DOCSLIB.ORG

Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences CLOCKING THE MIND i Related books Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, Three-volume set, 1–3 K. KEMPF-LEONARD Measurement, Judgement, and Decision Making BIRNBAUM The Scientific Study of General Intelligence: Tribute to Arthur R. Jensen H. NYBORG (ED.) The Scientific Study of Human Nature: Tribute to Hans J. Eysenck H. NYBORG (ED.) Related Journals — Sample copies available online from http://www.elsevier.com Personality and Individual Differences Intelligence Journal of Personality Research Journal of Mathematical Psychology Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process ii CLOCKING THE MIND MENTAL CHRONOMETRY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BY ARTHUR R. JENSEN Amsterdam ● Boston ● Heidelberg ● London ● New York ● Oxford Paris ● San Diego ● San Francisco ● Singapore ● Sydney ● Tokyo iii Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2006 Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13: 978-0-08-044939-5 ISBN-10: 0-08-044939-5 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 060708091010987654321 iv To the memory of Frans C. Donders (1818–1898) The Originator of Mental Chronometry v This page intentionally left blank vi Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1. A Brief Chronology of Mental Chronometry 1 2. Chronometric Terminology and Paradigms 11 3. Reaction Time as a Function of Experimental Conditions 43 4. The Measurement of Chronometric Variables 55 5. Chronometry of Mental Development 75 6. Chronometry of Cognitive Aging 95 7. The Heritability of Chronometric Variables 127 8. The Factor Structure of Reaction Time in Elementary Cognitive Tasks 137 9. Correlated Chronometric and Psychometric Variables 155 10. Sensory Intake Speed and Inspection Time 187 11. Theory of the Correlation Between Response Time and Intelligence 199 12. The Relation of RT to Other Psychological Variables 215 13. Clinical and Medical Uses of Chronometry 231 14. Standardizing Chronometry 237 vii viii Contents References 247 Jensen References on Chronometry Not Cited in the Text 261 Author Index 263 Subject Index 269 Preface Mental chronometry is the measurement of cognitive speed. It is the actual time taken to process information of different types and degrees of complexity. The basic measurement is an individual’s response time (RT) to a visual or auditory stimulus that calls for a par- ticular response, choice, or decision. The elementary cognitive tasks used in chronometric research are typically very simple, seldom eliciting RTs greater than one or two seconds in the normal population. Just another methodology for psychology? Mental chronometry undeniably has its own methodology. But it is also much more than just another method of what psychologists know as data analysis. Chronometric methods generate a generically different order of measurement than do any of our psychometric tests. Scientific research and analysis are rightfully more than just data, numbers, mathematics, and statistical hypothesis testing, yet contemporary psychology has more than its share of these appurtenances. More than in most other scientific fields, research psychologists, espe- cially differential psychologists, confront a plethora of journals, textbooks, and specialized courses on innumerable quantitative methods and statistical techniques. These all are offered wholly without specific reference to any of the field’s substantive topics, empirical or theo- retical. In the physical and biological sciences typically the methodological aspects and ana- lytic methods are more intrinsically inseparable from the particular phenomena and the theoretical questions that are more or less unique to the special field of study. Why? A likely explanation of this condition can be stated as a general rule: The lower the grade of measurement used to represent the variables of interest, the more their quantita- tive description and analysis must depend upon complex statistical methods. Even then, the kinds of questions that can be answered by applying the most sophisticated statistical methods to lower grades of measurement are importantly limited. Quantitative research in virtually all of the behavioral and social sciences is based almost entirely on the lowest grade of measurement that can still qualify as being quantitative, that is, ordinal or rank- order scales. Chronometry, on the other hand, allows us to jump up to the highest grade of measurement, that is, a true ratio scale. Its crucial advantages, though mainly scientific, also have aesthetic appeal. The discovery of the form of a functional relationship between variables when measured on a ratio scale represents a scientific truth, a physical reality, not just an artifice of merely ordinal measurement or of any possible mathematical transfor- mation to which an ordinal scale may be subjected. Measurements can always be trans- formed from a ratio scale to an ordinal scale, but never the reverse. One derives something ix x Preface akin to aesthetic pleasure in discovering a fact of nature that is afforded only by true meas- urement. Many relationships between different behavioral phenomena that we may accept as true by casual observation or from only ordinal measurement could, in principle, be illu- sory. Chronometric measurement, however, can in principle confirm or disconfirm beyond question their validity as scientific fact, of course, always within certain explicit boundary conditions. Hence, a graphic presentation of chronometric data represents a true relation- ship, a fact of nature. An example of this is demonstrated by what I have called the first two laws of individ- ual differences. They just happen to have important implications for interpreting the effects of education: (1) individual differences in learning and performance increase as task com- plexity increases; (2) individual differences in performance increase with continuing prac- tice and experience, unless the task itself imposes an artificially low ceiling on proficiency. These lawful phenomena are amply demonstrated by a variety of reaction time paradigms. But they could not be demonstrated definitively with any form of measurement lower than a ratio scale. Because it has a true or natural zero point, it is the only type of scale that per- mits fully meaningful comparison of the relative differences between means and standard deviations, or the variance ratio, σ /µ. It is also of significant importance that chronometric variables are related to psycho- metric measures of cognitive ability and especially to psychometric g. There is also a chronometric g factor, derived from a battery of various chronometric tasks, which is closely related to psychometric g. But chronometric data also reflect a more profoundly biological basis than do psychometric test scores. For example, it is a fact that IQ, and psy- chometric g even more, measured relatively early in the life span are positively correlated with individual differences in longevity. It was recently shown in a convincingly large sam- ple that persons’ age of death is even more closely related to quite elementary chronomet- ric measures, such as simple and four-choice RT, than it is to IQ (Deary & Der, 2005b). In fact, the RT measures are the primary basis of the psychometric correlations, as there was no significant relationship between IQ and longevity when the effect of RT was statisti- cally removed. Also, statistically controlling several social background variables showed no significant effect on this result. Individual differences in cognitive abilities must ultimately be explained in terms of the physical structures and functions of the brain. Much of the research and theorizing in the field of cognitive psychology has helped in describing more precisely the mental charac- teristics of variation in psychometric g and other psychometric factors than has been pos- sible within the field of psychometrics. But the theoretical formulations of cognitive psychology are strictly mentalistic, and as such they afford no hooks or handles or lever- age of any kind for discovering the physical brain processes that accomplish cognitive behavior or cause individual differences therein.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Motor Selection Dynamics in FEF Explain the Reaction Time Variance of Saccades to Single Targets
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Motor selection dynamics in FEF explain the reaction time variance of saccades to single targets Christopher K Hauser, Dantong Zhu, Terrence R Stanford, Emilio Salinas* Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States Abstract In studies of voluntary movement, a most elemental quantity is the reaction time (RT) between the onset of a visual stimulus and a saccade toward it. However, this RT demonstrates extremely high variability which, in spite of extensive research, remains unexplained. It is well established that, when a visual target appears, oculomotor activity gradually builds up until a critical level is reached, at which point a saccade is triggered. Here, based on computational work and single-neuron recordings from monkey frontal eye field (FEF), we show that this rise-to- threshold process starts from a dynamic initial state that already contains other incipient, internally driven motor plans, which compete with the target-driven activity to varying degrees. The ensuing conflict resolution process, which manifests in subtle covariations between baseline activity, build- up rate, and threshold, consists of fundamentally deterministic interactions, and explains the observed RT distributions while invoking only a small amount of intrinsic randomness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.33456.001 Introduction The reaction time (RT) represents the total time taken to perform all of the mental operations that may contribute to a particular action, such as stimulus detection, attention, working memory, or motor preparation. Although the importance of the RT as a fundamental metric for inferring the *For correspondence: mechanisms that mediate cognition cannot be overstated (Welford, 1980; Meyer et al., 1988), [email protected] such reliance is a double-edged sword.
    [Show full text]
  • Timing Accuracy of Web Applications on Touchscreen and Keyboard Devices
    Behavior Research Methods https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices Thomas Pronk1,2 & Reinout W. Wiers1 & Bert Molenkamp1,2 & Jaap Murre1 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Web applications can implement procedures for studying the speed of mental processes (mental chronometry) and can be administered via web browsers on most commodity desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets. This approach to conducting mental chronometry offers various opportunities, such as increased scale, ease of data collection, and access to specific samples. However, validity and reliability may be threatened by less accurate timing than specialized software and hardware can offer. We examined how accurately web applications time stimuli and register response times (RTs) on commodity touchscreen and keyboard devices running a range of popular web browsers. Additionally, we explored the accuracy of a range of technical innovations for timing stimuli, presenting stimuli, and estimating stimulus duration. The results offer some guidelines as to what methods may be most accurate and what mental chronometry paradigms may suitably be administered via web applications. In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT mea- surements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated. In uncontrolled circumstances, such as researchers may encounter online, stimulus presentation may be less accurate, especially when brief durations are requested (of up to 100 ms). Differences in RT overestimation between devices might not substantially affect the reliability with which group differences can be found, but they may affect reliability for individual differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology
    P1: JPJ/KKR P2: GKW/KKR QC: GKW/KKR T1: GKW 0521827442c02 CB738-Sternberg-v1 January 25, 2005 14:54 2 Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology Arthur R. Jensen Mental chronometry is the measurement of cognitive speed. It is the actual time taken to process information of different types and degrees of com- plexity. The basic measurements are an individual’s response time (RT) to a visual or auditory stimulus that calls for a particular response, choice, or decision. Since at least the time of Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), the father of differential psychology, it has been hypothesized by him and many others that mental speed is a major aspect of general intelligence. What we now know for sure is that RT can be a highly precise, reliable, and sensitive measure of individual differences. Its relationship to other psychological and ecological variables, however, is a complex affair just recently being explored. Research on RT has a venerable history. Not only was it the earliest mea- surement technique used in empirical psychology, but also its scientific use as a measure of individual differences preceded the beginning of experi- mental psychology by at least half a century. The first published research on RT appeared in astronomy journals. Time, as measured by the Earth’s rotation with reference to a star’s moment of transit across a hairline in the lens of a telescope, had to be measured as accurately as possible. In 1796 it was accidentally discovered by the Astronomer Royal at the Greenwich Observatory that astronomers showed individual differences in RT to the star’s transit across the hairline.
    [Show full text]
  • SIC Bibliography 17
    Scientific Instrument Commission Bibliography 17 Seventeenth bibliography of books, pamphlets, catalogues, articles on or connected with historical scientific instruments. This bibliography covers the year 2000, but also contains earlier publications which only came to the compiler's notice after publication of the Sixteenth Bibliography in June 2000. The compiler wishes to thank those who sent titles for inclusion in this bibliography. Publications, or notices of publication (please with ISBN) for the forthcoming bibliography, covering the year 2001, may be sent to: Dr. P.R. de Clercq Secretary of the Scientific Instrument Commission 13 Camden Square London NW1 9UY United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] ABGRALL, P., 'La géometrie de l'astrolabe au Xe siècle', Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 10 (March 2000), 7-78 AKPAN, Eloise, The story of William Stanley: a self-made man (London: published by the author, 2000). 128 pages, illustrated. Available from the author at [email protected] Stanley was a scientific instrument-maker, but also engaged in many other activities, described in this book. ALDINGER, Henry and CHAMBERLAIN, Ed, 'Gilson Slide Rules - Part I - The Small Rules' and 'Gilson Slide Rules - Part II - The Large Rules', Journal of the Oughtred Society 9, nr. 1 (Spring 2000), 48-60 and nr. 2 (Fall 2000), 47-58. The Gilson Slide Rule Co. was formed by Claire Gilson in Michigan in 1915. ARIVALDI, Mario, 'Medieval monastic sundials with six sectors: an investigation into their origins and meaning', British Sundial Society Bulletin 12 (2000), 109-115 BAGIOLI, Mario, 'Replication or Monopoly? The Economies of Invention and Discovery in Galileo's Observations of 1610', Science in Context 13, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Meter Provers and Proving Methods
    FUNDAMENTALS OF METER PROVERS AND PROVING METHODS Greg Williams Flow Management Devices 5225 South 37th Street, Suite 400 Phoenix, AZ 85040 1. Introduction: This paper will verify the amount of time. Ed devised the double history, requirements and operation of all chronometry pulse interpolation technique Provers accepted for liquid pipeline meter to achieve the high accuracy meter uncertainty verification in the Liquid Oil/Gas proving’s in a very short time period. Double Industry. It will continue with an explanation chronometry for API meter proving as and the industries wide acceptance of the described in API MPMS Chapter 4.6 is Uni-directional Captive Displacement Prover simply a method of resolving meter pulses (UDCDP). This document will supply the to a resolution of +/-1 part out of 10,000 reader with information regarding meter without the need for actually counting types and the flow volumes that can be 10,000 meter pulses during a meter proving. used with the UDCDP and will look at the opportunities for the use of a UDCDP as a 3. Developments Allowing Acceptance in mass prover. It will also provide the the Industry: Over the years, technological information for field verification of provers advancements and improvements were known as a water draw. made in the design of the operating system for large bore Positive Displacement (PD) Meters and Turbine Meters. As well as a 2. UDCDP History: According to API, Flow greater understanding of the specifications Provers must have an uncertainty of less of the manufactured pulse output signal for than +/-0.01% for all measurements relating the Coriolis Mass Flow Meters (CMFM’s) to meter proving including water draw and Liquid Ultrasonic Flow Meters (LUFM’s) uncertainty, temperature measurement meters.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium
    P1: IAS Journal of Archaeological Research [jar] pp469-jare-369967 June 17, 2002 12:45 Style file version June 4th, 2002 Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2002 (C 2002) Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium Stephen E. Nash1 Tree-ring analysis provides chronological, environmental, and behavioral data to a wide variety of disciplines related to archaeology including architectural analysis, climatology, ecology, history, hydrology, resource economics, volcanology, and others. The pace of worldwide archaeological tree-ring research has accelerated in the last two decades, and significant contributions have recently been made in archaeological chronology and chronometry, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and the study of human behavior in both the Old and New Worlds. This paper reviews a sample of recent contributions to tree-ring method, theory, and data, and makes some suggestions for future lines of research. KEY WORDS: dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; crossdating; tree-ring dating. INTRODUCTION Archaeology is a multidisciplinary social science that routinely adopts an- alytical techniques from disparate fields of inquiry to answer questions about human behavior and material culture in the prehistoric, historic, and recent past. Dendrochronology, literally “the study of tree time,” is a multidisciplinary sci- ence that provides chronological and environmental data to an astonishing vari- ety of archaeologically relevant fields of inquiry, including architectural analysis, biology, climatology, economics,
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychophysiology of Novelty Processing
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2013 The syP chophysiology of Novelty Processing: Do Brain Responses to Deviance Predict Recall, Recognition and Response Time? Siri-Maria Kamp University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Biological Psychology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Kamp, Siri-Maria, "The sP ychophysiology of Novelty Processing: Do Brain Responses to Deviance Predict Recall, Recognition and Response Time?" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4703 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Psychophysiology of Novelty Processing: Do Brain Responses to Deviance Predict Recall, Recognition, and Response Time? by Siri-Maria Kamp A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Emanuel Donchin, Ph.D. Yael Arbel, Ph.D. Kenneth J. Malmberg, Ph.D. Geoffrey F. Potts, Ph.D. Kristen Salomon, Ph.D Date of Approval: July 11, 2013 Keywords: Event-related potentials, pupillometry, P300, Novelty P3, oddball paradigm Copyright © 2013, Siri-Maria Kamp
    [Show full text]
  • Timing Life Processes
    1st International Conference on Advancements of Medicine and Health Care through Technology, MediTech2007, 27-29th September, 2007, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Timing Life Processes Dana Baran Abstract — Natural clocks such as planet movements and biological timekeeping gears inspired artificial timers including water clocks, sandglasses, mechanical, electric and finally electronic systems. Contemporary medicine and biology reconsiders temporal morphogenetic and functional patterns interpreting life processes as highly sophisticated clockworks, liable to mathematical modelling and quantification. Chronobiology and chronomedicine opened a vast theoretical and applicative field of interest. Keywords: chronobiology, temporal monitoring devices, biological clock, mathematical modelling. 1. INTRODUCTION exogenous synchronizers periodically adjust to the cosmic time. [2] At the very beginning, breathing and heart rate, Throughout the centuries the perspective on biological pulse frequency, menstrual cycles and vital forces were phenomena temporal dimension, i.e. on their dynamic perceived as led by rhythmic vibrations of the stars, the sun structure and function, followed several synchronic and and the moon. Nature exhibited both clocks and calendars! diachronic patterns, possibly defined as astromy Now living beings are usually forced to disrupt their innate thological, cosmobiological, mechanistic, physico- biorhythms and adapt to man-made temporal cues imposed chemical, statistico-mathematical, physiological, psy by shift work, jet travel, abundance of vegetables and chological or philosophical insights. [1] After 1950, animal products, irrespective of time of day or season, in scientists started to elaborate a coherently integrated vitro fertilization, cloning and genetic manipulation which multidisciplinary and even transdisciplinary approach to equally play with biological time and social destinies. biological rhythms. Largely known as chronobiology, it lately generated a medical subdivision: chronomedicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing the Dynamics of Mental Representations: the Temporal
    Opinion Characterizing the dynamics of mental representations: the temporal generalization method 1,2,3 1,2,4,5 J-R. King and S. Dehaene 1 Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Institut National de la Sante´ et de la Recherche Me´ dicale, U992, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France 2 NeuroSpin Center, Institute of BioImaging Commissariat a` l’Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France 3 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle E´ pinie` re Research Center, Institut National de la Sante´ et de la Recherche Me´ dicale, U975 Paris, France 4 Universite´ Paris 11, Orsay, France 5 Colle` ge de France, F-75005 Paris, France Parsing a cognitive task into a sequence of operations is series of steps from those operating as a continuous flow or a central problem in cognitive neuroscience. We argue ‘cascade’ of overlapping stages [5]. that a major advance is now possible owing to the More recently, the advent of brain-imaging techniques application of pattern classifiers to time-resolved record- has provided unprecedented access into the content and ings of brain activity [electroencephalography (EEG), the dynamics of mental representations. EEG, MEG, local magnetoencephalography (MEG), or intracranial record- field potentials, and neuronal recordings can provide a ings]. By testing at which moment a specific mental fine-grained dissection of the sequence of brain activations content becomes decodable in brain activity, we can (e.g., see [6,7]). Here we show how the analysis of these characterize the time course of cognitive codes. Most time-resolved signals can be enhanced through the use of importantly, the manner in which the trained classifiers multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), also known infor- generalize across time, and from one experimental con- mally as ‘decoding’.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronometry of Late Eneolithic and 'Early Bronze' Cultures In
    Baltic-Pontic Studies vol . 20: 2015, 256-291 PL ISSN 1231-0344 Tomasz Goslar,* Viktor I. Klochko**, Aleksander Kośko***, Piotr Włodarczak****, Danuta Żurkiewicz***** CHRONOMETRY OF LATE ENEOLITHIC AND ‘EARLY BRONZE’ CULTURES IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER AREA: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE YAMPIL BARROW COMPLEX AbstRACT The paper discusses the 2010-2015 studies of the radiocarbon chro- nology of Podolia ‘barrow cultures’ on the left bank of the middle Dniester . The studies have relied on series of 14C dates for the Klem- bivka 1, Pidlisivka 1, Porohy 3A and Prydnistryanske 1 sites deter- mined in Kyiv and Poznań laboratories . They are the first attempt to construct a regional (‘Yampil’) radiocarbon scale for ‘Early Bronze’ funerary rites (4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC) as practised by barrow builders – the communities of the Tripolye and Yamnaya cultures – and the secondary barrow users – the designers of necropolises lo- cated on barrows – belonging to the Catacomb, Babyno and Noua cultures . * 1 – Adam Mickiewicz University; Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; 2 – Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Foundation of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland; tomasz .goslar@radiocarbon .pl ** Department of Archaeology National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody 2, 04665 Kyiv, Ukraine; vklochko@ukr .net *** Institute of Prehistory Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; antokol@amu .edu .pl **** Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre for Mountains
    [Show full text]
  • Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology
    Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology Edited by Claude E. Buxton Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 1985 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Passages from the following are reprinted by permission of the publishers: Newell, Α., Duncker on Thinking, in S. Koch & D. Leary (Eds.), A Century of Psychology as Science. Copyright 1985 by McGraw-Hill. Neisser, U., Cognitive Psychology. © 1967 by Prentice-Hall. COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Main entry under title: Points of view in the modern history of psychology. Includes indexes. 1. Psychology— History. I. Buxton, Claude E. BF81.P57 1985 150\9 85-4010 ISBN 0-12-148510-2 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Mitchell G. Ash (295), Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 William Bevan (259), John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois 60603 Arthur L. Blumenthal (19, 51), Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 Claude E.
    [Show full text]
  • Donders Is Dead: Cortical Traveling Waves and the Limits of Mental Chronometry in Cognitive Neuroscience
    Donders is dead: cortical traveling waves and the limits of mental chronometry in cognitive neuroscience David M. Alexander, Chris Trengove & Cees van Leeuwen Cognitive Processing International Quarterly of Cognitive Science ISSN 1612-4782 Cogn Process DOI 10.1007/s10339-015-0662-4 1 23 Your article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution license which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works, as long as the author of the original work is cited. You may self- archive this article on your own website, an institutional repository or funder’s repository and make it publicly available immediately. 1 23 Cogn Process DOI 10.1007/s10339-015-0662-4 RESEARCH REPORT Donders is dead: cortical traveling waves and the limits of mental chronometry in cognitive neuroscience 1 1 1,2 David M. Alexander • Chris Trengove • Cees van Leeuwen Received: 8 December 2014 / Accepted: 4 June 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract An assumption nearly all researchers in cog- coordinates of measurements. We illustrate what the failure nitive neuroscience tacitly adhere to is that of space–time of space–time separability implies for cortical activation, separability. Historically, it forms the basis of Donders’ and what consequences this should have for cognitive difference method, and to date, it underwrites all difference neuroscience. imaging and trial-averaging of cortical activity, including the customary techniques for analyzing fMRI and EEG/ Keywords Cortex Á Traveling waves Á Difference method MEG data. We describe the assumption and how it licenses common methods in cognitive neuroscience; in particular, we show how it plays out in signal differencing and Donders’ method averaging, and how it misleads us into seeing the brain as a set of static activity sources.
    [Show full text]