Trainingsmethoden Mädchenschach

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Trainingsmethoden Mädchenschach Besonderheiten im Training mit Mädchen Konzentrationsfähigkeit • Die kindliche Konzentrationsphase hält im Durchschnitt nur etwa doppelt so viele Minuten an, wie das Kindesalter in Jahren zählt. Alter in Jahren Dauer der Konzentration 5 bis 7 Bis 15 Minuten 7 bis 10 Bis 20 Minuten 10 bis 12 Bis 25 Minuten 12 bis 16 Bis 30 Minuten Konzentrationsfähigkeit 1. Für ausreichende Frischluftzufuhr sorgen 2. Sich bewegen 3. Akustische Umweltreize ausschalten 4. Visuelle Umweltreize ausschalten 5. Geeigneten Arbeitsplatz schaffen 6. Auf Pausen achten Trainingsumfeld • Klima im Verein • Bezugsperson und Trainer • Spiellokal • Material • Außerschachliche Angebote „Optimale“ Trainingsgruppe • Etwa vier Mädchen • Alle haben die gleiche Spielstärke • Alle sind etwa gleich alt • Alle verstehen sich untereinander Wirklichkeit in den meisten Vereinen • Einzelne Mädchen unter vielen Jungs • Große Altersunterschiede • Große Spielstärkeunterschiede • Jungs halten sich für stärker als die Mädchen Bei gemischten Trainingsgruppen sollte man auf Folgendes achten: • Jungs nicht dauernd die (vermeintliche) Lösung herausschreien lassen. • Mädchenfeindliche Bemerkungen strikt unterbinden. • Bemerkungen wie z.B. „Mädchenzüge“ und „männliche Züge“ vermeiden. • Gegebenenfalls Mädchen besonders zur Mitarbeit animieren. • Hausaufgaben machen Mädchen häufiger als Jungs. Training für Mädchen mit unterschiedlicher Spielstärke • Übungshefte mit unterschiedlichem Schwierigkeitsgrad • Mädchen machen die Hefte meist sehr gern – sie haben Erfolg ohne verlieren zu können • Bessere Mädchen helfen den schwächeren. • Training mit Einzelnen - die Anderen arbeiten im Heft. Besondere Ideen fürs Mädchentraining • Trainings-Wochenende mit Übernachtung, stärkt das Gruppengefühl. • Viele Pausen zum Quatschen und Gesellschaftsspiele machen usw. • Gemeinsamer Turnierbesuch. Vorbilder schaffen Die Weltmeisterinnen • Vera Menchik 1927–1944 Tschechoslowakei / Großbritannien • Ljudmila Rudenko 1950–1953 Sowjetunion • Elisaveta Bykova 1953–1956 Sowjetunion • Olga Rubtsova 1956–1958 Sowjetunion • Elisaveta Bykova 1958–1962 Sowjetunion • Nona Gaprindaschwili 1962–1978 Sowjetunion • Maia Chiburdanize 1978–1991 Sowjetunion • Xie Jun 1991–1996 China • Zsuzsa Polgar 1996–1999 Ungarn • Xie Jun 1999–2001 China • Zhu Chen 2001–2004 China • Antoaneta Stefanowa 2004–2006 Bulgarien • Xu Yuhua 2006-2008 China • Alexandra Kostenjuk 2008-2010 Russland • Hou Yifan seit 2010 China Die Weltmeisterinnen Mögliche Aufgabenstellung • Jedes Mädchen sucht sich eine Weltmeisterin heraus. Zuhause wird versucht, möglichst viel über die Spielerin heraus zu finden (Lebenslauf und Partien). Beim nächsten Training stellen die Mädchen „ihre Weltmeisterin“ vor. • Hat man im Spiellokal Internet und Chessbase, können die Mädchen auch zusammen nach den Weltmeisterinnen suchen. • Gemeinsames Nachspielen von Partien. Vorbilder schaffen Die Polgar Schwestern • Zsuzsa Polgar (Ungarn) geb. 1969, • gewinnt mit 4 Jahren die Budapester Mädchenmeisterschaft U 11, • ihre ELO-Zahl ist mit 16 Jahren höher als die von Karpow im gleichen Alter. • Mit 17 Jahren hat sie die höchste Ratingzahl ihrer Altersklasse • 1991 ist sie die erste Frau, die einen Herren- Großmeistertitel erhält. • 1988 gewinnt sie mit ihren Schwestern die Olympiade für Ungarn. • Sie bezwingt Karpow und andere Top-Großmeister. Vorbilder schaffen Die Polgar Schwestern • Zsofia Polgar (Ungarn) geb. 1974, • gewinnt im Alter von 14 Jahren in Rom ein Turnier mit 8,5 aus 9 vor mehreren Großmeistern. • 1988 gewinnt sie mit ihren Schwestern die Olympiade für Ungarn. • 1994 wurde sie Vizeweltmeister U 20. Vorbilder schaffen Die Polgar Schwestern • Judit Polgar (Ungarn) geb. 1976 • gewinnt mit 11 Jahren ein Kategorie 7-Turnier und erhält im selben Alter den IM-Titel. • 1988 gewinnt sie mit ihren Schwestern die Olympiade für Ungarn. • Mit 14 gewinnt sie die U 14-Weltmeisterschaft im selben Alter hält sie die beste Frauenratingzahl der Welt. • Mit 15 Jahren und 4 Monaten wird sie 1991 Großmeister und unterbietet damit den Rekord von Bobby Fischer. • 1997 gewinnt sie ein Kategorie 17-Turnier, das stärkste Turnier, das je eine Frau gewann. • Sie ist die erste Frau die gegen Kasparow, dem zu der Zeit Führenden der Weltrangliste, gewinnt. • Anfang 2003 überschritt ihre ELO-Zahl erstmals 2700, damit gilt man als Super-Großmeister. Vorbilder schaffen • Pia Cramling (Schweden) geb. 1963: • konkurriert ausschließlich mit Herren, • 1991 erhält sie den Herren- Großmeistertitel, • sie besiegte u.a. Spasski, Smyslow, Kortschnoi Vorbilder aus Deutschland • Elisabeth Pähtz geb.1985: Weltmeisterin U 18 im Jahr 2003 • Sarah Hoolt geb. 1988 • Melanie Ohme geb. 1990 • Judith Fuchs geb. 1990 • Ekatarina Jussupow geb. 1991 • Anna Endress geb. 1993 • Hanna Marie Klek geb. 1995 Taktisches Schachtraining • Viel Kombinationstraining • Königsangriff • Nachspielen und analysieren von Opferpartien, z. B. von Paul Morphy • Lernen von Gambiteröffnungen • Eröffnungsfallen Motivation durch den Trainer • Lob und Anerkennung • Individuelle Gespräche mit den Kindern • Erfolgserlebnisse vermitteln • Leistungsanreize schaffen • Delegation von kleinen Aufgaben Motivation durch Gestaltung • Methodenvielfalt • Rätsel- und Ratespiele • Freizeitveranstaltungen • Wettkampf- Vergleichsturniere- Simultan Psychologische Vorbereitung auf Partien und Turniere • Da Mädchen häufig nicht aggressiv spielen und ihnen die Freundschaft oft wichtiger ist als der Sieg, ist es sinnvoll, vor Turnieren ein „psychologisches Training“ zu machen. • Wichtige Aspekte dabei sind Stärkung des Selbstbewusstseins und des Siegeswillens. • Hilfreich ist z.B. das Lösen leichterer Taktikaufgaben (schafft Erfolgserlebnisse) oder das Nachspielen früherer eigener „Glanzpartien“. • Auch eine versprochene Belohnung bzw. Lob für ein bestimmtes Ergebnis (oder schon für ausgekämpfte Partien etc.) kann ein Anreiz sein. Psychologische Vorbereitung auf Partien und Turniere • Eröffnungsvorbereitung • Bei nominell stärkeren Gegner sollte man versuchen, den Mädchen die Angst vor der Partie zu nehmen. Ansatzpunkte dafür sind z.B.: – Nur der Stärkere kann verlieren – Keiner gewinnt immer – Partien des Gegners nachspielen und bewusst nach dessen Schwächen suchen. Methodenkoffer Einige für Mädchen besonders geeignete Trainingsmöglichkeiten: • Memory • Lernkonzert • Lückenpartie • Schreibkonferenz • Lesezeichen basteln • Schachwürfel Mädchenschach in der Schule und im Kindergarten • Im Kindergarten mit Schach anfangen. • In der Schule mit der ersten Klasse anfangen. • Schulschachmannschaftsmeisterschaften nur für Mädchen. Literaturauswahl • Euroschach Dresden: Zeitschrift „Jugendschach“ • Cor van Wijgerden u.a.: Stappenmethode • Goldschmidt/Sohrabi: Brackeler Schachlehrgang • Jennifer Shahade: Play Like a Girl! • Barbara Hund: Mein Weg zum Erfolg • Regina Grünberg/Gerd Treppner: Frauen am Schachbrett • Elmar Hennlein: Die Schach-Weltmeisterschaft der Frauen. • Kurt Richter: Schachmatt / Kombinationen / Einfälle und Reinfälle • Karl Colditz: Schachkombinationen • Volkhard Igney: Erfolgreich kombinieren / Taktik gewinnt! • Murray Chandler: Erfolg im Schach • John Nunn: Taktische Schachendspiele / Einführung in die Schachtaktik • Klaus Trautmann: Eine Reise über das Schachbrett • Renaud/Kahn: Der erfolgreiche Mattangriff • Vladimir Vukovic: Der Rochade-Angriff • Deutsche Schachjugend: Schach mal anders • Markus Spindler: Schachlehrbuch für Kinder • Chessys Schachschule • Methodenkoffer der Deutschen Schachjugend • Mädchenschachbroschüre der DSJ • Mädchenschachseite der DSJ ( www.deutsche-schachjugend.de/maedchen.html ) .
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