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Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Tongue River Formation (Paleocene), Southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota Jack W

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Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Tongue River Formation (Paleocene), Southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota Jack W University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 1967 Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Tongue River formation (Paleocene), southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota Jack W. Crawford University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Crawford, Jack W., "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Tongue River formation (Paleocene), southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota" (1967). Theses and Dissertations. 63. https://commons.und.edu/theses/63 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE TONGUE RIVER FORMATION (PALEOCENE), SOt.n'HEAST GOLDEN VAL Y COUNTY, NORTH DAKOTA by W a, Jack . Cr ,ford e a R.S. in Geology, Univ ratty of North D kota, 1965 A Thesis e Submitted to th Faculty of the Unive rsity of North Da k ota in pa rtia 1 fulfillme nt of the requireme nts for the De g re e of Ma ster of Science 9 ., Grand Fork, North Dakota •, J a nua ry 1967 1" This thesis submitted by Jack W. Cr awford in par tial fulfill­ ment of the t·equi rf'tnents for the Degree of Master of Science in the Uni\ e r sity of Nor th Dakota is he1.· eby a pp rewed by t he Committee under whom the work has been done. Dean of e Gra a te School ii ACKNOWLEDrJiENTS The writer is indebted to many people for this repor t, but special thanks are due to Dr . Wi lson M. Laird, Sta te Geologist of North Dakot~ who suggested the pr obl em and by whom the write~ was ecployed during the 1965 fiftld season; t o Dr . Alan M. Cvancara, Department of Geology, University of North Dakqta, who ser,ed as chairman of the writer' s thes is cotr:mittee, field checked the ar ea, and gave many helpful suggestions; to Dr . E. ft . Noble, As sistant State Geologist, who also field checked the area, assisted in the heavy mineral analyses, and the writing; to Dr . F. D. Holland, Jr., Department of r.eology, University of North Dakota, who assisted in the writing; to Mr . and Mrs. Fred Wojahn, ~~10 provided a place to stay during the fiel d season, helped acquaint the write r with the geography of the a r ea and pointed out sever al fossil localities; and to the many rancher s in the ar ea who helped the write r on numerous occasiona. iii COm'ENTS Page ACKNO '11..EDGMENTS iii ILLUSTRATI ONS • vii ABSTRACT i x I NTRODUCTION 1 Location l Scope of Repor t 1 Physiography 1 Pr e vious Wor k 3 Field and Labor atory Wor k 3 REGIONAL STRAT I GM.PHY 4 Intr oduction 4 Pal eocene Se r ies 4 For t Union Group 4 Ludl ow FotT.ation and cannonball Formation 4 Name and de finition 4 Occurrence 5 Lithol ogy 5 Thickness 6 Page Tongue Ri e r Fonnation 6 lfome and definition 6 Occurrence 7 Lithol ogy. 7 Structu'!.'e . 8 Th ickness . 8 Sentinel nutte Member 9 Name and definition . 9 Occurrence 9 Lithology 10 Structure 10 Thickness 10 Eocene Se ries 10 Golden Valley Formation 10 Name and definition 10 Occurr ence 11 Lithology 11 Thickness 11 Oligocene Series 11 White Ri er Formation 11 NAme and definition 11 Occu.:-1. ence 12 Lithology 12 Thickness 12 Page SEDIMENTOLOGY 14 Textur e 14 Par ticle size. 14 Roundness 19 Total carbonates 21 t1ineral Composition 22 Light minerals 22 Hea ·y minerals 23 STPATIGP.APHY 25 Tongue River Formation 25 Lithology 25 Thickness 30 SeditDCntar y str uctures • 30 Paleontology 36 Environments of deposition 40 Sentinel Butte Member 41 Lithology 41 Thickness 44 Sedimentary stt'Uctures 44 Pal eontology 44 Environments of deposition 45 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 47 CONCLUSIONS 48 REFERENC~ 49 APPENDIX 52 • 1 ILLUSTRATI ONS Figure Page 1 . Index map to area s tudied, showing lines of measur ed sections 2 2. Ter tia ry r ock units of west er n Nor t h Dakota 5 3. I rregular weat her ing sur face of t he sandstone of t he Whit e River Formation on the west s ide of Bulli on lrutte , NW\ sec. 18, T. 137 N. , R. 102 W. 13 4 . Triangular diagrams compar ing pa r ticle s i ze of t he lower member witb tha t of t he Sentinel Butte Member , of t he Tongue P. i ve r Formation . 20 5. Basal sands tone of the Tongue Rive r Formation over l yi ng t he Lud low Formation, in the bluffs of t he Little Missour i Ri ver , NE\ sec. 32, T. 137 N. ~ R. 103 W. 26 6. Laminae in silts tone (unit 70 of l ower member ) in the NW\ sec. 34, T. 137 N. , R. 103 W. 28 7. "Swir l y" bedding in s ilts t one (unit 4 of lower member ) i n the NE\ sec. 33, T. 137 N. , R. 103 W. 29 8 . Lenticula r l imestones (unit 41 of lower member ) i n the SE\ sec. 28, T. 137 N. , R, 103 W. 31 9. Log-like, calcar eous sandstone concr etion (unit 28 of lower member ) , SE\ sec . 27, T. 137 N. , R. 103 W. 32 \"ii Figure Page 10. Platy bedding in a l ens-like concretion in the basal sandst one of the Tongue Ri ve r Formation (unit 2 of lower member ) , NE\ sec. 33. T. 137 N., R. 103 w. 33 11. "Convol uted" beddi ng in silts tone (unit 70 of lower member) in the NE\ sec. 34, T . 137 N.> R. 103 w. 35 12. Newly discover ed 21-foot lignite (unit 103 of Senti nel Rutte Member) , NE \ sec. 13, T. 137 N. , R. 103 w. 43 Table I. Size anal yses of lower member, southeast Gol den Valley County 15 II. Size analyses of Sentinel Butte Member, southeast Golden Valley County . 17 Plat e I . Stra tigraphic section of the lower member of the Tongue River Formation, southeast Gol den Valley County, North Dakota (in fol de r ) II. Stra tigraphic section of the Sentinel Butte Member of the Tongue Ri ver Formation, southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakot a. (in folder ) III. Carbonate analyses of the Tongue River Formation (in folde r) viii ABSTRACT The exposed Tertiary rock units in southeast Golden Valley County, North Dakota were measured and described with particular empba3is on the Tongue Ri ver Formation. Lithologic samples were collected and analyzed for total carbonate content, particle si~e, particle roundne•s, and miner~l composition. In the area studied, the Tongue Ri ver Formation is 763 feet thick which i s consider a bly thinner than in surrounding a reas. The lower member of the Tongue River Formation 1s 313 fee t thick and is cotnposed of yello~-gray, very fine-grained sandstone, s iltstone, claystone, shale, and l ignite. The over l yi ng Sentinel Butte Member is 4 50 feet thick and composed of yell ow- brown, fi ne t o medium-gra ined sandstone, siltstone , and lignite. The l owe1· member was found to be lighter col ored, to ha ve a higher total carbonate content, t o be fi ner gra ined, and to have fewer dar k miner al• than the overl ying Sentinel Butte Member . Particle cha ra cter istics of both members indicate little chemical weathering, a short distance of transporta tion, and little r c,wor king. Heavy miner a ls ar e i ndicative of a metamorphic source area with associat ed granites. The fauna and flora of plants , fish, r eptiles, amphibians, gast r opods, and pelecypods indica t e a fair l y warm, humid envi r onment with sluggish r i ver s and swampy conditions preva iling. ix INTRODUCtlON Location The area studied is in the southeast corner of Golden Valley County and in the northern part of Slope County in southwest North Dakota . The exposures were measured in two separate, but strati­ graphical ly overlapping sections (Fig. 1), which combine to form a composite section of the Tongue River Formation. The lower member of the Tongue River Formation was measured in the Red Hills Section which is in secs . 27 , 28, 33 , 34 of T. 137 N., R. 103 W. The Sentinel Butte Member of the Tongue River was measured in the Bullion Butte Section which is located in sec. 13, T. 137 N., R. 103 W. Scope of Report The purpose of this report is to: (1) provide a complete. de­ tailed measured section of the Tongue River Formation for use in correlating with similar rocks of adjacent areas; (2) describe the major sedimentologic features of the Tongue River Formation; and (3) suggest methods of differentiating the lower Tongue River sediments from those of the overlying Sentinel Butte Shale Member. Physiography The area of study is an area of highly dissected badlands between the Little Missouri River and the top of Bullion Butte. The badlands occur between flat upland terraces and resistant "scoria"­ capped ridges. This rugged topography has formed largely since 1 2 >- GOLDEN 1-­z VALLEY ::> 0 COUN TY u Cl) (!) z NORTH _J DAK OTA _J ID ~ ~ R.
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