Synchrotron Radiation
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The Canadian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology
Bulletin The Canadian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology/ La Société canadienne de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire 2001 www.csbmcb.ca ISSN 1197-6578/2001 COVER PHOTO: A schematic diagram of the Sec dependent protein translocation system [from The 2001 Merck Frosst Prize Award Address Mark Paetzel and Natalie C. J. Strynadka] Contents CSBMCB Board for 2001-2002 ....................................................................................... 4 CSBMCB President’s Report ............................................................................................ 5 Incoming Members of CSBMCB Executive Board 2001-2002 ......................................... 6 IUBMB Toronto Congress Update ................................................................................. 13 Minutes of the 44th CSBMCB Annual General Meeting ................................................ 14 11th Winternational Symposium .................................................................................. 21 44th Annual Meeting of the CSBMCB .......................................................................... 22 Society Awards 2000-2001 ........................................................................................... 27 Workshop On: Myelin Structure And Its Role In Autoimmunity ..................................... 31 Report on the AUUBC................................................................................................... 34 In Memoriam Peter Dolphin .......................................................................................................... -
Physics of Incoherent Synchrotron Radiation Kent Wootton SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
SLAC-PUB-17214 Physics of Incoherent Synchrotron Radiation Kent Wootton SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory US Particle Accelerator School Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics 23rd Jan 2018 Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA This work was supported by the Department of Energy contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. Circular accelerators – observation of SR in 1947 “A small, very bright, bluish- white spot appeared at the side of the chamber where the beam was approaching the observer. At lower energies, the spot changed color.” “The visible beam of “synchrotron radiation” was an immediate sensation. Charles E. Wilson, president of G.E. brought the whole Board of Directors to see it. During the next two years there were visits from six Nobel Prize winners.” J. P. Blewett, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 266, 1 (1988). 2 Circular electron colliders – SR is a nuisance • “… the radiative energy loss accompanying the Source: Australian Synchrotron circular motion.” 4휋 푒2 훿퐸 = 훾4 3 푅 • Limits max energy • Damps beam size Source: CERN D. Iwanenko and I. Pomeranchuk, Phys. Rev., 65, 343 (1944). J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev., 70 (9-10), 798 (1946). 3 ‘Discovery machines’ and ‘Flavour factories’ • Livingston plot • Proton, electron colliders • Protons, colliding partons (quarks) • Linear colliders Linear colliders proposed Source: Australian Synchrotron 4 Future energy frontier colliders FCC-ee/ FCC/ SPPC d=32 km LEP/ Source: Fermilab 5 SR can be useful – accelerator light sources • Unique source of electromagnetic radiation • Wavelength-tunable • -
Synchrotron Radiation R.P
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION R.P. Walker Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy Abstract The basic properties of synchrotron radiation are described, and their relevance to the design of electron and proton rings is discussed. The development of specialized sources of synchrotron radiation is also considered. 1 . INTRODUCTION The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a charged particle beam in a circular accelerator is termed "synchrotron radiation" (SR) after its first visual observation nearly 50 years ago in the General Electric (G.E.) 70 MeV Synchrotron. The theoretical basis for understanding synchrotron radiation however goes back much further. Maxwell's equations (1873) made it clear that changing charge densities would radiate electromagnetic waves, and Hertz demonstrated these waves in 1887. The first more directly relevant development was the publication of Liénard's paper entitled "The electric and magnetic field produced by an electric charge concentrated at a point and in arbitrary motion" [1]. This work includes the energy loss formula for particles travelling on a circular path with relativistic velocities. Later, Schott published a detailed essay that included also the angular and frequency distribution of the radiation, as well as the polarization properties [2]. No further interest appears to have been taken in the topic until the early 1940's, when theoretical work in the Soviet Union showed that the energy loss may pose a limit on the maximum energy obtainable in the betatron [3]. Then in 1946 Blewett measured the energy loss due to SR in the G.E. 100 MeV betatron and found agreement with theory, but failed to detect the radiation after searching in the microwave region of the spectrum [4]. -
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Awards Pierre Ell
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council awards Pierre Elliot Trudeau Foundation fellow breakthrough prize NSERC Synergy Awards for Innovation The Canadian Medical Hall of Fame Order of Canada Order of British Columbia National Academy of Sciences fellows American Association for the Advancement of Science fellows American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellows Royal Society of London fellow The Royal Society of Canada arts winning Canada Council for the Arts Killam Prize arts and Scientists gold scholarship 2018 Academy of Health Sciences fellows Canadian sloan research Fellowship the volvo environment prize Kavli fellow Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics Alfred P. Sloan Fellow Killam Prize The Volvo Environment Prize 3M National Teaching Fellowship The The The fame a five-year view prix Galien E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowships Kavli Fellow Royal Society of Canada Medals Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council awards Pierre ElliotT Trudeau Foundation fellow CIHR Gold Leaf Awards NSERC Synergy Awards for Innovation The Canadian Medical Hall of Fame Order of Canada Order of British Columbia National Academy of Sciences fellows American Association for the Advancement of Science fellows American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellows Royal Society of London fellow nobel prize The Royal Society of Canada fellow The Royal Society College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists The Canadian Academy of Health Sciences fellows Canadian Academy of Engineering fellows John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellows Killam Fellowship -
Invited Keynote Speakers, Chairs and Vice Chairs
Invited Keynote Speakers, Chairs and Vice Chairs Session 1 - Viruses: From Environments to Clinics Tuesday, June 19th, 2018 Keynote Speaker: Dr. Peter Palese, Mount Sinai, New York, USA Towards a Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine Dr. Peter Palese is a Professor of Microbiology and the Chair of the Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. His research is in the area of RNA-containing viruses with a special emphasis on influenza viruses. Specifically, he established the first genetic maps for influenza A, B, and C viruses, identified the function of several viral genes, and defined the mechanism of neuraminidase inhibitors (which are now FDA-approved antivirals). He was also a pioneer in the field of reverse genetics for negative strand RNA viruses, which allows the introduction of site-specific mutations into the genomes of these viruses. Chair: Dr. Keith Fowke, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Dr. Keith Fowke is Professor and Head in the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba. His laboratory focuses on defining cellular immune mechanisms of the control of, and resistance to, HIV infection. Current studies include understanding how to block the negative effects of HIV to restore the immune response to full capabilities and preventing HIV infections by reducing inflammation at the genital tract. Vice-Chair: Dr. Peter Pelka, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Dr. Peter Pelka is an Assistant Professor at University of Manitoba. My lab studies how a viral oncoprotein reprograms the cell in order to support virus replication. I use the human adenovirus as a model system to study how E1A reprograms the infected cell. -
2 Radiation Safety and Shielding
ESH&Q Chapter 2: Radiation Safety and Shielding 2-21 2 RADIATION SAFETY AND SHIELDING 2.1 SHIELDING OBJECTIVES NSLS-II is subject to DOE radiation protection standards. The primary document that defines the DOE radiation protection standard is the Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR 835. In addition, the accelerator- specific safety requirements are set by DOE Order 420.2b, Safety of Accelerator Facilities. All radiation protection policies and guidelines at NSLS-II must be in compliance with these regulations along with the BNL Radiation Control Manual and other pertinent documents in the BNL Standards Based Management System. The maximum annual exposure limits to radiation workers and members of the public are limited in 10 CFR Part 835 to 5,000 mrem and 100 mrem, respectively. To keep radiation exposures well below regulatory limits, BNL maintains an annual administrative control level of 1,250 mrem for its workers and 5 mrem per year from any single facility to the public off-site. An additional control level of 25 mrem/year from NSLS-II operations is established for personnel working in non-NSLS-II facilities on site and for visitors and minors within the NSLS-II building. The dose to workers and beamline scientists from NSLS-II operations will be kept well below federal limits and within BNL administrative levels through shielding, operational procedures, and administrative controls. Shielding will be provided to reduce radiation levels during normal operation to less than 0.5 mrem/h and as low as reasonably achievable. Assuming an occupancy of 2,000 hours per year, this will reduce annual exposure to 1,000 mrem or less, in accordance with 10 CFR 835.1001. -
Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation
Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation Frederico Alves Lima International School on Laser-Beam Interactions Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM UFRN - Natal, Brazil Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron - LNLS September 2016 Outline ✓ Tools for structural analysis ✓ History of X-rays ✓ Synchrotron Radiation ✓ LNLS & SIRIUS: Synchrotron Radiation in Brazil Why do we need to study “structure” Structure Dynamics - X-ray crystallography - Laser spectroscopy - electron microscopy - NMR - atomic force microscopy - Time-resolved diffraction & XAS - electron diffraction - Time-resolved PES - X-ray absorption spectroscopy - NMR Manganite: atomic motion coupled by charge and orbital order Graphene Fullerene Layer-selective spin dynamics in Nanotube magnetic multilayers Photosystem II Rotating hydrated Mb molecule What are the length scales involved ? http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/525347 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic wave ➟ Light! Orthogonal and alternating electric and magnetic fields that propagate into space. Set of equations describing how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents. Maxwell’s equation of electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell The Electromagnetic Spectrum 700 nm 400 nm X-ray ➟ proper tool to investigate atoms. History of X-rays In the evening of Nov. 8th 1895 Wilhem Röntgen first detected x-rays He found that when running a high-voltage discharge tube enclosed in thick black cardboard which excluded all visible light, in his darkened room, a paper plate covered on one side with barium platinocyanide would fluoresce, even when it was as far as 2 m from the discharge tube. ➟ X-rays! He soon discovered that these ‘x-rays’ also stained photographic plates and latter demonstrated that objects of different thicknesses showed different degrees of transparency. -
X-Ray Optics for Synchrotron Radiation Beamlines
ESI2013: 3rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation Ray BARRETT X-ray Optics Group European Synchrotron Radiation Facility e-mail : [email protected] Outline Part I Part II Introduction SR Research to synchrotron radiation (SR) Mostly Illustrated by examples from the ESRF 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 2 Outline PART I Introduction to synchrotron radiation 1. Origin and physics 2. Historical evolution 3. Synchrotron radiation facilities 4. Three forms of synchrotron radiation 5. Sources and their operation 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 3 What’s a synchrotron radiation source? • An extremely intense source of X-rays (also IR & EUV) • Typically produced by highly energetic electrons (or positrons) moving in a large circle in the synchrotron (or more usually Storage Ring). •Highly collimated X-rays are emitted tangentially to the storage ring and simultaneously serve multiple beamlines for scientific applications spanning physical, chemical and life sciences 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 4 Origin of synchrotron radiation L. Shklovsky (1953) • Synchrotron radiation is electromagnetic energy emitted by charged particles (e.g., electrons and ions) that are moving at speeds close to that of light when their paths are altered, e.g. by a magnetic field. • It is thus termed because particles moving at such speeds in particle accelerators known as a synchrotrons produce electromagnetic radiation of this type. The Crab Nebula – a natural SR source CHANDRA (2001) 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 5 Basic Principles Classical case Relativistic case v << c v ~ c orbit orbit Centripetal acceleration =1/ Isotropic emission Emission concentrated within a narrow forward cone E e mc2 Ee = 6 GeV (ESRF) mc2 = 511keV = 10-4 rad = a few 10-3 deg 27 May 2013 ESI 2013: Synchrotron Radiation 6 Man-made synchrotron radiation 1947 EVOLUTION 1930 First observation First particle of synchrotron accelerators radiation at General Electric First observation (USA). -
Translational Research in FLASH Radiotherapy—From Radiobiological Mechanisms to in Vivo Results
biomedicines Review Translational Research in FLASH Radiotherapy—From Radiobiological Mechanisms to In Vivo Results Loredana G. Marcu 1,2,* , Eva Bezak 2,3 , Dylan D. Peukert 4,5 and Puthenparampil Wilson 5,6 1 Faculty of Informatics & Science, Department of Physics, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania 2 Cancer Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; [email protected] 3 School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 4 School of Civil, Environmental & Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; [email protected] 5 STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; [email protected] 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: FLASH radiotherapy, or the administration of ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy, is a new radiation delivery method that aims to widen the therapeutic window in radiotherapy. Thus far, most in vitro and in vivo results show a real potential of FLASH to offer superior normal tissue sparing compared to conventionally delivered radiation. While there are several postulations behind the differential behaviour among normal and cancer cells under FLASH, the full spectra of radiobiological mechanisms are yet to be clarified. Currently the number of devices delivering FLASH dose rate is few and is mainly limited to experimental and modified linear accelerators. Nevertheless, FLASH research Citation: Marcu, L.G.; Bezak, E.; is increasing with new developments in all the main areas: radiobiology, technology and clinical Peukert, D.D.; Wilson, P. -
Dosimetry in Synchrotron Radiation Beam by Ionization Air Chambers
ABSOLUTE AIR-KERMA MEASUREMENT IN A SYNCHROTRON RADIATION BEAM BY IONIZATION FREE-AIR CHAMBER M. Bovi(1), R.F. Laitano (1), M. Pimpinella(1), M. P. Toni(1), F. Arfelli (2), K. Casarin(3), D. Dreossi(3), R. H. Menk(3), E. Quai(3), G. Tromba(3), A. Vascotto(3) (1) Istituto Nazionale di Metrologia delle Radiazioni Ionizzanti, ENEA C R Casaccia, cp 2400 Roma, Italy. (2) Department of Physics, University and INFN, Trieste, Via A.Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy (3) Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Strada Statale S.S.14 km 163.5, 34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy Corresponding author (name and e-mail address): Maria Pia Toni, [email protected] ABSTRACT A dosimetric procedure to assure the traceability to the air-kerma standard of the measurements performed in synchrotron radiation beams, was implemented at the “Istituto Nazionale di Metrologia delle Radiazioni Ionizzanti” of ENEA (INMRI-ENEA). To this purpose, absolute air-kerma measurements by the ENEA standard free-air chamber for low energy x-rays have been performed at the SYRMEP (SYnchrotron Radiation for Medical Physics) beamline of the ELETTRA light source in Trieste (Italy) where a program of clinical mammography based on phase contrast imaging has been developed in the framework of the SYRMA project (SYnchrotron Radiation for MAmmography). The synchrotron radiation beams to be characterized were monochromatic x-rays with energy in the range from 8 keV to 35 keV and the reference point for measurements corresponded to the centre of the breast when the patient lies on her support. The absolute air-kerma measurements were also used to calibrate two monitor chambers and an ionization free-air chamber specially designed and realized by ENEA to act as transfer standard in the synchrotron radiation beams. -
Atoms, X-Rays and Synchrotron Radiation: (A. Balerna, LNF-INFN)
Atoms, X-rays and Synchrotron Radiation Antonella Balerna DAΦNE-Light Facility INFN – Frascati National Laboratory INSPYRE 2017 – INternational School on modern PhYsics and Research 13-17 February 2017 INFN - Frascati National Laboratory Outline • Light • X-rays and Synchrotron radiation sources – X-rays and atoms – X-ray sources • Detectors Basic Principles – Interactions of x-rays with matter – XAFS: EXAFS and XANES • Gas Detectors – Ionization chambers • Conclusions Light Progress in science goes in parallel with the technical progress in producing and using light at different wavelengths to explore the physical world. Light Visible light is only a tiny slice of the electromagnetic spectrum. The entire electromagnetic spectrum of light is huge, spanning from gamma rays on one end to radio waves. Visible Light is the light we can see using our eyes. This tiny human spectrum encompasses a very specific range of wavelengths from about 380 nm to 780 nm. Physiologically we see these frequencies because the photoreceptors in our retinas are sensitive to them. When photons of light hit the photoreceptors this creates an electrochemical signal which is the first step in a fascinating process which ultimately results in us seeing colors. Light and waves Light travels as waves of energy. Waves of light have different wavelengths (the distance between the top of one wave and the top of the next). Different colors of visible light have different wavelengths. 1Å = 10-10 m λ (Å) Electromagnetic Spectrum From a macroscopic to a microscopic world… The wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν) of light are strictly related: the higher the frequency the shorter the wavelength! This is because all light waves move through vacuum at the same speed (c = speed of light) and the equation that relates wavelength and frequency for electromagnetic waves is: λν = c X-rays X-rays discovery While Wilhelm Roentgen was working on the effects of cathode rays during 1895, he discovered X-rays. -
Acknowledgment of Reviewers, 2015
Acknowledgment of Reviewers, 2015 The PNAS editors would like to thank all the individuals who dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal by serving as reviewers in 2015. Their generous contribution is deeply appreciated. A Peter B. Adler Colin J. Akerman Eric E. Allen James Ammerman Duur K. Aanen Ralph Adolphs Joshua M. Akey Heather C. Allen David M. Amodio Adam R. Abate Ruedi Aebersold Anna Akhmanova Jim Allen Valentin Amrhein John T. Abatzoglou Hugo Aerts Hajime Akimoto Karen N. Allen Esther Amstad Jonathan Abbatt Hagit P. Affek Akin Akinc Michael F. Allen Ronald Amundson Allison Abbott Arash Afraz Shizuo Akira Paul M. Allen Weihua An Jeffrey Abbott Theodor Agapie Ozan Akkus Rosalind J. Allen Zhiqiang An Larry F. Abbott David A. Agard Ivona Aksentijevich Morten Erik Allentoft Laura Diaz Anadon Nicholas L. Abbott Sapan Agarwal Serap Aksoy Stefano Allesina Ganesh Srinivasan Anand Chaouki T. Abdallah Joel W. Ager III Yousef Al-Abed David B. Allison Cort Anastasio Omar Abdel-Wahab Ingi Agnarsson Ashraf Al-Amoudi Steven D. Allison Lefteris Jason Ikuro Abe Anurag A. Agrawal Eric E. Alani Julian M. Allwood Anastasopoulos Stephen Tobias Abedon Ashutosh Agrawal Balbino Alarcón Eric J. Alm Hossain Anawar Moshe Abeles Rakesh Agrawal Qais Al-Awqati Benjamin A. Alman Elissar Andari Asa Abeliovich Jon Ågren Joseph Albanesi Ingvild Almas William R. L. Anderegg John Aber Alan Agresti Francis Albarede Steven C. Almo John M. Anderies Clara Abraham Jeremy J. Agresti Umberto Albarella Douglas Almond Mark L. Andermann John Abraham Jay J. Ague Silas D. Alben Uri Alon Bogi Andersen Daniel A. Abrams Fernan Agüero Frank Alber José M.