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Varijabilnost Morfoloških Osobina Roda Sedum L

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Varijabilnost Morfoloških Osobina Roda Sedum L UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU MARTINA S. STOJANOVIĆ Varijabilnost morfoloških osobina roda Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) u flori Srbije: karakteri generativnog regiona MASTER RAD Niš, 2017 UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Varijabilnost morfoloških osobina roda Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) u flori Srbije: karakteri generativnog regiona MASTER RAD Kandidat: Mentor: Martina Stojanović 178 Dr Bojan Zlatković Niš, 2017 UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Variability of the morphological characteristics of the genus Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) in the flora of Serbia: the characteristics of the generative region MASTER THESIS Candidate: Mentor: Martina Stojanović 178 Dr Bojan Zlatković Niš, 2017 Biografija kandidata Martina Stojanović, rođena je u Nišu 16.01.1993. godine. Osnovnu školu „Vuk Karadžić“ završila je u selu Belotincu (Doljevac), a Srednju medicinsku školu „Dr Milenko Hadžić“ (medicinska sestra-tehničar) u Nišu (obe sa prosekom 5.00). Prirodno–matematički fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu upisuje 2012. godine na Departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju, gde završava Osnovne akademske studije 2015. godine i iste godine upisuje Master akademske studije smer Biologija, koje završava 2017. godine. Zahvalnica Pre svega želim da se zahvalim svom mentoru dr Bojanu Zlatkoviću, na ukazanom poverenju, strpljenju, pomoći i sugestijama prilikom izrade ovog master rada. Takođe, veliku zahvalnost na korisnim savetima u izradi rada dugujem i dr Zorici Mitić. Najveću zahvalnost dugujem svojoj porodici, koja je bila uz mene u svakom trenutku i kojoj posvećujem ovaj rad! Hvala na razumevanju tokom svih godina studiranja. SAŽETAK Osnovni cilj ovog master rada bio je određivanje stepena morfološke varijabilnosti odabranih kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih karaktera generativnog regiona roda Sedum L. u flori Srbije na osnovu prikupljenih literaturnih podataka. Takođe, u radu je izvršena komparativna analiza literaturnih podataka sa izmerenim vrednosti za isti set prikazanih osobina populacija vrste S. album L. sa područja Balkanskog poluostrva (Srbije, Makedonije, Bugarske, Grčke, Crne Gore i Albanije). Obrada podataka obuhvatala je morfometrijsku analizu u komjuterskom programu STATISTICA 8.0. Morfometrijskom analizom obuhvaćeno je 15 kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih karaktera generativnog regiona biljke (ukupno 315 jedinki). Merenja karaktera urađena su pomoću digitalnog, pomičnog merila i kompjuterskog programa Digimizer Image Analysis software (MedCalc Software©, Belgium). Ključne reči: rod Sedum L., S. album L., morfometrija, varijabilnost, generativni region ABSTRACT The main goal of this master thesis was to determine the degree of morphological variability of the selected quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the generative region of the genus Sedum L. in the flora of Serbia based on the collected literature data. Also, a comparative analysis of literary data with measured values for the same set of characteristics of populations of the S. album L. species from the Balkan Peninsula (Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Albania) was performed. Data processing included morphometric analysis in the computer program STATISTICA 8.0. The morphometric analysis covered 15 quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the generative region of the plant (a total of 315 individuals). Character measurements were made using the Digimizer Image Analysis software (Digital, Motion Scanner and Computer Program) software (MedCalc Software ©, Belgium). Key words: genus Sedum L., S. album L., morphometry, variability, generative region SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. OPŠTI PODACI ............................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1. Sistematski položaj roda Sedum L. .................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Opšte karakteristike familije Crassulaceae DC. ................................................................................. 4 2.3. Opšte karakteristike roda Sedum L. ................................................................................................... 5 3. CILJEVI RADA ............................................................................................................................................. 8 4. MATERIJAL I METODE ............................................................................................................................... 9 5. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA ............................................................................................................................ 14 5.1. Analiza varijabilnosti kvantitativnih i merističkih karaktera generativnog regiona ........................ 14 5.1.1. Varijabilnost kvantitaivnih i merističkih karaktera roda Sedum u flori Srbije .............................. 15 5.1.2 Varijabilnost kvantitativnih i merističkih karaktera vrste S. album ............................................... 17 5.2. Analiza varijabilnosti kvalitativnih karaktera generativnog regiona ............................................... 19 5.2.1. Varijabilnost kvalitativnih karaktera roda Sedum u flori Srbiji .................................................... 20 5.2.2. Varijabilnost kvalitativnih karaktera vrste S. album ..................................................................... 24 6. ZAKLJUČAK .............................................................................................................................................. 27 7. LITERATURA ............................................................................................................................................ 28 8. PRILOG .................................................................................................................................................... 31 1 1. UVOD Varijabilnost životinjskih i biljnih organizama zavisi od različitih faktora sredine. Među jedinkama postoje veće ili manje razlike koje utiču na njihove karakteristike i upravo ove pojave nejednakosti predstavljaju osnovu varijabilnosti organizama. Mogu se razlikovati dve vrste takvih karaktera: kvantitativni i kvalitativni. Biljke, odnosno njihovi genotipovi imaju sposobnost da u različitim uslovima sredine formiraju različite fenotipove. Sposobnost genotipa da stvara različite fenotipove u različitim sredinskim uslovima, nazivamo fenotipskom plastičnošću (Tucić & Tucić, 2000). Životna sredina kao činilac razvića značajno utiče na opseg fenotipova koje će proizvesti jedan genotip. Fiziološke i morfološke osobine biljaka pokazuju fenotipsku plastičnost u interakcijama sa faktorima sredine pri čemu se javljaju promene u samoj morfologiji kao i fiziologiji biljaka. Za utvrđivanje različitosti tih osobina koriste se metode merenja i upoređivanja morfoloških osobina, odnosno, morfometrijska analiza, koja obuhvata merenja vegetativnih i generativnih karaktera. Rezultati analiza ukazuju na moguću varijabilnost između vrsta ali i populacija i mogu da dovedu do izdvajanja potencijalno novih taksona što se može utvrditi taksonomskom analizom. Sedum album L. kao predmet istraživanja ovog rada je upravo vrsta koju odlikuje visoka fenotipska plastičnost (Zlatković et al., 2016), kao i ceo rod Sedum L. 2 2. OPŠTI PODACI 2.1. Sistematski položaj roda Sedum L. Rod Sedum L. u filogenetskom smislu ima sledeći položaj (Marhold, 2011): ❖ Regnum- Plantae ❖ Divisio- Tracheophyta ❖ Subdevisio- Spermatophytina ❖ Classis- Magnoliopsida ❖ Superordo- Saxifraganae ❖ Ordo- Saxifragales ❖ Familia- Crassulaceae DC. ❖ Genus- Sedum L. 3 2.2. Opšte karakteristike familije Crassulaceae DC. Ova familija pripada klasi dikotiledonih biljaka (Magnoliopsida). Obuhvata uglavnom sukulentne biljke, a spada u red srednje bogatih familija sa oko 1300-1500 vrsta koje odlikuje skoro kosmopolitsko rasprostranjenje (′t Hart, 1997). Familija broji oko 35 rodova koji su rasprostranjeni na severnoj i južnoj hemisferi Zemlje, naseljavaju semi-aridna i planinska područja (′t Hart & Eggli, 1995). Familja Crassulaceae obuhvata 4 centra diverziteta: -Meksiko i Jugozapadna Amerika, -Južna Afrika, -Mediteranski region i Makaronezija, -Jugoistočna Azija. U Mediteranskom i submediteranskom području, familija Crassulaceae broji 177 vrsta. Na teritoriji Evrope ovo područje je najznačajnije u pogledu bogatstva vrsta. Na nivou taksonomskog bogatstva, u mediteranskom području, Evropi, ali i na čitavoj severnoj hemisferi dominira rod Sedum L. sa 60% vrsta familije Crassulaceae. Familija Crassulaceae obuhvata jednogodišnje i višegodišnje zeljaste i poludrvenste hamefitske forme. Listovi su uporedni ili naspramni, sukulentni. Cvetovi su u cimozim cvastima, pravilini, hermafroditni, obično petočlani, retko tročlani ili četvoročlani. Čašični listići su slobodni ili ujedinjeni u bazi. Krunični listići su slobodni ili srasli, bele, žute ili roze boje. Prašnika obično ima dvaputa više nego kruničnih listića. Karpele su sitne, slobodne ili srasle u bazi (′t Hart & Eggli, 1995). 4 2.3. Opšte karakteristike roda Sedum L. Rod Sedum L. predstavlja jedan od najznačajnijih i najvećih rodova koji pripadaju familiji Carassulaceae. Obuhvata oko 500 biljnih vrsta koje su pretežno zastupljene u subtropskim i umerenim regionima sveta. Pored Severne
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