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Provincial Health Officer’S Annual Report 2000 Drinking Water Quality in British Columbia: the Public Health Perspective

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Provincial Health Officer’S Annual Report 2000 Drinking Water Quality in British Columbia: the Public Health Perspective A Report on the Health of British Columbians Provincial Health Officer’s Annual Report 2000 Drinking Water Quality in British Columbia: The Public Health Perspective Ministry of Health Planning Office of the Provincial Health Officer October 2001 Copies of this report are available in print or electronically (in a .pdf file) from: Office of the Provincial Health Officer B.C. Ministry of Health Planning Room 3002, 1810 Blanshard Street Victoria, B.C. V8T 4J1 Canada Telephone (250) 952-0876 Facsimile (250) 952-0877 http://www.healthplanning.gov.bc.ca/pho/ Suggested citation: British Columbia. Provincial Health Officer. (2001). A report on the health of British Columbians. Provincial Health Officer’s annual report 2000. Drinking water quality in British Columbia: The public health perspective. Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Health Planning. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Provincial Health Officer’s annual report. – 1992- Annual. At head of title: A report on the health of British Columbians. None issued for 1993. ISSN 1195-308X = Provincial Health Officer’s annual report. 1. Health status indicators - British Columbia - Periodicals. 2. Public health - British Columbia - Statistics - Periodicals. I. British Columbia. Provincial Health Officer. II. Title: Report on the health of British Columbians. RA407.5.C3B74 614.4’2711 C93-092297-2 A Report on the Health of British Columbians Provincial Health Officer’s Annual Report 2000 Drinking Water Quality in British Columbia: The Public Health Perspective Ministry of Health Planning Office of the Provincial Health Officer October 2001 Ministry of Health Planning Victoria, B.C. October 12, 2001 The Honourable Sindi Hawkins Minister of Health Planning Madam: I have the honour of submitting the Provincial Health Officer’s Annual Report for 2000. P.R.W. (Perry) Kendall MBBS, MSc, FRCPC Provincial Health Officer Table of Contents Highlights . 1 Eight key messages . 2 Blueprint for action . 4 Priority recommendations . 5 1. Introduction . 8 Drinking water—a public health issue . 8 How water systems work . 9 Historical role of public health in safeguarding water systems . 11 Lessons of Walkerton . 15 Recent action in B.C. 16 2. Regulation and Management of B.C.’s Water Systems . 18 Roles and responsibilities. 18 Lead agency or collaboration?. 24 Water quality guidelines, standards, and legislation. 27 Guidelines or legislated standards? . 33 Treatment Standards. 34 3. Inventory of B.C.’s Water Systems . 36 Large and small water systems . 36 Orphaned and good neighbour systems . 40 First Nations water systems. 41 Information gaps . 42 Economics of water quality improvement . 45 4. Risks to Health from Drinking Water . 47 Acute and chronic health effects and concerns . 47 Microbial agents of waterborne disease . 48 Physical parameters . 59 Chemical contaminants . 60 Radionuclides . 66 Other contaminants . 68 Disinfection by-products . 69 Aesthetic parameters . 72 Fluoride . 74 Drinking Water Quality in British Columbia: The Public Health Perspective v Table of Contents 5. From Source to Tap—Reducing Health Risks. 76 Multiple barrier approach . 76 Continuous quality improvement. 79 Protecting the water source . 80 Ensuring adequate water treatment . 85 Maintaining the distribution system. 93 At the consumer’s tap . 95 Monitoring the water system . 97 6. Recommendations. 100 Eight key messages. 100 Blueprint for action. 102 Commitment to drinking water quality. 104 Legislative authority. 104 Size of regulated systems . 104 New and orphaned water systems . 104 Groundwater . 105 Cross-connection control . 105 Inter-ministry coordination . 105 Drinking water specialists . 105 First Nations water systems. 106 Standards and guidelines. 106 Microbiological treatment standards. 106 Fluoridation. 106 Additional resourcing. 107 Access to capital funds . 107 Risk assessment and information gathering . 107 Multiple barriers and critical control points. 107 Hazard identification and risk assessment . 108 Surveillance for waterborne disease . 108 Standardized data-set and provincial database for drinking water quality. 108 Planning for risk management . 109 Risk management plans . 109 Triggering of boil-water advisories . 109 Regional action plans . 109 Quality assurance and good management practice . 110 Laboratory accreditation. 110 Testing of raw water sources . 110 Terms and conditions of operating permits . 110 Operator training and certification . 110 Practice guidelines—local health officials . 111 Public involvement and education . 111 Community involvement . 111 Public education . ..
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