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Home , Alexander Chernin, Alexander Grischuk, Alexander Morozevich, Anthony Saidy, Artashes Minasian, Arthur Dake

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Interactive E-Magazine Volume 2 • Issue 6 November/December 2011

Other Occupations of Famous Chess Players Chess Clocks & Timers Simultaneous and Blindfold Displays

C Seraphim Press White Review Chess E-Magazine

Table of Contents

contents EDITORIAL- “My Move” 3

4 FEATURE- Russian Chess INTERACTIVE CONTENT BIOGRAPHY- Pal Benko 12

ARTICLE- Chess Progam 4. 14 ______• Click on title in Table of Contents ARTICLE- Chess Clocks 16 to move directly to Time Honored Tradition page.

• Click on “White FEATURE-Occupations of Famous Players 18 Knight Review” on the top of each page to return to ARTICLE- Math and Chess 22 Table of Contents. • Click on red type to 23 continue to next ARTICLE- News Around the World page 24 • Click on ads to go FEATURE- Simultaneous/Blindfold Displays to their websites • Click on email to ARTICLE - Pandolfini’s Advice 27 open up email program BOOK REVIEW-Karpov’s Strategic Wins 1 • Click up URLs to 1961-1985- The Making of a Champion 28 go to websites. by Tibor Karolyi

ANNOTATED -Hampyuk - 29 Anatoluy Karpov

COMMENTARY- “Ask Bill” 31

November/December 2011 White Knight Review November/December2011

My Move [email protected] editorial -Jerry Wall Well it has been over a year now since we started this publication. It is not easy putting together a 32 page magazine on chess every couple of months but it certainly has been rewarding (maybe not so White Knight much financially but then that really never was the goal). Review We wanted to put together a different kind of Chess E-Magazine chess publication that wasn’t just diagrams, problems, analytical moves and such. We wanted to talk about Chess’s rich history, human interest Executive Editor/Writer stories, current news and some of its colorful Bill Wall players and characters. We have had articles from [email protected] chess apps for the iPhone and iPad to chess convicts, crooks, spies and the seedy side of life. We have explored chess computers and chess Publisher /Editor/ Creative game variations, street chess, tournament chess, Director and even prison chess. Gerald Wall This coming year we hope to develop even [email protected] more exciting stories and articles about chess. Many of Bill Wall’s articles can also be found at chess.com. Production/ Marketing This month we look at the rich Steve Wall in the . Chess has always been a huge [email protected] part of the Russian culture and some of the top Chess masters and grandmasters have come from . For Subscription To me, one of my favorite articles is the [email protected] Occupations and distinctions of famous Chess Players. It is interesting to see the wide background of many great players. So Enjoy and For Advertising Rates thank you for your support. [email protected] Jerry Wall Editor

© Copyright 2011 All Rights Reserved. Let us know what you think of the magazine. Perhaps you have Unauthorized reproduction, some suggestions for future articles or have other comments. in any manner is prohibited Let us know and drop me a line at: without expressed permission [email protected] from the Author or Editor.

www.offthewallchess.com

3 White Knight Review November/December 2011 Feature

hess was probably introduced player, chess In 1821, the first Russian chess book in Russia in the 9th century AD composer, was published by Ivan Butrimov (1782- through the Caspian-Volga trade and chess 1851). Croute. At the time, there was a Volga writer. He trade route to Baghdad. was the In 1824, Alexander Petrov wrote A In the 10th century, chess reached author of the Systemized Game of Chess together Russia from Byzantium and from the first chess with the of Philidor and a Vikings. handbook Commentary on them. It was the Around 1262, the Russian word for in Russian, first classical book about chess in chess, “shakhmatny”, was introduced. Shakmatnaya Russian. The book was published in St. igra, Alexander Dmitrievich Petrov Petersburg. In 1551, Ivan IV “the Terrible” published (1530-1584) banned chess in Russia. in St. In 1827, Prince Sergey Urusov was Petersburg in 1824. He died in 1867. born in Russia.. He became a Major In 1584, Ivan was preparing to play General in the Russian Army. The a game of chess with Bogdan Belsky, In 1813, Carl Friedrich Andreyevich Urusov (1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Nf6 3.d4) when he fainted suddenly and died of a Jaenisch (YAY-nish) was born in is named after him. He died in 1897 stroke. Vyborg, Russia. He was an Major in the Russian army. In the 1840s, he In 1838, Jaenisch was a major in In 1791, the first chess book was was among the top chess players of the the Russian army. He started writing a published in Russia. It was a translation world. His work on chess openings book on chess openings. of Benjamin Franklin’s Morals of Chess is regarded as the birth of modern and published in St. Petersburg. The openings theory. He died in 1872. In 1840, Jaenisch left the Russian title was Pravila dlia Shashechnoi Igry army to concentrate full time in writing (Rules for the Game of Chess). In 1819, Ilya Shumov was born. He a book on chess openings. was one of the first serious Russian In 1794, Alexander Dmitrievich chess players. In 1867, he published the In 1842, Jaenisch published Analyse Petrov was born in Viserovo, Russia. He first book on chess compositions. He Nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des became the first strong Russian chess died in 1881. Echecs (A New Analysis of Chess

4 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011

Openings). Volume one was published police. Schiffers and Alexander Solovtsov tied in in French. In 1843, volume for 3rd-4th. They were followed by two was published in St. Petersburg. In 1866, the first chess match Nikolai Petrovsky, Andrey Asharin, between masters in was Vladimir Lizel, N. Nerling, and Evgeny In 1844, the played. Sergey Urusov defeated Philipp Von Schmidt. first chess match Hirschfeld (1840-1896) in a match with between two two wins, two draws, and one loss. In 1879, Chigorin defeated masters in Russia Shiffers in a match for the Russian was held. Carl In 1867, Ilya Shumov published the championship. Chigorin won with 7 Jaenisch played first book in the world about chess wins, 4 losses, and 2 draws. Alexander Petrov. compositions. It was published in St. They each won one Petersburg. In 1880, Chigorin organized the first game each. in Russia. The club was in St. In 1873, Chigorin was hustling chess Petersburg. Carl Jaenisch at the Cafe Dominika in St. Petersburg. In 1881, Chigorin defeated Alapin In 1849, Jaenisch defeated Ilya In 1874, Emmanuel Schiffers in a match with two wins and one loss, Shumov with two wins and one loss. defeated Andrey Chardin in a match held in St. Petersburg. The match was held in St. Petersburg. with 5 wins and 4 losses. The match was held in St. Petersburg. Schiffers was In 1885, Nikolai Krylenko was born. In 1850, Shumov defeated Jaenisch considered the Russian champion until He died in 1938. He was a Russian in a match with two wins and a loss. his student, , defeated revolutionary and Soviet jurist. The match was held in St. Petersburg. him in a match in 1879. In 1886, St. Petersburg defeated In 1850, Emmanuel Stepanovich In 1875, Szymon Winawer defeated in a telegraph match. Schiffers was born in St. Petersburg, Ilya Shumov in a match with 5 wins and Russia. He was the Russian chess 2 losses, in St. Petersburg. In 1886, Chigorin tried to establish champion for 10 years. Schiffers was a national chess organization in Russia, known as “Russia’s Chess Teacher.” He In 1875, Chigorin gave up his but the government barred even died in 1904. government post as a clerk in a state distributing leaflets about the proposed institution to be a full time chessplayer. association. In 1850, Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin was born in Gatchina, Russia. He was In September, 1876, Chigorin In 1889, Schiffers was the first the first public chess worker, organizer, published a called Russian to lecture on chess. and journalist in Russia. Shakhmatny Listok (Chess Newsletter). It had only 250 subscribers. In 1889, Chigorin lost to Steinitz in In 1851, Shumov defeated Jaenisch in a world championship match, held in a match with two wins. In 1876, Russia Havana. held its first master In 1853, Petrov defeated Sergey , In 1891, Chigorin defeated William Urusov in a match with 3 wins and in St. Petersburg. Steinitz with two wins in a telegraph a . The match was held in St. The winner was match. Petersburg. Later that year, Urusov Andrey Asharin, defeated Shumov in a match with 4 wins followed by Mikhail In 1892, was and 3 losses. Chigorin, Emmanuel born in Moscow. Schiffers, Hermann In 1854, the charter of the Clemenz, and Mikhail Chigorin In October-November 1893, Petersburg Society of Chess Amateurs Semyon Alapin. Mikhail Chigorin and Siegbert was created. Members included Tarrasch tied in a match with 11 points Shumov, Urusov, and Viktor Mikhailov. In October-November 1877, each, held in St. Petersburg. a chess tournament was held in St. In 1859, Russia’s first Russian chess Petersburg. The winner was Chigorin, In 1895, there was only one chess magazine, Shakhmatny Listok, (Chess followed by Schiffers, Asharin, periodical in Russia, Shakmanty Newsletter) was published. It lasted Clemenz, and Alapin. Bulletin. until 1863. The editor was Viktor Mikhailov. In March 1878, Chigorin defeated In 1895, Chigorin defeated Schiffers Schiffers in a match with 7 wins and 3 in a match with 7 wins, 3 draws, and 3 In 1862, Ignatz Kolisch defeated losses, held in St. Petersburg. Later that losses, held in St. Petersburg. Ilya Shumov in a match with 6 wins year, Schiffers defeated Chigorin with 7 and 2 losses. The match was held in St. wins, 1 draw, and 6 losses. In 1895, Chigorin finished second, Petersburg. That same year, Kolisch behind Pillsbury, at Hastings. drew with Sergey Urusov with 2 wins In January 1879, the Best and 2 losses. Russian Players tournament was held In December 1895-January in St. Petersburg. Semyon Alapin and 1896, the first international In 1862, the St. Petersburg Chess Mikhail Chigorin tied for 1st place, tournament in Russia was held. The Club was disbanded by the Russian with Chigorin winning the play-off. winner was , followed 5 Continue White Knight Review November/December 2011 by William Steinitz, Harry Pillsbury, In 1901, Chigorin won the 2nd In 1913, Alexei Alekhine was and Mikhail Chigorin. The event was Russian championship. editor of Shakhmatny Vyestnik chess held in St. Petersburg. magazine. He remained editor until In 1902, Shakhmatny Obozrenei was 1916. In March-April 1896, Steinitz the only chess magazine in Russia. defeated Schiffers in a match with 6 In 1914, Alekhine and Nimzovich wins, 1 draw, and 4 losses. The event In 1903, Chigorin won the 3rd tied for 1st at the All russian Masters was held in Rostov on Don. Russian championship, followed by Tournament in St. Petersburg. . Nov 1896 to January 1897, In April, 1914, the first Russian the 6th World In 1906, Self Teacher by Emmanuel chess federation was formed. It had 865 Championship Schiffers was published. members. It was called the All-Russia was held in Chess Union (later All-Russia Chess Moscow. Emanuel In 1908, Alexander Alekhine Society), formed at the St. Petersburg Lasker defeated won the Moscow Chess Club Spring Chess Assembly. William Steinitz Tournament. with 10 wins, In April-May, 1914, an 5 draws, and 2 In January, 1909, Alekhine won international tournament was held in losses. the Moscow St. Petersburg. It was won by Emanuel Chess Club Lasker, followed by Capablanca, Emanuel Lasker Autumn Alekhine, Tarrasch, and Marshall. Tournament Czar Nicholas II conferred the title In April 1897, Chigorin defeated for first class “ of Chess” to these Schiffers in a match with 7 wins, players. This top five players. Lasker was paid an 6 draws, and 1 loss, held in St. gained him appearance fee, the first time that had Petersburg. the right to ever been done for a chessplayer. play in the St. In September-October Petersburg On August 1, 1914, World 1899, the first All-Russian chess All Russian War I broke out. The Russian players championship was held in Moscow. Amateur participating in the 19th German Chess Aexander Alekhine There were 14 players. Chigorin was Tournament. Federation Congress in Mannheim were the winner, followed by Schiffers, taken to Rastatt, as prisoners Levitsky, Lebedev, Yankovitch, Gelbak, In February, 1909, Alekhine of war. Nenarokov, Genika, Kulomzin, Abaza, became a master after playing in the Boairkov, Falk, Kalinsky, and Pervago. All Russian Amateur Tournament in After broke out A minor section was held with 14 St. Petersburg. He won the event. First in 1914, it was decided to change players. That section was won by Sergey prize was a vase valued at 650 rubles, the name of the Russian capital from Simson. donated by the Czar of Russia. St. Petersburg to Petrograd. The old name sounded too German for the In 1899, Chigorin lost to Steinitz in a In 1909, the International Chess contemporary Russians. It kept that world championship match, in Havana. Congress in St. Petersburg has held. name until 1924.

In 1911, the first Moscow-Petrograd In December, 1915, Alekhine match was held, and won by Petrograd, won the Championship of Moscow. with the score of 6-3. They won again in 1912. In 1915 and 1916, Alexander Alekhine served in the Russian Red On August 17, 1911, Mikhail Cross on the Austrian front as head of Botvinnik was born in Kuokkala (nopw the mobile dressing station. Repino), Russia. In February, 1917, a revolution In 1912, Alekhine was the strongest chigorin‑steinitz‑poster broke out in Russia and Czar Nicholas player in the St. Petersburg Chess II abdicated. Society. He was offered the position as In 1900, a tournament was held in games editor of the chess column in In 1917, Alekhine was an investigator St. Petersburg with 10 players. Mikhail Novoe Vremya. in Moscow for Centrorosysk, a Chigorin and Alexander Levin tied for government agency that located first place. In 1912, Feodor Bogatirchuk took relatives who had disappeared during 2nd in the Russian championship. the Russian Revolution and Civil War. In 1900, the Kiev championship was won by Fyodor Duz-Khotimirsky. In August-September, 1912, In November, 1917, Trotsky the All Russian Masters Tournament promoted Krylenko from ensign to In 1900, Vladimir Nenarokov (1880- was held in Vilna. The event was won commander in chief of the Russian 1953) won the Moscow championship. by Rubinstein, followed by Bernstein, forces. He won it again in 108 and 1924. Levitsky, Nimzovich, and Flamberg.

6 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011

In November, 1917, after the In May 1920, the first post- On October 29, 1922, Grigoriev Boleshevik Revolution, chess was Revolution chess club was opened in began a chess column in Isvestia. officially discouraged in Russia as Moscow. a “decadent bourgeois pastime.” In 1922, the USSR was founded. Virtually all organized chess activities In 1920, Alexander Alekhine won and chess clubs ended in Russia. the first Soviet Chess Championship In July, 1923, the All-Russia Chess in Moscow. The event was called Union was recreated with 32 groups In 1918, the Civil War broke out, the All-Russian , and 1,159 players. It organized the which lasted until 1921. and it began on October 1, 1920. second Soviet Championship, held Only 16 of the 30 players invited to in Petrograd. The winner was Peter In 1918, Ossip Bernstein was the tournament showed up. After Romanovsky, followed by Levenfish, arrested in Odessa by the Bohatyrchuk, Duz- Cheka and ordered shot by a Khotimirsky, Nenarokov, firing squad because he was A. Kubbel, Ilyin-Genevsky, a legal advisor to bankers. A After the Boleshevik Revolution, chess I. Rabinovich, Grigoriev, superior officer recognized was officially discouraged in Russia as a Zubarev, Vilner, Vygodchikov, him as a chess master and and Lebedev. Romanovsky released him. “decadent bourgeois pastime.” became the nation’s first Honored Master of Sport in In June, 1919, Alekhine chess. was arrested by the Cheka and Alekhine, there followed Romanovsky, imprisoned in Odessa. He was charged Levenfish, I. Rabinovich, Grigoriev, A. In 1923, Vladimir and Mikhail with anti-Soviet activity and passing Kubbel, A. Rabinovich, Blumenfeld, Makogonov tied for 1st in the first Baku on secret information. He was ordered Daniuszewski, Ilyin-Genevsky, championship. They were brothers. shot, but saved by Yakov Vilner, who Zubarev, N. Pavlov, Tselikov, Mund, D. sent a telegram to the chairman of Pavlov, and Golubev. In 1924, Petrograd changed its name the Ukrainian Council of People’s to Leningrad. Commissars. The chairman knew of In 1920, the All-Union Chess Alekhine and ordered him freed. Congress (Syezhd) was formed. In 1924, Nikolai Krylenko (1885- 1938), commander in chief of the In July In 1920, Alekhine served as Russian forces, was appointed 1919, Nikolai interpreter for the Comintern chairman of the chess section of the Grigoriev (Communist International) and was All-Union Committee on Physical defeated appointed secretary to the Education Culture. Alexander Department. Ilyin-Genevsky In 1924, the first All-Union Workers with 5 wins and In 1920, Ilya Rabinovich won the chess competition was held. The winner no losses in a Petrograd chess championship. was I. Friedberg of Kharkov. match held in Moscow. In 1921, Iosif Tsukerman won the In 1924, the first Red Army Chess Nikolai Grigoriev Moscow chess championship. championship took place. In January, 1920, In 1921, the Petrograd Commune In 1924, Yakov Vilner won the Alekhine won the Moscow City Chess Chess Club published a chess-only championship of the . Championship with a perfect 11 out publication, called Listok (Leaflet). It of 11 score. He was followed by N. had a circulation of 200 to 500. It was In 1924, the Byelorussian Grekov, who had 8.5 out of 11. Grekov later replaced by Shakhmatny Listok, Championship was won by Solomon was declared the first Moscow Chess the first sports publication in Soviet Rozental. Champion because Alekhine was not a Russia. resident of Moscow. In August, 1924, the third Soviet On March 15, 1921, Alekhine Championship was held in Moscow. The In early 1920, Ilyin-Genevsky married a foreign Communist delegate, winner was Efim Bogoljubow, followed was appointed commissar of the Anneleise Ruegg (1879-1934) of by Romanovksy. General Reservists’ Organization Switzerland, and left Russia for good. (VSEVOBUCH). Ilyin-Genevsky In 1924, there were 24,000 registered suggested that an All-Russian Chess In 1922, Grigoriev won the Moscow chess players in Russia. Olympiad be held in Moscow. This championship. turned out to be the first Soviet Chess In February, 1925, a Central Championship. In 1922, Nikolai Grekov started Chess Club was opened in Leningrad. publishing the chess magazine In 1920, Ilyin-Genevsky started Shakhmatny. In 1925, Nikolai Krylenko used the first Russian chess column, which funds from the New Economic was written in the VSEVOBUCH In August 1922, Moscow Policy (NEP) to hold the Moscow newspaper, To the New Army. beat Petrograd in a match, held in International tournament. Petrograd.

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In 1925, the All-Union Chess Section In 1925, Alexander Sergeyev won the In November, 1931, Botvinnik was formed with Krylenko as its chairman. Moscow Championship. won the 7th Soviet Championship, held A new chess publication, 64, was created. in Moscow. He was followed by Riumin, In 1926, Bohatirchuk wrote the first Alatortsev, Bohatyrchuk, Verlinsky, chess book in Ukrainian. Udovich, and Kan. There were 18 players. In 1926, Leningrad sponsored a chess tournament that had 1,300 In September, players in the event. 1933, Botvinnik In December, 1926, Bogoljubov won the 8th Soviet defected from the USSR. Championship, held in Leningrad. In 1925, the title of Soviet master In October, 1927, Feodor He was followed (master of sport of the USSR) was by Alatortsev, created. Bohatirchuk and Pyotr Romanovksy tied for 1st in the 5th Soviet (fist USSR Levenfish, Lisityn, I. Rabinovich, In August-September, 1925, championship) championship, held in Moscow. They were followed by Duz- Rauzer, Chekover, the fourth Soviet Championship was Bohatyrchuk, and held in Leningrad. The winner was Khotimirsky, Model, Botvinnik, V. Makogonov, Nenarokov, Grigoriev, and Kan. There were 20 Bogoljubov, followed by Levenfish, players. I. Rabinovich, Verlinksy, Duz- Ilyin-Genevsky. There were 21 players in the event. Khotimirsky, Gotthilf, Ilyin-Genevsky, In December, 1933, Botvinnik Romanovsky, A. Rabonivich. There In October, 1927, Olga Rubtsova and Flohr drew a match that was held in were 20 players. The tournament was Moscow and Leningrad. held in the House of Scientists in won the first Soviet Women’s Championship. Leningrad. In 1934, there were over 500,000 registered chess players in Russia. In 1925, Ilya Rabinovich became the In 1927, Alexander Ilya-Genevsky first Soviet player to compete outside won the All-Union Workers tournament. In 1934, the title of “Master of Sports the USSR. He played at Baden-Baden, in Chess Composition” was created. Germany and took 7th place. Baden- the title of “Soviet Baden was the first international In 1927, Grandmaster” was created. In 1934, Anfir Shlopak won the first tournament held in Germany since Soviet Championship. World War I. The event was won by In 1927, the first original book in Alekhine. the Russian language devoted to the In January, 1935, Levenfish and endgame was published, by Rabinovich. Ilya Rabinovich tied for the 9th Soviet In 1925, Irina Tikhomirova won the Championship, held in Leningrad. Soviet women’s championship. In 1928, there were 140,000 registered chess players in Russia. In March, 1935, Botvinnik In 1925, the Soviets were invited and Flohr won the Second Moscow to join FIDE, but refused because In 1928, the Moscow Championship International. Following them were they could not be part of a politically was won by Verlinksy, followed by Lasker, Capablanca, Spielmann, neutral organization. Nenarokov, Bernstein, and Sergeyev. Kan, Levenfish, Lilienthal, Ragozin, Romanovsky, Alatortsev, Goglidze,

In November-December, In 1928, Pyotr Izmailov won the I. Rabinovich, Riumin, Lisitsyn, 1925, the world’s first state- first Russian Federation championship. Bohatyrchuk, Stahlberg, Pirc, sponsored chess tournament was held Checkhover, and Menchik. in Moscow. Over 50,000 spectators In 1929, the Moscow Championship visited the tournament. The event was won by Panov. In 1935, the title of “Soviet was won by Bogoljubov, followed by Grandmaster” was re-created and given Lasker, Capablanca, Marshall, Torre, In 1929, Boris Verlinsky won the to Mikhail Botvinnik. Tartakower, Reti, Romanovsky, 6th Soviet Championship, held in Gruenfeld, Ilyin-Genevsky, Odessa, and became the first “Soviet In July, 1935, 64 chess and checkers Bohatyrchuk, Rubinstein, Spielmann, Grandmaster.” newspaper began its publication. Its Verlinsky, Levenfish, I. Rabinovich, circulation was 20,000. Yates, Gotthilf, Saemisch, Duz- In 1929, there were 150,000 Khotimirsky, and Zubarev. registered chess players. In 1935, the trade union championship in Russia had 700,000 In 1925, the movie Chess Fever In 1931, Genrikh Kasparyan won players participating. was made during the Moscow the Tblisi championship and became International. It was the first film to the first Armenian master. In 1935, Riumin won the Moscow deal exclusively with chess. It was a film Championship. comedy and it featured Capablanca and In 1931, the title of “Soviet some of the other participants in the Grandmaster” was abolished. In June, 1936, Capablanca won Moscow tournament. the Third Moscow International. He

8 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011 was followed by Botvinnik, Flohr, In 1941, there were just over 50 chess In May, 1948, Botvinnik won Lilienthal, Ragozin, Lasker, Kan, masters in the Soviet Union. the World Championship Match- Levenfish, Riumin, and Eliskases. Tournament, held at The Hague and in In June, 1941, Germany Moscow. He was followed by Smyslov, In 1936, Raul Renter won the second attacked the Soviet Union, ending Keres, Reshevsky, and Euwe. Soviet Junior Championship. the preliminaries of the 13th Soviet Championship. In 1948, Elizabeth Bykova became In 1936, over 10,000 women the first Soviet woman to achieve a players took part in the eliminating In January, 1942, Isaak Maisel master’s rating. sections of the Russian Women’s chess won the Moscow Championship, championship. followed by Petrov, Panov, and In August, 1948, Alatortsev. There were 8 players. Maisel won the first , held in On January 30, 1937, Boris died a year later fighting against the Saltjobaden. He survived an assassin’s Spassky was born. He was the youngest Germans. attack. First place was $550. first category player at 10, the youngest candidate master at 13, the youngest In 1943, Botvinnik won the Mosocw In November, 1948, the Soviets master at 15, and then, the world’s Championship. He was followed by issued its first chess stamp, which youngest grandmaster. Smyslov, Alatortsev, Lisitsyn, Udovich, marked the Averbakh, Mikenas, Simagin, and match. In May, 1937, Levenfish won Tolush. There were 17 players. Smyslov the 10th Soviet Championship, got the title of Moscow Champion In 1948, held in . He was followed by becuase Botvinnik lived in Leningrad. Bronstein and Konstantinopolsky, Ragozin, V. Kotov won the Makogonuv, Belavenets, Goglidze, In June, 1944, Botvinnik won the 16th Soviet Lisitsyn, and Rauzer. There were 20 13th Soviet Championship, held in Championship. players. Moscow. He was followed by Smyslov, Boleslavsky, Flohr, V. Makogonov, and In 1949, In 1938, won the Mikenas. There were 17 players. Bronstein and third Soviet Junior Championship. Smyslov won the In 1945, Botvinnik won the 14th 17th Soviet Championship. In 1938, Smyslov and Sergei Soviet Championship. Belavenets tied for 1st in the Moscow In 1949, the USSR began its first championship. They were followed by In September, 1945, the U.S.- championship. It Lilienthal, Vaksberg, Yeltsov, Panov, USSR Radio Match was held. The was won in 1951 by Konstantinopolsky. and Udovich. There were 18 players. Soviets won 15.5 to 4.5. It was the first international sport of any kind after In January, 1950, Liudmila In 1938, Isaac Boleslasky won the World War II. Rudenko won the Women’s World Unrainian Championship. Championship, held in Moscow. In 1946, the In May, 1939, Botvinnik won the USSR joined In May, 1950, David Bronstein and 11th Soviet Championship, held in FIDE. Boleslavsky won the first Candidates Leningrad. He was followed by Kotiv, Tournament, held in . They Belavenets, V. Makogonov, Checkhiver, In won $5,000. In August, 1950, Bronstein and Bondarevsky. September, 1946, Botvinnik won won the play-off. at . It was the first major In 1939, the only Soviet intenational chess tournament after In 1950, FIDE created the grandmasters were Botvinnik, World War II. Grandmaster title. 11 of the 27 first Levenfish, and Kotov. grandmasters were Soviets. In September, 1946, the USSR In 1940, the USSR organized its first won its return match against the USA In December, 1950, Keres won correspondence chess championship. in Moscow. the 18th Soviet Championship, held in Moscow. He was followed by Aronin, In October, 1940, Bondarevsky In March, 1947, the 15th Soviet Lipnitsky, Tolush, Konstantinopolsky, and Lilienthal tied for 1st place in Championship was held, in Leningrad. and Smyslov. the 12th Soviet Championship, held It was won by . He was in Moscow. They were followed by followed by Boleslavsky, Bondarevsky, In May, 1951, Botvinnik tied with Smyslov, Keres, Boleslavsky, Botvinik, Smyslov, Tolush, Bronstein, Lilienthal, Bronstein in the World Championship Veresov, Dubinin, and V. Makogonov. and Flohr. There were 20 players. Match, held in Moscow. Botvinnik retained the World Champion title. In April, 1941, Botvinnik won In December, 1947, Botvinnik This was the first World Championship the Absolute Soviet Championship, won the , in match under FIDE rules. held in Moscow and Leningrad. He Moscow. He was followed by Ragozin, was followed by Keres, Smyslov, Boleslavsky, Smyslov, Kotov, Keres, and In May, 1951, was Boleslavsky, Lilienthal, and Novotelnov. There were 16 players. born in Zlatoust, USSR. Bondarevsky. In December, 1951, Keres Continue 9 White Knight Review November/December 2011 won the 19th Soviet Championship, books and over 100,000 index cards of the 28th Soviet Championship. He was held in Moscow. He was followed by opening theory. followed by Korchnoi, Geller, Stein, Geller, Petrosian, Smyslov, Botvinnik, Smyslov, and Spaasky. There were 20 Averbakh, Bronstein, and Taimanov. In 1955, won the players. There were 18 players. Russian Armed Forces Championship. May, 1961, Botvinnik defeated Tal In August, 1952, the USSR sent In 1955, there were 104 masters and for the World Chess Championship. its first team to the chess olympiad at 16 grandmasters in the Soviet Union. . They won the gold medal. In December, 1961, Boris In 1956, Taimanov won the 23rd Spassky won the 29th Soviet In 1952, Botvinnik and Taimanov Soviet Championship. Championship, held in Baku. tied for 1st in the 20th Soviet Championship. Botvinnik won the In 1956, chess first appeared on In 1962, Korchnoi won the 30th play-off. Russian television. It was a report on Soviet Championship, held in . the 23rd Soviet Championship that was In 1953, Paul Keres became the first broadecast from a Leningrad studio. In 1963, Stein won the 31st Soviet Soviet sportsman of the year in chess. Championship, held in Leningrad. In February, 1957, Tal won the In October, 1953, Smyslov won 24th Soviet Championship, held in In May, 1963, Petrosian defeated the second , Moscow. He was followed by Bronstein, Botvinnik for the World Chess held in Zurich. Keres, Spassky, Tolush, Kholmov, Championship. Korchnoi, and Petrosian. There were 22 In 1954, Averbakh won the 21st players. In 1964, there were 24 grandmasters Soviet Championship. in the Soviet Union. In April, 1957, Smyslov In March, 1955, the 22nd Soviet defeated Botvinnik for the World In 1964-65, Korchnoi won the 32nd Championship was won by Smyslov and Championship, held in Moscow. Soviet Championship, held in Kiev. Geller. The event was held in Moscow. Following them, were Botvinnik, In 1957, the USSR won the first In 1965, Stein won the 33rd Soviet Ilivitsky, Petrosian, Spassky, Keres, European team championship. Championship, held in . and Taimanov. There were 20 players. Geller won the play-off. In 1957, the first Women’s Chess In June, 1966, Olympiad was held, in the . Petrosian defeated In July, 1955, the Soviets defeated The USSR women’s team won the gold. Spassky for the World the Americans 25 to 7 in a match held Chess Championship. in Moscow. In February, 1958, Tal won the 25th Soviet Championship, held in In 1966, there were Riga. He was followed by Petrosian, 3,540,000 registered Bronstein, Averbakh, Polugaevsky, chess players in the Spassky, Geller, and Gurgenidze. USSR. Tigran Petrosjan In May, 1958, Botvinnik defeated In 1966-67, Stein Smyslov for the World Championship, won the 34th Soviet Championship, held in Moscow. held in Tbilisi.

In 1959, the Soviet Chess Federation In 1967, Tal and Polugaevsky won was formed. It took over the Chess the 35th Soviet Championship, held in Section of the Sports Committee. Kharkow. In July, 1955, In 1959, there were 19 grandmasters In 1968-69, Polugaevsky won the Boris Spassky won the World Junior in the Soviet Union. 36th Soviet Championship, held in Championship in . Alma Alta. In 1959, Petrosian won the 26th In 1955, Soviet Championship, held in Tbilisi. In 1969, there were 32 grandmasters Shakhmatny in the Soviet Union. Bulletin chess In 1960, Korchnoi won the 27th magazine began Soviet Championship, held in In June, 1969, Spassky defeated appearing. Leningrad. Petrosian in the World Chess Championship. By 1955, there In May, 1960, Tal defeated were over two million Botvinnik for the World In 1969, Petrosian won the 37th serious chess players in the Championship, held in Moscow. Tal Soviet Championship, held in Moscow. USSR. became the youngest world chess champion in history. In April, 1970, the USSR defeated In 1955, the Central Chess Club the Rest of the World 20.5 to 19.5 in in Moscow had over 10,000 chess In February, 1961, Petrosian won . 10 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011 In Championship, held in Merano. players. December, In 1982, there were 3.6 million In 1989, Vaganian won the 56th 1970, people in the USSR engaged in chess. Soviet Championship, held in Odessa. Korchnoi won There were 16 players. the 38th Soviet In April, 1983, Karpov won the Championship, 50th Soviet Championship, held in In November, 1990, Beliavsky, held in Riga. He Moscow. Yudasin, Bareev, and Vyzhmanavin was followed by won the 57th Soviet Championship, Tukmakov, Stein, In June, 1984, the USSR defeated held in Leningrad. There were 14 Balashov, Gipslis, the Rest of the World in London, with a players. Karpov, And Savon. score of 21 to 19. There were 22 players in the event. In December, 1990, Kasparov In 1984, Andrey Sokolov won the defeated Karpov in the World In 1971, Savon won the 39th Soviet 51st Soviet Championship, held in Lvov. Championship match, held in New Championship, held in Leningrad. York and Lyons. In September, 1984, the World In 1972, Tal won the 40th Soviet Championship Match between Karpov In November, 1991, Elmar Championship, held in Baku. and Kasparov began in Moscow. It Magerramov and was halted in February, 1985 after 48 tied for 1st at the 58th Soviet In October, 1973, Spassky games. At the time, Karpov had won 5 Championship. The event was a Swiss won the 41st Soviet Championship, games and lost 3 games. System held in Moscow. Minasian won held in Moscow. He was followed by the event on -break. There were 64 Karpov, Korchnoi, Kuzmin, Petrosian, In 1985, Mikhail Gurevich, Viktor players. Polugaevsky, Geller, and Grigorian. Gavrikov, and Alexander Chernin There were 18 players. tied for 1st at the 52nd Soviet On January 1, 1992, the Soviet Championship, held in Riga. Union (USSR) offically ceased to exist. In 1974, Tal and Beliavsky won the 42nd Soviet Championship, held in In November, 1985, Kasparov After the collapse of the Soviet Leningrad, defeated Karpov in the World Championship Match, held in Moscow, Union, the Russian Championship In 1975, Petrosian won the 43rd to become the new world chess was re-established as a national Soviet Championship, held in Yerevan. champion. championship. In 1992, the 45th Russian Championship was won by In December, 1976, Karpov In April, 1986, Tseshkovsky won Alexei Gavrikov. won the 44th Soviet Championship, the 53rd Soviet Championship, held in held in Moscow. He was followed by Kiev. He was followed by Malanyuk, Balashov, Petrosian, Polugaevsky, Eingorn, Lerner, Balashov, Gavrikov, Dorfman, Smyslov, and Tal. There were and Bareev. There were 18 players. 18 players. The following are the In winners of the Russian In 1977, Dorfman and Gulko won October, chess championship: the 45th Soviet Championship, hel din 1986, Leningrad. Kasparov 1993 – Alexei Bezgodov defended his 1994 – In 1978, Tal and Tseshkovsky won title against the 46th Soviet Championship, held in Karpov, 1995 – Peter Svidler Tbilisi. held in 1996 – Alexander Khalifma London and 1997 – Peter Svidler In October, 1978, Karpov Leningrad. 1998 – defeated Korchnoi for the World Chess Championship, held in Baguio City. 1999 – K. Sakaev In 1987, Beliavsky and Salov the 54th 2000 – S. Volkov Soviet Championship, held in Minsk. Geller won the 47th Soviet 2001 – A. Motylev In 1979, Beliavsky won the play-off. There were Championship, held in Minsk. 18 players. 2002 – A. Lastin 2003 – Peter Svidler Beliavsky and Psakhis In 1980-81, In December, 1987, Kasparov 2004 – Garry Kasparov won the 48th Soviet Championship, and Karpov tied in their World 2005 – S. Rublevsky held in . Championship Match in Seville, Spain. 2006 – E. Alekseev Kasparov kept his title. In 1981, Kasparov and Psakhis won 2007 – A. Morozevich the 49th Soviet Championship, held in 2008 – P. Svidler; In August, 1988, Kasparov and Frunze. Karpov tied for 1st in the 55th Soviet 2009 – ; Championship, held in Moscow. They 2010 – ; , Karpov In November, 1981 were followed by Yusupov, Salov, 2011 – Peter Svidler defeated Korchnoi for the World Chess Eingorn, and Ivanchuk. There were 18 11 White Knight Review November/December 2011

by Bill Wall al Benko was born in Amiens, France on In 1950, decided to make chess a career, left school July 15, 1928 but grew up in Budapest, and became a bookkeeper. . He was awarded the International Master title in Benko learned chess from his father in 1950, the first year that FIDE created the title. P1938, at the age of 10. His first book was a collection In 1952, he tried to defect to the West while in East of Capablanca’s chess games. , but got caught and was sent to a concentration In June 1945, in his first chess tournament (played camp for a year and a half. The Hungarian Secret Po- in Budapest) that had 10 masters and 7 candidate lice once suspected he was a spy because of his coded masters, Benko took first place and became a master letters. The coded letters were correspondence chess himself at the age of 16. In his next tournament, a games and the code was . small Masters’ tournament in Szeged, he took the first He was permitted to play first board on Hungary’s place prize, winning some flour and bacon. When he team in the 1957 World Student Team Champion- played in the Hungarian Championship in 1946, the ship (Student Olympiad) in Reykjavik, Iceland where prizes were also food rather than money. he defected to the U.S. In July 1957, he walked into After World War II, Benko went to a university in the American embassy in Reykjavik and asked for Hungary and majored in economics while working in asylum. He came to New York on October 17, 1957. a textile company. He worked on Wall Street for several years, then sold His first international competition was a Vienna- mutual funds and real estate as an independent agent. Budapest team match, held in Vienna, Austria in the He didn’t return to Hungary until 1964 on a visit. American Zone. He participated in his first interna- He became a Grandmaster in 1958 after tying for tional tournament in Budapest in the spring of 1948. 3rd-4th in the Portoroz, Yugoslavia Interzonal (de- He won the Hungarian national championship in feating ) and qualifying for the Bled/ 1948 at the age of 20. In 1950, he took 3rd place. In Zagreb/Belgrade Candidates tournament. At the 1951, he took 6th place. In 1954, he took 2nd place. Candidates tournament, he took last place, won by In 1955, he took 3rd place. . 12 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011 In 1959, he took 4th place in the U.S. chess champi- onship. In 1960, he took 8th place. In 1961, he took 4th place. In 1962, he took 9th place. In 1963, he took His book, Pal Benko My Life, 3rd place. In 1965, he took 7th place. In 1966/67, he Games and Compositions won the took 3rd place. In 1968, he took 4th place. In 1969, 2004 British Chess Federation he took 3rd place. In 1972, he took 5th place. In Book of the Year. 1973, he took 5th place. In 1974, he took 2nd place. In 1975, he took 14th place. In 19789, he took 9th place. In 1962, Benko shared 6th place at the Stockholm Interzonal and qualified for the Curacao Candidates, where he took 6th place. It was in Curacao that Benko hit Fischer after Bobby insulted him and continued to goad him. The fight was over Benko asking for Bisguier to help him analyze an adjourned game when Fischer also need Bisguier to act as Fischer’s “second.” In 1963, Benko quit his job and became the only professional chessplayer (other than Fischer) in the United States. In 1964, he won the Canadian Open Chess Cham- pionship. In 1965 he was the first American Open Cham- pion. In 1966, Benko won the National Open. He won it again in 1968 and tied for 1st in 1975. Benko has authored the following: In 1967, Benko first played the • The Benko Gambit (1973) (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5) in international competi- tion against Vukic in . He had played it • Understanding the ’s earlier in some U.S. Swiss events. Indian Defense (1982) In 1968, he married Gizella in Budapest,Hungary. • Lessons (1990) His daughter Palma was born in 1969, and his son David was born in 1971. • Winning with Chess Psychology (1991) In 1970 he yielded his Interzonal place at Palma • Basic Chess Endings (2003) de Mallorca to Bobby Fischer, who went on to be- • Pal Benko: My Life, Games, and come World Champion. In 1973, his peak Elo (FIDE) rating was 2530. Compositions (2004) He has won or tied for first place in eight U.S. Open • Pal Benko’s Endgame Laboratory (2007) tournaments, a record. He won or tied in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1974, and 1975. He represented the USA in six chess Olympiads in a row. In 1992, Benko played in his last chess tournament, the World Senior Championship in Bad Worishofen, Germany. In 1993, he was inducted in the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame. In 1995, he was awarded the Problem Composing International Master title. In 2003, he revised and updated ’s Basic Chess Endings.

13 White Knight Review November/December 2011

world championship in Stockholm, scoring 3 wins and 1 loss (losing to Chaos). The event was won the USSR program Kaissa. In 1975, Chess 4.4 won the ACM NACCC event in Minneapolis, using a CDC CYBER 175 computer. On July 24, 1976, Chess 4.5 (rated 1579) won the Class B section of the Paul Masson chess tournament in Sarasota, California with a perfect 5-0 score. It had a performance rating of 1950. This event was the first time any machine performed successfully in a tournament for humans and won a prize ($700, but was turned down by the programmers). In October 1976, Chess 4.5 won the 7th ACM Chess 4.x was the modified version of the NACCC tournament in Houston. Chess 4.5 was chess program Chess, which was a computer searching trees with 800,000 nodes per move program written at Northwestern University in using a CDC CYBER 176. Illinois by David Slate, Larry Atkin and Keith Gorlen. The program was first published in Byte On February 20, 1977, Chess 4.5 won the 84th magazine at Chess 0.5. The program received Minnesota Open Championship with 5 wins support from Dr. David Cahlander of Control and 1 loss. It defeated one expert, Charles Data Corporation (CDC) in Minneapolis. Fenner, rated 2016 and lost to Walter Morris, rated 2175. Its performance rating was 2271. In 1968, undergraduates Larry Atkin and Chess 4.5 then qualified for the Minnesota Keith Gorlen decided to write a chess program State Championship, but did not win it. to exercise Nortwestern University’s new CDC 6400 computer. Upon hearing of their work, In March 1977, Chess 4.5 gave a simultaneous graduate student David Slate decided to write exhibition in New York, winning 8, drawing 1, a competing program. They combined their and losing 1 (to Eric Bone – 2150). It then played programs in 1969 and produced Chess 2.0. 4 games of blitz chess against International Master David Levy, winning 2 and losing 2. Its Chess x.x was one of the most successful blitz performance rating was 2300. chess programs during the 1970s. Chess was the first published use of the bitboard data On August 9, 1977, Chess 4.6 won the second structure applied to the game of chess. Each World Computer Chess Championship, held in bit represented a game position or state, Toronto. There were 16 participating programs designed for optimization of speed and/or from 8 countries, including defending memory or disk use in mass calculations. The champion Kaissa of the USSR. It won with a first bit represents the a1 square and the 64th 4-0 score, defeating BCP, Master, Duchess, and bit represents the h8 square. Belle. 2nd place went to Duchess. In a special exhibition the next day, Chess 4.6 beat Kaissa. In September 1970, Chess 3.0 won the first Association for Computing Machinery In 1977, Chess 4.6 tied for 1st place at the (ACM) North American Computer Chess 8th ACM North American Computer Chess Championship (NACCC) in New York. Chess Championship, held in Seattle. Both scored 3.0 ran on a CDC 6400. 3.5 points out of 4. The winning trophy was awarded to Chess 4.6 base on tie-breaking In 1971, Chess 3.0 won the 2nd annual ACM points. NACCC in Chicago. In September 1977, Chess 4.6 achieved a In 1972, Chess 3.0 won the 3rd ACM NACCC 2000 rating in a tournament in London. On tournament in Boston. September 18, 1977 it was the first computer to beat a grandmaster when it defeated GM In 1973, Chess 3.5 won the 4th ACM NACCC Michael Stean in London. tournament in Atlanta. On April 30, 1978, Chess 4.6 won the In 1974, Chess 4.0 participated in the first Twin Cities Open in Minneapolis with 14 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011 a perfect 5-0 score. Going into the event, the It gained chess strength and rating with each program had a USCF rating of 1936. After the new, faster generation of computer hardware. event, its rating was 2040. For every fivefold increase in computer speed, there was a 200 point increase in the program’s On May 6, 1978, Chess 4.6 defeated U.S. chess rating as it approached the master rating champion Walter Browne (2560) at a 44-board level of 2200. in Minneapolis. Chess 4.6 was running on a Control Data Corporation (CDC) Cyber 176 supercomputer References: and examining 2.5 million positions in three minutes of think time. Frey, Chess Skills in Man and Machine In August 1978, Chess 4.7 played a 6-game Levy, The Chess Computer Handbook challenge match with David Levy (2350) for his famous bet in Toronto that no chess computer Welsh, Computer Chess could beat him in a match by 1984 (he later Welsh & Baczynskyj, Computer Chess II won his bet). Chess 4.7 did not defeat Levy in the match, but it did beat him in game 4. Levy, Computer Chess Compendium Levy became the first International Master to lose a game to a computer in a tournament Marsland & Schaeffer, Computers, Chess environment. and Cognition Ion October 30,1979, Chess 4.9 won the 10th Levy and Newborn, How Computers Play Chess ACM NACCC tournament in and was consistently playing at the expert level. Wall, ACM Computer Chess http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/acm.htm In 1979, Chess 4.9 played in the 3rd world chess championship in Linz. There were 18 Wall, Computer Chess History participating programs. Chess 4.9 score 2.4 http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/lab/7378/comphis.htm out of 4 games. The event was won by Belle. The Slate/Atkin program remained the best chess-playing program throughout the 1970s.

Mobile Chess? Move In Motion

15 White Knight Review November/December 2011

efore the or When it was the player’s turn, the opponent could accidently turn any other timed device, sandglass would be allowed to flow. up the wrong end of the sandglass chess matches were long When it was the other player’s or even mistakenly turn his and drawn out. There were turn, the opponent’s Bdeliberate attempts to fatigue and first player’s sandglass. wear out the opponent. The aver- sandglass The average chess game Another age chess game lasted about nine would lasted about nine hours and idea was to use hours and a single move could take be set on two watches as long as 20 minutes. The 21st its side, a single move could take as and note the match of the Staunton – St. Amant and the long as 20 minutes. time consumed match took 66 moves and 14.5 sandglass on each hours to complete. of the other move by each player would be allowed to flow. opponent. Watches were used in After the 1851 London Tassilo von Heydebrand und der chess events from 1866 to 1873. International tournament, players Lasa (1818-1889) was one of the In the 1867 tournament, were criticized by the slowness of first persons to propose that each sandglasses were used. Each player play. After the tournament, an player’s time should be limited by was fined 5 francs for every 15 anonymous contributor to a chess way of separate clocks. minutes infraction of the regulated magazine suggested that each time limit of 10 moves per hour. player have a three-hour sandglass. Sandglasses were first used In 1870 in Baden-Baden, for at London in chess timers were first used. The 1862 in a match between Adolf time control was 20 moves per anderssen and von Kolisch. The hour. The chess players had the time control was 24 moves in two option of using a sandglass or a housr. Each player had a sand chess clock. glass. When it was a player’s move, The first mechanical chess his sand-glass was set running clock (tumbling stop clock) until a move was completed. After was invented by Thomas Bright the move, the sandglass was set Wilson (1843-1915) of Manchester, on its side and his opponent’s England in 1883, with advice from sandglass was set running in the . The same manner. first time that game clocks were It was soon discovered that used in a chess tournament was temperature and humidity affected in the London 1883 tournament. the sand flow, so there was little Time control was 15 moves in two accuracy in the time. Also, an hours, and if you failed to make the Continue 16 White Knight Review November/December2011 time limit, you forfeited the game. The Jaques “Chess Timing The time piece consisted of two Clock” was introduced in the 1890s CHESS CLOCKS balanced clocks on a seesaw beam and sold for 21 shillings. so that when one was tilted, it In 1899, the “flag” mounted stopped and the other started. The on the chess clock was invented tumbling-clock was manufactured by H.D.B.Meijer of Holland. The by Fattonini & Sons of Bradford, flag was suspended above the 3rd England. minute before 12 o’clock and was raised as the minute hand forced it The first up as approached patent for a 12 o’clock. This chess clock made it easier to 1890 Fattorini Chess Clock was issued see your time run in 1884 to out when the flag Amandus fell. . It took about Schierwater of 20 years before the Liverpool. . use of flags became These clocks common. were being used In 1900, the by 1886 in most present day push- tournaments. button clock was 1920’s English Clock In 1886, first perfected Schierwater by Veenhoff in and Frisch of Liverpool patented Groningen, the Netherlands. a chess clock that showed the In 1950, Borcherdt GmbH ordinary time, but registered on or BHB, was established in separate dials the period occupied Germany and became the leading by the players. It also indicated manufacturer of chess clocks in the the number of moves in a game world. The company lasted until and whose turn it was to play. The 1989. expiration of time was indicated by In 1964, the first electronic 1930’s German Clock the ringing of a bell. chess clock was manufactured by In 1894, tumbler chess clocks a Russian firm, the Kiev Relay and were used during the Steinitz- Automatic Works.. Lasker match for the world In 1973, Bruce Chaney championship in New York. created the first digital chess clock In 1894, a German firm made for an undergraduate Electrical a chess clock where the clocks were Engineering course at Cornell fixed upon a stand, not movable, University. where a lever was pushed down In 1975, the first patent was 1960’s Sutton Clock that stopped one clock and started granted to Joe Meshi on a fully the other. These clock were made operational, microprocessor-based, by Gustav Herzog of Leipzig. digital chess clock. In 1895, Theodore Grosse In 1985, the first DGT patented a chess timing device (Digital Games Technology) using two pendulum clocks with digital chess clock was built by Ben magnets to restrain the inactive Bulsink pendulum. The pendulum gave In 1988, Bobby Fischer filed away to the balance when over the for a patent on a new type of digital next 20 years. chess clock that gives each player a fixed period of time at the start Early Electric Clock of the game and then adds a small amount of time after each move. He used his Fischer clock in his 1993 match with Boris Spassky. Prior to the match, a working model had never been constructed. A Fischer chess clock was made for the event in five days. Saitek Digital Chess Clock

17 White Knight Review November/December 2011 Feature

Not all chess players are profes- was awarded the Order of the on, Luigi Villa. He helped develop sionals. Many have other occu- British Empire (OBE) for his war- the chess machine program called pations and distinctions. time services. Hitech, which was one of the strongest chess machines in the Simen Agdestein (1967- ) was Nor- Henry Ernest Atkins (1872-1955) world. It was the first computer way’s first chess grandmaster and won the British chess champi- program to get a USCF Senior won 7 Norwegian chess cham- onship 9 times. He was a Brit- Master rating. pionships. He also represented ish schoolmaster. He taught Norway on their professional mathematics and was appointed Fedir Bohatyrchuk (1892-1984) soccer (football) team from 1984 principal of what later became was of grandmaster strength. He through 1992. He had to give up Huddersfield New College. played in six Russian champion- soccer due to injuries on his knee. ships. He was a medical doctor He currently teaches soccer and Jana Malypetrova Bellin (1947- ) is and professor of radiological anat- chess at the Norwegian Sports a Woman Grandmaster. She has omy. During World War II, he was Gymnasium. won the British Women’s champi- head of the Ukrainian Red Cross onship 8 times. She is a medical and the Institute of Experimental James Aitken (1908-1983) was doctor specializing in anesthesi- Medicine. He became a professor 10-time Scottish chess champion. ology and works in intensive care at the University of Ottawa. He had a Ph.D. in history with at Sandwell General Hospital in his dissertation on the Lisbon England. Former world champion Mikhail Inquisition. During World War Botvinnik (1911-1995) had a II he worked at Bletchley Park (1929- ) was world PhD in electrical engineering and on solving the German Enigma correspondence champion, but is worked as an electrical engineer machines. now a leading computer scien- and developed computer chess tist with a PhD. His dissertation programs. He was awarded the C.H.O.D. Alexander (1909-1974) was entitled, “Chess Computers Order of the Badge of Honor for was a British master, but he was as Problem Solving.” He was a his work on power stations in the also one of the lead code breakers professor of computer science Urals during World War II. He during World War II and helped at Carnegie Mellon University. was the senior research scientist decipher the German Enigma He specializes in Artificial Intel- at the Research Institute for Elec- code. He was a colonial in Brit- ligence. In 1979, he developed a trical Energy. He was awarded an ish Intelligence and was part of backgammon-playing computer honorary degree in mathematics the British Government Code and program that defeated the reign- at the University of Ferrara for his Cipher Code at Bletchley Park. He ing world backgammon champi- work on computer chess. 18 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011 Henry Buckle (1821-1862) won ever tenured at Harvard (age was a member of the Royal Fine the first modern chess tourna- 26). In 1981 and 1982 he placed Art Commission for Scotland. ment in 1849. He spent his time first in the USA Math Olym- writing History of Civilization in piad. He had a perfect score Reuben Fine (1914-1993) was England, which he published in in 1981. At age 18, he gradu- one of the top chess players in 1857. He was a British histo- ated from Columbia University the USA and the world. He was rian who studied 19 languages as class valedictorian, majoring also a leading psychologist. (he could speak seven languag- in mathematics and music. He During World War II he was es and read twelve languages). earned his Ph.D. from Harvard employed by the Navy to calcu- He had a library of over 22,000 in mathematics at age 20. He late where enemy submarines books. He died of typhoid fever was made a full, tenured pro- might surface based on posi- in Damascus at the age of 40. fessor at Harvard at the age tional probability. He was also of 26, making him the young- a translator who could speak (1848-1925) was a est full professor in the history French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, top British chess player at the of Harvard. He won the world Yiddish, and German. He later end of the 19th century. He was chess solving championship in did research on Japanese Kami- a cotton and sugar broker 1996 and 2001. In 2001, he was kaze attacks. He gave up chess from Liverpool. awarded the title of Grandmas- to become a psychoanalyst (PhD ter for Chess Solving. in psychology). In 1956 the Na- Donald Byrne (1930-1976) was tional Psychological Association an American International Mas- Arpad Elo (1902-1992) was an for Psychoanalysis published ter. He had a Ph.D in English American master who devised his work, The Psychology of and was an English professor the . He was the Chess Player. The book is a at Penn State University from a professor of physics and Freudian account of the game of 1961 to 1976. astronomy at Marquette chess. He was a university pro- University in Milwaukee for 30 fessor an author of many books Arthur Dake (1910-2000) was a years (1935 to 1965) and presi- on psychology. strong master who played for dent (1935-1937) of the Ameri- the USA in three chess Olympi- can Chess Federation before it Robert Huebner (1948- )was ads. He became a bridge toll merged and came part of the one of the top 10 players in the collector, then a highway U.S. Chess Federation (USCF) in world and is a papyrologist auto controller, and finally an 1939. with a PhD. He is a world lead- automobile inspector for the ing expert on Egyptian hiero- state of Oregon after serving in Esther Epstein (1954- ) was one glyphics. the merchant marines when he of the top U.S. women chess was 16. players, winning the U.S. Wom- Hans Johner (1889-1975) was en’s Chess Championship twice. a Swiss International Master was one of the She is a systems manager for who won the Swiss champion- top American chess players in the Bio-Molecular Engineer- ship 6 times. He was the direc- the 1940s. He became a busi- ing Research Center at Boston tor of the Zurich Philharmonic nessman in the meat packing University. Orchestra and an accomplished industry and retired as a mil- musician, playing the viola and lionaire. Former world champion Max violin. Euwe (1901-1981) had a PhD in Nathan Divinksy (1925- ) was mathematics and was a math Paul Keres (1916-1975) was a a Canadian chess master and professor. From 1930 to 1940 he world class chess player. For a played in several Canadian was a schoolmaster at a girls’ time, he was a professor of chess Olympiads. He received school in . mathematics in Tallinn, Esto- a Ph.D. in Mathematics from nia. The five kroons Estonian the University of Chicago. He William Fairhurst (1903-1982) banknote bears his portrait. He served as mathematics pro- was 11-time Scottish chess is the only chess player whos fessor and assistant dean of champion. He had a Ph.D in portrait is on a banknote. science at the University of Civil Engineering and designed British Columbia. His wife, Kim several bridges in the United Ignatz Kolisch (1837-1889) was Campbell, was the 19th Prime Kingdom and New Zeland. He one of the top players in the Minister of Canada. She was 22 designed the Tay Road Bridge. It world before he quit chess years younger than Divinsky. the time, it was the longest river and went into banking. In his crossing in Europe, 1.4 miles early years he was the private Noam Elkies (1966- ) is a chess long. He served as President of secretary of the Russian Prince master and mathematician. the Scottish Branch of the Insti- Urusov. He later became a He was the youngest professor tute of Structural Engineers and wandering chess professional 19 Continue White Knight Review November/December 2011

and was one of the top four commutative algebra. He stud- in mathematics at 23 (disserta- chess players in the world in the ied mathematics and philoso- tion on Algebraic Topology and 1860s. In 1867, he won at Paris, phy at the universities in Berlin, finite H-spaces). ahead of Steinitz. He moved to Gottingen, and Heidelberg. He Vienna and met Albert Roth- wrote three books on philoso- Fridrik Olafsson (1935- ) was schild in 1868. He became phy. He was a friend of Albert Iceland’s first grandmaster and involved in banking and became Einstein. former president of the World a millionaire and chess patron, Chess Federation. He was the organizing and sponsoring many Bill Lombardy (1937- ) was once Secretary General of the Icelan- chess tournaments in the 1870s world junior chess champion dic Parliament. He worked as a and 1880s. In 1881 he was and became a Catholic priest. lawyer at the Icelandic Ministry made a baron of the Austrian He was ordained a priest in of Justice. Empire. 1967 by Cardinal Spellman. He is no longer a priest and is now Victor Palciuskas (1941- ) is a Danny Kopec (1954- ) is an married. former world correspondence American International Master. chess champion. He has a Ph.D. He is one of the world’s fore- Vladimir Malakhov (1980- ) is a in theoretical physics and a pro- most authorities on artificial Russian grandmaster and pro- fessor of geophysics. intelligence and its application fessional chess player who used to work as nuclear physicist. Louis Paulsen (1833-1891) was to chess. He holds a Ph.D. in one of America’s top players Machine Intelligence and is Edmar Mednis (1937-2002) in the 19th century. He estab- an Associate Professor in the was an American grandmaster. lished a distillery and was a Department of Computer and He was trained as a chemical tobacco farmer. Information Systems at Brook- engineer, then became a stock lyn College. He has published broker. He was the author of Tim Redman is a former president several articles on artificial 26 chess books and hundreds of of the U.S. Chess Federation. He intelligence, machine error chess articles. has a Ph.D. in comparative studies reduction, intelligent tutoring in literature from the University systems, and computer educa- Ariel Mengarini (1919-1998) was of Chicago and is considered the tion. an American chess master. He world’s leading expert on poet Ezra (1908-1997) , edi- was a medical doctor and a Pound. He is a Professor of Liter- tor of Modern Chess Openings, psychiatrist for the Veterans ary Studies at the University of directed the U.N. Relief and Re- Administration. Texas at Dallas where he focuses on American and British Modernism. habilitation Administration after Sir Philip Stuart Milner-Barry World War II, helping relocate (1906-1995) was a top British Bruce Rind (1953- ) is an Ameri- concentration camp survi- chess master. He was a code- can International Master. He vors. He worked as a business breaker during World War II has a Ph.D. in psychology from manager of a Jewish Commu- and head of “Hut 6,” a section Temple University and is an nity Center. responsible for deciphering the independent researcher in the German Enigma machine. He field of intergenerational (1885-1981) was became Under-Secretary of the sexualities. a strong American master and Treasury in England. a mechanical engineer. He had Ken Rogoff (1953- )became a degrees in mechanical and (1910-1997) was young American grandmaster, electrical engineering. He a grandmaster from Argentina. then got a PhD in economics. invented and patented a me- He also worked in the insur- He gave up chess to become the chanical breast pump to secure ance business and was a porce- chief economist at the World mother’s milk. He was a safety lain importer. Bank and was a professor at engineer for Sears Roebuck. Princeton and Harvard. He has William Ewart Napier (1881- a PhD from MIT in Economics. Former world champion Eman- 1952) was an American master He had gone to Yale and MIT, uel Lasker (1868-1941) had a in the 19th century. He was and dropped out of MIT to play Ph.D. in mathematics. His Ph.D. vice-president of Scranton chess. In 1978 he quit competi- dissertation of 1902 on ideal Life Insurance. numbers (“On Series at Con- tive chess and earned his Ph.D. vergence Boundaries”) became John Nunn (1955- ) was one of in Economics in 1980. He served a cornerstone of 20th century the top British chess players as an economist at the Inter- algebra. He was a research and was a math professor. He national Monetary Fund and at mathematician who was went to Oxford at age 15, gradu- the Board of Governors of the known for his contributions to ated at 18, and got his doctorate Federal Reserve system. He is Continue 20 White Knight Review November/December2011

currently the Thomas D. Cabot he tried to lift the price of Union men’s team championships cup, Professor of Public Policy and Carbide stock shortly before equivalent to tennis’s Davis Cup, Professor of Economics at Har- selling a large of shares. is named Thomas Cup after him. vard University. Government prosecutors finally dropped the charges after the Milan Vidmar (1885-1962) was Nicholas Rossolimo (1910-1975) appeals court overturned the Yugoslavia’s first grandmaster. was an American and French verdict in 1991. His arrest made He was an electrical engineer Grandmaster. He worked as a the front page of the New York (Ph.D.). He was a specialist in waiter, taxi driver, played the Times and all the financial pub- power transformers and trans- accordion, and worked as a lications. Sherwin lost his job mission of electrical current. He singer while running a chess and moved to Switzerland and was also the Chancellor of the studio in . He also England. The United States At- University of Ljubljana, a mem- held a brown belt in judo. torney who prosecuted Sherwin ber of the Slovene Academy was Rudi Giuliani. They spent of Arts and Sciences, and the Anthony Saidy (1937- ) is an over a million dollars in prose- founder of the Faculty of Electri- American International Grand- cal Engineering. master. He was a medical cuting the case. GAF and Sher- doctor in the Peace Corps and win spent over a million dollars (1937-2003) retired as a Los Angeles County defending the case. was an American International doctor specializing in tubercu- Louis Statham (1907-1983) was Master. He was once nominated losis. a correspondence player and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. chess philanthropist. He had a He was a professor of metal- Albert Sandrin (1923-2004) was Ph.D. in mathematics and pio- lurgy (Ph.D. from MIT) at Case one of the world’s best blind neered the use of shock waves Western Reserve University and chess players. He was also a in oil exploration, which made Chief Scientist at General Elec- piano tuner. him a millionaire. tric. He authored two books on science. Diane Savereide was one of (1810-1874) America’s top woman chess play- was one of the top players in Daniel Yanofsky (1925-2000) ers, winning the U.S. women’s the world. He was a Shake- was Canada’s first grandmaster championship six times. She re- spearean scholar and wrote and won the Canadian chess tired from chess to become a com- a 517-page book on the history championship 8 times. He was a puter programmer for NASA. of English public schools called lawyer and had been the mayor She is now a software developer in Great Schools of England (1865). of West Kildonan, a suburb of Los Angeles. Winnipeg. He argued several (1926 - ) was cases before the Supreme Court Eric Schiller (1955- ) is a na- one of the top chess players of Canada. tional master with a Ph.D. in in the world and a concert linguistics for the University of pianist. His recordings were in- (1842-1888) Chicago. His dissertation was cluded in the Philips and Stein- was one of the top chess play- entitled, “An Auto lexical Ac- way series Great Pianists of the ers in the world. He was a chess count of Subordinating Serial 20th Century. master, physician, pianist, Verb Constructions.” He spe- magazine editor, music critic, cialized in Khmer (Cambodian) (1862-1934) linguist, soldier, swordsman, languages. was one of the top chess players marksman and political ac- James Sherwin (1933- ) is an in the world and a medical doc- tivist. He was fluent in Eng- International Master. He was tor specializing in hypnosis. lish, German, French, Spanish, Lieutenant Commander in the Italian, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Sir George Alan Thomas (1881- Russian, Sanskrit, Arabic, Turk- U.S. Coast Guard. He was an 1972) won the British chess Executive Vice President of GAF ish, Danish, and Polish. He was championship twice. He was decorated for gallantry 9 times Corporation who was the Amer- also 7-time British badminton ican Chess Foundation (ACF) in three Prussian wars with Den- champion (he won 21 British mark, Austria, and France and President from 1979 to 1990. badminton titles between 1903 He was involved in some Wall was once left for dead. and 1928), and semi-finalist He was one of the best domi- Street scandals in 1988 and was tennis player at Wimbledon replaced as President of the ACF noes and whist players in the (1911). He played at Wimble- world. He was a leading spokes- by Fan Adams, a retired Mobil don from 1919 to 1926. He was Corporation executive. Sher- man for prison reform. He stud- also an internationally ranked ied chemistry, physiology, win was tried 3 times for stock hockey, squash and table-tennis manipulation charges. In 1986 philology, and theology player. Badminton’s world with distinction. 21 White Knight Review November/December 2011 Math and Chess by Bill Wall There are 20 possible moves for White’s first There are 204 squares on a (64 1x1 move (1 ply) in chess (16 moves and 4 squares + 49 2x2 squares + 36 3x3 squares + 25 knight moves). 4x4 squares + 16 5x5 squares + 9 6x6 squares + 4 There are 400 possible moves for the first two 7x7 squares + 1 8x8 square). moves in chess (2 ply), with White moving first There are 1,296 rectangles on a chessboard. (20 possible moves), then Black moving. There are 638 ways to put 5 queens on a chess- There are 5,362 possible positions after three board so as to attack every square on a chess moves (3 ply), two moves for White and one board. move for Black). Of the 5,362 positions, 1,862 are The longest chess game theoretically possible unique. is 5,949 moves. There are 72,078 total positions after four There are 8 different ways to in two moves (4 ply), two moves for White and two moves. moves for Black), of which 9,825 positions are unique. 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4 mate There are 822,518 possible positions after 5 1.f3 e6 2.g4 Qh4 mate moves (5 ply) , three moves for White and two 1.f4 e5 2.g4 Qh4 mate moves for Black, of which 53,516 positions are unique. 1.f4 e6 2.g4 Qh4 mate There are 9.417,681 total positions after six 1.g4 e5 2.f3 Qh4 mate moves (6 ply), 3 moves for White and 3 moves for 1.g4 e5 2.f4 Qh4 mate Black. Of these, there are 311,642 unique posi- 1.g4 e6 2.f3 Qh4 mate tions. 1.g4 e6 2.f4 Qh4 mate There are 96,400,068 possible positions after 7 moves (7 ply), 4 moves for White and 3 moves for Black. Of these, there are 2,018,993 unique There are 960 ways to set up the first and last positions. rank of a chess board. There are 4 possibilities for There are 988,187,354 total positions after 8 the first (four light squares or four dark moves (8 ply),4 moves for White and 4 moves for squares), 4 possibilities for the second bishop, 6 Black. Of these, 12,150,635 positions are unique. possibilities for the queen (after the bishops have been placed), 5 possibilities for the first knight There are 9,183,421,888 total positions after 9 (after the 2 bishops and queen are in place), 4 moves (9 ply), 5 moves for White and 4 moves for possibilities for the second knight (after the 2 Black. Of these, 69,284,509 positions are unique. bishops, queen, and first knight are in place), and There are 85,375,278,064 total possible posi- since the knights are not distinct, divide by 2. tions after 10 moves (10 ply) 5 moves for White The , , and other rook occupy the re- and 5 moves for Black). Of these, 382,383,387 maining three squares with only 1 possibility. So positions are unique. (4*4*4*6*5*1*1*1)/2 = 960. The total number of chess positions possible is about 2x10 to the 46th power. It takes a minimum of 5 queens and a maxi- There are 92 different ways to placing 8 queens mum of 8 queens to occupy or attack every on a chess board so that no two queens attack square. each other. There are 12 different ways to placing It takes a minimum and maximum of 8 rooks to 8 queens on a chess board that are unique (ex- occupy or attack every square. cluding rotations and mirror images). It takes a minimum of 8 bishops and a maxi- There are 26,534,728,821,064 ways to conduct mum of 14 bishops to occupy or attack every a knight’s tour in which a knight is placed on an square. empty board, moves like a knight, and visits each square exactly once. It takes a minimum of 12 knights and a maxi- mum of 32 knights to occupy or attack every If you take a number and double it every time square. for every chess square (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 36, 64, 128, etc), by the time you get to the 64th square, the It takes a minimum of 9 kings and a maximum number will be 18,446,744,073,709,551,615. of 16 kings to occupy or attack every square.

22 White Knight Review November/December2011 Chess News Chess News Around the World Arlington, Virginia – Alejandro Ramirez and Tegsh- 2nd place went to Alexander Grischuk. 3rd place suren Enkhbat tied for 1st at the Continental Class went to Vassily Ivanchuk. 4th place went to Ruslan Championships, held Oct 6-10, 2011. Ponomariov.

Asbury Park, NJ – Jole Benjamin, Nick DeFirmian Krakow, Poland – The 82nd FIDE Congress was held and Thomas Bartell tied for 1st at the Board walk in October, headed by FIDE President Kirsan Ily- Open in October. umzhinov.

Barcelona – Ivan Salgado-Lopez won on tie-break Livigno – Sergey Volkov won the 2nd International over in the Magistral Casino tourna- Livigno Chess Open, one of the main Alpine resorts ment, held on October 12-20, 2011. in the Alps. The event included 90 players from 24 nations. Belgium – Garry Kasparov defeated in an 8-game blitz match in Leuven, Belgium. It was a close Lubbock – Le Quang Liem took 1st place at the 5th contest, with Kasparov winning 4.5 to 3.5 (3 wins, 2 SPICE Cup, held at the University of Texas. losses, and 3 draws). Moscow – Vishy anand won the Botvinnik Memo- Bilbao – won on tie-break over rial Rapid. The rime control was 25 minutes plus 10 Vassily Ivanchuk at the 4th Grand Slam Final Mas- second increment. Kramnik and Aronian tied for ters. The first half of the event was held in Sao Paulo, 2nd-3rd. Magnus Carlsen took 4th place. Brazil. The second half was held in Bilbao, Spain. 3rd-5th went to Hikaru Naka- Nalchik, China – Zhao Xue of China mura, , and Vishy around t won the Nalchik Women’s Grand Prix anand. 6th place went to Fran- ews he in October, finishing 2.5 points ahead cisco Vallejo Pons. N wo of the rest of the field. She score 9.5 ss r out of 11. e ld Clichy, France – Garry Kasparov h played a 2-game exhibition blitz C Oslo – British GM Matthew Sadler match against Maxime Vachier- won the 2011 Oslo Chess Internation-

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a n r u Ghaem Maghami was expelled o tional, held on 4-13 October. from a chess tournament after refusing to play chess with Ehud Reno – Sergey Kudrin won the 28th Sachar, an Israeli player. Mr. Western States Open. There were 214 participants, Maghami told organizers he would not play the Israeli including 3 GMs and 6 IMs. for political reasons. More than 800 players from 30 countries gathered for the tournament. – Moscow defeated St. Petersburg in September. The two teams of 10 players faced each Dublin – gave a simulatenous exhibi- other over two rounds on September 17-18. tion against the 4 top players from Ireland on October 3. He lost to the top board, beat the bottom board, Saratov, Russia – Alexander Morozevich won the and drew the other two boards. Saratov Governor’s Cup in Russia with a score of 8.5 out of 11. Hoogeveen, Netherlands – GM of Russia won the 15th Unive Schaaktoernooi tourna- Shenzhen, China – Women’s world chess champion ment in October ahead of , Maxime Vachi- won the 2nd Women’s Grand Prix, scoring er-Lagrave, and Judit Polgar. 8 out of 11. The event was held in September.

Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia - GM Peter Svidler won Slovenia – The St. Petersburg team, headed by GM the 2011 World Cup and $100,000. He defeated Peter Svidler, won the 2011 European Club Cup in Caruana, Kamsky, Polgar, Ponomariov, and Grischuk. October.. There were 62 teams. 23 White Knight Review November/December 2011 Feature

By Bill Wall In 1783, Philidor-played three blindfold games in Philadelphia. He won 14, lost 1, and drew 11 simultaneously. (97.5%). In 1858, Louis Paulsen- (1833-1891) played 15 In 1902, Pillsbury- played 21 simultaneous games blindfolded simultaneously in Dubuque, games against the chess masters in the Hannover Iowa. The display was stopped after 9 hours of play. Tournament, winning 3, losing 7, and drawing 11. He may not have finished all the games. Reporters said Paulsen “would have won them.” In 1902, Pillsbury- played 22 simultaneous blindfold games at Moscow. In 1858, Paul Morphy,-(1837-1884) played 8 games blindfolded simultaneously against the strongest In 1904, Ossip Bernstein- (1882-1962) played 80 players in Paris. He won 6 and drew 2. opponents in Berlin. He won 71, lost 5, and drew 4 (91.25%). In 1859, Paul Morphy- played 5 games simultaneously against 5 masters that were among In 1910, Austrian master Josef Krejcik- (1885- the top 10 players in the world. He won 2, lost 1, and 1957) gave a simul at Linz on 25 boards and lost drew 2. The event took place at the St. James Chess every single game. Club in London. In June 1911, Hans Fahrni- (1874-1939) played 100 In 1876, Johannes Zukertort- (1842-1888) played games simultaneously in Munich. He won 55, lost 16 games blindfolded simultaneously in London. 6, and drew 39 (74.5%) in 7 hours and 30 minutes. He was the first master to play 100 opponents In 1885, Johannes Zukertort- played 60 games simultaneously. simultaneously, winning 53, losing 3, and drawing 4 (91.67%). Play lasted for 6 hours. In 1916, Borislav Kostic- (1887-1963) played 30 games blindfolded simultaneously. In October 1889, Mary Rudge-(1942-1919) became the first woman in the world to give In March 1916, Frank Marshall- (1877-1944) simultaneous chess exhibitions. She played 6 games played 105 opponents at the National Press Club in simultaneously, winning all six. Washington, D.C. He won 82 games, lost 8, and drew 15 (85.22%). Some of his opponents were members In December 1900, Carl Walbrodt-1871-1902) of Congress. played 60 opponents in Berlin. He won 49, lost 3, and drew 8 (88.31%). In 1920, Sammy Reshevsky- (1911-1992), as a 9-year old, gave his first American simultaneous In 1900, - (1872-1906) exhibition was with 20 officers and cadets at the played 20 simultaneous blindfold games against the Military Academy at West Point. He won 19 games strongest chess players of the Franklin Chess Club and drew one (97.5%). He then toured the United

24 Continue White Knight Review November/December2011 States and played over 1,500 games as a 9-year old games, lost 8, and drew 12 (93.64%) in 13.5 hours. in simultaneous exhibitions and only lost 8 games. One of the games was a blindfold game. The display attracted 5,000 spectators. In January 1922, Frank Marshall- played 155 opponents on Montreal. He won 126, lost 8, and In August 1941, Gideon Stahlberg- (1908-1967) drew 21 (88%) after 7 hours of play. A week later, played 400 chess games in Santos Lugares, a suburb he was able to replay 153 of the games from memory. of Buenos Aires, in 36 hours and 5 minutes. He What bothered him was forgetting the other two won 364, lost 22, and drew 14 (92.75%). He played games. He thought he was losing his memory. a group of 40 games simultaneously. When a game was over, a new opponent played at the same table. In 1922, Jose Capablanca- (1888-1942) played 103 Stahlberg originally intended to achieve a time games simultaneously in . He won 102 and record of the most games in 48 yours. However, he drew one (99.5%). This is the best result ever in a was too exhausted and suspended his play after 36 simultaneous exhibition on over 75 boards. hours. In 1924, Alexander Alekhine- (1892-1946) played In 1943, Miguel Najdorf- played 40 opponents 26 games simultaneously, blindfolded, scoring 16 simultaneously blindfolded. He won 36, lost 3, and wins, 5 losses, and 5 draws (71%). drew 1 (91.25%). In 1925, Richard Reti- (1889-1929) went to South During World War II, Arnold Denker- (1914- America and played 29 games simultaneously, 2005) gave simultaneous chess exhibitions at military blindfolded. It was a record at the time. He won bases and on board aircraft carriers and other ships. 21, lost 2, and drew 6 (82.7%). Reti commented on his poor memory after forgetting and leaving his In January 1945, Miguel Najdorf- played 45 briefcase behind after the event. opponents simultaneously blindfolded in Sao Paulo, Brazil. He won 39 games, lost 2 and drew 4 (91.1%) To compare chess with checkers, the greatest in 23 hours and 30 minutes. However, he had access number of blindfold simultaneous checkers games is to the scoresheets and there were multiple opponents 28. per board. He put on this world record exhibition in hopes it would be reported in Europe and that some In January 1928, Istvan Abonyi- (1886-1942) played 300 opponents on 105 boards in Budapest. of his family might read about it and get in touch He won 79 games, lost 6 games, and drew 20 games with him. None did so and most of his family died in (84.7%). the concentration camps. In May 1948, Baldur Hoenlinger- (1905-1990) In 1929, Saviely Tartakower- (1887-1956) gave the played 213 opponents in Velbert, winning 187 games, first simultaneous chess exhibition on an airplane in losing 13 games, and drawing 13 games (90.8%) in flight. 12 hours and 28 minutes. The occasion was the 25th In 1931, Jose Capablanca- played 50 teams in a anniversary of the Velberter Schachgesellschaft. simultaneous exhibition at the 7th Regiment Armory In 1949, George Koltanowski- played 271 in New York. simultaneous games in an exhibition. In 1934, Andor Lilienthal- (1911-2010) played 121 In 1951, International master Robert Wade- opponents in Bilbao. (1921-2008) gave a simultaneous exhibition against In 1934, Alekhine- played 32 blindfold games. He 30 Moscow schoolchildren (age 14 and under) and won 22, lost 5, and drew 5 (76.56%). didn’t win a single game. He lost 20 games and drew 10 after 7 hours of play. In 1935, Lilienthal- played 155 boards in Gorky Park in Moscow. In 1960, George Koltanowski - played 56 consecutive (not simultaneously) blindfold games In September 1937, George Koltanowski- (1903- in San Francisco. The rate of play was10 seconds a 2000) played 34 opponents blindfolded, winning 24 move. He won 50 and drew 6 games (94.6%) after 9 games and drawing 10 (85.2%). The display lasted hours of play. 13 hours. In 1960, Janos Flesch- (1933-1983) played 52 games In early 1941, Lilienthal- played 201 opponents in simultaneously blindfolded in Budapest. He won 31 Sverdlovsk. games, lost 18 games, and drew 3 games (62.5%) in 12 hours of play. On May 1, 1941, Miguel Najdorf - (1910-1997) gave a 222-board simultaneous display at the Club In 1960, Bobby Fischer- (1943-2008) gave a Atletico Olimpo in Bahia Blanca. He won 202 simultaneous exhibition at Rikers Island prison. Continue 25 White Knight Review November/December 2011

He defeated all 20 prisoners while 2,400 inmates 40 top players, including Women’s World Champion watched the exhibition and the prison band played. , in New York City. In 1966, Jude Acers- (b. 1944) played 114 games In 2001, International Master and woman in a simultaneous exhibition at the Louisiana State grandmaster Anna-Maria Botsari of Greece played Fair. He won all 114 games. 1,102 simultaneous games of chess against different opponents. She won 1,095 games and drew 7 (99.6%). In 1966,- at the end of the Havana Chess Olympiad, 380 of Cuba’s strongest players played 18 opponents In February 2004, International Master Andrew each, a total of 6,840 individual boards. Martin- played 321 opponents in Wellington. He won 294 games, lost 1 game, and drew 26 games In 1976, Jude Acers- played 179 opponents (95.64%). It took him 16 hours and 51 minutes to simultaneously in Long Island. play the exhibition. In 1977, Joe Hayden- aged 17, invited 180 opponents In 2005, 13,500 players- participated in a to play in an exhibition at a shopping center in simultaneous exhibition in Santa Maria, Cuba. 600 Cardiff, New Jersey. Only 20 players showed up. He masters played 20 to 25 opponents each. won 2 games and lost 18. One of his wins was against his mother. The other win was against a player In June, 2005, Pachuca, Mexico- had a total who got tire and left before the evetn was over, thus of 12,388 chess competitors in a simultaneous forfeiting his game. One of the games he lost was to exhibition. 7-year-old Stowell Fulton, who beat Hayden under In August 2005, Susan Polgar- played 326 13 moves. simultaneous games (winning 309, losing 3, and In April 1977, - (b. 1944) played drawing 14 for a 96.93% winning percentage) and 550 opponents, 201 simultaneously in Iceland. He 1,131 consecutive games, both a new world record. lost only 10 games after 30 hours of play. She played 1,131 consecutive games against 554 opponents, winning 1,112 games, drawing 16 games, In 1978, Karl Podzielny- (b. 1954) played 575 and losing only 3 games. The event was held at opponents. He won 533, lost 15, and drew 27 (95%) Gardens Mall in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. She in 30.5 hours. played chess for 16 and a half hours. In 1979, Werner Hug- (b. 1952) played 560 On October 21, 2006,- 13,446 players participated simultaneous games, winning 365, losing 49, and in a simultaneous exhibition in . About drawing 126 (76.4%). 600 masters played against 20 to 25 opponents. In 1984, Kasparov -the first simultaneous satellite In February 2009, Bulgarian grandmaster Kiril exhibition was played by Kasparov against players Georgiev- played 360 simultaneous games in Sofia. in New York and London. He won 284 games, lost 6 games, and drew 70 games (88%). The display lasted 14 hours. In 1984, Vlastimil Hort- played 663 games in a simultaneous exhibition in 32.5 hours at Porz, West In August 2009, Iranian grandmaster Morteza Germany. Mahjoob- played 500 simultaneous games in Tehran. He won 397 games, lost 13 games, and drew In 1988, Stan Vaughan- played 1,124 simultaneous 90 games (88.4%). The effort lasted over 18 hours. postal games. It is estimated that he walked 25 miles during the exhibition. In 1988, Kasparov- played 10 opponents in 10 countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, England, In October 2010, Israeli grandmaster Alik Italy, Japan, Senegal, Swizerland, USA, USSR). He Gershon -played 523 chess players in Tel Aviv. He won 8, lost 1 (to Michael Adams of England), and won 454, lost 11 and drew 58 games (86%) in 19 drew 1. hours. In 1992, Garry Kasparov- played against a West In December 2010, 20,480 players- participated German team of 4 grandmasters (Hort, Lobron, in a simultaneous chess exhibition featuring 1,024 Wahls, Hertneck). He won 2 and drew 2. chess masters. The players also included 140 blind opponents. The event was played in Ahmedabad, In 1996, Swedish grandmaster- Ulf Andersson India. played 310 opponents simultaneously. He won 268, lost 2, and drew 40 (92.9%) in 15 hours and 23 In February 2011, Iranian grandmaster Ehsan minutes. Ghaem-Magami played 604 opponents in 25 hours. He won 580 games, lost 8 games, and drew In June 1997, 1,194 players- competed against 16 games (97.35%). 26 White Knight Review November/December2011

problems as you can. One technique is to spend 2 to 4 hours Pandolfini’s Advice in Chess a week on playing over dozens, if not hundreds, of shorter I recently read the Q&A Way in Chess by Bruce Pandolfini games at high speed. You can do this better on a computer, and found some interesting chess advice as he answered over but it can also be performed over the board. 200 questions about chess from his readers. I thought I would pass some of that advice on. Pandolfini suggests that you should try to solve a certain number of tactical chess problems daily. Pick a problem that might apply to real games. Take them from books that Pandolfini first starts out by saying that the right reason to you have picked yourself, but don’t set the problems up on play chess is not to get better at chess but to find stimulating a chess board. Do them in your head, no matter how hard leisure time that adds quality to your life. He wants more it is. This should force you to learn how to analyze in your people to appreciate that chess can be great fun. head. Then play over game collections with annotations. The annotations should clearly summarize in practical words the Pandolfini advises that the chess student who works essence of what’s happening. That way you have the option harder for shorter stretches of time may, in some cases, have of skipping the note if it is needless or not particularly helpful. chances to learn chess better that someone who puts in more time at the game. If you can, Pandolfini recommends that you take a few sessions with a chess teacher or strong player aimed mainly at For those that get in , don’t waste time on understanding how you might proceed. Two to four meeting obvious moves, such as opening variations you are familiar should suffice. Ask your instructor to spell out a course of with or forced moves. However, taking a little more time study you can pursue on your own. Have him recommend initially could save time later on. Keep your analysis centered some chess books or software over the next 6 months. Go on the most attractive possibilities. Experiment with back to him when the time is fitting for follow-up. different time controls to see which gives you the right blend of exercise and time to think. If you play enough games under If that is not feasible, try to obtain some chess software faster conditions, the experience may carry over naturally, so with tests that claim to assess your strengths and weaknesses, that you cope better with the time allotted. while judging the level of your overall play. Once you get some system feedback, you can supplement your efforts For over-the-board (OTB) play, Pandolfini recommends with chess literature designed to deal with the areas of your that you divide your score sheets into parts before starting greatest apparent need. play. Draw lines under key moves so that you can monitor early enough if you are on track not to overstep your time If you get in a stagnation period and show no improvement, control. You might want to partition your score sheet for Pandolfini suggests that you just take a break. Even when five-move intervals. If you are playing 40 moves in 2 hours, you stop thinking about a situation consciously, your mind that’s 5 moves in 15 minutes or 10 moves in 30 minutes. Try still pursues things unconsciously. So apply a little enforced to play your first 10 moves in 20 minutes to build up some relaxation to the problem. safety time. However, in any game, the demands of the position may cause you to break away from this plan. But if it Pandolfine recommends that you create your own chess helps you even slightly, it is worth it. course, relying chiefly on game collections. You could play over 100 games of every world chess champion. Start with Pandolfini advises the player to improve his concentration. Steinitz, but it wouldn’t hurt to add Paul Morphy’s or Adolf Every instant you let your mind wander, or get up from the Anderssen’s chess games. You can limit the games to 25 board, you consume additional time just to get back to the per player and concentrate on specific openings. If you game. Take your breaks from the board when they are most are interested in the , for example, you could see needed. how Morphy played it, how Steinitz differed or reinforced Morphy, what Lasker contributed to related lines, up to Pandolfini recommends that you look at chess books that Fischer, Karpov, Kasparov, and anand. grade or organize chess problems by degree of difficulty. Once you have found your comfort level, keep Regularly write down your analysis of chess positions. You problems until you no longer have any trouble with them. could also examine your own chess games, however they are This would improve a player’s tactical ability and prepare him played, no matter the circumstances. for the next level. Finally, when studying your own games, Pandolfini Pandolfini says that in chess, it is essential that you have recommends that you put all your games in a notebook or confidence. If you distrust your own thinking, then you are an electronic file if you have access to a computer. After as good as lost. Get in the habit of basing all decisions on recording your game, play it over and write out your analysis. your analysis of the position before you. If you lose, use Play over your game at least twice, once from each side. the same critical powers you tried to tap during the game to Playing both sides of a game gives you another perspective, understand afterward why you actually lost. Be positive, be such as direct and potential threats. Wherever you have determined, and be objective. doubts, make notes. If possible, ask strong players about situations that stumped you. You can also send questions to Pandolfini says don’t get obsessed with chess. The more various Web sites. Try to identify key moments when your you enjoy the game, the better you will become. Genuine games seemed to turn. The more diagrams and visual aids growth takes time. Be willing to settle for tiny but certain you can use, the better. If you find reasonable answers and advances, and stay context based. If you lose a particular make useful associations, over time you will add to your endgame, try to find out why. If you mishandle an opening, knowledge and gradually improve your play. try to learn how you could have managed it better. If you are starting out, Pandolfini recommends playing Bruce Pandolfini is a chess author, teacher and coach. He over games between 15 and 25 moves (chess miniatures. He was famously portrayed by Ben Kingsley in the 1993 film also recommends that you do as many tactical, real-game “Searching for Bobby Fischer”.

27 White Knight Review November/December 2011 Book Review by Bill Wall Karpov’s Strategic Wins 1 1961-1985-The Making of a Champion by Tibor Karolyi -Published by Quality Chess UK, 2011. 360 pages.

Anatoly Karpov became the 12th World game from round three of the finals, which was Chess Champion in 1975 after winning the Can- probably Karpov’s best game of the 1960s. didates finals and after Bobby Fischer refused The book includes a tournament record and to defend his title. He reigned for 10 years until tournament summary during the period he was losing to Garry Kasparov. world champion. Scores against individual op- This book charts Karpov’s ponents are given with win, draw, chess career in detail from the loss record. For example, years 1961 to 1985. This book he played Kasparov 75 is part of a two-volume work games during this period, on Karpov’s games, arranged in with 8 wins, 59 draws, and chronological order. 8 losses, for a 50% winning The book contains bio- score. graphical information on The 76 selected games Karpov, as well as background (mostly wins and a few information on some of his draws) are well annotated opponents or his first trainer with plenty of diagrams to go and an interview with that with each game. The expla- trainer. Each year of activity nation of moves and alterna- includes statistics of wins, tive moves are written with losses, and draws. The book clarity and precision, with up- starts out in 1961, when to-date analysis. Each game Karpov was 9, in the city shows how Karpov outplays his of Zlatoust, located in the opponents by strategic means, Urals region of Russia. He with a few tactical games learned to play chess at thrown in. Some of the games a the age of four with his deeply annotated that run 10-15 father. At the age of 9, he pages. was a first category player, and his first recorded The author selected the best of Kar- games are from 1961. Most of Karpov’s chess pov’s games based on instructive and artistic games from 1961 were played in his home city, value. He also gives credit to other analysts of but he was getting exposure as he took chess Karpov’s moves. seriously at that time. The book concludes with a classification of In 1969, Karpov won the World Junior Cham- themes in Karpov’s games such as attacking the pionship. He almost didn’t qualify. He held king, bishop on the long diagonal, checkmating Eugenio Torre to a draw when Karpov was two in the endgame, connected passed pawns, dou- pawns down. He Karpov lost, he would not bled pawns, etc. There is a games index by page have qualified for the finals and would not have number with the games appearing in chronolog- become the world junior champion. Karpov ical order and a games index by Karpov’s oppo- called this game the most important game of his nents (8 games with Kasparov, for example). life. Karpov went to the finals with an 8 game winning streak, winning the event with a final I highly recommend this book and vol- score of 10 out of 11. The author includes a ume 2, from 1986 through 2010.

28 White Knight Review November/December2011 Annotated Game 21...Bxf3 22.dxe5 by Bill Wall [22.gxf3 exd4 23.cxd4 Bxd4 24.Qe2 h6] Hampyuk – 22...Rd3! 23.Qf4 Anatoly Karpov [23.Qb6 Bxg2 24.exf6 Rxh3 25.f3 Rh1+ 26.Kxg2 Rxe1 27.Na3 Qe8] Tula, 1965 23...Be7?! [Stronger is 23...Bxg2!] 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Ruy Lopez 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 24.exf6 Rxh3 25.f3 Bxf3 26.Kf2 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Bh1 27.Re3 Qg2+ 28.Ke1 gxf6 Na5 10.a4?! 29.Rxh3 Qxh3] 24.gxf3 Rxf3 25.Qg4 Bc5 [10.Bc2 was better. Black can now open the position for his two [Better may be 25...Qd5!? 26.Qc8+ bishops.] Bf8 27.Qg4 h5 28.Qe4 Qxe4 29.Rxe4 Rxh3] 10...Nxb3 11.Qxb3 Be6 12.Qd1 c5 13.axb5?! 26.Rf1? [Opening up the queenside does [More resilient is 26.Re2 Rd3 (26... not help White. Better may be h5 27.Qg2 h4 28.Kf1) 27.Nd2 h5] 13.d4 cxd4 14.cxd4 Qc7] 13...axb5 14.Rxa8 Qxa8 15.d3 c4 [Black wants to pawns to clear some space for his bishops] 16.Bg5 [16.Na3] 16...Rd8 [Preparing to open the position further] 17.Bxf6?! [Giving up the second bishop was a mistake. Better may be 17.d4 or 26...h5! 27.Qg2 17.Na3] Click on ads to visit websites [27.Qxh5?? Rg3+ 28.Kh2 Qg2#] 17...Bxf6 18.d4 d5!? 19.Qc2? 27...h4 28.Kh1 [Better may be 19.Nbd2 exd4 20.Nxd4 Bxd4 21.cxd4 dxe4 [28.Kh2 Qe4 29.Nd2 Qxe5+ 30.Kh1 22.Nxe4] Rd3 31.Ne4 Be7 wins for Black] 19...dxe4 20.Qxe4?! 28...Rxh3+ [Perhaps 20.Nxe5 Bxe5 21.dxe5 [If 29.Kg1 Rg3 30.Qxg3 hxg3 wins Rd3 22.Nd2 Bd5] for Black] 20...Bd5 21.Qe3 and White resigns 0-1 [21.Qf5 exd4 22.Nxd4 Bxd4 23.cxd4 Bxg2 24.Qxb5 Bxh3]

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White Knight Review November/December2011

without either player making a From Steve O – How do you be- Ask Bill Bill Wall pawn move or a capture, it is a come a chess grandmaster and how [email protected] draw. A draw also occurs if there many grandmasters are there? is not sufficient material to - mate the opponent, such as two Steve, the Grandmaster (GM or From Tess – I am from knights and king vs. king or just IGM) title is awarded by the World England rated around king vs. king. Chess Federation, FIDE. You must have a rating of at least 2500. 100. What are the From Channing – I am not very You must then have two favorable rating differences be- good at endgames. What should I results, called norms, from tour- tween the English Chess Federation do to improve and what endgame nament play with other Grand- masters. You must play at least (ECF – used to be the BCF), the US books would you recommend? Chess Federation (USCF), and the 27 games in these tournaments. FIDE first awarded 27 players the World Chess Federation (FIDE)? Channing, try to practice end- games in friendly games by ex- Grandmaster title in 1950. In Tess, the formula to calculate your changing as much as possible and 1972, there were 88 Grandmasters. English rating to the USCF rating playing endgames. Rook and The current FIDE ratings list now system is ECF*8 + 600. So if your pawn endgames are the most likely has over 1,190 grandmasters. ECF rating is 100, then your USCF type of endgames, followed by rating is 1400. If your rating was pawn endgames. You can try to From Tomas – Do you play blitz 200, that would be equivalent to practice with a computer or an- chess and is it good for you? Would a rating to 2200, or master. The other partner that is stronger an you recommend it? FIDE rating is about 50 points knows the endgames. There are more, so your FIDE or Elo rating dozens of good endgame books. Tomas, I play a lot of blitz chess. would be 1450. I would recommend Pal Benko’s My favorite time control is 5 update of Reuben Fine’s Basic minutes per side per game. I do From Sean – I played in this year’s Chess Endings. has not like bullet chess, which is too U.S. Open in Orlando. Where will an endgame book called Win- fast at 1 to 3 minutes per side per game. I also like 10 minutes per it be next year? ning Endgame Knowledge. Yuri Averbakh has written a series of side per game for slower games. Sean, the 2012 U.S. Open will be endgame books. One good one is Most top players lay blitz chess. I held at the Hilton in Vancouver, Chess Endings – Essential Knowl- play it for fun. I get more games Washington (I have a few relatives edge. has written in that way and it gives me more there). It will be the 113th U.S. several endgame books. I like his experience in openings and experi- Open, which started in 1900. The 200 Brilliant Endgames. Chess mental ideas that I may later try last U.S. Open in Washington State Informant has written several in slower, over-the-board, chess. was in Seattle in 1966. In 1987, the volumes of endgame books, part I play a lot of blitz chess at chess. U.S. Open was held in Portland, of the Encyclopedia of Chess End- com and FICS. When I have com- Oregon, which is a little closer to ings. You can try Max Euwe’s A pany over, and they want to watch Vancouver. The event is sponsored Guide to Chess Endings or Paul me play, I tell them to suggest by the Washington Chess Federa- Keres’s Practical Chess Endings. A an opening for me to play tion. There will be about $50,000 classic is Levenfish and Smyslov’s or some idea or theme. in prizes and the top player not Rook Endings. Another good The weirder the opening otherwise qualified will be able to one is Lommer & Sutherland’s or theme, the better. In play in the 2010 U.S. chess cham- 1234 Modern End-Game Studies. blitz chess, you can play pionship. Edmar Mednis wrote several end- anything. I am forced to game books. John Nunn also has think and react quicker. I From David H. – What are the written several endgame books, just have to remember not to play so fast and careless ways you can draw in chess? such as Nunn’s Chess Endings. You can try Pandolfini’s Endgame when it comes to more David, the easiest way is if both Course or Seirawan’s Winning serious, slower chess. sides agree to a draw. If the same Chess Endings. position occurs three times with wrote Silman’s Complete Endgame ------the same player to move, then it is Course. There are dozens more a and a draw. endgame books available, so pick Do you have a which ever you like. You can find When a player to move has no question for Bill? legal move, but not in check, it is endgame videos on YouTube as called a and considered well. You can email him at a draw. If you make 50 moves [email protected]

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