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Araneae) in Australia and New Zealand 2003. The Journal of Arachnology 31:105–121 PROBLEM SOLVING IN THE SPIDER FAMILIES MITURGIDAE, CTENIDAE AND PSECHRIDAE (ARANEAE) IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND Robert J. Raven and Kylie Stumkat: Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101 Australia ABSTRACT. The genus Uliodon L. Koch is reviewed. It now includes only the type species, Uliodon albopunctatus L. Koch 1873, Uliodon cervinus L. Koch 1873, and Zora frenatus Koch 1873, and the genus is transferred to the Zoropsidae. Uliodon is known only from New Zealand. Through an original misreading of the type specimen locality data, both species were erroneously reported from Australia. Forster and Homann previously referred to Uliodon species as Miturga, which is endemic to Australia. The subfamily Uliodoninae Lehtinen 1967 was founded on the characters of Zora tarantulina L. Koch 1873, later transferred to Uliodon by Simon. The diagnostic character of the subfamily, the very long path of the embolus, is not found in Uliodon. The subfamily is here diagnosed from the genus; its validity is unclear. In any case, both Uliodon and Uliodoninae are transferred to the Zoropsidae along with the Australian Huntia Gray & Thompson 2001. Zora tarantulina is made the type species of a new monotypic genus, Mituliodon, included in the Miturgidae; the genus is known only from Australia and Timor. Mi- tuliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch 1873) now newly includes in its synonymy, Uliodon australiensis (L. Koch 1873), Uliodon torvus (L. Koch 1873), Miturga maculata Hogg 1900, Syspira rubicunda Hogg 1900 and Miturga velox Hickman 1930. The New Zealand genus Zealoctenus is transferred from the Ctenidae to the Miturgidae because it is very similar to the Australian genus Diaprograpta Simon 1909; the other New Zealand ‘‘ctenid’’ genus, Nemoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973, along with the Australian zorid Hor- ioctenoides Main 1954 are synonymized with the zorid genus Argoctenus L. Koch 1878, found in Aus- tralia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The New Zealand ‘‘psechrids’’ Poaka Forster & Wilton 1973 and Haurokoa Forster & Wilton 1973 are transferred to the Amaurobiidae and Tengellidae, respectively. Keywords: Australasia, Lycosoidea, Miturgidae, Psechridae In our studies on the Australian Miturgidae, Holland’’. Later in that monograph, Koch de- a problem was encountered with New Zealand scribed four new species (including one based taxa which Forster (e.g. Forster 1967; Forster on a male, Zora tarantulina L. Koch 1873) & Forster 1973) had considered Miturga Tho- from Australia and placed them in the Pa- rell 1870. When that New Zealand material laearctic (zorid) genus Zora. Simon (1897) was examined and relationships sought, the transferred the subsequent four species of late Ray Forster (pers. comm.) agreed that al- Zora C.L. Koch 1847 into Uliodon (Z. tar- though it resembled Miturga it was not con- antulina, Z. australiensis, Z. torva and Z. fer- generic. Discerning what exactly constitutes a ruginea), a transfer that has not since been miturgid has been like the process of peeling contested. Lehtinen (1967) transferred Ulio- a banana. Only by removing the monophyletic don into the Miturgidae and raised a new sub- outer layers can the integrity and monophyly family based on the ‘‘exceptional course of of the inner fruit (Miturgidae) be established. the embolus’’ of the male palp of Uliodon tar- Raven et al. (2001) began this process with antulinus. Recently, Griswold (1993) formed the description of a new ctenid genus, Amau- a cladogram using Uliodon tarantulinus as the ropelma Raven et al. 2001, which under ex- exemplar for the Miturgidae. isting diagnoses was a miturgid. Hence, although unrevised, the genus Ulio- The genus Uliodon L. Koch 1873 was de- don has been used in two major phylogenetic scribed for females of two new species, U. studies (Lehtinen 1967; Griswold 1993). In albopunctatus L. Koch 1873 and U. cervinus the latter, it was the sole representative of the L. Koch 1873, both reportedly from ‘‘New Miturgidae. Spiders heretofore assigned to 105 106 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY Uliodon in Australia are widespread and ac- ther extend the concept of the family. Under tive hunters in leaf litter through coastal Aus- that revised diagnosis, the New Zealand Ulio- tralia. In our present studies on the Australian don fit well into the Zoropsidae. Miturgidae, we could find only one species of Having removed Uliodon from the Mitur- Uliodon, that figured by Griswold (1993) as gidae, a new genus is needed for Zora tar- U. tarantulinus (L. Koch). At the conclusion antulina. The begged question is then: What of the study, we examined the types of Ulio- is a miturgid and are there any in New Zea- don, U. albopunctatus (the type species), and land? Davies (1986: 35) keyed the Miturgidae U. cervinus,inwhat we thought would be a by posterior eyes straight or slightly curved, confirmatory check. The types of both U. al- long and conical apical segment of PLS, bopunctatus and U. cervinus are females and striped carapace, sheet web, two claws and could not be matched morphologically with claw tufts. That character combination does any Australian spider genus in the Miturgidae not apply to any known miturgid. Diapro- or other families. They lack both true claw grapta, Mituliodon, new genera, and most mi- tufts and a third claw but have a good scopula turgid genera lack the elongate PLS; Miturga as in Miturga. Females differ from those of lacks claw tufts and alone builds a sheet web Miturga in the epigyne and the spigots on the as a retreat. Raven et al. (2001) showed that PMS. We did, however, find material match- those characters were insufficient to correctly ing the type material of both species only in place the ctenid genus Amauropelma Raven & New Zealand. When males matching the fe- Stumkat 2001. males of U. albopunctatus and U. cervinus Miturgidae are presently best defined by the were recognized from New Zealand, even character combination given below (also see more differences between Uliodon s. strict. Table 1). The boundary with the Ctenidae has and Miturga were noted. Neither species orig- been diffuse (see Raven et al. 2001) and hence inally placed in Uliodon by Koch is con-fa- it was to the New Zealand ctenids and pse- milial with Uliodon tarantulinus. Griswold chrids (Zealoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973, (1993) was, nevertheless, correct in consider- Nemoctenus Forster & Wilton 1973, Poaka ing Uliodon tarantulinus as a miturgid and al- Forster & Wilton 1973) that our attention was though the genus name is incorrect, his cla- drawn. Forster & Wilton (1973) had noted dif- distic analysis is unaffected by this realization. ficulty in applying the concepts of the Cteni- The Uliodon problem clearly began with dae and Zoridae given by Lehtinen (1967). conflicts in locality data with the types of U. The diagnosis of the Miturgidae given here albopunctatus (type species) and U. cervinus. fits that of Zealoctenus,amonotypic genus Koch (1873: 433) listed them both as ‘‘Neu founded on a single female. Nemoctenus is Holland’’. However, the types (from NHMW) clearly a zorid. are labelled ‘Neuseeland: ‘‘NOVARA’’-Reise; Poaka has similar eyes, carapace shape and Hochstetter don.’, and ‘Neu-Holland (Austral- pattern and abdominal stripes to the miturgid ien): ‘‘NOVARA’’-Reise; Hochstetter don.’, Diaprograpta and hence was examined. For- respectively. That is, they were collected on ster & Wilton (1973) found difficulty in plac- the voyage of the vessel Novara and donated ing both Poaka and Haurokoa but ‘‘dumped’’ by Hochstetter. Hochstetter collected exclu- them uneasily into the Psechridae. On exam- sively in New Zealand. The apparently con- ination of fresh material in Lincoln Universi- flicting labels may have lead Koch to assume ty, New Zealand, it is clear that Poaka is an the material was from Australia. Certainly, the amaurobiid resembling the Australian Man- Novara did visit both New Zealand and Aus- jala Davies 1990 with which it shares the cri- tralia (Fletcher 1985). However, the material bellum, the numerous strong paired spines on has the same collection data as the types of tibiae and metatarsi I, II, retrocoxal hymen the New Zealand hexathelid, Hexathele and carapace shape and pattern and the ab- hochstetteri Ausserer 1871, also deposited in dominal pattern. Hence, Poaka is transferred NHMW. In any case, the morphological data to the Amaurobiidae. Equally, unlike the large are compelling: Uliodon albopunctatus and tropical psechrids, Haurokoa lacks claw tufts Uliodon cervinus are New Zealand species. and does not build a sheet web but hunts on Our current studies also indicated the pres- low vegetation (Forster & Wilton 1973). The ence of the Zoropsidae in Australia which fur- simple form of the palpal bulb and strongly RAVEN & STUMKAT—AUSTRALASIAN MITURGIDAE AND CTENIDAE 107 recurved eye group suggest either Ctenidae with basal fracture; tibial apophysis more dor- (cf. Amauropelma Raven & Stumkat 2001) or sal than retrolateral; eyes in two recurved Tengellidae. In having only a weakly curved rows; 2 or 3 claws; claw tufts present or ab- front row of eyes and three claws without sent. Cribellum present or absent. Retrocoxal tufts, the Tengellidae seems the most likely hymen distinct on retrolateral coxae I. Spigots placement. Hence, it is to the Tengellidae that present dorsally on PMS of females (Zoropsis, Haurokoa is tentatively transferred. This pa- Uliodon, Huntia); apical PLS short, domed. per then clarifies the relationships of what was Femur I, especially of females, with enlarged placed in the Miturgidae, Ctenidae and Pse- spine proventrally; at least 5 pairs of strong chridae in New Zealand and the resulting spines on tibia and 3 pairs on metatarsi I, II problems generated in Australia. ventrally. Trochanters weakly but distinctly notched. Labium wider than long. METHODS Included Genera.—Zoropsis Simon 1878 Localities.—Cons. Pk. ϭ Conservation from southeast Asia and Europe; Takeoa Leh- Park; ME.Q ϭ mid-eastern Queensland; NE.Q tinen 1967 from China and Japan; Uliodon L.
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