DOCSLIB.ORG

Diffusion Chronometry and the Timescales of Magmatic Processes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diffusion Chronometry and the Timescales of Magmatic Processes REVIEWS Diffusion chronometry and the timescales of magmatic processes F. Costa 1,2 ✉ , T. Shea3 and T. Ubide4 Abstract | Volcanic eruptions can represent major societal hazards. Placing tighter bounds on the timescales of magmatic processes that precede eruptions is, therefore, important for volcano monitoring and forecasting. Diffusion chronometry , where volcanic crystals that contain chemical gradients are treated as time capsules, allows the timescale of various magmatic processes to be constrained. In this Review , we discuss the basics of diffusion chronometry and describe how re- equilibration via chemical diffusion provides insights into the timescales of magma storage, ascent and eruption. Crystals from mafic volcanoes record timescales of days to years between magma intrusion and eruption, which broadly match those recorded by monitoring data (such as increased seismicity). The timescales recorded in crystals from large silicic calderas, however, are typically longer than those from mafic volcanoes, spanning decades to millennia, but almost two orders of magnitude shorter than the timescales obtained by U- Th isotope disequilibria in zircon. The cause of this discrepancy is debated but likely reflects the protracted magma accumulation and complex thermal history that many crystals experience before eruption. Diffusion chronometry adds the fourth dimension to volcano science (that is, time), and advances in analytical and experimental approaches (such as NanoSIMS) open up new opportunities for understanding magmatic systems. 18–20 Diffusion coefficient Magmatic processes have traditionally been studied and lava lakes , as well as the development of an ana- 1,2 The constant of proportionality through the ‘chemical- equilibria paradigm’ , where lytical solution to the diffusion equation to constrain the between the mass flux of phase- equilibria experiments3, and thermodynamic cooling histories of metamorphic rocks21. elements through a given modelling of multicomponent melts and minerals4, Owing to the increasingly precise experimental and surface and the gradient diffusion coefficient of concentration due to represent the primary methods by which magma improved theoretical constraints on the elemental diffusion. pre- eruptive storage conditions and processes are con- of key elements in volcanic minerals (such as Fe-Mg in strained. Combining experiments and/or thermody- olivine) and melts, the application of diffusion chrono- namic models with petrological and chemical analysis metry to magmatic and volcanic processes is now 22 1Earth Observatory of of erupted minerals and melt inclusions forms the basis possible . Concurrently, continued development of Singapore, Nanyang for unravelling the structure of the magmatic plumbing multiple analytical techniques has enabled precise and Technological University, system below a given volcano5,6 (Fig. 1). However, the high- resolution analysis (typically between 100 µm Singapore, Singapore. textural and petrological record preserved in volcanic and <1 µm) of the elemental and isotopic composition 2Asian School of the crystals and rocks demonstrates that equilibrium in of volcanic minerals and glass to become routine23–25. Environment, Nanyang natural systems is rarely achieved, and, therefore, other Temporal and rate information derived from diffusion Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. experimental and modelling approaches are required to chronometry (and other methods of constraining mag- 3,7–12 3Department of Earth fully understand sub-volcanic systems . matic time) enable quantification of storage and trans- Sciences, University of The presence of disequilibria in magmatic systems port timescales in the crust, offer new insights into the Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, opens the way to the field of kinetics, through which relationship between magmatic processes and geophys- HI, USA. the rate that a system departs from and attains new ical unrest signals, and provide critical time information 4School of Earth and equilibrium can be studied. The relaxation of chemical for hazard mitigation at dormant volcanoes (Fig. 1). Environmental Sciences, gradients in crystals and glass through the diffusion of In this Review, we discuss the techniques that are The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, molecules or elements permits time information to be commonly used to constrain the timescales of mag- Australia. extracted from a range of magmatic processes through matic processes, particularly U- Th- Ra dating of young 13–17 26–28 ✉e- mail: [email protected] a technique termed diffusion chronometry . Early zircons and some silicates , and summarize the basics https://doi.org/10.1038/ applications of diffusion chronometry include the of diffusion chronometry. In addition, we highlight the s43017-020-0038- x extraction of cooling- rate information from meteorites applications of diffusion chronometry in both mafic and NATURE REVIEWS | EARTH & ENVIRONMENT REVIEWS Key points which can be converted into ascent rates if the crustal pressure gradient is known or some reasonable assump- • Diffusion modelling of the chemical gradients in crystals can be used to extract tion can be made35. Bubble nucleation occurs owing to invaluable time information from magmatic systems. the decrease in volatile solubility associated with magma • Crystals from mafic volcanoes record the timescales of magma and transfer towards decompression. Nucleation rates are largely controlled eruption that correlate with surface- monitoring data. by the magnitude and duration of decompression, • Crystals from silicic volcanoes record timescales of magma remobilization and storage as well as the rate at which volatiles can diffuse to a bub- on the order of decades to hundreds of years, much shorter than U- Th dating of zircons. ble nucleus36. Building on the classical nucleation theory, • Further studies that integrate diffusion chronometry, using a wide range of elements relationships between the number of bubbles and and minerals, with thermal models of magmatic systems are required to understand decompression rates have been calibrated for vari- the timescales of magma storage and remobilization. ous magma compositions37. Therefore, the number of vesicles per unit volume melt in erupted pyroclasts silicic systems. The applications reviewed here demon- can be used to calculate magma- decompression rates. strate that diffusion chronometry — in combination However, it is necessary to assume that bubbles nucleate with radiogenic dating via the U- Th- Ra disequilibria either homogeneously (without mineral substrates) or series — provides a detailed, though currently debated, heterogeneously (aided by a mineral substrate), and the image of magma residence in the crust prior to erup- assumption made will greatly alter the values retrieved tion. We finish by summarizing the main challenges by this method38. As a result, there are still important and opportunities that are associated with the continued limitations to the use of vesicle textures as a measure of development of diffusion chronometry. magma- ascent rates. Insights into the timescales of magmatic processes Approaches to obtain timescales can also be derived by measuring the thickness of crystal- Various techniques have been developed to enable growth rims. Rim- thickness measurements offer a the timescales of magmatic processes to be recovered. powerful method for constraining the approximate Experimental calibrations of the kinetics of crystalli- timescales of magma mobilization prior to eruption, zation and bubble nucleation, as well as the U- Th- Ra provided that continuous crystal growth during low disequilibrium- series method, have been successfully undercooling can be identified based on crystal shape applied to magmatic systems for more than 30 years29–31. and composition39,40. Similarly, the stability of hydrous Below, we summarize these approaches and note some minerals, such as amphibole, are sensitive to the amount of their advantages and disadvantages. of water in the melt and, therefore, to ambient pressure. In deep-seated magma-storage regions, water-rich mag- Mineral and bubble textures mas stabilize hydrous minerals41. However, as magmas As magma decompresses towards the surface, water loss ascend towards the surface, pressure decreases, water drives nucleation and growth of crystals and bubbles in exsolves from the melt and hydrous minerals become the melt. Textural analysis of bubbles and/or crystals unstable. Breakdown of amphibole, induced by decom- formed by decompression can be used to determine pression and H2O loss, results in the formation of reac- magma- ascent rates prior to eruption5. For example, tion rims formed from pyroxene, plagioclase, Fe- Ti microlites, which are small (typically <100 µm) crystals oxides and melt. Experimental calibrations can then be in the groundmass of volcanic products, can form by used to convert reaction- rim thicknesses into the time both cooling and decompression- induced degassing of available for magma ascent42. For example, reaction- rim magma32. Microlite textures (that is, their size, num- measurements have been used to calculate decompres- ber, shape and distribution) have been used to extract sion rates of 0.001–1 MPa s−1 for the 1980 eruption information on the timescale of ascent and/or of the of Mount St Helens42, the 1989 eruption of Mount cooling of magmas from storage to the surface. Most Redoubt43 and the 1997 eruption at Soufriere Hills vol- texture- based techniques
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Timing Accuracy of Web Applications on Touchscreen and Keyboard Devices
    Behavior Research Methods https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices Thomas Pronk1,2 & Reinout W. Wiers1 & Bert Molenkamp1,2 & Jaap Murre1 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Web applications can implement procedures for studying the speed of mental processes (mental chronometry) and can be administered via web browsers on most commodity desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets. This approach to conducting mental chronometry offers various opportunities, such as increased scale, ease of data collection, and access to specific samples. However, validity and reliability may be threatened by less accurate timing than specialized software and hardware can offer. We examined how accurately web applications time stimuli and register response times (RTs) on commodity touchscreen and keyboard devices running a range of popular web browsers. Additionally, we explored the accuracy of a range of technical innovations for timing stimuli, presenting stimuli, and estimating stimulus duration. The results offer some guidelines as to what methods may be most accurate and what mental chronometry paradigms may suitably be administered via web applications. In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT mea- surements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated. In uncontrolled circumstances, such as researchers may encounter online, stimulus presentation may be less accurate, especially when brief durations are requested (of up to 100 ms). Differences in RT overestimation between devices might not substantially affect the reliability with which group differences can be found, but they may affect reliability for individual differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology
    P1: JPJ/KKR P2: GKW/KKR QC: GKW/KKR T1: GKW 0521827442c02 CB738-Sternberg-v1 January 25, 2005 14:54 2 Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology Arthur R. Jensen Mental chronometry is the measurement of cognitive speed. It is the actual time taken to process information of different types and degrees of com- plexity. The basic measurements are an individual’s response time (RT) to a visual or auditory stimulus that calls for a particular response, choice, or decision. Since at least the time of Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), the father of differential psychology, it has been hypothesized by him and many others that mental speed is a major aspect of general intelligence. What we now know for sure is that RT can be a highly precise, reliable, and sensitive measure of individual differences. Its relationship to other psychological and ecological variables, however, is a complex affair just recently being explored. Research on RT has a venerable history. Not only was it the earliest mea- surement technique used in empirical psychology, but also its scientific use as a measure of individual differences preceded the beginning of experi- mental psychology by at least half a century. The first published research on RT appeared in astronomy journals. Time, as measured by the Earth’s rotation with reference to a star’s moment of transit across a hairline in the lens of a telescope, had to be measured as accurately as possible. In 1796 it was accidentally discovered by the Astronomer Royal at the Greenwich Observatory that astronomers showed individual differences in RT to the star’s transit across the hairline.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Meter Provers and Proving Methods
    FUNDAMENTALS OF METER PROVERS AND PROVING METHODS Greg Williams Flow Management Devices 5225 South 37th Street, Suite 400 Phoenix, AZ 85040 1. Introduction: This paper will verify the amount of time. Ed devised the double history, requirements and operation of all chronometry pulse interpolation technique Provers accepted for liquid pipeline meter to achieve the high accuracy meter uncertainty verification in the Liquid Oil/Gas proving’s in a very short time period. Double Industry. It will continue with an explanation chronometry for API meter proving as and the industries wide acceptance of the described in API MPMS Chapter 4.6 is Uni-directional Captive Displacement Prover simply a method of resolving meter pulses (UDCDP). This document will supply the to a resolution of +/-1 part out of 10,000 reader with information regarding meter without the need for actually counting types and the flow volumes that can be 10,000 meter pulses during a meter proving. used with the UDCDP and will look at the opportunities for the use of a UDCDP as a 3. Developments Allowing Acceptance in mass prover. It will also provide the the Industry: Over the years, technological information for field verification of provers advancements and improvements were known as a water draw. made in the design of the operating system for large bore Positive Displacement (PD) Meters and Turbine Meters. As well as a 2. UDCDP History: According to API, Flow greater understanding of the specifications Provers must have an uncertainty of less of the manufactured pulse output signal for than +/-0.01% for all measurements relating the Coriolis Mass Flow Meters (CMFM’s) to meter proving including water draw and Liquid Ultrasonic Flow Meters (LUFM’s) uncertainty, temperature measurement meters.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium
    P1: IAS Journal of Archaeological Research [jar] pp469-jare-369967 June 17, 2002 12:45 Style file version June 4th, 2002 Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2002 (C 2002) Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium Stephen E. Nash1 Tree-ring analysis provides chronological, environmental, and behavioral data to a wide variety of disciplines related to archaeology including architectural analysis, climatology, ecology, history, hydrology, resource economics, volcanology, and others. The pace of worldwide archaeological tree-ring research has accelerated in the last two decades, and significant contributions have recently been made in archaeological chronology and chronometry, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and the study of human behavior in both the Old and New Worlds. This paper reviews a sample of recent contributions to tree-ring method, theory, and data, and makes some suggestions for future lines of research. KEY WORDS: dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; crossdating; tree-ring dating. INTRODUCTION Archaeology is a multidisciplinary social science that routinely adopts an- alytical techniques from disparate fields of inquiry to answer questions about human behavior and material culture in the prehistoric, historic, and recent past. Dendrochronology, literally “the study of tree time,” is a multidisciplinary sci- ence that provides chronological and environmental data to an astonishing vari- ety of archaeologically relevant fields of inquiry, including architectural analysis, biology, climatology, economics,
    [Show full text]
  • Chronometry of Late Eneolithic and 'Early Bronze' Cultures In
    Baltic-Pontic Studies vol . 20: 2015, 256-291 PL ISSN 1231-0344 Tomasz Goslar,* Viktor I. Klochko**, Aleksander Kośko***, Piotr Włodarczak****, Danuta Żurkiewicz***** CHRONOMETRY OF LATE ENEOLITHIC AND ‘EARLY BRONZE’ CULTURES IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER AREA: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE YAMPIL BARROW COMPLEX AbstRACT The paper discusses the 2010-2015 studies of the radiocarbon chro- nology of Podolia ‘barrow cultures’ on the left bank of the middle Dniester . The studies have relied on series of 14C dates for the Klem- bivka 1, Pidlisivka 1, Porohy 3A and Prydnistryanske 1 sites deter- mined in Kyiv and Poznań laboratories . They are the first attempt to construct a regional (‘Yampil’) radiocarbon scale for ‘Early Bronze’ funerary rites (4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC) as practised by barrow builders – the communities of the Tripolye and Yamnaya cultures – and the secondary barrow users – the designers of necropolises lo- cated on barrows – belonging to the Catacomb, Babyno and Noua cultures . * 1 – Adam Mickiewicz University; Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; 2 – Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Foundation of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland; tomasz .goslar@radiocarbon .pl ** Department of Archaeology National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody 2, 04665 Kyiv, Ukraine; vklochko@ukr .net *** Institute of Prehistory Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; antokol@amu .edu .pl **** Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre for Mountains
    [Show full text]
  • The Calendar: Its History, Structure And
    !!i\LENDAR jS, HISTORY, STRUCTURE 1 III i; Q^^feiTAA^gvyuLj^^ v^ i Jb^ n n !> f llfelftr I ^'^\C)SL<^ THE CALENDAR BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR, WITH NOTES OF AN ADDRESS ON CALENDAR REFORM AND SOCIAL PRO- GRESS DELIVERED TO THE ABERDEEN ROTARY CLUB. 32 pp. Crown 8vo. zs.dd. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. A PLEA FOR AN ORDERLY ALMANAC. 62 pp. Crown 8vo. Cloth zs. 6d. Stiff boards is. 6d. BRECHIN : D. H. EDWARDS. LONDON : GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. THE CALENDAR ITS HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND IMPROVEMENT BY ALEXANDER PHILIP, LL.B., F.R.S. Edin. CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS I 9 2 I CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. Clay, Manager LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.C.4 fij n*'A NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOM HAY ) CALCUTTA I MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. MADRAS j TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TOKYO : MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED M u rO(Ku CE 73 f.HS PREFACE THE following essay is intended to serve as a text-book for those interested in current discussion concerning the Calendar. Its design is to exhibit a concise view of the origin and develop- ment of the Calendar now in use in Europe and America, to explain the principles and rules of its construction, to show the human purposes for which it is required and employed and to indicate how far it effectively serves these purposes, where it is deficient and how its deficiencies can be most simply and efficiently amended. After the reform of the Calendar initiated by Pope Gregory XIII there were published a number of exhaustive treatises on the subject—^voluminous tomes characterised by the prolix eru- dition of the seventeenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Chronometry II
    Mental Chronometry II Dr. Zhuanghua Shi 7 Nov. 2018 1 • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method • Potential problems with Additive factor method Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method 2 • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method • Potential problems with Additive factor method Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. 2 • Potential problems with Additive factor method Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method 2 Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method • Potential problems with Additive factor method 2 heal_ch11.qxd 8/2/02 12:31 PM Page 296 296 Action Selection Discrete and Continuous Models of method was derived, the patterns of interactivity and additiv- Information Processing ity can be interpreted similarly. For the cascade model, if two variables affect the rate parameter of the same stage, their ef- Sternberg’s (1969) additive factors method is based on a view fects on RT will be interactive; if each variable affects the of human information processing that assumes that the pro- rate parameter of a different stage, their effects on RT will be cessing sequence between stimulus and response consists of additive.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Chronometry
    Mental chronometry Zhuanghua Shi (Strongway) 1 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwb4aNkcofI Airport Check 3 Zhuanghua Shi, LMU, Munich 4 Zhuanghua Shi, LMU, Munich Bistable image 5 Mamassian & Goutcher, 2005, JOV Naming the color of the following words Red Green Color GSN Yellow Blue Green 6 Zhuanghua Shi, LMU, Munich Mental processes and Reaction time ◻ Mental processes requires some time ◻ Speed of process correlates with cognitive and motoric functions ◻ We can infer inner mental processes and mechanisms by investigating response times (RT) Mental Chronometry Stimuli Mental Responses processes 7 Zhuanghua Shi, LMU, Munich Mental Chronometry Mental chronometry is the use of response time to infer mental processes. The way for this is the manipulation of the tasks and/or of variables determining the behavior of participants in the tasks. Mental chronometry is one of the core paradigms of experimental and cognitive psychology. 8 Mental processes and Reaction time ■ It is generally assumed that mental processes is constructed with multiple modules. Motor Perception Cognition response ■ By observing different reaction times under different conditions, processing time could be observed. 9 Zhuanghua Shi, LMU, Munich Mental processes and reaction time ■ Assumptions and paradigm ◻ the temporal sequencing of information processing in the human brain. ◻ Manipulation of the tasks/stimuli → observe the time course of mental operation Task 1: Detection Response simple detection Task 2: discrimination task Detection Discrimination Response 10 Zhuanghua
    [Show full text]
  • The Theory of Intelligence and Its Measurement
    Intelligence 39 (2011) 171–177 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Intelligence The theory of intelligence and its measurement A.R. Jensen ⁎ Univ. of California, Berkeley and The Institute of Mental Chronometry, 3330 Southlake Drive, Kelseyville CA 95451, United States article info abstract Article history: Mental chronometry (MC) studies cognitive processes measured by time. It provides an Received 8 January 2011 absolute, ratio scale. The limitations of instrumentation and statistical analysis caused the early Received in revised form 11 February 2011 studies in MC to be eclipsed by the ‘paper-and-pencil’ psychometric tests started by Binet. Accepted 11 March 2011 However, they use an age-normed, rather than a ratio scale, which severely limits the ability of Available online 22 April 2011 IQ tests to probe the physical basis of differences in cognition. For this reason, Arthur Jensen reinitiated mental chronometry in the 1970s. He designed an apparatus that measures reaction Keywords: time to a task known as the Hick paradigm that requires the testee to respond to a display of 1 Flynn Effect (FE) to 8 lights. Faster decision times were related to psychometric g, with theoretically important Galton Intelligence consequences. He was able to do this, where many other studies had failed, mainly because his IQ apparatus clearly separated movement (MT) from reaction time (RT, also called ‘decision Mental chronometry time’.) Interestingly, while RT is clearly related to IQ, MT is not. Principal components analysis Movement time (MT) reveals RT to be a cognitive variable and MT a motor variable. Failure to distinguish between Nisbett them drastically obscures the correlation between composite RT (i.e., RT+MT) and cognitive Psychometrics variables.
    [Show full text]
  • 182Hf-182W Chronometry and the Origin and Evolution Of
    Workshop on Chronology of Meteorites (2007) 4033.pdf 182 HF-182 W CHRONOMETRY AND THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF PLANETARY BODIES. T. Kleine 1, M. Touboul 1, B. Bourdon 1, K. Mezger 2, H. Palme 3, F. Nimmo 4, S.B. Jacobsen 5, and Q.Z. Yin 6. 1IGMR, Dept. Earth Sci., ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich ([email protected]), 2Inst. Min., Univ. Münster, D-48149 Münster, 3Inst. Geol. Min., Univ. Köln, D-50674 Köln, 4Dept. Earth Planet. Sci., UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA95064, USA, 5Dept. Earth Planet. Sci., Harvard Univ., MA 02138, USA, 6Dept. Geol., UCD, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Introduction: In the past ~15 years 182 Hf-182 W dicate that heating by 26 Al decay was the dominant heat chronometry has successfully been applied to provide source for the thermal metamorphism. Hf-W ages for time constraints for a variety of processes and events acapulcoites and lodranites are ~6 Ma [18]. Compari- associated with the formation and earliest evolution of son with ages obtained from other chronometers re- planetary bodies. The main interest in the Hf-W system veals that, although acapulcoites/lodranites were heated was initially related to its potential for dating core for- to much higher temperatures than H6 chondrites, they mation [1-3] but Hf-W fractionations do not only occur cooled faster than the H6 chondrites. This in conjunc- during core formation but also during partial melting tion with the higher peak temperatures of acapulco- and fractional crystallization [4,5]. This allows the ites/lodranites indicates that their parent body was timescales of mantle differentiation (e.g., magma ocean smaller and accreted earlier than the H chondrite parent crystallization) to be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Date of Easter and Shakespeare's 'Progress of the Stars'
    College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Theology Faculty Publications Theology 2013 The aD te of Easter and Shakespeare’s ‘Progress of the Stars’: Creed and Chronometry in the Sixteenth Century Martin Connell College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/theology_pubs Part of the Christianity Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Connell, Martin.“The aD te of Easter and Shakespeare’s ‘Progress of the Stars’: Creed and Chronometry in the Sixteenth Century.” Worship 87, no. 2 (2013): 130-148. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Martin F. Connell The Date of Easter and Shakespeare's "Progress of the Stars7': Creed and Chronometry in the Sixteenth Century William Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" opens with the question "Is this a holiday?" followed by another, "What, know you not?"1 The queries seem benign and, perhaps, humorless four centuries after the drama about the assassination of the ancient Roman emperor premiered at the Globe Theater in 1599,2 but — within a century of King Henry VIII's start of the Church of England (1534) — chronometry was a grave matter of church and state. Audience members would likely have poked one another as the play began because Flavius's questions reveal social rubs between churches and calendars in late Elizabethan England.3 Because Shakespeare wrote other dramas of ancient Roman his- tory — "Antony and Cleopatra" and "Coriolanus" within the de- cade after "Julius Caesar" — one cannot claim that he took up the imperial figure only because of a late sixteenth-century's calendar controversy.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Chronometry in the Pocket? Timing Accuracy of Web Applications on Touchscreen and Keyboard Devices
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices Pronk, T.; Wiers, R.W.; Molenkamp, B.; Murre, J. DOI 10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 Publication date 2020 Document Version Final published version Published in Behavior Research Methods License CC BY Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Pronk, T., Wiers, R. W., Molenkamp, B., & Murre, J. (2020). Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices. Behavior Research Methods, 52(3), 1371-1382. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Behavior Research Methods (2020) 52:1371–1382 https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices Thomas Pronk1,2 & Reinout W.
    [Show full text]