The Theory of Intelligence and Its Measurement
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Timing Accuracy of Web Applications on Touchscreen and Keyboard Devices
Behavior Research Methods https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices Thomas Pronk1,2 & Reinout W. Wiers1 & Bert Molenkamp1,2 & Jaap Murre1 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Web applications can implement procedures for studying the speed of mental processes (mental chronometry) and can be administered via web browsers on most commodity desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets. This approach to conducting mental chronometry offers various opportunities, such as increased scale, ease of data collection, and access to specific samples. However, validity and reliability may be threatened by less accurate timing than specialized software and hardware can offer. We examined how accurately web applications time stimuli and register response times (RTs) on commodity touchscreen and keyboard devices running a range of popular web browsers. Additionally, we explored the accuracy of a range of technical innovations for timing stimuli, presenting stimuli, and estimating stimulus duration. The results offer some guidelines as to what methods may be most accurate and what mental chronometry paradigms may suitably be administered via web applications. In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT mea- surements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated. In uncontrolled circumstances, such as researchers may encounter online, stimulus presentation may be less accurate, especially when brief durations are requested (of up to 100 ms). Differences in RT overestimation between devices might not substantially affect the reliability with which group differences can be found, but they may affect reliability for individual differences. -
Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology
P1: JPJ/KKR P2: GKW/KKR QC: GKW/KKR T1: GKW 0521827442c02 CB738-Sternberg-v1 January 25, 2005 14:54 2 Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology Arthur R. Jensen Mental chronometry is the measurement of cognitive speed. It is the actual time taken to process information of different types and degrees of com- plexity. The basic measurements are an individual’s response time (RT) to a visual or auditory stimulus that calls for a particular response, choice, or decision. Since at least the time of Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), the father of differential psychology, it has been hypothesized by him and many others that mental speed is a major aspect of general intelligence. What we now know for sure is that RT can be a highly precise, reliable, and sensitive measure of individual differences. Its relationship to other psychological and ecological variables, however, is a complex affair just recently being explored. Research on RT has a venerable history. Not only was it the earliest mea- surement technique used in empirical psychology, but also its scientific use as a measure of individual differences preceded the beginning of experi- mental psychology by at least half a century. The first published research on RT appeared in astronomy journals. Time, as measured by the Earth’s rotation with reference to a star’s moment of transit across a hairline in the lens of a telescope, had to be measured as accurately as possible. In 1796 it was accidentally discovered by the Astronomer Royal at the Greenwich Observatory that astronomers showed individual differences in RT to the star’s transit across the hairline. -
Fundamentals of Meter Provers and Proving Methods
FUNDAMENTALS OF METER PROVERS AND PROVING METHODS Greg Williams Flow Management Devices 5225 South 37th Street, Suite 400 Phoenix, AZ 85040 1. Introduction: This paper will verify the amount of time. Ed devised the double history, requirements and operation of all chronometry pulse interpolation technique Provers accepted for liquid pipeline meter to achieve the high accuracy meter uncertainty verification in the Liquid Oil/Gas proving’s in a very short time period. Double Industry. It will continue with an explanation chronometry for API meter proving as and the industries wide acceptance of the described in API MPMS Chapter 4.6 is Uni-directional Captive Displacement Prover simply a method of resolving meter pulses (UDCDP). This document will supply the to a resolution of +/-1 part out of 10,000 reader with information regarding meter without the need for actually counting types and the flow volumes that can be 10,000 meter pulses during a meter proving. used with the UDCDP and will look at the opportunities for the use of a UDCDP as a 3. Developments Allowing Acceptance in mass prover. It will also provide the the Industry: Over the years, technological information for field verification of provers advancements and improvements were known as a water draw. made in the design of the operating system for large bore Positive Displacement (PD) Meters and Turbine Meters. As well as a 2. UDCDP History: According to API, Flow greater understanding of the specifications Provers must have an uncertainty of less of the manufactured pulse output signal for than +/-0.01% for all measurements relating the Coriolis Mass Flow Meters (CMFM’s) to meter proving including water draw and Liquid Ultrasonic Flow Meters (LUFM’s) uncertainty, temperature measurement meters. -
Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium
P1: IAS Journal of Archaeological Research [jar] pp469-jare-369967 June 17, 2002 12:45 Style file version June 4th, 2002 Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2002 (C 2002) Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium Stephen E. Nash1 Tree-ring analysis provides chronological, environmental, and behavioral data to a wide variety of disciplines related to archaeology including architectural analysis, climatology, ecology, history, hydrology, resource economics, volcanology, and others. The pace of worldwide archaeological tree-ring research has accelerated in the last two decades, and significant contributions have recently been made in archaeological chronology and chronometry, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and the study of human behavior in both the Old and New Worlds. This paper reviews a sample of recent contributions to tree-ring method, theory, and data, and makes some suggestions for future lines of research. KEY WORDS: dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; crossdating; tree-ring dating. INTRODUCTION Archaeology is a multidisciplinary social science that routinely adopts an- alytical techniques from disparate fields of inquiry to answer questions about human behavior and material culture in the prehistoric, historic, and recent past. Dendrochronology, literally “the study of tree time,” is a multidisciplinary sci- ence that provides chronological and environmental data to an astonishing vari- ety of archaeologically relevant fields of inquiry, including architectural analysis, biology, climatology, economics, -
Future Efforts in Flynn Effect Research: Balancing Reductionism with Holism
J. Intell. 2014, 2, 122-155; doi:10.3390/jintelligence2040122 OPEN ACCESS Journal of Intelligence ISSN 2079-3200 www.mdpi.com/journal/jintelligence Article Future Efforts in Flynn Effect Research: Balancing Reductionism with Holism Michael A. Mingroni Newark, Delaware, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-302-753-3533 External Editor: Joseph L. Rodgers Received: 13 February 2014: in revised form 2 October 2014 / Accepted: 2 October 2014 / Published: 15 October 2014 Abstract: After nearly thirty years of concerted effort by many investigators, the cause or causes of the secular gains in IQ test scores, known as the Flynn effect, remain elusive. In this target article, I offer six suggestions as to how we might proceed in our efforts to solve this intractable mystery. The suggestions are as follows: (1) compare parents to children; (2) consider other traits and conditions; (3) compare siblings; (4) conduct more and better intervention programs; (5) use subtest profile data in context; and (6) quantify the potential contribution of heterosis. This last section contains new simulations of the process of heterosis, which provide a plausible scenario whereby rapid secular changes in multiple genetically influenced traits are possible. If there is any theme to the present paper, it is that future study designs should be simpler and more highly focused, coordinating multiple studies on single populations. Keywords: Flynn effect; intelligence; secular trend; heterosis 1. Introduction It has been nearly thirty years since James Flynn brought widespread attention to the occurrence of rapid gains in IQ test scores [1,2]. However, in honestly assessing the situation today one would have to conclude that we are not much closer to identifying the cause than we were three decades ago. -
The Black-White Test Score Gap: an Introduction
CHRISTOPHER JENCKS MEREDITH PHILLIPS 1 The Black-White Test Score Gap: An Introduction FRICAN AMERICANS currently score lower than A European Americans on vocabulary, reading, and mathematics tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic apti- tude and intelligence.1 This gap appears before children enter kindergarten (figure 1-1), and it persists into adulthood. It has narrowed since 1970, but the typical American black still scores below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests.2 On some tests the typical American black scores below more than 85 percent of whites.3 1. We are indebted to Karl Alexander, William Dickens, Ronald Ferguson, James Flynn, Frank Furstenberg, Arthur Goldberger, Tom Kane, David Levine, Jens Ludwig, Richard Nisbett, Jane Mansbridge, Susan Mayer, Claude Steele, and Karolyn Tyson for helpful criticisms of earlier drafts. But we did not make all the changes they suggested, and they are in no way responsible for our conclusions. 2. These statistics also imply, of course, that a lot of blacks score above a lot of whites. If the black and white distributions are normal and have the same standard deviation, and if the black-white gap is one (black or white) standard deviation, then when we compare a randomly selected black to a randomly selected white, the black will score higher than the white about 24 percent of the time. If the black-white gap is 0.75 rather than 1.00 standard deviations, a randomly selected black will score higher than a randomly selected white about 30 percent of the time. -
Chronometry of Late Eneolithic and 'Early Bronze' Cultures In
Baltic-Pontic Studies vol . 20: 2015, 256-291 PL ISSN 1231-0344 Tomasz Goslar,* Viktor I. Klochko**, Aleksander Kośko***, Piotr Włodarczak****, Danuta Żurkiewicz***** CHRONOMETRY OF LATE ENEOLITHIC AND ‘EARLY BRONZE’ CULTURES IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER AREA: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE YAMPIL BARROW COMPLEX AbstRACT The paper discusses the 2010-2015 studies of the radiocarbon chro- nology of Podolia ‘barrow cultures’ on the left bank of the middle Dniester . The studies have relied on series of 14C dates for the Klem- bivka 1, Pidlisivka 1, Porohy 3A and Prydnistryanske 1 sites deter- mined in Kyiv and Poznań laboratories . They are the first attempt to construct a regional (‘Yampil’) radiocarbon scale for ‘Early Bronze’ funerary rites (4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC) as practised by barrow builders – the communities of the Tripolye and Yamnaya cultures – and the secondary barrow users – the designers of necropolises lo- cated on barrows – belonging to the Catacomb, Babyno and Noua cultures . * 1 – Adam Mickiewicz University; Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; 2 – Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Foundation of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland; tomasz .goslar@radiocarbon .pl ** Department of Archaeology National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody 2, 04665 Kyiv, Ukraine; vklochko@ukr .net *** Institute of Prehistory Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; antokol@amu .edu .pl **** Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre for Mountains -
The Flynn / Non-Flynn Phenomenon and the Digitized Educational System
ERD 2016: Education, Reflection, Development, Fourth Edition The Flynn / Non-Flynn Phenomenon and the digitized Educational System Claudia Talasman-Chioreana* * Corresponding author: Claudia Talasman-Chiorean, [email protected] aPhD Research Assistant, College of Political Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, str. Traian Mosiu, nr. 71, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Abstract http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.12.12 Forced to adapt to new realities, the human mind has evolved in a qualitatively superior way from a historical stage to another. This principle is affirmed and demonstrated in several studies known as The Flynn Phenomenon. As a response to these principles, The Non-Flynn Phenomenon claims that in our modern heavily digitized society, IQ has decreased due to the minimal contribution of the human mind in dealing with the new existential problems of humanity. The current trend of substitution of specific human elements by gadgets, software tools or created digital spaces is increasingly obvious. Between The Flynn and non-Flynn Phenomenon, education plays an important role. Education aims efficient use innovative technical means. And this trend may be the solution for the continuous development of IQ. The new technology involves increasing interest, maintaining motivation, widening of the informational horizon, if used properly, without excesses, in combination with other methods and modern and applied educational resources. © 2016 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.uk Keywords: The Flynn Phenomenon, The Non-Flynn Phenomenon, digitized society, IQ, education. 1. IQ and Human Evolution Throughout human evolution, progress has been one of the functional, adaptive constants that man has consistently promoted. Whether we talk about progress at the technical, cultural, social or civic level, the human being has constantly been trying to find new, useful, easy resources in order to get a ratio of maximum benefit and minimal effort. -
The Calendar: Its History, Structure And
!!i\LENDAR jS, HISTORY, STRUCTURE 1 III i; Q^^feiTAA^gvyuLj^^ v^ i Jb^ n n !> f llfelftr I ^'^\C)SL<^ THE CALENDAR BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR, WITH NOTES OF AN ADDRESS ON CALENDAR REFORM AND SOCIAL PRO- GRESS DELIVERED TO THE ABERDEEN ROTARY CLUB. 32 pp. Crown 8vo. zs.dd. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. A PLEA FOR AN ORDERLY ALMANAC. 62 pp. Crown 8vo. Cloth zs. 6d. Stiff boards is. 6d. BRECHIN : D. H. EDWARDS. LONDON : GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. THE CALENDAR ITS HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND IMPROVEMENT BY ALEXANDER PHILIP, LL.B., F.R.S. Edin. CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS I 9 2 I CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. Clay, Manager LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.C.4 fij n*'A NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOM HAY ) CALCUTTA I MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. MADRAS j TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TOKYO : MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED M u rO(Ku CE 73 f.HS PREFACE THE following essay is intended to serve as a text-book for those interested in current discussion concerning the Calendar. Its design is to exhibit a concise view of the origin and develop- ment of the Calendar now in use in Europe and America, to explain the principles and rules of its construction, to show the human purposes for which it is required and employed and to indicate how far it effectively serves these purposes, where it is deficient and how its deficiencies can be most simply and efficiently amended. After the reform of the Calendar initiated by Pope Gregory XIII there were published a number of exhaustive treatises on the subject—^voluminous tomes characterised by the prolix eru- dition of the seventeenth century. -
What Is Intelligence?
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? By one of the most creative and influential psychologists in the field of intelligence comes an unrivalled ‘must-read’ …a brilliant interweaving of data and argument. Intrigued? Read on to find out more about Flynn’s inspiring new book October 2007 • 226 pages • 5 tables • 7 figures Hardback 978-0-521-88007-7 c. £14.99 Do IQ gains mean that each generation is more intelligent than the last? Do they suggest how each of us can enhance our own intelligence? For over twenty years, psychologists have struggled to understand the implications of IQ gains. Professor James Flynn, one of the most creative and influential psychologists in the field of intelligence, is finally ready to give his own views. His answer is both surprising and illuminating. Flynn’s unrivalled book makes an important contribution to our understanding of human intelligence. Contents 1. A bombshell in a 6. IQ gains can kill letter box 7. What if the gains are 2. Beyond the Flynn Effect over? 3. Towards a new theory 8. Knowing our ancestors of intelligence Appendix I: Tables; 4. Testing the Dickens/ Appendix II: Declaration Flynn model in a capital case. 5. Why did it take so long? Find out more or order online at www.cambridge.org/flynn WHAT THE EXPERTS SAY James Flynn has been a saintly anomaly in Flynn provides the first satisfying explanation this contentious debate. His latest book is a classic of the massive rise in IQ test scores... expression of the man – advancing a particular Professor N. J. Makintosh,University of Cambridge point of view, but committed to following the data, responding to criticism with reason and evidence, and unfailingly good-humored. -
Cognitive Ability William T
Forthcoming in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Steve Durlauf ed. Cognitive Ability William T. Dickens Senior Fellow The Brookings Institution ABSTRACT Modern psychological theory views cognitive ability as multidimensional while acknowledging that the many different abilities are themselves positively correlated. This positive correlation across abilities has led most psychometricians to accept the reality of a general cognitive ability that is reflected in the full scale score on major tests of cognitive ability or IQ. This entry provides an introduction to the history of cognitive testing and some of its major controversies. Evidence supporting the validity of measures of cognitive ability is presented and the nature and implications of group differences is discussed along with evidence on its malleability. Some people obviously and consistently understand new concepts quicker, solve unfamiliar problems faster, see relationships that others don’t and are more knowledgeable about a wider range of topics than others. We call such people smart, bright, quick, or intelligent. Psychologists have developed tests to measure this trait. Originally called IQ tests (for Intelligence Quotient because the measures were constructed as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100) that name has fallen out of favor. Instead, such tests are now often referred to as tests of cognitive ability. Although the term IQ is still sometimes used to refer to what such tests measure, none construct a ratio. History Spearman (1904) first popularized the observation that individuals who do well on one type of mental task also tend to do well on many others. For example, people who are good at recognizing patterns in sequences of abstract drawings are also good at quickly arranging pictures in order to tell a story, telling what three dimensional shapes drawn in two dimensions will look like when rotated, tend to have large vocabularies and good reading comprehension, and are quick at arithmetic. -
Mental Chronometry II
Mental Chronometry II Dr. Zhuanghua Shi 7 Nov. 2018 1 • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method • Potential problems with Additive factor method Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method 2 • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method • Potential problems with Additive factor method Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. 2 • Potential problems with Additive factor method Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method 2 Summary of last week • Please describe Donders’ subtraction method. • Please give one example of ‘Subtraction’ method • Please describe Additive factor method • please give one example. • Potential problems with Donder’s subtraction method • Potential problems with Additive factor method 2 heal_ch11.qxd 8/2/02 12:31 PM Page 296 296 Action Selection Discrete and Continuous Models of method was derived, the patterns of interactivity and additiv- Information Processing ity can be interpreted similarly. For the cascade model, if two variables affect the rate parameter of the same stage, their ef- Sternberg’s (1969) additive factors method is based on a view fects on RT will be interactive; if each variable affects the of human information processing that assumes that the pro- rate parameter of a different stage, their effects on RT will be cessing sequence between stimulus and response consists of additive.