Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience – Virtual
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Timing Accuracy of Web Applications on Touchscreen and Keyboard Devices
Behavior Research Methods https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices Thomas Pronk1,2 & Reinout W. Wiers1 & Bert Molenkamp1,2 & Jaap Murre1 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Web applications can implement procedures for studying the speed of mental processes (mental chronometry) and can be administered via web browsers on most commodity desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets. This approach to conducting mental chronometry offers various opportunities, such as increased scale, ease of data collection, and access to specific samples. However, validity and reliability may be threatened by less accurate timing than specialized software and hardware can offer. We examined how accurately web applications time stimuli and register response times (RTs) on commodity touchscreen and keyboard devices running a range of popular web browsers. Additionally, we explored the accuracy of a range of technical innovations for timing stimuli, presenting stimuli, and estimating stimulus duration. The results offer some guidelines as to what methods may be most accurate and what mental chronometry paradigms may suitably be administered via web applications. In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT mea- surements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated. In uncontrolled circumstances, such as researchers may encounter online, stimulus presentation may be less accurate, especially when brief durations are requested (of up to 100 ms). Differences in RT overestimation between devices might not substantially affect the reliability with which group differences can be found, but they may affect reliability for individual differences. -
Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology
P1: JPJ/KKR P2: GKW/KKR QC: GKW/KKR T1: GKW 0521827442c02 CB738-Sternberg-v1 January 25, 2005 14:54 2 Mental Chronometry and the Unification of Differential Psychology Arthur R. Jensen Mental chronometry is the measurement of cognitive speed. It is the actual time taken to process information of different types and degrees of com- plexity. The basic measurements are an individual’s response time (RT) to a visual or auditory stimulus that calls for a particular response, choice, or decision. Since at least the time of Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), the father of differential psychology, it has been hypothesized by him and many others that mental speed is a major aspect of general intelligence. What we now know for sure is that RT can be a highly precise, reliable, and sensitive measure of individual differences. Its relationship to other psychological and ecological variables, however, is a complex affair just recently being explored. Research on RT has a venerable history. Not only was it the earliest mea- surement technique used in empirical psychology, but also its scientific use as a measure of individual differences preceded the beginning of experi- mental psychology by at least half a century. The first published research on RT appeared in astronomy journals. Time, as measured by the Earth’s rotation with reference to a star’s moment of transit across a hairline in the lens of a telescope, had to be measured as accurately as possible. In 1796 it was accidentally discovered by the Astronomer Royal at the Greenwich Observatory that astronomers showed individual differences in RT to the star’s transit across the hairline. -
Working Memory Capacity and the Top-Down Control of Visual Search: Exploring the Boundaries of “Executive Attention”
Working Memory Capacity and the Top-Down Control of Visual Search: Exploring the Boundaries of “Executive Attention” By: Michael J. Kane, Bradley J. Poole, Stephen W. Tuholski, Randall W. Engle Kane, M.J., Poole, B.J., Tuholski, S.W., & Engle, R.W. (2006). Working memory capacity and the top-down control of visual search: Exploring the boundaries of ―executive attention.‖ Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 749-777. Made available courtesy of The American Psychological Association: http://www.apa.org/ *** Note: Figures may be missing from this format of the document Abstract: The executive attention theory of working memory capacity (WMC) proposes that measures of WMC broadly predict higher order cognitive abilities because they tap important and general attention capabilities (R. W. Engle & M. J. Kane, 2004). Previous research demonstrated WMC-related differences in attention tasks that required restraint of habitual responses or constraint of conscious focus. To further specify the executive attention construct, the present experiments sought boundary conditions of the WMC–attention relation. Three experiments correlated individual differences in WMC, as measured by complex span tasks, and executive control of visual search. In feature-absence search, conjunction search, and spatial configuration search, WMC was unrelated to search slopes, although they were large and reliably measured. Even in a search task designed to require the volitional movement of attention (J. M. Wolfe, G. A. Alvarez, & T. -
Modeling Saccadic Targeting in Visual Search
Modeling Saccadic Targeting in Visual Search Rajesh P. N. Rao Gregory J. Zelinsky Computer Science Department Center for Visual Science University of Rochester University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 Rochester, NY 14627 [email protected] [email protected] Mary M. Hayhoe Dana H. Ballard Center for Visual Science Computer Science Department University of Rochester University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 Rochester, NY 14627 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Visual cognition depends criticalIy on the ability to make rapid eye movements known as saccades that orient the fovea over targets of interest in a visual scene. Saccades are known to be ballistic: the pattern of muscle activation for foveating a prespecified target location is computed prior to the movement and visual feedback is precluded. Despite these distinctive properties, there has been no general model of the saccadic targeting strategy employed by the human visual system during visual search in natural scenes. This paper proposes a model for saccadic targeting that uses iconic scene representations derived from oriented spatial filters at multiple scales. Visual search proceeds in a coarse-to-fine fashion with the largest scale filter responses being compared first. The model was empirically tested by comparing its perfonnance with actual eye movement data from human subjects in a natural visual search task; preliminary results indicate substantial agreement between eye movements predicted by the model and those recorded from human subjects. 1 INTRODUCTION Human vision relies extensively on the ability to make saccadic eye movements. These rapid eye movements, which are made at the rate of about three per second, orient the high-acuity foveal region of the eye over targets of interest in a visual scene. -
Fundamentals of Meter Provers and Proving Methods
FUNDAMENTALS OF METER PROVERS AND PROVING METHODS Greg Williams Flow Management Devices 5225 South 37th Street, Suite 400 Phoenix, AZ 85040 1. Introduction: This paper will verify the amount of time. Ed devised the double history, requirements and operation of all chronometry pulse interpolation technique Provers accepted for liquid pipeline meter to achieve the high accuracy meter uncertainty verification in the Liquid Oil/Gas proving’s in a very short time period. Double Industry. It will continue with an explanation chronometry for API meter proving as and the industries wide acceptance of the described in API MPMS Chapter 4.6 is Uni-directional Captive Displacement Prover simply a method of resolving meter pulses (UDCDP). This document will supply the to a resolution of +/-1 part out of 10,000 reader with information regarding meter without the need for actually counting types and the flow volumes that can be 10,000 meter pulses during a meter proving. used with the UDCDP and will look at the opportunities for the use of a UDCDP as a 3. Developments Allowing Acceptance in mass prover. It will also provide the the Industry: Over the years, technological information for field verification of provers advancements and improvements were known as a water draw. made in the design of the operating system for large bore Positive Displacement (PD) Meters and Turbine Meters. As well as a 2. UDCDP History: According to API, Flow greater understanding of the specifications Provers must have an uncertainty of less of the manufactured pulse output signal for than +/-0.01% for all measurements relating the Coriolis Mass Flow Meters (CMFM’s) to meter proving including water draw and Liquid Ultrasonic Flow Meters (LUFM’s) uncertainty, temperature measurement meters. -
Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium
P1: IAS Journal of Archaeological Research [jar] pp469-jare-369967 June 17, 2002 12:45 Style file version June 4th, 2002 Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2002 (C 2002) Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium Stephen E. Nash1 Tree-ring analysis provides chronological, environmental, and behavioral data to a wide variety of disciplines related to archaeology including architectural analysis, climatology, ecology, history, hydrology, resource economics, volcanology, and others. The pace of worldwide archaeological tree-ring research has accelerated in the last two decades, and significant contributions have recently been made in archaeological chronology and chronometry, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and the study of human behavior in both the Old and New Worlds. This paper reviews a sample of recent contributions to tree-ring method, theory, and data, and makes some suggestions for future lines of research. KEY WORDS: dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; crossdating; tree-ring dating. INTRODUCTION Archaeology is a multidisciplinary social science that routinely adopts an- alytical techniques from disparate fields of inquiry to answer questions about human behavior and material culture in the prehistoric, historic, and recent past. Dendrochronology, literally “the study of tree time,” is a multidisciplinary sci- ence that provides chronological and environmental data to an astonishing vari- ety of archaeologically relevant fields of inquiry, including architectural analysis, biology, climatology, economics, -
Visual Search in Alzheimer's Disease: a Deficiency in Processing
Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 1849–1857 Visual search in Alzheimer’s disease: a deficiency in processing conjunctions of features A. Tales a,1, S.R. Butler a, J. Fossey b, I.D. Gilchrist c, R.W. Jones b, T. Troscianko d,∗ a Burden Neurological Institute, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1 JB, UK b The Research Institute For The Care Of The Elderly, St. Martin’s Hospital, Bath BA2 5RP, UK c Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 8 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK d School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK Received 19 February 2001; received in revised form 20 May 2002; accepted 20 May 2002 Abstract Human vision often needs to encode multiple characteristics of many elements of the visual field, for example their lightness and orien- tation. The paradigm of visual search allows a quantitative assessment of the function of the underlying mechanisms. It measures the ability to detect a target element among a set of distractor elements. We asked whether Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients are particularly affected in one type of search, where the target is defined by a conjunction of features (orientation and lightness) and where performance depends on some shifting of attention. Two non-conjunction control conditions were employed. The first was a pre-attentive, single-feature, “pop-out” task, detecting a vertical target among horizontal distractors. The second was a single-feature, partly attentive task in which the target element was slightly larger than the distractors—a “size” task. This was chosen to have a similar level of attentional load as the conjunction task (for the control group), but lacked the conjunction of two features. -
EEG Signatures of Contextual Influences on Visual Search With
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.332247; this version posted October 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 EEG signatures of contextual influences on visual 2 search with real scenes 3 4 Abbreviated title: EEG signatures of scene context in visual search 5 Author names and affiliations: 6 Amir H. Meghdadi1,2, Barry Giesbrecht1,2,3, Miguel P Eckstein1,2,3 7 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa 8 Barbara, CA, 93106-9660 9 2Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa 10 Barbara, CA, 93106-5100 11 3Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California, 12 Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-5100 13 Corresponding author: 14 Amir H. Meghdadi ([email protected]) 15 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa 16 Barbara, C, 93106-9660 17 18 Number of pages: 26 excluding Figures 19 Number of figures: 11 20 Number of tables: 1 21 Number of words in total excluding abstract (n=4747), abstract (n= 222), introduction (n=668) 22 and discussion (n=1048) 23 Keywords: EEG, ssVEP, visual search 24 Acknowledgments: 25 The first author is currently with Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc, Carlsbad, CA, 92008 26 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.332247; this version posted October 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. -
Visual Search Is Guided by Prospective and Retrospective Memory
Perception & Psychophysics 2007, 69 (1), 123-135 Visual search is guided by prospective and retrospective memory MATTHEW S. PETERSON, MELIssA R. BECK, AND MIROSLAVA VOMELA George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia Although there has been some controversy as to whether attention is guided by memory during visual search, recent findings have suggested that memory helps to prevent attention from needlessly reinspecting examined items. Until now, it has been assumed that some form of retrospective memory is responsible for keeping track of examined items and preventing revisitations. Alternatively, some form of prospective memory, such as stra- tegic scanpath planning, could be responsible for guiding attention away from examined items. We used a new technique that allowed us to selectively prevent retrospective or prospective memory from contributing to search. We demonstrated that both retrospective and prospective memory guide attention during visual search. When we search the environment, we often have some could involve planning a series of shifts to specific objects idea of what we are looking for, and through top-down or something as mundane as searching in a clockwise pat- guidance, attention is attracted to items that closely match tern. This strategic planning could prevent revisitations, the description of the search target (Treisman & Gormi- even in the absence of retrospective memory (Gilchrist & can, 1988; Wolfe, 1994). Even without a goal in mind, Harvey, 2006; Zingale & Kowler, 1987). attention does not flail around aimlessly. Instead, atten- Until recently, the potential contribution of prospective tion is attracted to the most salient visible items—namely, memory to search had been largely ignored. Employing a items that differ from other items in the environment, novel task that prevented the planning of more than one especially when they are different from their immediate saccade in advance, McCarley et al. -
Visual Working Memory Capacity: from Psychophysics and Neurobiology to Individual Differences
TICS-1215; No. of Pages 10 Review Visual working memory capacity: from psychophysics and neurobiology to individual differences 1 2 Steven J. Luck and Edward K. Vogel 1 Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, USA 2 Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Straub Hall, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Visual working memory capacity is of great interest problem of maintaining multiple active representations in because it is strongly correlated with overall cognitive networks of interconnected neurons. This problem can be ability, can be understood at the level of neural circuits, solved by maintaining a limited number of discrete repre- and is easily measured. Recent studies have shown that sentations, which then impacts almost every aspect of capacity influences tasks ranging from saccade targeting cognitive function. to analogical reasoning. A debate has arisen over wheth- er capacity is constrained by a limited number of discrete Why study visual working memory? representations or by an infinitely divisible resource, but There are at least four major reasons for the explosion of the empirical evidence and neural network models cur- research on VWM capacity. First, studies of change blind- rently favor a discrete item limit. Capacity differs ness in the 1990s (Figure 1A) provided striking examples of markedly across individuals and groups, and recent re- the limitations of VWM capacity in both the laboratory and search indicates that some of these differences reflect the real world [5,6]. true differences in storage capacity whereas others re- Second, the change detection paradigm (Figure 1B–D) flect variations in the ability to use memory capacity was popularized to provide a means of studying the same efficiently. -
Chronometry of Late Eneolithic and 'Early Bronze' Cultures In
Baltic-Pontic Studies vol . 20: 2015, 256-291 PL ISSN 1231-0344 Tomasz Goslar,* Viktor I. Klochko**, Aleksander Kośko***, Piotr Włodarczak****, Danuta Żurkiewicz***** CHRONOMETRY OF LATE ENEOLITHIC AND ‘EARLY BRONZE’ CULTURES IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER AREA: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE YAMPIL BARROW COMPLEX AbstRACT The paper discusses the 2010-2015 studies of the radiocarbon chro- nology of Podolia ‘barrow cultures’ on the left bank of the middle Dniester . The studies have relied on series of 14C dates for the Klem- bivka 1, Pidlisivka 1, Porohy 3A and Prydnistryanske 1 sites deter- mined in Kyiv and Poznań laboratories . They are the first attempt to construct a regional (‘Yampil’) radiocarbon scale for ‘Early Bronze’ funerary rites (4th/3rd-2nd millennium BC) as practised by barrow builders – the communities of the Tripolye and Yamnaya cultures – and the secondary barrow users – the designers of necropolises lo- cated on barrows – belonging to the Catacomb, Babyno and Noua cultures . * 1 – Adam Mickiewicz University; Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; 2 – Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Foundation of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland; tomasz .goslar@radiocarbon .pl ** Department of Archaeology National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody 2, 04665 Kyiv, Ukraine; vklochko@ukr .net *** Institute of Prehistory Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; antokol@amu .edu .pl **** Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre for Mountains -
The Cognitive and Neural Basis of Developmental Prosopagnosia
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ISSN: 1747-0218 (Print) 1747-0226 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pqje20 The cognitive and neural basis of developmental prosopagnosia John Towler, Katie Fisher & Martin Eimer To cite this article: John Towler, Katie Fisher & Martin Eimer (2017) The cognitive and neural basis of developmental prosopagnosia, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70:2, 316-344, DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1165263 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1165263 Accepted author version posted online: 11 Mar 2016. Published online: 27 Apr 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 163 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=pqje20 Download by: [Birkbeck College] Date: 15 November 2016, At: 07:22 THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 2017 VOL. 70, NO. 2, 316–344 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1165263 The cognitive and neural basis of developmental prosopagnosia John Towler, Katie Fisher and Martin Eimer Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a severe impairment of visual face recognition Received 28 July 2015 in the absence of any apparent brain damage. The factors responsible for DP have not Accepted 1 February 2016 yet been fully identified. This article provides a selective review of recent studies First Published Online 27 investigating cognitive and neural processes that may contribute to the face April 2016 fi recognition de cits in DP, focusing primarily on event-related brain potential (ERP) KEYWORDS measures of face perception and recognition.