2003. The Journal of Arachnology 31:105–121

PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE FAMILIES , CTENIDAE AND (ARANEAE) IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

Robert J. Raven and Kylie Stumkat: Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101 Australia

ABSTRACT. The Uliodon L. Koch is reviewed. It now includes only the type species, Uliodon albopunctatus L. Koch 1873, Uliodon cervinus L. Koch 1873, and Zora frenatus Koch 1873, and the genus is transferred to the . Uliodon is known only from New Zealand. Through an original misreading of the type specimen locality data, both species were erroneously reported from Australia. Forster and Homann previously referred to Uliodon species as Miturga, which is endemic to Australia. The subfamily Uliodoninae Lehtinen 1967 was founded on the characters of Zora tarantulina L. Koch 1873, later transferred to Uliodon by Simon. The diagnostic character of the subfamily, the very long path of the embolus, is not found in Uliodon. The subfamily is here diagnosed from the genus; its validity is unclear. In any case, both Uliodon and Uliodoninae are transferred to the Zoropsidae along with the Australian Huntia Gray & Thompson 2001. Zora tarantulina is made the type species of a new monotypic genus, Mituliodon, included in the Miturgidae; the genus is known only from Australia and Timor. Mi- tuliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch 1873) now newly includes in its synonymy, Uliodon australiensis (L. Koch 1873), Uliodon torvus (L. Koch 1873), Miturga maculata Hogg 1900, Syspira rubicunda Hogg 1900 and Miturga velox Hickman 1930. The New Zealand genus Zealoctenus is transferred from the Ctenidae to the Miturgidae because it is very similar to the Australian genus Diaprograpta Simon 1909; the other New Zealand ‘‘ctenid’’ genus, Nemoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973, along with the Australian zorid Hor- ioctenoides Main 1954 are synonymized with the zorid genus Argoctenus L. Koch 1878, found in Aus- tralia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The New Zealand ‘‘psechrids’’ Poaka Forster & Wilton 1973 and Haurokoa Forster & Wilton 1973 are transferred to the and , respectively. Keywords: Australasia, , Miturgidae, Psechridae

In our studies on the Australian Miturgidae, Holland’’. Later in that monograph, Koch de- a problem was encountered with New Zealand scribed four new species (including one based taxa which Forster (e.g. Forster 1967; Forster on a male, Zora tarantulina L. Koch 1873) & Forster 1973) had considered Miturga Tho- from Australia and placed them in the Pa- rell 1870. When that New Zealand material laearctic (zorid) genus Zora. Simon (1897) was examined and relationships sought, the transferred the subsequent four species of late Ray Forster (pers. comm.) agreed that al- Zora C.L. Koch 1847 into Uliodon (Z. tar- though it resembled Miturga it was not con- antulina, Z. australiensis, Z. torva and Z. fer- generic. Discerning what exactly constitutes a ruginea), a transfer that has not since been miturgid has been like the process of peeling contested. Lehtinen (1967) transferred Ulio- a banana. Only by removing the monophyletic don into the Miturgidae and raised a new sub- outer layers can the integrity and monophyly family based on the ‘‘exceptional course of of the inner fruit (Miturgidae) be established. the embolus’’ of the male palp of Uliodon tar- Raven et al. (2001) began this process with antulinus. Recently, Griswold (1993) formed the description of a new ctenid genus, Amau- a cladogram using Uliodon tarantulinus as the ropelma Raven et al. 2001, which under ex- exemplar for the Miturgidae. isting diagnoses was a miturgid. Hence, although unrevised, the genus Ulio- The genus Uliodon L. Koch 1873 was de- don has been used in two major phylogenetic scribed for females of two new species, U. studies (Lehtinen 1967; Griswold 1993). In albopunctatus L. Koch 1873 and U. cervinus the latter, it was the sole representative of the L. Koch 1873, both reportedly from ‘‘New Miturgidae. heretofore assigned to

105 106 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

Uliodon in Australia are widespread and ac- ther extend the concept of the family. Under tive hunters in leaf litter through coastal Aus- that revised diagnosis, the New Zealand Ulio- tralia. In our present studies on the Australian don fit well into the Zoropsidae. Miturgidae, we could find only one species of Having removed Uliodon from the Mitur- Uliodon, that figured by Griswold (1993) as gidae, a new genus is needed for Zora tar- U. tarantulinus (L. Koch). At the conclusion antulina. The begged question is then: What of the study, we examined the types of Ulio- is a miturgid and are there any in New Zea- don, U. albopunctatus (the type species), and land? Davies (1986: 35) keyed the Miturgidae U. cervinus,inwhat we thought would be a by posterior eyes straight or slightly curved, confirmatory check. The types of both U. al- long and conical apical segment of PLS, bopunctatus and U. cervinus are females and striped carapace, sheet web, two claws and could not be matched morphologically with claw tufts. That character combination does any Australian spider genus in the Miturgidae not apply to any known miturgid. Diapro- or other families. They lack both true claw grapta, Mituliodon, new genera, and most mi- tufts and a third claw but have a good scopula turgid genera lack the elongate PLS; Miturga as in Miturga. Females differ from those of lacks claw tufts and alone builds a sheet web Miturga in the epigyne and the spigots on the as a retreat. Raven et al. (2001) showed that PMS. We did, however, find material match- those characters were insufficient to correctly ing the type material of both species only in place the ctenid genus Amauropelma Raven & New Zealand. When males matching the fe- Stumkat 2001. males of U. albopunctatus and U. cervinus Miturgidae are presently best defined by the were recognized from New Zealand, even character combination given below (also see more differences between Uliodon s. strict. Table 1). The boundary with the Ctenidae has and Miturga were noted. Neither species orig- been diffuse (see Raven et al. 2001) and hence inally placed in Uliodon by Koch is con-fa- it was to the New Zealand ctenids and pse- milial with Uliodon tarantulinus. Griswold chrids (Zealoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973, (1993) was, nevertheless, correct in consider- Nemoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973, Poaka ing Uliodon tarantulinus as a miturgid and al- Forster & Wilton 1973) that our attention was though the genus name is incorrect, his cla- drawn. Forster & Wilton (1973) had noted dif- distic analysis is unaffected by this realization. ficulty in applying the concepts of the Cteni- The Uliodon problem clearly began with dae and Zoridae given by Lehtinen (1967). conflicts in locality data with the types of U. The diagnosis of the Miturgidae given here albopunctatus (type species) and U. cervinus. fits that of Zealoctenus,amonotypic genus Koch (1873: 433) listed them both as ‘‘Neu founded on a single female. Nemoctenus is Holland’’. However, the types (from NHMW) clearly a zorid. are labelled ‘Neuseeland: ‘‘NOVARA’’-Reise; Poaka has similar eyes, carapace shape and Hochstetter don.’, and ‘Neu-Holland (Austral- pattern and abdominal stripes to the miturgid ien): ‘‘NOVARA’’-Reise; Hochstetter don.’, Diaprograpta and hence was examined. For- respectively. That is, they were collected on ster & Wilton (1973) found difficulty in plac- the voyage of the vessel Novara and donated ing both Poaka and Haurokoa but ‘‘dumped’’ by Hochstetter. Hochstetter collected exclu- them uneasily into the Psechridae. On exam- sively in New Zealand. The apparently con- ination of fresh material in Lincoln Universi- flicting labels may have lead Koch to assume ty, New Zealand, it is clear that Poaka is an the material was from Australia. Certainly, the amaurobiid resembling the Australian Man- Novara did visit both New Zealand and Aus- jala Davies 1990 with which it shares the cri- tralia (Fletcher 1985). However, the material bellum, the numerous strong paired spines on has the same collection data as the types of tibiae and metatarsi I, II, retrocoxal hymen the New Zealand hexathelid, Hexathele and carapace shape and pattern and the ab- hochstetteri Ausserer 1871, also deposited in dominal pattern. Hence, Poaka is transferred NHMW. In any case, the morphological data to the Amaurobiidae. Equally, unlike the large are compelling: Uliodon albopunctatus and tropical psechrids, Haurokoa lacks claw tufts Uliodon cervinus are New Zealand species. and does not build a sheet web but hunts on Our current studies also indicated the pres- low vegetation (Forster & Wilton 1973). The ence of the Zoropsidae in Australia which fur- simple form of the palpal bulb and strongly RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 107 recurved eye group suggest either Ctenidae with basal fracture; tibial apophysis more dor- (cf. Amauropelma Raven & Stumkat 2001) or sal than retrolateral; eyes in two recurved Tengellidae. In having only a weakly curved rows; 2 or 3 claws; claw tufts present or ab- front row of eyes and three claws without sent. present or absent. Retrocoxal tufts, the Tengellidae seems the most likely hymen distinct on retrolateral coxae I. Spigots placement. Hence, it is to the Tengellidae that present dorsally on PMS of females (, Haurokoa is tentatively transferred. This pa- Uliodon, Huntia); apical PLS short, domed. per then clarifies the relationships of what was Femur I, especially of females, with enlarged placed in the Miturgidae, Ctenidae and Pse- spine proventrally; at least 5 pairs of strong chridae in New Zealand and the resulting spines on tibia and 3 pairs on metatarsi I, II problems generated in Australia. ventrally. Trochanters weakly but distinctly notched. Labium wider than long. METHODS Included Genera.—Zoropsis Simon 1878 Localities.—Cons. Pk. ϭ Conservation from southeast Asia and Europe; Takeoa Leh- Park; ME.Q ϭ mid-eastern Queensland; NE.Q tinen 1967 from China and Japan; Uliodon L. ϭ northeast Queensland; NP ϭ National Park; Koch 1873 from New Zealand; and Huntia SE.Q ϭ south-east Queensland; SF ϭ State Gray & Thompson 2001 from Victoria and Forest. Western Australia; based upon Platnick 1998 Abbreviations.—ALS ϭ anterior lateral with addition of new genera. spinnerets; AME ϭ anterior median spinner- Remarks.—Uliodoninae were ‘‘character- ets; AME ϭ anterior median eyes; ALE ϭ ized by the exceptional course of the embolus anterior lateral eyes; PLS ϭ posterior lateral in males’’ (Lehtinen 1967: 317) but that was spinnerets; PMS ϭ posterior median spinner- based on a male that is not confamilial with ets; PLE ϭ posterior lateral eyes; RTA ϭ re- Uliodon. The subfamily diagnosis is hence in- trolateral tibial apophysis; RCH ϭ retrocoxal correct. At present, the subfamily includes hymen. only Uliodon and serves no grouping function Museums.—NHMW ϭ Naturhistorisches and in the absence of a cladogram reflects no Museum, Wein, Austria; QM ϭ Queensland indication of higher relationships. Other sub- Museum, Brisbane; WAM ϭ Western Austra- families listed by Lehtinen (1967) in the Mi- lian Museum, Perth; SAM ϭ South Australian turgidae have been re-elevated to families, i.e. Museum, Adelaide; AMS ϭ Australian Mu- Tengellidae, Zoropsidae, or moved to other seum, Sydney; CAS ϭ California Academy of families Amaurobioidinae (). Science (CAS), San Francisco; BMNH ϭ Nat- Eutichurinae have been moved to the Clu- ural History Museum (London); QVM ϭ bionidae, back to the Miturgidae and most re- Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston, Tas- cently back to the Clubionidae (Deeleman- mania. Reinhold 2001; not accepted by Platnick 2001). Griswold (1991) left the Griswoldiinae SYSTEMATICS (as Machadoninae) unplaced in the Lycoso- Family Zoropsidae Bertkau 1882 idea. Lehtinen (1967) included Uliodon, the Zoropsididae [sic.] Bertkau 1882: 337. madagascan genera Uduba Simon 1880, Zo- Uliodoninae Lehtinen 1967: 316. NEW SYNON- rodictyna Strand 1907, Calamistrula Dahl YMY. 1908, the African genus Raecius Simon 1892, Diagnosis.—Male Zoropsidae differ from and from Baltic Amber, Adamator Petrunk- those of Miturgidae in the presence of a dense evitch 1942 in the Uliodoninae. Griswold scopula dorsally on the palpal cymbium, pedal (1993) included Uliodon in a cladogram of ly- tibiae with basal fracture and the presence of cosoids but did not formalize any nomencla- a sclerotized shield on the anterior face of the tural conclusions. Relationships are not here abdomen. Many female zoropsids have spig- extensively explored. However, character dis- ots evident dorsally on the posterior median tributions are given (Table 1). spinnerets but all have strong paired spines on Homann (1971) reported that Miturga has raised bases on tibiae (5–7 pairs) and at least a grate-shaped tapetum; in fact, that is true for 3 pairs on metatarsi I, II. Miturga but Homann’s material was not Mi- Description.—Males with dense scopula turga.Inthe Forster laboratory, I found a let- dorsally on male palpal cymbium, pedal tibia ter and photographs by R.R. Forster in which 108 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY ϭ procurved rows 2 posterior median spinnerets; PTF ϭ domed domedcombination combination digitiform combination with unscler- A form otized region RT posterior lateral spinnerets; PMS ϭ basal crack straight-recurved straight-recurved straight-recurved strongly recurved- retrotibial apophysis. ϭ rows 2 combination male tibiae with retrocoxal hymen; RTA Ctenidae Zoridae Zoropsidae Miturgidae Tengellidae Pisauridae Eutichirinae ϭ PME strong strong strong weak weak weak strong-weak domed domed domed domed to digiti- absent absent present absent present absent absent able 1.—Diagnostic characters of miturgoid families. Abbreviations: PLS T spines 1, 2 shape male tegulum ibial Crack, male absent absent present absent absent absent absent ibial & metatarsal rochanters notched notched notched notched notched notched unnotched predistal tarsal fracture; RCH RCHPTFT Cymbial scopula, maleLeg scopulaClaw pres./abs. tuftsBlack eye row present absent absent strong-absent recurved-2 present rows absent strongly present recurved- present absent pres./abs. strong-absent present absent absent strong pres./abs. present absent pres./abs. absent absent present pres./abs. absent absent absent absent absent absent present absent pres./abs. present absent Maxillae, shapeT ClawsT rectanquloid rectanguloid 2 rectanguloid rectanguloid rectanguloid 2 rectanguloid dumbell 2–3 2 2–3 3 2 PLS, apical segment PMS female, spigotsInterlocking lobes, apical apical dorsal apical apical or dorsal apical apical Autapomorphy ALE high near RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 109 it was clear that the material sent to Homann and males have a much smaller tegulum and labelled Miturga was the New Zealand Ulio- a small unsclerotized median apophysis. The don. Grate-shaped tapeta are also found in the epigyne figured by Koch’s artist faithfully Zoropsidae (Griswold 1993). rended the epigynal plug and hence partially Gray & Thompson (2001) described two obscured the detail of the epigyne. new lycosoid genera, Bengalla Gray & Forster had consistently considered species Thompson 2001 and Huntia Gray & Thomp- here placed in Uliodon as Miturga (e.g. For- son 2001. Bengalla will be dealt with else- ster & Forster 1999). However, he had begun where but is here considered to fit Griswold’s a revision of that group in New Zealand with (1991) concept of the Tengellidae. We have RJR. As with many spider taxa in New Zea- examined material of Huntia. Males have the land, the Zoropsidae are very diverse and may tibial crack, the cymbial scopula, and a scler- constitute several genera. Hence, the above di- otized shield on the anterior face of the ab- agnosis is based upon males and females from domen and both males and females have the the Auckland region and presently considered strong paired spines on tibiae I and II. Fe- conspecific with U. albopunctatus. males of Huntia deepensis Gray & Thompson Family Miturgidae Simon 1885 2001 have spigots dorsally on the PMS. Also, like other undescribed Australian zoropsids, Diagnosis.—Differs from Zoridae in males Huntia has a tarsal rod and tegular-subtegular having tibial apophysis with an unsclerotized interlocking lobes. Gray & Thompson (2001) zone and from the Ctenidae and Zoropsidae considered the longer labium and absence of in lacking strong paired spines on tibiae and claw tufts reason to exclude the genus from metatarsi I, II. the Zoropsidae. The labium of Zoropsis spi- Two claws, true claw tufts present or scop- nimana (female, BCB colln. examined) is ula extending around claws; weak paired about as long as wide and the character is not spines ventrally on tibiae and metatarsi I & II, considered sufficient to exclude a genus from basally divided median apophysis, RTA with the family. The absence of claw tufts in Hun- unsclerotized zone and maxillae rounded rec- tia simply places it lower on the cladogram tanguloid with short diagonal groove. Retro- than Zoropsis. coxal hymen distinct on I. Eight similarly- A more complete examination of the rela- sized eyes in two rows; from above, front row tionships of zoropsids will be presented with straight to slightly recurved, back row slightly our pending revision of the group in Australia. procurved, straight to clearly recurved; tape- tum grate-shaped. Females with spigots only Uliodon L. Koch 1873 apical on PMS. Uliodon L. Koch 1873: 431, type species Uliodon Included genera.—Australian region; Mi- albopunctatus L. Koch 1873 by subsequent des- turga, Diaprograpta Simon 1909, Zealoctenus ignation of Simon 1892: 113. Forster & Wilton 1973. Middle East; Procho- Diagnosis.—Two claws but no true tufts. ra Simon 1885. North & South America; Leg scopula dense on tarsi of males and fe- Teminius Keyserling 1887. males. Males: cymbium with dorsal scopula; Remarks.—Australian species currently tibial apophysis in dorsal region of tibia; te- placed in the otherwise Neotropical genus gulum massive and extending over base of tib- Odo Keyserling 1887 are all clearly consid- ia; interlocking lobes with subtegulum subtle, ered miturgids but are not correctly placed in if present; median apophysis an unsclerotized Odo. vane. Females: epigynal plugs present; PMS The Eutichurinae lack the grate-shaped ta- with line of spigots on dorsal surface. petum, critical for their inclusion in the Ly- Species Included.—Uliodon albopunctatus cosoidea (Griswold 1993) and, unlike the ly- L. Koch 1873, Uliodon cervinus L. Koch, cosoids, have maxillae modified with an ectal 1873, Zora frenatus L. Koch 1873. constriction as in Clubionidae. The character Distribution.—Known only from New used to align the Eutichurinae and Miturgidae Zealand. was the elongate apical article of the PLS (Ra- Remarks.—Uliodon differs from the Aus- mı´rez, Bonaldo, & Brescovit 1997) which is tralian Huntia in the complete absence of a simply a synapomorphy of the genus Miturga. third claw, the presence of dense leg scopula Hence, Deeleman-Reinhold’s (2001) restora- 110 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

with small distinct anterior process; large, dis- tinct retrocoxal hymen on coxae I; trochanter- al notches ca. 1.5 x wider than deep on IV, shallower on I; no feathery hairs. Spines: tib- iae I & II v2.2.2 not strong or overlapping; metatarsi I, II v2 long basal; prolateral spines on tibia I, II; proventral spine on femora. Scopula: dense on tarsi I-IV and metatarsi I- III, weak on IV, also present as two lateral fringes in distal half of tibiae I, II. Tricho- bothrial base laminate, collariform; cuticle Figure 1.—Mituliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch), finely grooved. Claws: 4–5 teeth on long, sim- habitus. ilar, paired claws; unpaired claw absent. Dense, wide tufts distally fused and reach to lower edge of claws. Spinnerets: colulus, an tion of the Eutichurinae to the Clubionidae is hirsute triangle; ALS conical; PLS basal seg- upheld (contra Platnick 2001). ment as long as ALS but more slender with triangular coniform apical segment; PMS Subfamily Miturginae Simon 1885 much smaller than PLS; ALS with 2 major Mituliodon new genus ampullate spigots; 8–10 pyriforms. Male palp: Type species.—Zora tarantulina L. Koch tibia with flange-like distal retrolateral tibial 1873. apophysis with diagonal ridge and soft tissue Diagnosis.—Differs from Diaprograpta beside that and distal triangular flat process and Zealoctenus in the extensive conductor in beyond; cymbium wide, flattened, basal and males and the form of the epigyne in females basolateral margins wide, apical cone short and from all other described Australian mi- without ventral groove; long wide shallow turgid genera in the presence of true claw groove from base almost to tip of cymbium tufts. As more miturgids are described, the along retrolateral edge; embolus small, gourd- flattened form of the cymbium with retrola- shaped, retrobasally reflexing back basally to teral flare and the very extensive conductor be long and filiform around back of tegulum will provide further distinguishing characters. along long conductor; median apophysis has Description.—Color: Carapace yellow slender soft junction with embolus and with brown with darker banding medially, around small, apical, retrolateral hook; tegulum n- edges and along striae. Legs yellow brown shaped, distal, flat with large grooved conduc- without pattern; abdomen fawn brown with tor sweeping up from near embolus base to paired central dark spots; ventrally black field near tip of median apophysis; subtegulum with line of white dots breaking into two big- wide, transverse, basal; slight scopula and ger dots posteriorly; 2 large spots anteriorly thick setae behind cymbial tip. and 2 in front of spinnerets. Etymology.—An arbitary combination of Carapace low, with low broad caput; fovea letters formed from Miturga and Uliodon; the long, straight; silver and brown hairs enhance gender is masculine. pattern; 3 bands of silver hair between eyes Included species.—Mituliodon tarantuli- of back row. Eyes: 8 in 2 rows, both rows nus (L. Koch 1873). gently recurved; front row eyes smaller than Distribution.—As for species. those of back row; ALE each just past inside Relationships.—Among the known Mitur- edge of PLE; front row eyes set close, ca. 0.7– gidae (excluding the Eutichurinae), Mitulio- 1.0 diameter apart; back row eyes ca. 1 di- don, Diaprograpta and Zealoctenus are un- ameter apart. ALE look to side. Tapetum usual in possessing true movable claw tufts grate-shaped. small; teeth formula: which are on separate pads beside the claws. 2r, 3p. Sternum scalloped shield; setation: uni- In Miturga, claw tufts are absent; the scopula form cover of bristles and hair. Labium short. simply extends beyond the tarsal tip. No other Maxillae with deeply narrowed base, almost miturgids, however, have the very extensive diamond-shaped, converging to base and apex conductor. Mituliodon shares with other mi- from midpoint; apex rounded. Legs: coxae turgids the basally divided median apophysis RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 111 and an unsclerotized zone on the tibial apoph- in posterior half paired small dark flecking; ysis. A revision of the Australian Miturgidae ventrally with a black field; behind epigastric will deal more fully with the relationships. furrow two large white spots, lateral of those From fresh material of Zora marmorea 4inadiamond-pattern posterior of that a tri- Hogg 1896 and comparison with the types (in angle of 3 white spots pointed centrally; legs AMS and the Museum of Victoria), we have orange brown without annulations, scopula established that the species is a miturgid but makes distal half of metatarsi I and II and tarsi does not belong in Mituliodon or any de- I, II darker; sternum and coxae orange brown; scribed genera. It will be placed elsewhere in maxillae, labium and chelicerae dark red a pending revision. brown. Mituliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch 1873) Carapace pear-shaped, rounded laterally new combination with distinct but rounded cephalic portion; ca- put arched but gradually defined; fovea begins (Figs. 1–11) at end of caput and extends for last portion of Zora tarantulina L. Koch 1873: 445; Simon 1897: thorax and slightly down posterior slope; light 106. Zora australiensis L. Koch 1873: 441. NEW SYN- pilosity with cuticle evident in all parts; clyp- ONYMY. eus steep but short; chilum of 2 distinct tri- Zora torva L. Koch 1873: 444. NEW SYNONY- angles. MY. Eyes occupy 0.75 of head-width; front row Miturga maculata Hogg 1900: 109. NEW SYN- recurved; from above AME set just out from ONYMY. cephalothorax margin; AME on mound look Syspira rubicunda Hogg 1900: 108. NEW SYN- forward and to side; ALE on mound highest ONYMY. in front look to front and side; PME not on Miturga velox Hickman 1930: 114. NEW SYN- mound look up and to front; PLE on low ONYMY. mound look to side and up; all eyes of similar Types.—Zora tarantulina: ZMH: Museum size, AME further from ALE than AME; like- Godeffroy no. 8190: holotype male, Port wise PME and PLE. Back eye row recurved Mackay, Queensland, Australia. and almost an eye diameter wide from front Zora australiensis: ZMH: holotype, sub- row. From in front, front row centers— adult female, Wollongong, New South Wales, straight with ALE (slightly larger) margins Australia. above and end below those of AME. Zora torva: holotype, male premolt, ‘‘Aus- Chelicerae with low but distinct boss; fangs tralia’’, Thorell collection, in RMS, examined. moderately long. Serrula a distinct curved Miturga maculata: BMNH 1907.2.24.1–5 line. Maxillae almost tear-shaped with 2 gla- (including 1 juvenile of Miturga gilva L. brous regions ventrally and proventrally near Koch): 2 juvenile females, 3 females, 2 males, posterior apex; cylindrical in cross-section. Mt Macedon, Victoria, Australia: intact male Labium extends barely to half length of max- here designated as lectotype, remainder as illae, broad. Sternum roundly cordate with el- paralectotypes. evated ridges opposite intercoxal spaces; no Syspira rubicunda: BMNH 1907.2.24.11– extension between any coxae. 12: holotype female, paratype male, ‘‘Chen- Legs: coxae rounded, all of similar size iston’’, Mt Macedon, Victoria, Australia. with similar flange to Miturga.Trochanters all Miturga velox: holotype male, paratype fe- short, similarly (I–IV) and deeply notched. male, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, QVM Relative lengths of leg segments: femur about 13: 7325 and 7324, examined. equal to tibia longer than metatarsus much Description.—Female: (QM S36672) Col- longer than tarsus ϭ patella except IV, meta- or and Pattern: Union Jack pattern on yellow tarsus longer than all. Pilosity: moderately brown carapace: U-shaped darker areas (of long black bristles and fine hair not obscuring hair) radiating from fovea along each inter- cuticle on legs; no evident clustering. strial ridge; longitudinal bands of darker hairs Scopula: dense, obscuring cuticle on meta- on caput broken by sinuous streaks arising be- tarsi and tarsi I, II; laterally with scoop-like tween each pair of PME–PLE and PME– ridges of hair on tibiae I, II; thinner but entire PME; curved area of silver hairs from be- and full tarsi and metatarsi III divided medi- tween lateral eyes around PLE. Abdomen ally by setae on tarsi IV; 3 bands for 0.75 of fawn brown with black flecking laterally and metatarsi IV. 112 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

Figures 2–4.—Mituliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch). 2, female. 3, 4, male. 2, 3, cephalothorax and ab- domen, dorsal view. 4, abdomen, ventral view.

Spines. I: fe p2d2r2w, pa 0, ti v2.2.2, me Claws: palpal, long curved with 4–5 long v2 long, basal. II: fe p4d2r2w, pa 0, ti v2.2.2, teeth. Long paired claws with 3–5 teeth; tufts me v2 long, basal. III: fe p4d3r4, pa 0, ti absent on female palp, small elsewhere, not as p2d2r2v2.2.2, me p3r1v2 long, basal ϩ 1 mid- high as scopula and just covering teeth on distal. Palp: fe p1d4, pa p1, ti p3r2, ta p3r2. claws; claws set well above tufts. RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 113

Figures 5–8.—Mituliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch). 5, male, tibia, cymbium & bulb, ventral left. 6, 7, epigyne. 8, vulva.

Trichobothria: 2 bands on each side dorsal- terior lobes plus medial ridge. Copulatory fos- ly of tibiae; trichobothria as long basally on sae lie behind anterior lobes; a large duct folds tibia as distally; single line dorsally on tarsi slowly and then reduces in diameter and forms with distal trichobothria longer. complexly folded basal portion; fertilization Spinnerets: all of similar length but PLS ducts basal. smaller in diameter; PMS cylindrical; colulus Male (QM S36201) (like female except as a small setose area. follows): Spines. I: fe p3d3r4, pa 0, ti Epigyne: Two lateral lobes with inner an- p3d1r2v6, me v2 basal. II: fe p4d3r4, pa 0, ti 114 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

Figures 9, 10.—Mituliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch), male. 9, cymbium & bulb, ventral left, scanning electron micrograph with tibial apophysis (inset). 10, tarsus, lateral view showing different orientation of hairs in claw tufts and scopula. p2r2v6, me v2 basal. III: fe p5d3r4, pa 0, ti (Fig. 11). It is known from the Wet Tropics p2d2r2v6, me p4r3v2 basalϩ 1 distal. IV: fe (Thornton Peak) in north Queensland, west to p4d3r3, pa 0, ti p2d3r2v6, me p5r5v2.2.1. south central Queensland, and south along Palp: As for genus. coastal and near coastal areas through New Remarks.—As first revisers, the senior of South Wales, Victoria, eastern Tasmania, the synonymous species in L. Koch (1873) is southern South Australia and in the south- taken because the holotype is a male, the most western corner of Western Australia. It has not distinctive of the sexes. been recorded from the Northern Territory. It Variation.—Throughout its range Mitulio- is also known from Timor. The only common don tarantulinus is very consistent in sexual factor that may explain its distribution is the morphology with the biggest variation occur- presence of a litter layer of some depth. Hab- ring in Western Australia where a subtle dif- itats with such a layer occur in rainforest, ference in the shape of the apical portion of semi-evergreen vine thicket and eucalypt for- the tibial apophysis is sometimes discernible. ests but not desert or grassland. The hypoth- The pattern on the dorsal carapace is effec- esis needs further testing, however. tively a black Union Jack on a mottled brown Biology.—Mituliodon is litter dwelling and background. The darkness of the background nocturnally active. However, when a forest is varies making the radiating lines less distinct subjected to vibration (at any time but diur- in some specimens. The white pattern on the nally most easily seen) from a slowly idling black field on the ventral abdomen varies from big engine (e.g. tractor or diesel 4x4) a num- two convergent white lines to a series of dots. ber of spiders become very active (first re- Neither of these variations shows any clear ported by D. Hirst, XII International Congress correlation with habitat, distribution or other of Arachnology, Brisbane 1992, Special morphology. However, around Adelaide, Methods meeting). On a number of occasions, South Australia, the sternum of Mituliodon RJR has noted that larger Mituliodon can be tarantulinus (where the two color forms are seen running across the litter from over 20 m sympatric) is a deep burgundy red whereas directly towards the vibration source. elsewhere it is light to dark brown. Neither juveniles nor adults are taken com- Distribution and Habitat.—Mituliodon monly in vegetation sweeps nor are they often tarantulinus is the most widely distributed seen off the ground at night. Hence, any sig- species of the known Australian miturgids nificance attributed to the presence of claw RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 115

1243: (, Ambergate Reserve, 33Њ42ЈS 115Њ20ЈE; WAM 99/1244: (,14kmE.of Black Point, 34Њ25Ј30ЉS 115Њ41Ј30ЉE; WAM 99/1245: (, Capel, lot 7 NW Road, 33Њ33ЈS 115Њ33ЈE; Crowea, ridge site, 34Њ28ЈS 116Њ10ЈE: WAM 99/1248: &;WAM99/ 1249–50: 2 &.WAM 99/1251: juvenile &,3 km W. of Darradup, 34Њ05ЈS 115Њ34ЈE; WAM 99/1252: &, Dog Pool on Shannon River, 34Њ46ЈS 116Њ22ЈE; WAM 99/1253: (,Dryan- dra Woodland, 32Њ47ЈS 116Њ55ЈE; WAM 99/ 1254: (, Durokoppin Nature Reserve, site DKR F2, 31Њ30ЈS 117Њ44ЈE; WAM 99/1255– 6: (, Faure Island, TL-31, 25Њ53Ј30ЉS 113Њ54Ј00ЉE; WAM 99/1257: &, Faure Island, TL-30, 25Њ53Ј30ЉS 113Њ54Ј45ЉE; WAM 99/ Figure 11.—Distribution map of Mituliodon tar- 1259: &, Gelorup Rise, Gelorup, 33Њ23ЈS antulinus (L. Koch). 115Њ38ЈE; WAM 99/1260:&, Gunjin Gully, 31Њ59ЈS 116Њ08ЈE; WAM 99/1261–2: ( 2J, tufts for scaling smooth vertical surfaces is Ledge Point, site 2, 35Њ01ЈS 118Њ00ЈE; WAM without much support. Diurnally, Mituliodon 99/1263:(, Margaret River, 33Њ57ЈS is found under litter and when rotting logs 115Њ04ЈE; WAM 99/1264:(,17miles NE of resting on the ground are lifted or broken Millstream Stn homestead, 21Њ25ЈS 117Њ15ЈE. open. In Queensland, Mituliodon is often tak- Mt Cooke, 32Њ25ЈS 116Њ18ЈE, WAM 99/1265: en in houses. (,WAM 99/1266:&, site 3; WAM 99/1267: The egg sac is a small soft disc attached to &, site 3; WAM 99/1268:&, site 3; WAM 99/ the underside of rocks and logs. 1269–71: 2 (,1&, site 2; WAM 99/1272: (. Toxinology.—Euphoria, dizziness, pain, WAM 99/1273:(,MtObservation, 31Њ54ЈS and light-headedness have been reported after 116Њ33ЈE; WAM 99/1274:(,MtJackson, site the bite (Queensland Museum records). MJR 1, 30Њ24Ј45ЉS 119Њ14Ј45ЉE; WAM 99/ Material Examined.—TIMOR: WAM 99/ 1275:(,25kmSEofMundaring, 32Њ04ЈS 1235:&, Lelofui, site A, 9Њ32ЈS 124Њ14ЈE; 116Њ21ЈE. Nedlands, 31Њ59ЈS 115Њ48ЈE: WAM WAM 99/1236: (, Gunung Mutus, summit, 99/1276:&;WAM 99/1277:(;WAM99/ 9Њ31ЈS 124Њ16ЈE. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 1278:(;WAM 99/1279:(;WAM 99/1280–1: WAM 93/1761:&, Hovea, 31Њ53Ј00ЉS 2&;WAM 99/1282–3: 2&;WAM 99/1284:(; 116Њ06Ј00ЉE; WAM 98/429:(, Barlee Range WAM 99/1285:&;WAM 99/1286:&;WAM Nature Reserve, site BR 7, 23Њ22Ј45ЉS 99/1287–8:(, &;WAM 99/1289–90: &J; 115Њ52Ј50ЉE; WAM 99/1214–5: 2 (, Bush WAM 99/1291–2: 2(;WAM 99/1293:&; Bay, site BB 5, 25Њ07Ј54ЉS 113Њ46Ј05ЉE. Cape WAM 99/1294–5: (J; WAM 99/1296–7:(, Cuvier, Quobba Station, site CU 6, 24Њ08Ј20ЉS &;WAM 99/1298:&;WAM 99/1299:(; 113Њ26Ј44ЉE: WAM 99/1216–7:( & &; WAM 99/1300:(;WAM 99/1301:(;WAM WAM 99/1218–9: 2(;WAM 99/1220–1: ju- 99/1302:&;WAM 99/1303:(;WAM99/ venile&;WAM 99/1222:(.WAM 99/1223:(, 1304:(;WAM 99/1305:(.WAM 99/1306:&, Kennedy Range NP, site KE 1, 24Њ29Ј34ЉS W. of South Australia/Western Australia bor- 115Њ01Ј50ЉE. Nanga Station, site NA 3, der; WAM 99/1307:&, Salter Point, 32Њ02ЈS 26Њ31Ј21ЉS 114Њ00Ј08ЉE: WAM 99/1224: (; 115Њ52ЈE; WAM 99/1308:&, Stirling Range WAM 99/1225: (;WAM 99/1226: &;WAM NP, SW spur of Mt Hasse, 34Њ23ЈS 118Њ04ЈE; 99/1227: (.WAM 99/1228: (, Zuytdorp, site WAM 99/1309–11: ( 2J, Torndirrup NP, ZU 2, 27Њ16Ј00ЉS 114Њ02Ј00ЉE; WAM 99/ Sharp Point, 35Њ07ЈS 117Њ52ЈE; WAM 99/ 1229: (, Zuytdorp, site ZU 4, 27Њ15Ј45ЉS 1312: juvenile (,Tutanning [Nature Re- 114Њ09Ј13ЉE. Zuytdorp, site ZU 5, 27Њ14Ј43ЉS serve], 32Њ32ЈS 117Њ20ЈE, T.Evans; WAM 99/ 114Њ11Ј36ЉE, WAM 99/1230–1: 2 (;WAM 1313: &,Wilson Inlet, site 2, 34Њ59ЈS 99/1232–3: 2 (.WAM 99/1234: (, Zuytdorp, 117Њ22ЈE; WAM 99/1314–6: ( 2J, Bold Park, site ZU 3, 27Њ15Ј50ЉS 114Њ04Ј14ЉE; WAM 99/ site BP 1, 31Њ57Ј11ЉS 115Њ45Ј50ЉE; WAM 99/ 116 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

1317–8: Bold Park, site BP 3, 31Њ56Ј30ЉS Parndana, 35Њ50Ј05ЉS 137Њ21Ј37ЉE; SAM 115Њ46Ј27ЉE; WAM 99/1319: &, Bold Park, N1999119: (, 4.7km WNW Gosse Oval, site BP 4, 31Њ56Ј29ЉS 115Њ46Ј01ЉE. WAM 99/ 35Њ47Ј30ЉS 136Њ55Ј30ЉE; SAM N1999120: (, 1320: (, Dianella Open Space, sites DO 1, 7.9km SW Cape Willoughby Lighthouse, DO 2, 31Њ53ЈS 115Њ50ЈEs WAM 99/1321: (, 35Њ51Ј08ЉS 138Њ02Ј56ЉE; SAM N1999121: (, Jandakot Airport, site JK 1, 32Њ05Ј36ЉS same data but 8.5km SW Cape Willoughby 115Њ52Ј39ЉE. Kings Park. WAM 99/1322: (, Lighthouse, 35Њ52Ј49ЉS 138Њ04Ј14ЉE; SAM site 4/3, 31Њ58Ј15ЉS 115Њ50Ј05ЉE; WAM99/ N1999113: (, 7km N Ravine de Casoars, 1323: &, site 5/2, 31Њ58Ј15ЉS 115Њ50Ј00ЉE; 35Њ47ЈS 136Њ37ЈE; SAM N1999112: &, Ra- WAM 99/1324: &, site 4/8, 31Њ58Ј15ЉS vine de Casoars, 35Њ48ЈS 136Њ36ЈE; SAM 115Њ50Ј05ЉE; WAM 99/1325: &, site 4/3, N1999116: (, Rocky R crossing W ranger 31Њ58Ј15ЉS 115Њ50Ј05ЉE; WAM 99/1326–7: HQ., 35Њ57ЈS 136Њ43ЈE; SAM N1999117: & (, &,31Њ58Ј15ЉS 115Њ50Ј05ЉE, JD. Perth Air- ϩ eggsac, Snake lagoon, Flinders Chase NP, port, site PA 5, 31Њ58Ј03ЉS 115Њ58Ј11ЉE. 35Њ57ЈS 136Њ39ЈE; SAM N1999111: (,West WAM 99/1328–9: ( J, site PA 6, 31Њ58Ј05ЉS Bay, 35Њ53ЈS 136Њ37ЈE. Mt Lofty Ranges. 115Њ58Ј05ЉE; WAM 99/1330: (, site PA 7, SAM N1999130: &, Belair, 35Њ00ЈS 31Њ58Ј34ЉS 115Њ58Ј25ЉE, JMW et al. WAM 138Њ38ЈE; SAM N1999128: (, Coromandel 99/1331–2: 1 ( 1J &,Talbot Road Reserve, Valley, 35Њ02ЈS 138Њ38ЈE; SAM N1999127: site TR 2, 31Њ52Ј25ЉS 116Њ03Ј03ЉE; WAM 99/ (, same data; SAM N1999107: ( juv., Kyee- 1333–6: 4 (, JD; WAM 99/1337: &;WAM ma CP, 35Њ16Ј28ЉS 138Њ41Ј30ЉE; SAM 99/1338: &;WAM 99/1339: &,Tuart Hill, N1999129: (, 1km S Coromandel Valley site TH 1, 31Њ52Ј49ЉS 115Њ51Ј30ЉE. WAM 99/ P.O., 35Њ02ЈS 138Њ38ЈE; SAM N1999124: &, 1340–1: 2 &,Tuart Hill, site TH 3, 31Њ52Ј50ЉS Loftia Recreation Park, 35Њ02ЈS 138Њ42ЈE; 115Њ51Ј34ЉE. WAM 99/1342–3: & J; WAM SAM N1999125–6: 2 (, same data. SAM 99/1344: (,Woodman Point, site WO 2, N1999100: (, Bottle-brush Nature Res., Car- 32Њ07Ј50ЉS 115Њ45Ј28ЉE; WAM 99/1345–6: 2 oline Forest, 37Њ58ЈS 140Њ51ЈE; SAM (,Woodman Point, site WO 1, 32Њ07Ј47ЉS N1999131: (, Burnside, Adelaide (foothills), 115Њ45Ј23ЉE; WAM 99/1246–7: 2 (, Cocan- 34Њ56ЈS 138Њ38ЈE; SAM N1999106: (, Co- arup Timber Reserve, 33Њ38ЈS 119Њ54ЈE; maum, 37Њ14ЈS 140Њ56ЈE; SAM N1999105: WAM 99/1258: (, Fitzgerald River NP, 11 (, Hoods Scrub, Joanna, 37Њ06ЈS 140Њ53ЈE; km NW. of Roes, 33Њ57Ј47ЉS 119Њ16Ј39ЉE; SAM N1999133: (,Wilmington, 32Њ39ЈS WAM 99/1354: (, Shenton Park Bush, site 138Њ06ЈE; SAM N1999109: (, 1.5km WNW A, 31Њ57Ј52ЉS 115Њ47Ј57ЉE; WAM 99/1355– Rabbit I. Dam, Mt Rescue CP, 35Њ55Ј22ЉS 8: 4 (, University of W.A. Research Park, cnr 140Њ19Ј19ЉE; SAM N1999103: &, 13km N Selby St/Und, 31Њ57Ј02ЉS 115Њ48Ј05ЉE; Keilira Stn, 36Њ37ЈS 140Њ10ЈE; SAM QMS32803: 1 (, Nedlands, 31Њ59ЈS N1999104: &, same data; SAM N1999108: 115Њ48ЈE; SAM N1999134: &, Sawyers Val- (, 1km SW Stony Well, 35Њ58Ј22ЉS ley, 31Њ54ЈS 116Њ12ЈE. SOUTH AUSTRA- 139Њ31Ј44ЉE; SAM N1999132: (, Mitcham, LIA. Fleurieu Peninsula, Seg Fleurieu Sur- Adelaide, 34Њ59ЈS 138Њ37ЈE; SAM vey. SAM N1999123, 1999141: 2 &, 5km N1999101–2:2 (, Mount Meridith, 15km N ENE Parawa, 35Њ32Ј27ЉS 138Њ24Ј24ЉE; SAM Mt Gambier, 37Њ40Ј47ЉS 140Њ53Ј08ЉE; WAM N1999122: (, 8km WSW Parawa, 35Њ34Ј25ЉS 99/1237–8: 2 &, Baird Bay, 33Њ09ЈS 138Њ16Ј18ЉE; SAM N1999135–6: 2 (, 7km E 134Њ22ЈE; QMS32005: 1 &, Renmark, 14k Mt Compass, 35Њ20Ј43ЉS 138Њ41Ј56ЉE; SAM WNW, 34Њ06ЈS 140Њ36ЈE. VICTORIA. N1999137–8: (, 11km E Mt Compass, BMNH 1924.3.1.834: &,‘‘Cheniston’’, Mt 35Њ21Ј16ЉS 138Њ44Ј11ЉE; SAM N1999139: (, Macedon; WAM 99/1239: (, Coranderrk Re- 6.75km NNE Mt Compass, 35Њ18Ј39ЉS serve, Healesville, 37Њ41ЈS 145Њ31ЈE; WAM 138Њ40Ј34ЉE; SAM N1999140: (, 7.5km 99/1240–1: 2 & 1J, Mirranahua Gap, Gram- WSW Parawa, 35Њ34Ј25ЉS 138Њ16Ј18ЉE. Kan- pian Ranges; WAM 99/1242: &,1juvenile, 2 garoo Island. SAM N1999114–5: 2 (, 0.4km km N. of Porcupine Ridge, N. of Daylesford, W Rocky R NPWS HQ, 35Њ57Ј03ЉS 37Њ17ЈS 144Њ11ЈE; QMS34573: 1 (,MtMa- 136Њ43Ј43ЉE; SAM N1999110: (, 1.6km NE cedon; SAM N199998: &, 1km NW Anakie Cape du Couedic Lighthouse, 36Њ02Ј45ЉS Junction, Brisbane Ranges, 37Њ54ЈS 144Њ15ЈE; 136Њ42Ј55ЉE; SAM N1999118: (, 10km NW SAM N199999: &, The Gums, Wilsons Prom- RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 117 ontory, c. 38Њ55ЈS 146Њ15ЈE. QUEENSLAND. QMS18856: 1 juv., Eungella NP, 21Њ11ЈS QMS32713: 1 &, Ashgrove, Brisbane, 148Њ30ЈE. EWAN MADDOCK DAM, 27Њ27ЈS 153Њ02ЈE; QMS39538: 1 (,2&, Ayr, 26Њ47ЈS 152Њ58ЈE. QMS32667: 1 &, (site B); 19Њ34ЈS 147Њ27ЈE; QMS32692: 2 &, Bahrs QMS32664: 1 juv., (site E) ; QMS32665: 1 Scrub, 27Њ45ЈS 153Њ10ЈE; QMS32705: 1 &, &, Old homesite (site F) ; QMS32673: 1 &, same data; QMS32700: 1 (, Bardon, Bris- Site E, 26Њ47ЈS 152Њ58ЈE, heath; QMS32264: bane, 27Њ28ЈS 152Њ58ЈE; QMS32206: 1 (, 1 juv., Site F; QMS32680: 1 &, Site C; Beerburrum, 26Њ57ЈS 152Њ58ЈE. Beerwah For- QMS32257: 1 juv., Site C. QMS32716: 1 (, estry Reserve, 26Њ51ЈS 152Њ57ЈE, heath. Forty Mile Scrub SW Mt Garnet, 18Њ04ЈS QMS19569: 1 &; QMS32663: 2 juveniles; 144Њ50ЈE; QMS22154: 1 juv., Frenchville, QMS32668: 1 &; QMS32676: 1 &; 23Њ20ЈS 150Њ24ЈE; QMS4185: 1 &, Gatton, QMS32682: 1 juvenile. QMS27869: 4 juv., 27Њ34ЈS 152Њ16ЈE; QMS32726: 1 &, Goodna, Bellenden Ker Ra, Centre Peak Summit, Ipswich, 27Њ37ЈS 152Њ53ЈE; QMS32723: 1 &, 17Њ15ЈS 145Њ50ЈE; QMS27870: 1 &,1juv., Great Dividing Ra., near Teviot Brook; same data; QMS27861: same data; QMS32725: 1 (,1&, Griffith Univ., Bris- QMS27718: 1 (, Bellthorpe, 26Њ51ЈS bane, 27Њ28ЈS 153Њ00ЈE; QMS32719: 1 &, 152Њ42ЈE, QMS39048: 1 (, Blackbutt Ra, Jindalee, Brisbane, 27Њ31ЈS 152Њ55ЈE; base, 26Њ52ЈS 152Њ11ЈE; QMS32661: 1 &, QMS32684: 1 juv., Karawatha Forest, 27Њ37ЈS Blackbutt Ra, summit, 5km E Benarkin, 153Њ05ЈE; QMS32677: 1 (, same data; 26Њ52ЈS 152Њ11ЈE; QMS36814: 1 &, Boggo- QMS32695: 1juv., Kroombit Tops, 24Њ22ЈS moss No 3, 25Њ26ЈS 150Њ00ЈE; QMS19689: 2 151Њ01ЈE. QMS39077: 1 &, Lake Broadwater, (, Bondoola (Stonier), 23Њ11ЈS 150Њ41ЈE; 27Њ20ЈS 151Њ05ЈE; QMS39526: 1 &, same QMS32000: 1 &, Boyne R, H’way Xing, data but Site 1; QMS39076: 1 (,1juv., same 23Њ55ЈS 151Њ19ЈE; QMS30691: 1 &, same data but SW track; QMS32671: 1 (, Lands- data; QMS32715: 8 juv., Braemar SF, 27Њ12ЈS borough, 26Њ48ЈS 152Њ58ЈE; QMS32678: 1 &, 150Њ50ЈE; QMS32741: 1 juv., same data; same data; QMS32734: 8 juv., Malaan SF, QMS30729: 1 (, Brisbane, Acacia Ridge, 17Њ35ЈS 145Њ35Ј; QMS32672: 1 &, Meikle- 27Њ28ЈS 153Њ02ЈE, spider bite; QMS32738: 1p ville Hill, Yeppoon, 23Њ05ЈS 150Њ42ЈE; juv., Brisbane, The Gap, 28Њ27ЈS 153Њ00ЈE, QMS32674: 1 juv., same data; QMS32729: 1 Brookfield, Gold Ck Reservoir, 27Њ29ЈS (, Moreton I, S Eagers Swamp, 27Њ11ЈS 152Њ55ЈE. QMS32697: 1 juv.; QMS32704: 1 153Њ24ЈE; QMS32728: 1 (,MtCoolum, &; QMS32698: 2 juv.; QMS32696: 1 juv.; 26Њ34ЈS 153Њ05ЈE, heathland; QMS32737: 3 QMS32703: 2 &. QMS32718: 20 juv., Bul- juv., Mt Coot-tha, Brisbane, 27Њ29ЈS burin SF, 24Њ29ЈS 151Њ35ЈE; QMS25608: 1 (, 152Њ57ЈE; QMS32683: 1 &,MtHalifax, Bushley Stn, 23Њ31ЈS 150Њ14ЈE; QMS32675: 19Њ06ЈS 146Њ22ЈE; QMS15981: 1 (,MtMof- 1 &, same data; QMS32689: 1 &, Calamvale, fatt NP, Dargonelly Rock Holes, 25Њ01ЈS Brisbane, 27Њ37ЈS 153Њ02ЈE; QMS32733: 1 (, 147Њ57ЈE; QMS39049: 1 &,MtNebo, 1/2 same data. CAMIRA, 27Њ37ЈS 152Њ55ЈE. way down track in Reserve, 27Њ23ЈS QMS31001: 1 (; QMS29680: 1 &; 152Њ47ЈE; QMS39285: 1 (,MtSpurgeon QMS25525: 1 (; QMS23026: 1 &; (trap 4), 16Њ27ЈS 145Њ11ЈE; QMS22656: 1 (, QMS30596: 1 (; QMS30595: 1 (; Mt Windsor Tbld, Whypalla SF, 16Њ12ЈS QMS31351: 1 juv.; QMS32699: 1 (; 144Њ58ЈE; QMS33185: 1 &, same data; QMS32736: 1 (; QMS32730: 1 (. QMS25542: 1 &,NTamborine, 27Њ54ЈS QMS32742: 1 &, Capalaba, Brisbane, 27Њ31ЈS 153Њ08ЈE; QMS32670: 1 &, Nob Ck, 22Њ52ЈS 153Њ11ЈE; QMS32727: 1 &, Carina Heights, 150Њ36ЈE; QMS32002: 1 &, North Bell Peak, Brisbane, 27Њ28ЈS 153Њ00ЈE; QMS32711: 1 &, Malbon Thompson Ra, 17Њ06ЈS 145Њ53ЈE; Carina, Brisbane, 27Њ29ЈS 153Њ05ЈE; QMS39050: 1 &, North East I, Percy Is, QMS32720: 2 juv., Crediton (7), 21Њ12ЈS 21Њ42ЈS 150Њ19ЈE; QMS32712: 1 &, North 148Њ32ЈE; QMS25385: 1 (, Deepwater NP, Stradbroke Is, Pt Lookout, 27Њ26ЈS 153Њ32ЈE; 24Њ31ЈS 151Њ58ЈE; QMS21830: 1 &, Eight QMS32666: 1 &, Olsen’s Caverns, 23Њ10ЈS Mile Ck (NQ 31/2), 18Њ40ЈS 144Њ42ЈE; 150Њ27ЈE; QMS14113: 1 &, Paluma Dam Rd, QMS22415: 1 &,1juv., Enoggera, Army 18Њ56ЈS 146Њ08ЈE; QMS39075: 1 &, Raven- Lands, 27Њ43ЈS 152Њ58ЈE; QMS7062: 1 &, shoe, 17Њ36ЈS 145Њ28ЈE. Rochedale SF, Eungella (Schoolhouse), 21Њ07ЈS 148Њ28ЈE; 27Њ37ЈS 153Њ08ЈE. QMS32706: 1 (; 118 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

QMS32702: 3 juv.; QMS32688: 1 &; ve, 30Њ34ЈS 151Њ53ЈE; SAM N199996: &, QMS32690: 1 juv.; QMS32708: 1 (; Clarence R, Copmanhurst, 29Њ35ЈS 152Њ46ЈE. QMS32687: 1 (, under logs; QMS32707: 1 TASMANIA. AMKS 30744: & j, Great (,1juv.; QMS32709: 1 &; QMS32710: 1 (; Lakes, 41Њ52ЈS 146Њ44ЈE; AMKS 34434: (, QMS32691: 1 (,2juv.; QMS32693: 1 &. Ferntree, 42Њ54ЈS 147Њ16ЈE; AMKS 29025: QMS19632: 1 &, Rockhampton, 23Њ21ЈS &j, Eaglehawk Neck, 42Њ00ЈS 147Њ55ЈE; SAM 150Њ32ЈE. Roedean St, Fig Tree Pkt, Brisbane, N199997: &, George Town, 41Њ06ЈS 27Њ28ЈS 153Њ00ЈE, SE.Q. QMS39051: 1 (; 146Њ49ЈE. QMS32717: 1 (; QMS32735: 1 (; Zealoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973 QMS39529: 1 &. QMS32681: 1 juv., Rosslyn Head (DW4), 23Њ10ЈS 150Њ47ЈE; QMS19587: Zealoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973: 295. Type spe- 1 &, same data; QMS32722: 1 &, Samford, cies Zealoctenus cardronaensis Forster & Wilton 27Њ23ЈS 152Њ50ЈE; QMS32679: 3 juv., South 1973 (holotype female in Otago Museum, Dun- dedin, examined) by original designation. Percy I, Lagoon area, 21Њ45ЈS 150Њ17ЈE; QMS27561: 1 juv., same data; QMS27494: 2 Diagnosis.—Eight similarly-sized eyes in (, same data; QMS27502: 1 (, same data. two recurved rows, back row strongly re- Taroom District, Boggomoss. QMS36210: 1 curved; ALE clearly closer to AME than PME (, (No.19), 25Њ25ЈS 150Њ00ЈE; QMS36352: 1 or PLE; tapetum grate-shaped. Only 2 claws (,2&,1juv., QMS36288: 1 (,1&, (No. with true claw tufts. Scopula weak on leg I, 8), 25Њ27ЈS 150Њ02ЈE, baited flight trap; strong on tibia to tarsi II, only on metatarsi QMS36672: 1 &; QMS36201: 1 (, (No. 19), and tarsi III, IV. Trochanters deeply notched. 25Њ25ЈS 150Њ00ЈE; QMS32724: 1 juv., Tee- Two pairs of weak spines on tibiae and meta- wah Ck, Cooloola, 25Њ55ЈS 153Њ02ЈE; tarsi I, II. Carapace and abdomen hirsute with QMS32714: 2 juv., Teviot Brook, Boonah, longitudinal dark stripes. Female epigyne with 27Њ54ЈS 152Њ33ЈE; QMS32701: 1 &, Upper medial ridge diverging anteriorly into two Kroombit Ck, Kroombit Tops, 24Њ25ЈS slightly diagonal ridges. Males unknown. 151Њ02ЈE; QMS39528: 1 &,Valette Stn, in Ck Included Species.—Zealoctenus cardron- Pd, 24Њ10ЈS 143Њ12ЈE; QMS32686: 1 &,Wal- aensis Forster & Wilton 1973. laman Falls, 18Њ36ЈS 145Њ47ЈE; QMS32790: 1 Distribution and Habitat.—Known only (,Wynnum West, Brisbane, 27Њ28ЈS from Cardrona Valley, New Zealand, where 153Њ00ЈE; QMS32662: 1 (,1&,Yeppoon, Forster & Wilton (1973) reported them to be Byfield Rd (DW18), 23Њ03ЈS 150Њ42ЈE; found in ‘‘grassland and scrub.’’ QMS32685: 1 (, Hidden Valley, Yeppoon, Remarks.—The female of Zealoctenus is 20Њ56ЈS 147Њ11ЈE; QMS32731: 1 (,Nolo- virtually indistinguishable from those of the cality data; QMS32669: 1 (, The Bluff, Keys- Australian miturgid Diaprograpta Simon land, 26Њ14ЈS 151Њ42ЈE. AMKS 6793: ( j, 1909 which we are revising. The males of the Bulburin SF (Nursery), 24Њ30ЈS 151Њ28ЈE; latter have a very diagnostic palp and until AMKS 9163: (, Thornton Peak, N of Dain- males of Zealoctenus are known, we simply tree, 16Њ10ЈS 145Њ22ЈE; SAM N199995: (, wish to note that the genera may prove to be Lookout, W of Glasshouse Mountains, c. synonymous but both are retained at present. 26.54ЈS, 152.57ЈE; SAM N199994: (, Mun- The diagnostic feature of Ctenidae is puta- umburra Fauna Sanctuary, Mt Bauple, c. tively the close juxtaposition of the ALE with 25Њ47ЈS 152Њ34ЈE. NEW SOUTH WALES. either the PME or PLE (see Raven et al. 2001) AMKS 37440: (, London Bridge SF, 3.7km and that is not the case in Zealoctenus. SW Lookout, 29Њ51ЈS 152Њ12ЈE; AMKS Family Zoridae F.O.P.-Cambridge 1893 37425: &, 0.5km from Wheatley Ck Rd on Camp Ck Rd, 28Њ46ЈS 152Њ19ЈE; AMKS Diagnosis.—Eight eyes in two recurved 30395: (, Kanangra-Boyd NP, Boyd Plateau, rows; from front, ALE at same level as AME 33Њ43ЈS 150Њ25ЈE; AMKS 7419: (, Rich- or higher but clearly closer to AME than ALE. mond Ra SF, Jnct Wattle Ck Rd and Wattle Claw tufts present or absent with no hairs Ck, 28Њ37ЈS 152Њ46ЈE; AMKS 36068: (, around claws (Hestimodema); leg scopula Richmond Ra SF, Wattle Ck Rd, 28Њ38ЈS weak or absent. Retrocoxal hymen distinct on 152Њ46ЈE; QMS39527: 1 (,MtVictoria, I. Males without fracture on pedal tibia, with- 33Њ34ЈS 150Њ14ЈE; QMS32740: 1 &, Hillgro- out cymbial scopula, and without unscleroti- RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 119 zed region on tibial apophysis. C-shaped te- subadult female in WAM, examined) by mono- gulum but basal to basolateral embolic origin typy. NEW SYNONYMY. for half circumference of bulb; single distal Nemoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973: 290. Type spe- median apophysis; conductor short, membra- cies Argoctenus aureus Hogg 1911 (holotype fe- male in BMNH, examined) by original designa- neous. Females with spigots only apical on tion. NEW SYNONYMY. PMS. Strong and often long paired spines (2– 7 pairs) on tibiae I, II, 2–3 pairs on metatarsi Diagnosis.—Two claws and true claw tufts. I, II. Eyes of front row clearly smaller than those Included genera (Australian region).— of back row; from above and in front, front Argoctenus L. Koch 1878, Odomasta Simon row clearly recurved; from above back row 1909, Hestimodema Simon 1909, Elassocten- strongly recurved; ALE small, from front up- us Simon 1909, Thasyraea L. Koch 1878, Si- per edges not higher than lower edges of monus Ritsema 1881. PME. 3–7 pairs of strong spines ventrally on Remarks.—Lehtinen (1967) placed Elas- tibiae I, II. Retrocoxal hymen present; pretar- soctenus into the synonymy of the Diallomus sal fracture absent; trochanters deeply Simon 1897 which he had transferred from the notched. Strong paired spines on tibiae (2–7 Ctenidae. Davies (pers. comm.) had examined pairs) and metatarsi (2 pairs) I, II. Scopula the type species of both genera and found that, absent. Six spinnerets: ALS two segmented, contrary to Lehtinen (1967), that Elassoctenus coniform with domed tip; PLS with short is a valid genus as it was listed (Davies 1985: domed apical segment. Male palp with RTA; 124). We also examined that material and con- cymbium often with retrolateral groove. Male cur on Elassoctenus and note that Diallomus palp with elongate RTA often with translucent fuliginosus Simon 1897 is a ctenid (from vanes in three planes; cymbium boat-shaped, above and in front the ALE are beside the tapering to apical cone without dorsal scopula PME, the ctenid condition) whereas in Elas- but most species with cluster of thick setae soctenus harpax Simon 1909 and other con- apically; cymbium commonly with deep retro- geners the ALE are clearly below the PME lateral groove. C-shaped prolateral tegulum; median apophysis short, sinuous, base trian- from in front and lie anterior to them when gular narrows quickly, apex acuminate twist- viewed from above. ed, embolus long curved. Argoctenus L. Koch 1878 Distribution.—Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Argoctenus L. Koch 1878: 990; Simon 1897: 123; Remarks.—The type of Horioctenoides bi- Roewer 1954: 636; Davies 1985: 123. Type spe- dentatus is a subadult female and until adult cies Argoctenus igneus L. Koch 1878 (type spec- material from the type locality is located its imen not located in ZMB, ZMH, BMNH, RMS or NHMW) by subsequent designation of Simon identity cannot be certain. However, only one 1892: 132. large Argoctenus with the characteristic bell- Aenigma Karsch 1878: 825: Bonnet 1955: 176. shape on the abdomen is known from the re- Type species Aenigma australiana Karsch 1878 gion and it differs from the New Zealand Ar- (holotype female in ZMB, examined) by mono- goctenus aureus only in the lobes on the tibial typy. apophysis. Aenigmaaranea Strand 1929: 11. Replacement name for Aenigma Karsch 1878 preoccupied in ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the Coleoptera (Newman 1836) Mollusca (Koch This work was produced with generous 1846) and Lepidoptera (Strecker 1876). First syn- support from Australian Biological Resources onymized by Davies 1985: 123. Study grant (1996–8) to RJR. Grateful thanks Aenigmaranea: Bonnet 1955: 176. Invalid emen- for comfortable access to collections and dation. loans by Dr. Ju¨rgen Gruber, Naturhistorisches Miturgina Simon 1889: 244. Type species Mitur- gina vittata Simon 1889 (holotype juvenile fe- Museum, Vienna, Dr. Mark Harvey, Western male, in MNHP, examined). First synonymized Australian Museum (WAM), Perth, Mr. David by Simon 1897: 132. Hirst, South Australian Museum (SAM), Ade- Horioctenoides Main 1954: 42; Forster & Wilton laide, Dr. M. Gray and Mr. G. Milledge, Aus- 1973: 293; Davies 1985: 124. Type species Hor- tralian Museum (AMS), Sydney, Dr. Charles ioctenoides bidentatatus Main 1954 (holotype Griswold, California Academy of Science 120 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

(CAS), San Francisco, Mr. Paul Hillyard, Nat- neae, Lycosoidea). Entomologia Scandanavica ural History Museum (London), Ms. Lisa 22:305–351. Boutin (Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston, Griswold, C.E. 1993. Investigations into the phy- Tasmania). Hospitality was generously pro- logeny of the lycosoid spiders and their kin (Arachnida, Araneae, Lycosoidea). Smithsonian vided by Drs. Mark Harvey, Tracey Churchill, Contributions to Zoology 539:1–39. Norman Platnick, Hilke Ruhberg, Lyn and the Hickman, V.V. 1930. Studies in Tasmanian spiders. late Ray Forster, Mark Judson, Jason Dunlop, Part IV. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal So- Hieronymous Dastych, the late Jacqueline ciety of Tasmania, 1929:87–122. Heurtault; Mr. John Murphy not only provided Hogg, H.R. 1896. Araneidae. Pp. 309–356. In Re- hospitality and company but also gave access port on the work of the Horn Scientific Expedi- to his remarkable collection. We are very tion to central Australia. (B. Spencer ed.). Vol. grateful to Mrs. Helen Stark for her patience Part II. Zoology. Dulau and Co., London. and perseverance in accurate rendition of Fig- Hogg, H.R. 1900. A contribution to our knowledge of the spiders of Victoria: including some new ures 2–6. species and genera. Proceedings of the Royal So- ciety of Victoria 13:68–123. LITERATURE CITED Hogg, H.R. 1911. On some New Zealand spiders. Bonnet, P. 1955. Bibliographie Araneorum. Vol. 2 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1):1–918. Douladoure, Toulouse. 1911:297–313. Brignoli, P.M. 1983. A catalogue of the Araneae Homann, H. 1971. Die Augen der Araneae: Ana- described between 1940 and 1981. British Ar- tomie, Ontogenie und Bedeutung fu¨r die Syste- achnological Society, Manchester. matik (, Arachnida). Zeitschrift fu¨r Dalmas, R. de. 1917. Araigne´esdeNouvelle Ze´- Morphologie der Tiere 69:201–272. lande. Annals de la Socie´te´ Entomologique de Karsch, E. 1878. Exotisch-araneologisches. Zeit- France 86:317–430. schrift fu¨r gesammten Naturwissenschaften 51: Davies, V. Todd. 1985. (in part). In 332–333,771–826. Zoological Catalogue of Australia (D.W. Walton, Koch, L. 1873. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach ed.), vol. 3, pp. 49–125. Australian Government der natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Vol. 1:1– Publishing Service, Canberra. 472. Bauer und Raspe, Nu¨rnberg. Davies, V. Todd. 1986. Australian Spiders (Ara- Koch, L. 1874. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach neae). Collection, Preservation and Identifica- der natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Vol. 1: tion. Queensland Museum Booklet No. 14. 60pp. 473–576. Bauer und Raspe, Nu¨rnberg. Deeleman-Reinhold, C.L. 2001. Forest spiders of Koch, L. 1878. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach South East Asia. With a revision of the sac and der natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Vol. 1: ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinni- 969–1044. Bauer und Raspe, Nu¨rnberg. dae, , Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae, Main, B.Y. 1954. Spiders and Opiliones. In The Ar- and Trochanterriidae [sic.]. Brill, Leiden. chipelago of the Recherche. Australian Geo- Fletcher, J. 1985. Karl Scherzer and the visit of the graphical Society Reports 1:37–53. ‘Novara’ to Sydney, 1858. Proceedings of the Lehtinen, P.T. 1967. Classification of the cribellate Royal Australian Historical Society 70:189–206. spiders and some allied families, with notes on Forster, R.R. 1967. The spiders of New Zealand. the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Part I. Otago Museum Bulletin 1:1–124. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4:199–467. Forster, R.R. & L.M. Forster. 1973. New Zealand Platnick, N.I. 1989. Advances in Spider Spiders: An Introduction. Collins, Auckland, 254 1981–1987: A supplement to Brignoli’s A cata- pp. logue of the Araneae described between 1940 Forster, R.R. & L.M. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New and 1981. Manchester University Press, Man- Zealand and their Worldwide Kin. University of chester. Otago Press & Otago Museum, Dunedin, 270 pp. Platnick, N.I. 1993. Advances in Forster, R.R. & C.L. Wilton. 1973. The spiders of 1988–1991. With synonymies and transfers New Zealand. Part IV. Otago Museum Bulletin 1940–1980. New York Entomological Society & 4:1–309. American Museum of Natural History, New Gray, M.R. & J. Thompson. 2001. New lycosoid York. spiders from southern Australia and North West Platnick, N.I. 1998. Advances in spider taxonomy Cape Peninsula (Araneae: Lycosoidea). Records 1992–1995. With redescriptions 1940–1980. of the Western Australian Museum, Supplemen- New York Entomological Society & American tary Series 64:159–170. Museum of Natural History, New York. Griswold, C.E. 1991. A revision and phylogenetic Platnick, N.I. 2001. The World Spider Catalog. analysis of the spider genus Machadonia (Ara- http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/ RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 121

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