 255 % respectively. Net ground water availability of the district is 203448 ham.

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ASSESSMENT OF DYNAMIX GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF THE PUNJAB STATE ASSESSMENT UNIT-WISE CATEGORIZATION AS ON 31.3.2011 (CGWB) S.NO. BLOCK STATE Pre- Post- CATEGORY OF GW monsoon monsoon DEVEL Water level Water level OPME Trend I trend Is NT (%) there a there a significant significant decline decline (Yes/No) (Yes/No) 1 DEHLON 178 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 2 DORAHA 110 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 3 JAGRAON 138 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 4 KHANNA 208 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 5 LUDHIANA 248 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 6 MACHHIWARA 105 YES YES SAFE 7 MANGAT 154 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 8 PAKHOWAL 193 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 9 RAIKOT 223 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 10 SAMRALA 201 NO NO OVER-EXPLOITED 11 SIDHWAN BET 168 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED 12 SUDHAR 146 YES YES OVER-EXPLOITED

* Net GW availability of district Ludhiana. = 208139 ham.

* Stage of GW development district Ludhiana = 167 %

Points (review)

* Bet area (block Sidhw3an Bet/Machhiwara/Mangat) villages have ground water (Shallow) should be exempted from mining activity.

* Along & near rivers, the GW level is shallow, hence, in case mining if allowed shall be restricted to less than 10 feets.

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11. METHODOLOGY AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES;

The trace of river Satluj was covered and studied on the following principles of Geology/River bed mining:

 The general geology of the area;  The presence of any major geological structure;  Origin of river;  Pattern of primary/ secondary/tertiary streams;  Total catchments;  General profile of river/streams;  Meandering Pattern;  Bank stability;  Total potential of river bed in reference to minor mineral;  General slope of the river/stream;  Morphogenetic regions.

In Addition to Above presence of following object were also studied

 The presence of any WSS Schemes  Bridges  Agriculture fields  Bank protection works  Plantations etc.

Following are the important guiding principles considered while recommending the river/stream bed or part of river/stream bed for collection for minor minerals.

 The production of aggregate in a particular area is a function of the availability of natural resources, the size of population, the economy of the area and various developmental and infrastructural works being undertaken in the area like road construction, hydro-electric projects etc. Further, being a low-value, high-volume mineral commodity, the prices are dramatically affected by transportation distances. If the distances

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increase, the transportation cost may increase much more than the cost of the aggregates.  A stable river is able to consistently transport the flow of sediments produced by watershed such that its dimension (width and depth) pattern and vertical profile are maintained without aggrading (building up) or degrading (scouring down)  The amount of sand deposited in riverbed equals to the amount delivered to the river from watershed and from bank erosion minus amount transported downstream each year.  It is compulsive nature for river to meander in their belts and therefore they will have to be provided with adequate corridor for meandering without let or hindrance. Any attempt to diminish the width of this corridor (floodway) and curb their freedom to meander would prove counterproductive.  Erosion and deposition is law of nature. The river/stream has to complete its geomorphological cycle from youth, mature to old age.  River capturing is unavoidable  Erosion in upstream and deposition in downstream  Tendency of the river/stream toward grade  Fundamentally, the lowest point of any stream is fixed by Sea Level  The ratio between the width of meander belt and width of the stream decreases as the width of the stream increases.

Formation, Bank erosion and Replenishment of any specific riverbed depends Primarily upon:

 The Geology of the area;  River Profile;  Nature of source;  Rainfall in catchments;  Morphogenetic region;

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 Catchments geomorphology;  Efficiency of River/Stream (i.e. erosive power);  The competency of the river/Stream (i.e. transport heaviest stone);  The capacity of the River/Stream (i.e. volume of transportation);  Hydraulic radius of the River/Stream (ratio between cross sectional area and length of wetted perimeter).

Secondarily upon:

 Geological structures;  Porosity of formation;  Run off in the catchments;  Forest cover;

In addition to above following man made factors are also involved.

 Type of agriculture;  Encroachment on flood plain leaving least space for meandering;  Any barrier on river/stream bed i.e. bands, dams and bridge foundations etc;  Throwing of debris into the river/stream course;  Drying up of river courses due to construction of dams, thereby reducing the efficiency and capacity of the river/stream.

The total potential of the river/stream bed is calculated up to the depth of 1.5meter and in the workable span. Total potential or annual replenishment is not necessarily mineable. Mine ability depends upon the availability of approach roads, distance from the general conditions of policy viz distances from WSS Schemes, bridges etc and overall on the market demand etc. Thus keeping these factors into consideration 60% of the total potential has been taken for the purpose of exploitation of minor minerals.

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12. Method For Calculation of Reserves:-

For the calculation of total reserves of minor minerals available in the river bed, length, average width and depth of the river bed for which the exploitation is to be carried out/allowed under rule/prevailing instructions of the Govt. was taken into consideration. The volume thus obtained is multiplied with the bulk density which has been assumed as 1.7 for all types of minor minerals. Thus reserves up to particular datum line i.e. one meter below the surface have been calculated.

Total reserves of minor minerals (M.T.) =

Length x Width x Height i.e. Depth x Density

For the annual replenishment of minor mineral reserves, the average annual mean depth upto which the replenishment of minor mineral takes place annually, has been taken into consideration which depends upon the annual rainfall factor and geology of the catchments area.

Detail of Satluj River in Ludhiana District: Total Length of River Satluj ...... 98.78 Kms. General Width...... 3000 Feet (Approx.) Area Drained by River Satluj...... 1263.07 Sq.Km. Percentage of Area Drained...... 33.53% Total Potential of Silt/Sand available in the River Bed...... 1,45,80,000 M.T. S.NO NAME OF RIVER AREA DRAINED(Sq Km) % Area drained in the district 1 Sutlej River 1263.07 33% Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams

S.NO NAME of the River or Total Length in the Place of origin Altitude at Stream District( in Km) origin 1 Sutlej River 98.78 Mount kailash 4590m

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Position of the Length of area Average width of area Area Mineable River or Stream recommended recommended for recommended mineral Recommended for mineral mineral concession(in for mineral potential ( meters) for mineral concession(in concession(in in miteric concession Km) sq meters) tone)(60% of total mineral potential) In this regard , it is intimated that only left side of River Sutlej falls under this division and due to meandering action of river Sutlej the live creek changes its course.Mostly after every monsoon season the portion /site containing silt/sand was shifted to new place and new site for extracting silt/sand was formed .Hence the theatrical calculation on the basis of past experience was made and approximate quantity of River Sutlej for extractiong silt/sand was 1,45,80,000 MT. Mineral Potential

Boulder(MT) Bajari(MT) Silt/Sand(MT) Total Minerable Mineral Potential(MT) 1,45,80,000 1,45,80,000 Annual Deposition

No such study was done by this office.

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S.No River Portion of the Length of area Average Area Mineabl of river or stream recommended width of area recommende e stream recommended for mineral recommende d for mineral mineral for mineral concession(in d for mineral concession(i potential concession Km) concession(i n square ( in n square meters) metric meters) tons)(60 % of total mineral potential ) In this regard , it is intimated that only left side of River Sutlej falls under this division and due to meandering action of river Sutlej the live creek changes its course.Mostly after every monsoon season the portion /site containing silt/sand was shifted to new place and new site for extracting silt/sand was formed .Hence the theatrical calculation on the basis of past experience was made and approximate quantity of River Sutlej for extractiong silt/sand was 1,45,80,000 MT.

Report by Xen Drainage

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Sr Location Depth Distance from left F.M of District Tehsil Constituency No side bandh*in feet* sand

1 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1000 0.90 Ludhiana Samrala Samrala 85300/3-L Bandh 2 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1500 1.00 Ludhiana Ludhiana Sahnewal 125000/3-L Bandh East 3 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1600 0.884 Ludhiana Ludhiana Sahnewal 128000/3-L Bandh East 4 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1000 0.71 Ludhiana Ludhiana Sahnewal 196400/3-L Bandh East 5 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 700 0.69 Ludhiana Ludhiana Sahnewal 201900/3-L bandh East 6 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1000 0.69 Ludhiana Ludhiana Gill 212000/3-L bandh West

7 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1000 0.70 Ludhiana Ludhiana Gill 12000/4-L Bandh West 8 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1500 0.59 Ludhiana Jagraon Dakha 7000/5-L Bandh 9 Sutlej River RD 3.0' 1320 0.845 Ludhiana Jagraon Jagraon 79000/5-L Bandh Report Given by Xen Drainage

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Technically the fineness modulus (FM) of all the samples withdrawn and sent for testing by irrigation department revealed that fineness modulus of all samples is less than 1.00 whereas as per IS 1542 the FM for sand to be used for plastering should in no case be less than 1.4(relevant extracts from IS1542 reproduced below**).So it is highly suggested that before defining,considering any application for EC in DEAC and DEIAA and thereafter auctioning atleast three sample reports should be mandatorily got as these minerals are being widely used by public in construction work and used as sand whereas a mineral i.e sand having FM less than 2,4 is not recommended in R.C.C WORKS and one less than 1.4 is neither defined as sand nor even recommended for plaster work. It is all the more important as any wrong information/approval may cost public dearer and may result in collapse of buildings.

**EXTRACTS FROM IS 1542:1992

Indian Standard SAND FOR PLASTER - SPECIFICATION

5 GRADING OF SAND 5.1 The particle size grading of sand for plaster work for internal as well as external walls and ceiling as analyzed by the method described in IS 2386 ( Part 1 ) : 1973 shall be as specified in Table 1. Where the grading falls outside the limits of the grading zones of sieves other than 150, 300 and 600 micron IS Sieve by a total amount not exceeding 5 percent, it shall be regarded as falling within the grading. Table 1 Grading of Saod for Internal Wall or External Wall or Ceiling Plaster ( C/awe 5.1 )

16 Sieve Designation ( See IS 460 : 1985 ) 1Omm 4’75 mm 2’36 mm 1’18 mm 600 micron 300 micron 150 micron

Percentage Passiog

100 95-100 95-100 90-100 80-100 20-65 o-15

NOTE - For crushed stone sands and crushed gravel sands, the permissible limit on 150 micron IS Sieve is increased to 20 percent. This does not affect the 5 percent allowance permitted in 5.1.

5.2 The fineness modulus of sand shall be not less than I.4 in case of crushed stone sands and crushed gravel sands and not less than I.5 in case of naturally occurring sands.

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13. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY.

SR. SITE NAME & DISTRICT AREA VALIDITY NO. Location Acre/Hectare of Agreement/ Contract Period 1. Bhaini Gahi Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

2. Kum Kalan Ludhiana 6.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

3. Ghumait Ludhiana 3.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

4. Miani Ludhiana 4.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

5. Gujjarwal Bet Ludhiana 12.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

6. Kishanpura Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Urf Kum Khurd 7. Sheriya Ludhiana 1.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

8. Chaunta Ludhiana 0.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

9. Bounkar Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Gujjaran 10. Hambran Ludhiana 6.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

11. Patti Multani Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

12. Gorsian Khan Ludhiana 4.20 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Moh. 13. Kania Husaini Ludhiana 12.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

14. Burj Pawat Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

15. Rattipur Ludhiana 3.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

16. Bairsal Khurd Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

17. Jodhwal Ludhiana 4.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

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18. Mand Jodhwal Ludhiana 10.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

19. Rajewal Jattan Ludhiana 3.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

20. Mand Udhowal Ludhiana 12.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

21. Sansowal Kalan Ludhiana 7.10 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

22. Musafarwal Ludhiana 11.30 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

23. Udhowal Khurd Ludhiana 6.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

24. Rour Majri Ludhiana 5.10 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

25. Sikandar Pur Ludhiana 1.70 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

26. Lubangarh Mand Ludhiana 2.70 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

27. Dupana Ludhiana 2.60 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

28. Chaki Kasib Ludhiana 6.40 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

29. Kutbewal Gujran Ludhiana 2.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

30. Bagga Khurd Ludhiana 2.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

31. Talwara Ludhiana 2.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

32. Fatehgarh Ludhiana 1.00 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016 Gujran 33. Majara Kalan Ludhiana 1.60 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

34. Rajapur Ludhiana 7.20 01/12/2011 to 31/10/2016

35. Parjian Biharipur Ludhiana 91.40 01.03.2013 to 28.02.2015

36. Koom Kalan Ludhiana 14 According to EC 23.09.2014 to 30.01.2019 37. Miani Ludhiana 13 According to EC 23.09.2014 to 30.01.2019 38. Gujjarwal Bet Ludhiana 35 According to EC 23.09.2014 to 30.01.2019

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39. Mand Chaunta Ludhiana 32 According to EC 23.09.2014 to 30.01.2019 40. Pawat Ludhiana 33 According to EC 23.09.2014 to 30.01.2019 41. Parjian Biharipur Ludhiana 91.40 According to EC 04.01.2016 to 25.06.2017 42. Miani Ludhiana 14 According to EC 04.01.2016 to 30.01.2019 43. Pawat Ludhiana 29 According to EC 04.01.2016 to 30.01.2019 44. Lubangarh Ludhiana 16.73 According to EC 04.05.2017 to 03.05.2024 45. Dupana Ludhiana 3.76 According to EC 04.02.2015 to 03.02.2020 46. Sikanderpur Ludhiana 1.70 According to EC 04.02.2015 to 03.02.2020 47. Rattangarh Ludhiana 29.01 According to EC 04.05.2017 to 03.05.2024 48. Bonkar Gujran Ludhiana 18.53 According to EC 04.05.2017 to 03.05.2024 49. Majara Kalan Ludhiana 5.56 According to EC 30.04.2018 to 29.04.2023 50. Rajapur Ludhiana 7.19 According to EC 04.02.2015 to 03.02.2020 51. Baliewal Ludhiana 40.03 According to EC 04.05.2017 to 03.05.2024 52. Kutbewal Ludhiana 25.00 According to EC 03.05.2017 Arayian to 02.05.2022 53. Akkuwal Ludhiana 51.03 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022 54. Hujra Ludhiana 17.25 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

55. Bhukri Khurad Ludhiana 55.70 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

56. Chakli Kasab Ludhiana 20.26 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

57. Boont Ludhiana 60.00 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

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58. Kharak Ludhiana 4.92 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

59. Talwandi Kalan Ludhiana 16.01 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

60. Garhi Fajal Ludhiana 11.05 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

61. Bliewal Ludhiana 48.01 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

62. Khasi Kalan Ludhiana 9.51 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

63. Raur Ludhiana 9.04 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

64. Baura Ludhiana 8.80 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

65. Shekhowal Ludhiana 31.01 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

66. Sujatwal Ludhiana 11.76 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

67. Kaniyan Husaini Ludhiana 19.79 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

68. Bagiyan Ludhiana 16.18 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

69. Hujra Ludhiana 13.76 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

70. Kumbkalan Ludhiana 14.01 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

71. Miani Ludhiana 14.01 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

72. Parjian Biharipur Ludhiana 91.43 According to Form L1 09.11.2019 to 08.11.2022

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14 LIST OF NEW IDENTIFIED MINING SITES IN DISTRICT LUDHIANA

Sr. Name of the Hadb Total Khasra Nos. Sand / In No. Quarry ast area in Gravel riverbed No. Acre or out side river bed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Mand Chaunta 27 32 10//16,17,18,23,24,25 Sand In river 11//21,22,23 bed. 14//9,10,11,12,19,20,21,22 15//4,5,6,7,14,15,16,17/1, 17/2, 16//3/1,3/2,4,5,6,7,14,15 2. Bounkar 39 18.5 6//19,20,21,22,23 Sand Non Gujran 7//16,14//4, 5, 17/1, 23/1, 24/1, River Bed 22/2, 23/2, 24/2, 15//1,2,3,9,10,12,13,4/1

3. Rattangarh 19 34 6//24,25 Sand Non 7// 19/2 ,20, 21,22, River Bed 17//1,2,7/1,8/1,9,10,12/1, 23/1/2, 18//5/1, 5/2, 6/1 20//3/1, 3/2, 8/1, 8/2, 9, 10 30//23, 31//24,34//4,5,6,7,8,13, 14,15,16,35//1,2,9,10,11,12,13, 14, 17/2, 18, 19, 20 4. Bagggian 177 13.5 65//7,9,10,12,13,14 Sand River Bed 66//9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 5. Hiyatwala 179 32 14//4,5,6,7,8,12,13, 14,15, 16, Sand In River 17,18,19,22,23, 24, 25 bed 15//5/2,7,8,11,12,1,3,14,17, 18,22/1, 22/2, 23, 24/1, 24/2, 25, 20//1,2,3,4, 7,8 6. Hujra 184 55 3//18/1,19/2, 20,21,22/1, 22/2 Sand In River 4//1,9,10,11,12, 13,14,15, bed 16,17/1, 17/2,18,19,20 21/1,25, 25/3,5//13,14,15,17, 18,21,22,23,24, 9//5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, 15,16,17,18/1,18/2,19,20, 21,22, 10//1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11/2, 12,13,14,15,16/1,17, 11//17,18/1, 12//1/2,3

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7. Balliewal 17 45 4//16 Sand Non-river 7//2,3 bed 8//1 10//2, 9 40//2,15,16,24/2, 25/2, 29/2 51//4/1/2, 5 53//18,19, 22, 23, 24 56//16/2, 17/1, 18/2/ 2, 24, 25 57//21/1, 60//4, 5/1, 62//3/2/2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11/2 12, 18/2, 19, 20, 21,22, 23 63//2, 3, 4, 5, 6/1, 6/2, 7, 8, 9, 14/2, 15/1, 15/3, 18, 24/2 25, 64//4, 6, 6, 7 65//1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12 67//14/1, 17/1, 18/1, 23/3 8. Bhukhri Khurd 185 56 1//16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25 Sand Non-river 3//3, 4,5, 6, 7, 13, 14,15, 16, bed 17, 18, 23/1, 23/2, 24/1, 24/2, 25, 100, 108 8//6/2, 15/2 , 16, 18, 23, 24, 25 9//1/2, 2/2, 2/3/3, 3/1, 3/2, 4, 5, 6/1, 7/1/1, 8/1, 9/1/1/1, 1/2/1, 9/2, 10, 11, 12/1, 19/2, 20, 21, 22/1 10//1, 10 11//21 12//12/2/3/2, 17/1, 13//2/2, 17//2, 18, 19/1, 22/2, 23, 24, 25/2 17//14/2, 15/2, 16, 25 18//5/2, 19/1/1, 4, 5, 6, 7/1, 14/2, 15/1, 15/2, 16, 17/1, 20//1, 10, 11/1, 11/2, 20 22//11, 20, 21 23//8, 13/1, 13/2, 18, 23/1, 3 32//16/2, 17/1, 24/2 32//25/1 35//4/2, 5/1, 6/2, 7/1, 14/2, 17/1

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9. Boont 63 60 5//11, 19, 20 Sand In River 6//13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24 Bed 7//18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 10//6, 14, 15, 16, 17 11//1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 12//1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15 13//1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 14//1, 2, 3, 4, 5 10. Lubangarh 461 17 1//16,24,25 Sand Non-River 2//21 Bed 4//1,2,9,10,11/1 5//4,5,6,7,8/2,12,13,14,15, 16/1, 17,18

11. Allowal 117 67 18//3,4,5,6,7,8,12,13,14,15,17 Sand In river 18,19,22,23,24,25 bed 19//3,4,7,8,12,13,17,18,23,24, 1,11,1,9,22,2,12/21. 20//21,22,23,24,25 24//4,5,7,14/1,15/1,25 25//9,12,2,11,20,21,14,10,3,8, 13,17,18,19,22,23,24,4,16, 25 26//5,6,7,13,14,17,18,11,2, 19 20,21,22,22/1,15,16, 23/2, 9,21/1,10/1,1,2,3,8, 10,12 12. Majara kalan 119 22 1//16/2, 3/2, 23/1,24,25, Sand In river 2//20,21 bed 3//1,10,11/1 4//1,2/1, 2/2,3,4,8,13,9/2, 10/1 5//6/1 17//24 18//21/2,23 25//1/2, 2/1,10/1,11/2,12,13, 18/2,19,23/1 26//3/2,4,7

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13. Billopati 70 37 1//25 Sand Non-river 4//3,4 ,7/2,8,14,17,24, bed 5//4/1 6//9,10/2,11/2,12, 19,20/2, 21/1, 22/2 12//11,13,14,15,16,17 13//4,5,6,7,14,15,24,25 14//4,5/1,5/2 15//10,11,17/2,18,19,20

14. Kutbewal 92 25 1 // 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Sand In river Arian 22, 23, 24, 25, bed 2 // 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 3 // 1, 2, 3, 4, 7/1

15. Akuwal 186 51 3//13min, ,14 min, 15 min, Sand In river 16min, 17,18min, 23min, bed 24min, 25min 4//16,17,18min,19, 20, 21min, 22min,23min, 24min, 25min, 5//19,20,21,22 10//1,2, 3/1,8,9,10,11,12/1, 12/2, 13, 19/2, 20/1,22/1 11//1min, 2min, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9min, 10min, 11,12min, 13, 14, 17min, 18, 21min, 24 17//2 min, 3min 16. Gorsian Khan 19 61 7//9,10, 11, 12min, 16,20,21 Sand In river Mohammad 8//6,7,11, 11/1, 12, bed 13,14,15,16, 17,18, 19,20,21,22,23,24 9//14,15,16,17,24,25 10//4,5, 6,7,14,15, 24,25 11//3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 12,13,14,16, 17,18, 19,21, 22,23 12//2, 6,7,9 13//1,2,3,4,6,7,8

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17. Kannaian 180 20.5 39//6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, Sand In river Hussaini 16,17,18,19, 20,21, 22min, bed 23min, 24min, 25 40//6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, 15min, 16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 22min, 23min, 23,24,25 41//6,7,8,13,14,15,16,17,18, 23, 24,25 18. Milkowal 33 26 25//11,12,18,19,20 Sand Non river 34//12,13,14,15/1,16/2/2,17,18, bed 19,22/1,23/1,24/1/1,25/1/1, 35//15,16, 17/2,24,25 36//4,12,19, 20,21,22 50//8

19. Dupana 460 25 1//5,6/1,6/2,6/3,13,14/1,14/2,16 Sand In river /1,16/2,17/1,17/2,18/1,18/2,23/ bed 1,23/2,24/2,25 2//1,2/1,7,8,9,10,11,12/1,12/2,1 3,14,15,16/1,16/2,17,18,19,20, 21,22,23, 3//1,10 4//3,5/2,5/3,6,8/2,14/1,15,16/2, 17/2 20. Chakli Kasab 450 21 8//5/2,5/3,16/2,17/2,18/2,24,25 Sand In river 9//1 bed 15//22,23 16//8,9,10,11/1 17//4,5/2,7 20//1,2,3/1,3/2,8/2,9,10,11,12

21. Chholey 114 47 6//25 Sand In river 7//11,12,13,18,19,20,21/1,21/2, bed 21/4, 22/1,22/2, 22/3,23/1, 23/2, 23/3 8//16 9//15/2,16 10//1/5,2/1,2/2,3, 11/2, 12/1 11//21,22, 23 12//3/2, 4/2, 5/2, 6,7,8,13,14, 15,16/1, 16/2, 17,18,19,21, 22, 23,24, 25/1, 25/2 13//25/2

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22. Dhanansu 186 34 7//7/1,7/2,8,10/3,11,13/2,14, Sand Non river 17, 18, bed 19,20,21,22/1,22/2,23,24,25 8//16 9//5 10//1, 2/1,2/2,3,5/1,8, 9,10,11,12, 13, 18,19,20, 21, 22, 23 25//1,2,9 26//21,22,23,24 37//17/2,18/1,20/2,21/1, 23/3,24/1 38//16/1,17/2,18,19,20,21/1, 21/2, 22/2,23/2, 24/2, 25/2 40//1,2,3,4,5 41//7,8/1 44//1,2,3,4/1 54//4/2,4/3,7 55//1 63//8,9,10, 11/1/1,11/2/2,12/1/1, 64//27/1, 76//11/2, 12/2, 13/2, 14/2, 15/2, 22, 23,24, 77//11,12,13, 14/2/2, 15/2, 16, 17/1, 17/2,24/2 85//2 23. Nurpur Bet 123 52 3//9,12/1,23,24 Sand Non river 6//1,2,9,10,11,12,19,20 bed 7//3/1, 3/2, 4,7,8, 12/2,13,14,17,18, 19/2, 21 8//6,7,14,17,25 25//18,19,20, 24,25 26//4,5,6,7,14,15,16,17,19/1, 26,27 27//17 30//2,3,4, 5 40//4/2,5,26,27 41//1,2,7,8,14,15,26,27

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24. Togar 291 136 1//16,17,23 Sand In river 2//21,22,23,24,25 bed 3//21,22 4//8/1,10,11,19 5//6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,21 ,22,24, 25 6//1,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, 16,17, 18, 19,20,21,22,23,24, 25/1,25/2 7//3,4,5,6,8,14,15,16,17,18,23 8//2,3,9,11,12,13,15,16,17,18, 19,20, 21,22,23,24, 10//16,17,18,19,22,23,24 12//2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,15,16,20, 21,22 13//1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8/1,8/2,9,10, 11, 12/1, 12/2,13,14,15,16,18/1, 18/2, 19,20,23,24,25 14//1,3,6,7 15//1,2,10 25. Burj Matewara 46 64 16//7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, Sand In river 15,16,17 bed 17//1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,9, 10,11, 12,13, 14,15,16, 17,18,19,20 18//1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10, 13,14,15, 16, 17,18,21,22,23,24,25 19//4,5,6,7,11,12,14,15,16,17,1 8,19, 20, 23,24,25 20//4,5,6 26. Raur 47 162 6//11/1,20/3, 21/1, Sand In river 7//14/2,15/1, 15/2, 16/1, bed 16/2,17/1, 20/3, 25/1, 25/2 9//12,13/1,13/2,14/1,14/2,14/3, 15/1, 15/2,16/1,16/2,17/1, 17/2, 17/5,18/1,18/2,19, 22,23,25/1 12//4,5, 6,7,14,15,16,17,24,25 13//1/1,1/2,2, 4/2,5/1, 5/2,5/3, 6/2, 6/3,6/4,9,10/1,10/2,11/1, 12, 13, 15/2, 15/4, 16/4,20/1, 20/2, 21/1,22,25/1, 25/2, 25/3 14//1/2,1/3,1/4,2,3/1,3/2,4/2,4/3

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,5/1, 5/2, 6/1, 6/2,6/3,7/1, 7/2, 7/3,8/1, 8/2,9,10/1,10/2,10/3, 10/4, 11/1, 11/2,11/3,11/4,12, 13/1, 13/2, 14/1, 14/2,14/3, 15/3,16/1, 16/3, 17/1,17/3, 18/1, 18/2, 19,20/1, 20/2, 20/3, 20/4, 21/1,21/2,21/3, 21/4, 22,23/1, 23/5,24/1,24/3,25/1, 25/3 15// 1/1,1/2,1/3, 2/2, 3/1,3/2, 4/1, 4/2, 4/3, 5/1, 6/3,7/1,7/2, 7/3, 8/1,8/2,9/1,10/1,10/2, 11/2, 11/3,12/2, 13/1,13/2,14/1, 14/2, 14/3, 15/1,15/2,16/1,16/2, 16/3, 17/1, 17/2,17/3, 18/1,18/2, 19/1, 20/1, 20/2,20/3,21/1, 21/2, 21/3, 22/2,23/1,23/2, 24/2, 24/3, 25/1,25/2,25/3, 16//1/2,1/3,2,3/3,3/4,4/1,4/2,4/3 ,4/4, 4/6,4/7,5/1, 5/3,6/1, 6/2, 7/1, 7/2,7/3,7/4, 7/5,7/8, 8/1,8/3, 8/4,9/2,9/3, 10/1,10/2,11/2, 11/3,12/1, 12/3, 13/2,13/3,13/4, 14/1,14/2, 14/3,14/4,14/5,14/6, 15/1, 15/2,16/1,17/1,17/2,17/3, 17/5,17/6, 18/1,18/2,20/2, 20/3, 21/1,21/2, 23/1,23/4, 24/1, 24/2, 24/3,24/4, 24/5, 24/6,25/1, 25/2 17//1/1,1/2, 1/3,2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/5,3,4,6/1,6/2,7/1,7/2,8/1,8/2, 8/3,9/1,9/2,9/3, 9/5,10/2,10/3, 11/1, 11/2,11/3, 12/1,12/2,

12/3,12/5,13/1,13/2,14/1,14/2,

15/1,15/2,16/1,16/2,17/2,17/3, 18/1,18/2,18/3, 19/1,19/3,19/5, 20/1,20/2, 20/3,21/2, 21/3, 22/1,22/3, 22/5,23/1,23/2,

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24/2,25/2 18//1/2,12, 19,20/1,22 21//5/2,6/1,15/2/2,16/1,25/2 23//2,3,3/2,4/1, 4/2, 4/3,5/1, 6/1,7/1, 7/2, 7/3,8/1,14/1, 14/2, 14/3, 15/1,16/3, 17/1, 17/3/1,17/3/3, 18/1, 21/1,23/2,23/3, ,24/1, 24/2, 24/3, 25/1, 25/3, 24//1/1, 1/2,2, 4/1,4/2,5/1, 5/2, 5/4, 6/1,6/3,6/7,7/2,7/7, 9,10/1/1, 10/2,11/1, 11/2,12, 13/1 14/1, 14/2,14/2/2, 15/1, 15/2, 15/4, 16/1,16/3, 17/1,17/1/1,17/1/2, 17/2/1, 17/2/2, 18/3, 19/1,19/3, 20/1,20/2, 21/1,21/2, 21/3,22/1, 22/3, 23/1, 23/2, 25/4

27. Sasrali 62 59 1//17,18,22, 23,24 Sand In river 2//8,11, 12,13,14, 16,17, bed 18,19,20, 21,22,23,24,25 3//21 4//16,21,22/1, 22/2, 23/1, 23/2, 24, 25 5//1,2,3, 4/1, 4/2,5,6, 7/1, 7/2,8, 9,10,11,12/1, 12/2, 12/3,13/1, 13/2, 14/1, 14/2, 15/1,16/2, 17/1, 17/2, 18/1, 18/2, 19/1,19/2,19/3,21, 22/1,22/2, 22/4,23/1, 23/2, 24/1, 24/2, 25/1 6//3,4,5,6,7,12/1,11,13,14,15,1 6, 17,18,19,20,21,22,23 24,25 7//6, 15, 16,17,24/1,24/2, 25/1,25/2

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28. Sujatwal 83 60 1//14,15,24,25 Sand In river 2//1, 2,3,4,5,6, 7,8, 9,10,11, bed 12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 19,20 3//7,8,9,10, 11,12,13,14, 15, 19,2011//6,16,12//1,2,3,6,7,8,9, 10,11,12,13, 13//2,3,4,7,8, 9,10,11,12, 13, 18,19,20

29. Jamalpur Leli 84 200 1//11,12,13, 14,15,16,17,18, Sand In river 19,20,21,22, 23,24,25, bed 2//11,12,13,14,3//11,20,21 4//1,10,11,5//1,2, 3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,17, 18,19,20,21,22 6//3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, 15,16, 17,18,19, 20,21,22, 23,24,25 7//5,6,15,16,25, 8//1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 11,12/1,

12/2,13/1,13/2,14,15,16,17,18, 19/1,19/2,20, 21/1,22/1,21/2,22/2, 23,24/1, 24/2, 25/1,25/2 9//1,2/1,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9/2, 10, 11,12/1, 13,14,15, 16, 17,18, 19/2,20, 21,22/1,23,24,25 11//1,2/1,3,4,5,7, 8,9/2,10,11,12/1,13, 12//1, 2/1,2/3,3, 4/1, 4/2,5/1, 5/2,6/1, 6/2,7/1,7/2,8, 10, 11,13, 14/1,15/1,17/2,24/1, 15/2,16/2, 17/1,18/2,19,20,21, 22, 23/1,24/2 13//5,6,7,14,15,16,17,24,25, 14//1,4,5,6,7,12, 14,15/1, 15/2, 16,17,18, 23,24,25 15//1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 14,18/1, 19/1,19/2, 20,21,25/1 16//1 22//3,4,5,7,8

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30. Hadiwal 28 17 15//11/1,20,21 Sand In river 16//18,19,22,23,24,25 bed 29//12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19

31. Mahal 1 15 16//6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14, 15,16 Sand In river ghumana 17//8,9,10,11,19,20 bed

32. Khaira Bet-2 127 30 37//5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,19,20 Sand In river 43//4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,16 bed 44//23,24,25 45//6,7,8,9,10,11,12 81//1,2 33. Madhepur 182 38 42//7,8,9,10,11,12 Sand In river 47//1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10 bed 48//2,3,4,6/1,6/2,7,8,9,10,11,12 ,13,14,15, 16,17,18,24/1,24/2,25 50//2,3,4,6,14,15 57//19,23

34. Mand 29 23 2//6 Sand In river Jhraundi 5//9,10,11,12, bed 6//6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, 7//7,8,9,10,12,13,14, 15 35. Dhulewal 247 120 1//25, Sand In river 2//22,23, bed 3//21,22,23,24,25 4//21, 5//1,4,7,8,9,10,11, 12,13,14,17, 18,19,20,21,22, 23,24 6//1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, 13, 14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21, 22,2324,25, 7//1,2,3,4/2,5/2,6,7,8,9,10,11, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,23, 24,25 8//5,6 9//3,4,5,6,7,8,14 10//1,2,3,4,5,6,7,23/2,24/2, 25/2 11//1,2,3,4,7,8, 13/2,14/2,14/3, 15/1,15/2, 16/2, 17/2,18/2,19/2,

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20/2,22/2 12//9,10,11/1, 11/2, 12/1,12/2, 13,16/1,18/1,18/2, 18/3,19/1,19/2, 19/3,20/2, 21/1, 22,23,24,25, 14//21, 15//9/1,9/3,10/3,12,13,24,25, 16//7/1,14/1,17,24 18//7/1,8/1,12,19 19//10,11,18/1,12 20//3,7,4,8,9,15/1 21//2/1,3/1,10/1 25//25 27//1,3,8,15 28//12,19,20,22 32//6, 34//14/1,15/2 36. Chakki 48 7 2//21, 22/1,22/2,23,24,25, Sand Outside (Samrala) 6//4,5 river bed

37. Patti Multani 181 10 33//2, 3/1, 7/2, 8, 9, 13, 14/1, Sand Outside (Jagraon) 17, 27, 3/2, 4, 5, 6, 7/1 river bed 37//6, 7

38. Bhaini Gahi 21 12.5 10//18, 19, 23/1 Sand Outside (East) 11//2, 3, 8, 9, 13, 12/2, 20/2, river bed 21/1/1, 21/1/2 12//16/1, 16/2, 17, 18, 19/1

39. Fatehgarh 93 50 11// 13, 16,17/1/1, 25, 12/2, Sand In river Gujran 13/1,14/1, 17/2, 18, 19, bed (West) 21, 22, 23, 24/1 14//12/1, 10/1/2, 10/2/2, 11/2, 14, 15/1, 15/2, 16, 17, 20/2, 21/1

15//1/1/1, 1/2, 2/1, 2/2, 3/1, 3/2, 4/1, 4/2,6/1, 6/2/1, 7/2/2, 8/1, 8/2, 9, 12/1, 12/2, 13, 18, 19/1, 19/2, 22, 23 16 // 3, 4/1, 4/2/2, 5/1, 7/1, 7/2, 8, 9/1, 9/2, 10, 11, 12/1, 12/2, 13, 14/1, 14/2,

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17/1/1, 17/1/2, 17/2/1, 17/2/2 17 // 6, 7, 14/1, 15, 16 24 //1, 2/1, 2/2/1, 2/2/2, 3 25 // 11/2, 12/1/1, 12/1/2, 12/2, 13, 17, 18/1, 23/2, 24/1 26 // 20/2, 21 27//1/2, 2/1, 2/2, 3/1, 3/2, 4, 6, 7/2, 11/1, 1/1, 11/2. 12/1, 12/2,16, 17, 18, 19, 20/1, 20/2, 21/1, 21/2, 22, 23/2, 24 28 // 16/1, 16/2, 16/3, 17/1, 25

32 // 1/2, 2, 3/2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12,14/2, 15, 16, 17/1,19 33 // 10, 20, 21 34 // 1/2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11/1, 11/2, 12, 13, 14

40. Bhukhri Kalan 184 13 4//11/1, 20/2, 21/1, 22/1, Sand Outside (East) 5//6/2, 6/3, 14, 15/1, 15/2, river bed 16, 24/2, 25, 17, 18, 23, 24/1 6//3, 4/1, 6/1 7//1, 2/1, 9/3,10

41. Talwandi 94 97-9 2//23/2, 24/1 Sand Kalan 9//4/1, 7/2, 14/2, 13/2, 17/2, 18/1 9//23/2, 24/1 9//2/1, 9/2,10/1,10/2,11/1,11/2,12/1 9//19/2, 20/1,20/2, 21/1,21/2 2//25/2, 9//5/2,6/1,15/2,16/1, 25/2 3//23/2 8//3/2, 8/1, 13/2, 18/1, 23/2 4//19/2, 22/1 7//1/2, 2/1, 9/2, 10/1, 11/2,

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12/1,19/2,20/1, 21/2, 22/1 9//21/0, 22/3, 23/3, 24/3, 25/3 8//21/3, 22/3, 23/3. 24/3 8//25/3 7//21/3, 22/3, 23/3, 24/3, 25/3 3//16/1,16/2,17/1,17/2,21/1,21/ 2, 22/1, 22/2, 23/1/, 23/3 3//24/1,24/2,25/1, 25/2 4//16/1, 16/2, 16/3, 17/1, 17/2 4//18/1, 18/2, 18/3, 19/1, 20/1 20/2, 21/1, 21/2 4//22/2, 23/1, 23/2, 23/3, 24/1, 24/2, 25/1, 25/2. 7//1/1, 2/2, 3/1, 8/3, 9/1, 10/2, 11/1, 12/2, 13/1, 13/2 7//18/3, 19/1, 20/2, 21/1, 22/2, 23/1 8//21/1, 21/2, 22/1, 22/2 8//23/1, 1/1, 1/2, 2/1, 2/2, 3/1, 8/2, 9/1, 9/2, 10/1, 10/2, 11/1, 11/2 8//12/1, 12/2, 13/1, 18/2, 19/1, 19/2, 20/1, 20/2, 4/1, 4/2, 5/1 8//5/2, 6/1, 6/2, 7/1, 7/2, 14/1, 14/2, 15/1, 15/2, 16/1, 16/2 8//17/1, 17/2, 24/1, 24/2, 25/2,25/1 2//22/2, 23/1 9//2/2,3,8,9/1, 12/2, 13/1, 8/2, 19/1 9//22/1, 22/2, 23/1 2//24/2, 25/1 9//4/2, 5/1, 6/2, 7/1, 14/2, 15/1, 16/2, 17/1 9//24/2, 25/1 5//20/1, 20/2, 21/1, 21/2 42. Nurpur Bet 123 20.82 7//12/2,3//9,12/1,8//14,8//17 sand 26//26,27,16,17,40//4/2,26,27 27//17,25//20,25//18,19,24,25 40//5,41//1,26//14,15,6,7, 19/1,4,5,kite 7 6//1,2,9,10,11,12,19,20, 41//2,7,8,14,15,26,27,kite 15 30//2,3,4,kitte 3,30//5, 7//19/2,8//6,7,kite 2 7//21,8//25,7//3/1,4,7,14,kite 4

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7//3/2,8,13,kite 3,7//17,18,kite 2 3//24,23,kite 2 43. Goindwal 115 8.8 23//11,12,13,14, 15 sand 10//16,17,18, 10//19 11//18,19,20, 10//20 11//16,17, 11//21,22,23, 24,25 44. Kuraike 116 9.72 6//19/2,21/2,22, 10//1/2,2/1 sand 6//17/3,18/2,23,24, 10//1/3,2/2, 3,8,9/1,9/2,10/1,10/4, 11/2,12/1, 13/1, 6//16/2,25, 7//19/3,20/2,21, 22/1, 9//1,2/1, 10//5, 10//13/2, 11//17/2,24, 12//4,6,7,14,15 13//10,11,16,17,18,19,20 14//19,20,21, 10//11/3 10//11/3,20/2, 21, 13//1 11//16/2,17/2, 24,25, 12//4,5 5//25, 10//10/3,11/1, 20/1 11//4,5,6/1,6/2,15,16/1,17/1 10//12/2,19,22, 13//2,9,12 7//8/2,9/2,12/2,13,18,19/1 7//22/2,23/1, 9//2/2,3/1,8/2, 9/1, 12/2,13/1, 9//13/2,14/2, 15/2,16,17/1, 17/2,18/1,18/2, 23,24, 14//3, 7//24/2,25/2 7//16/2,17/2, 24/1,25/1 9//4,5,6/1,7/1 6//6/2,7/2,14/2,15,16/1,17/1 7//8/3,10/2,11, 12/1,19/2,20/1 7//1,2,3,8/1,9/1, 10/1 6//12,13,14/1, 17/2,18/1,19/1 7//14,15/1,16/1,17/1 6//8, 7//23/2, 9//3/2, 8/1 ,13/2 ,6/2,7/2,14/1,15/1 6//21/1, 10//1/1,10/2, 9//9/2,10 9//9/2,10,11/1, 11/2,12/1,19/1, 19/2,20,21,22, 14//1,2,9,10,11,12 10//4,6,7,13/7, 14/1,14/2,15/1, 15/2,16,17,18, 23,24,25, 13//3,4,5,6,7,8,13,14, 15 9//10,11/1,11/2,20,21,

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10//6,15/1,15/2, 16,25, 13//,5,6,15, 1 4//1,10,11, 11//5,7,14 45. Kharrak 120 134.0 71//16, 17/1,25 Sand Outside 71//12, 13/1, 18, 19 river bed 70//19,20,21,22,23,24 72//2,3,4,5/1, 6,7

46. Garri Sheru 290 8.0 8//6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16 Sand 9//16,17

47. Kumbkalan 195 14.00 24//21, Sand Outside 25//25, river bed 29//3, 4, 5, 6/1, 7/2, 8/1, 9/2, 30//1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6/1, 7/2, 8/1, 9/2, 10/1 48. Khasi Kalan 183 9.52 18//24/2, 25/2, Sand Outside 19//21/2, river bed 29//1, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20, 30//4, 5, 6, 15, 16 49. Parjian 181 91.43 24//23, 24, 25 Sand In river Biharipur 31//8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, bed 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25 32//1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,24, 25 33//4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25 34//22, 23 35//1, 2 36//19, 22 37//1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23,24, 25 50. Bagiyan 177 16.19 30//7, 8, 9, 10, Sand In river 29//4/2/2, 6, 15, 16, bed 30//25, 45//16/1, 16/2, 19, 22, 23, 45//18, 29//1, 10, 11

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