STATE WATER RESOURCES AGENCY (SWaRA) Government of Uttar Pradesh

DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER BASIN ASSESSMENT AND PLANS FOR ALL MAJOR RIVER BASINS IN UTTAR PRADESH

GHAGHRA BASIN PLAN VOLUME - I

March 2020

Prepared & Submitted By : TAHAL Consulting Engineers Ltd. in Joint Venture with

INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Government of Uttar Pradesh

SWaRA State Water Resources Agency

Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Ghaghra Basin Plan (Volume-I)

March 2020

Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Ghaghra Basin Plan (Volume-I)

Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ...... i List of Tables ...... v List of Figures ...... viii List of Maps (at the end of Volume-I) ...... ix List of Appendices (in Volume-II) ...... x Abbreviations ...... xii Executive Summary ...... I 1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.1 General ...... 1 1.2 Consultancy Objectives ...... 2 1.3 Scope of Work ...... 3 1.4 Status of Work ...... 3 1.5 Ghaghra Basin Plan ...... 4 2 GHAGHRA BASIN FEATURES ...... 5 2.1 Basin Setting ...... 5 2.2 River System ...... 7 2.3 Geological Features ...... 9 2.4 Climate ...... 10 2.5 Socio-economic Status ...... 10 2.5.1 Population ...... 10 2.5.2 Land Holdings ...... 11 2.5.3 Urban Centers ...... 12 2.5.4 Food and Agriculture ...... 13 2.5.5 Livestock ...... 21 2.5.6 Industries ...... 21 2.5.7 Transport ...... 21 3 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF GHAGHRA BASIN ...... 24 3.1 General Including Past Developments ...... 24 3.2 Existing and On-Going Storages & Diversions ...... 24 3.3 Irrigation ...... 24 3.3.1 Sharda System ...... 25 3.3.2 Sharda Sahayak System ...... 26 3.3.3 Saryu System ...... 26 3.3.4 West Gandak System ...... 27 3.3.5 Pump Canal Schemes ...... 28 3.3.6 Details of Canals and Command Areas in Ghaghra Basin ...... 28 3.3.7 Groundwater Development ...... 31 3.4 Domestic and Industrial Water Supply ...... 32 3.5 Hydroelectric and Thermal Power ...... 32 3.6 Flood and Drainage Management ...... 32 3.6.1 Natural hazards River-borne ...... 33 3.7 Inland Navigation ...... 34 3.8 Fisheries ...... 34

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3.9 Recreation and Other Uses ...... 34 3.10 Endangered species ...... 34 3.11 Environmental Status ...... 34 3.12 Water Quality ...... 35 3.13 Water Legislation / Interstate / International Agreements ...... 35 3.13.1 Legislative Framework ...... 35 3.13.2 Interstate/International Agreements ...... 35 3.14 Institutional Framework ...... 36 3.14.1 National and State Water Policy...... 36 3.14.2 UPWaMReC, SWaRA & SWaRDAC ...... 36 3.14.3 Water Management Institutions ...... 37 3.14.4 Jal Shakti Mantralaya ...... 38 4 ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND RELATED RESOURCES IN GHAGHRA BASIN ...... 39 4.1 Water Resources ...... 39 4.1.1 Climatic Characteristics...... 39 4.1.2 Surface Water within Ghaghra Basin ...... 45 4.1.3 Importable Surface Water as per Share ...... 49 4.1.4 Present Utilization of Surface Water ...... 53 4.1.5 Ground Water ...... 59 4.1.6 Water Quality ...... 75 4.2 Energy Resources ...... 96 4.3 Land Resources ...... 97 4.3.1 Land Use Pattern / Culturable Area Available ...... 97 4.3.2 Soil Characteristics ...... 97 4.3.3 Details of Forest Land and Fallow Land ...... 98 4.4 Other Resources...... 98 4.4.1 Fisheries ...... 98 4.4.2 Human Resources ...... 99 4.4.3 Flora and Fauna ...... 100 4.5 Summary of Water Availability for Ghaghra Basin ...... 100 5 WATER DEMAND AND DEVELOPMENT NEED IN GHAGHRA BASIN – PRESENT AND FUTURE ...... 102 5.1 Growth Potential in the Basin ...... 102 5.1.1 Population Growth and Distribution ...... 102 5.1.2 Agricultural Production ...... 103 5.1.3 Livestock Population and Growth ...... 104 5.1.4 Industrial Production ...... 105 5.2 Food and Agriculture ...... 105 5.2.1 Food Grain Supply and Demand ...... 105 5.2.2 Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area ...... 113 5.2.3 Anticipated Increase in Net Sown Area and Gross Cropped Area ...... 115 5.2.4 Irrigation Water Demand ...... 135 5.3 Non-Agricultural Water Demand ...... 138 5.3.1 Urban Expansion and Water Demand ...... 138 5.3.2 Rural Water Demand ...... 138 5.3.3 Livestock Water Demand ...... 139 5.3.4 Industrial Water Demand ...... 140 5.3.5 Power Plants Water Demand ...... 140 5.3.6 Improvement of Public Supply System ...... 140 5.4 Flood Management ...... 141

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5.4.1 Identification of Flood-prone Areas ...... 141 5.4.2 Damage Statistics ...... 142 5.4.3 Development of Flood-prone Areas ...... 144 5.4.4 Flood Mitigation Measures ...... 145 5.5 Drought Management ...... 146 5.6 Waste Water Generation ...... 146 5.6.1 Present and Anticipated Waste Load ...... 146 5.6.2 Preventive/Remedial Measures ...... 147 5.7 Minimum Environmental Flow Requirements ...... 147 5.8 Fisheries ...... 149 5.8.1 Demand and Market ...... 149 5.8.2 River and Reservoir Environment for Fish Production ...... 149 5.9 Summary of Present and Future Water Demand for Ghaghra Basin ...... 150 6 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN GHAGHRA BASIN ...... 151 6.1 Water Resources Development and Management Issues ...... 152 6.1.1 Inadequate Surface Water for meeting the Ecological, Environmental and irrigation Requirements ...... 152 6.1.2 Inequitable Distribution of Canal Water ...... 152 6.1.3 Waterlogging and Soil Salinity & Sodicity ...... 153 6.1.4 Poor Drainage and Canal Infrastructures ...... 153 6.1.5 Removal of Transported Silt from Canals ...... 154 6.1.6 Marginal Land holdings ...... 154 6.1.7 Under-Utilised Lift Schemes ...... 154 6.1.8 Delay in Construction of Major Water Storages in Ghaghra Basin ...... 154 6.1.9 Water Shortages and Eroded Lands near Nalas and Rivers ...... 155 6.1.10 Frequent Floods ...... 155 6.1.11 Poor Jayad Crop Intensity ...... 155 6.1.12 High Cost of Groundwater Irrigation ...... 155 6.1.13 Water Quality ...... 156 6.1.14 Vertical Development of Surface Water and Ground Water Managing Departments ...... 156 6.1.15 Unplanned Development of Deep Borings ...... 156 6.1.16 Development of Concentrated Urban Hubs ...... 156 6.1.17 Reduction in Small Ponds Area ...... 156 6.1.18 Flood Plain Encroachment ...... 156 6.1.19 Data Availability ...... 157 6.1.20 Other Issues ...... 157 6.2 Water Resources Development and Management Options ...... 157 6.2.1 Ground Water Development ...... 157 6.2.2 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water ...... 158 6.2.3 Intensification and Diversification of Crops ...... 160 6.2.4 Improved Delivery of Surface Water ...... 160 6.2.5 Integrated Watershed Development ...... 161 6.2.6 Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS) ...... 163 6.2.7 Better Water Management ...... 163 7 FORMULATION OF WATER RESOURCES MASTER PLAN ...... 166 7.1 Long-term Objectives and Developmental Targets/Criteria ...... 166 7.1.1 Socio-economic Scenarios and Constraints of Development ...... 166 7.1.2 Planning Objectives ...... 167 7.1.3 Relationship to National Planning Objectives ...... 167

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7.1.4 Water Use Priorities ...... 167 7.2 Water Balance Scenarios for Present and Future ...... 168 7.2.1 Base Scenario, Present (2014-15) Water Balance with existing infrastructure for ground water use and no restriction on stage of groundwater extraction, BAU (Business As Usual); RUN-1 ...... 169 7.2.2 Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, if BAU with crop intensification and diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1); RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4...... 171 7.2.3 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area; RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7 ...... 173 7.2.4 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per Agr.Sc-2, with Climate change scenario; RUN-8 ...... 177 7.2.5 Summary of Present and Future Water Balance ...... 179 7.3 Alternate Development Scenarios ...... 180 7.3.1 Various Measures for Water Conservation and Distribution ...... 180 7.3.2 Possibility of Integrating Various Uses of Water ...... 180 7.3.3 Possibility of Integrating Various Reservoir Systems ...... 181 7.3.4 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water ...... 181 7.3.5 Integration of Environmental/Ecological Consideration ...... 181 7.3.6 Inter-state/International Agreements and Tribunal Awards ...... 182 7.3.7 Inter-basin Transfer of Water, Recycling, Recharging for Augmenting ...... 182 7.3.8 Water Use Efficiency ...... 182 7.3.9 Selection of Most Promising Alternative ...... 186 7.3.10 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 186 7.4 The Development Programme ...... 187 7.4.1 Components of Program ...... 187 7.4.2 Formation of WUAs, Agricultural Extension, Capacity Building in Agencies ...... 188 7.4.3 Correction of Canal System Deficiencies...... 189 7.4.4 Drainage Improvement ...... 190 7.4.5 Canal Lining ...... 190 7.4.6 Shallow Tube-wells Installation ...... 190 7.4.7 Integrated Watershed Development ...... 191 7.4.8 Sodic Land Reclamation...... 192 7.4.9 Wetland Development ...... 192 7.4.10 Waste Water Treatment ...... 194 7.4.11 Roof Top Harvesting in already Overstressed Urban Spots ...... 194 7.4.12 Micro Irrigation ...... 195 7.4.13 CAD&WM Activities ...... 195 7.4.14 Flood Control and Mitigation ...... 196 7.4.15 Ghaghra Basin Investment Summary ...... 196 7.4.16 Anticipated Benefits ...... 197 7.5 Limitations ...... 198 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 199

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List of Tables Page Table 2.1 : List of Major Tributaries of Ghaghra basin ...... 8 Table 2.2 : Lithological Successions in parts of Ghaghra Basin ...... 10 Table 2.3 : Population distribution in Ghaghra Basin (Census 2011) ...... 11 Table 2.4 : SC, ST and BPL Population distribution in Ghaghra Basin ...... 11 Table 2.5 : Land Holdings in Ghaghra Basin ...... 12 Table 2.6 : Workers Population in Ghaghra Basin ...... 13 Table 2.7 : Land Use Pattern in Ghaghra Basin (2014-2015)...... 14 Table 2.8 : Cropping Pattern in Ghaghra Basin (2014-2015) ...... 16 Table 2.9 : Livestock Population distribution in Ghaghra Basin (Livestock Census 2012) ...... 21 Table 2.10 : Airports in Ghaghra Basin ...... 21 Table 3.1 : Capacity of diversions on major rivers of Ghaghra basin ...... 24 Table 3.2 : Main/Branch Canal Capacity of Sharda System ...... 25 Table 3.3 : Details of Sharda Sahayak System Canals ...... 26 Table 3.4 : Main/Branch Canal Capacity of Saryu System ...... 27 Table 3.5 : Main/Branch canal capacity of Gandak System ...... 28 Table 3.6 : Major Pump Canal Schemes in Ghaghra Basin ...... 28 Table 3.7 : Category-wise Details of Canals in Ghaghra Basin ...... 28 Table 3.8 : Project Commands covered under Sub-Basins of Ghagara Basin ...... 29 Table 3.9 : PPA of Canal Systems of Ghaghra Basin ...... 29 Table 3.10 : Past Groundwater Development in Ghaghra Basin ...... 31 Table 3.11 : Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Ghaghra Basin, as on 31st March 2017 ...... 31 Table 3.12 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Ghaghra Basin ...... 31 Table 4.1 : Monthly and Annual Maximum, Minimum and Average Rainfall, mm (1961-2015) ...... 39 Table 4.2 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 42 Table 4.3 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 43 Table 4.4 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 44 Table 4.5 : Average Pan Evaporation for Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins, mm ...... 45 Table 4.6 : Streamflow Records in Ghaghra Basin...... 45 Table 4.7 : Stream Flow (cumec) in Ghaghra River Basin ...... 46 Table 4.8 : Sediment Load Records in Ghaghra Basin ...... 47 Table 4.9 : Sediment Load at Paliakalan (Sarda River), Elgin Bridge, Ayodhya and Turtipar (Ghaghra River) ...... 47 Table 4.10 : Sediment Load at Paliakalan (Sarda River), Elgin Bridge, Ayodhya and Turtipar (Ghaghra River) ...... 48 Table 4.11 : Surface Water Availability within Ghaghra Basin, MCM ...... 48 Table 4.12 : Water Availability at Girija Barrage, MCM ...... 50 Table 4.13 : Water Availability at Saryu Barrage, MCM ...... 51 Table 4.14 : Water Availability at Banbasa Barrage, MCM...... 52 Table 4.15 : Water Availability at Lower Sharda Barrage, MCM...... 52 Table 4.16 : Water Availability at Gandak Barrage, MCM ...... 53 Table 4.17 : Minor Lift Schemes in Ghaghra Basin at Different Locations with Installed Capacity ...... 54 Table 4.18 : Present Water Availabilty and Diversion at Saryu Barrage, MCM ...... 54 Table 4.19 : Present Water Availabilty and Diversion at Gandak Barrage ...... 55 Table 4.20 : Present Water Availabilty and Diversion at Girija/Ghaghra Barrage, MCM ...... 58 Table 4.21 : Summary of Constant Aquifer properties' ranges ...... 61 Table 4.22 : Pre-monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Sarju, Tehri and Upper Ghaghra Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015 ...... 63

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Table 4.23 : Post-monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Sarju, Tehri and Upper Ghaghra Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015 ...... 64 Table 4.24 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Pre-Monsoon, 2015 ...... 66 Table 4.25 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Post-Monsoon, 2015 ...... 70 Table 4.26 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level Fluctuations 2015 ...... 72 Table 4.27 : Annual Extractable Groundwater Recharge (2014-15) ...... 72 Table 4.28 : Total Annual Groundwater Extraction (2014-15) ...... 73 Table 4.29 : Groundwater Monitoring Stations in Ghaghra Basin ...... 74 Table 4.30 : Indian Standard for per litre Drinking Water Specifications (BIS 2012) ...... 76 Table 4.31 : Use Based Classification of Surface Waters in India ...... 77 Table 4.32 : Surface Water Quality Monitoring Sites ...... 78 Table 4.33 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Ghaghra Basin (2014-2015) ...... 79 Table 4.34 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Ghaghra Basin (2015-2016) ...... 82 Table 4.35 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15) ...... 87 Table 4.36 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Ghaghra Basin (2015-16) ...... 89 Table 4.37 : Water quality range for Ghaghra River monitored by CPCB, in 2006 ...... 94 Table 4.38 : Water quality range for Ghaghra River monitored by CPCB, in 2016 ...... 94 Table 4.39 : Classification of designated best use of water quality done on the basis of CPCB data in 2016 ...... 95 Table 4.40 : Water Quality of Rivers in Ghaghra Basin (CWC) - BOD, mg/l ...... 96 Table 4.41 : Water Quality of Rivers in Ghaghra Basin (CWC) - DO, mg/l ...... 96 Table 4.42 : Water Quality of Rivers in Ghaghra Basin (CWC) - Conductivity, µS/cm ...... 96 Table 4.43 : Power Plants in Ghaghra Basin ...... 96 Table 4.44 : Area under different slope codes in Ghaghra basin ...... 98 Table 4.45 : Forest and Fallow Land in Ghaghra Basin, (2014-2015) ...... 98 Table 4.46 : Fisheries Production in Ghaghra Basin ...... 99 Table 4.47 : Work Participation Rate in Ghaghra Basin ...... 100 Table 4.48 : Summary of Water Resources Availability for Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr ...... 101 Table 5.1 : Projected Population of Ghaghra Basin ...... 102 Table 5.2 : Production and Productivity of major crops of Ghaghra Basin ...... 103 Table 5.3 : Projected Livestock Population of Ghaghra Basin ...... 104 Table 5.4 : Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15) ...... 114 Table 5.5 : Past Areas (ha) of Major Crops of Ghaghra Basin and Trend ...... 116 Table 5.6 : Average Areas Sown (ha) to Major Crops per 1000 person ...... 119 Table 5.7 : Change in Land Use Analysis for Future Options to be Considered ...... 119 Table 5.8 : Area Irrigated from Different Sources in Ghaghra basin ...... 121 Table 5.9 : Cropped Area of Major Crops in Ghaghra Basin ...... 122 Table 5.10 : Cropped Area of Pulses in Ghaghra Basin ...... 123 Table 5.11 : Cropped Area of Oilseeds in Ghaghra Basin ...... 124 Table 5.12 : Cropped Area of all the Other Major Crops ...... 125 Table 5.13 : Present (2014-15) Crop Areas and Cropping Intensity ...... 126 Table 5.14 : Trend of Yield of Major Crops (1994-95 to 2014-15) ...... 127 Table 5.15 : Projected Increase/Decrease in Crop Areas for Agr.Sc-1, % ...... 128 Table 5.16 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2025 ...... 131 Table 5.17 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2035 ...... 131 Table 5.18 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2045 ...... 132 Table 5.19 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2025 ...... 133 Table 5.20 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in AGP-2, 2035 ...... 134

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Table 5.21 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in AGP-2, 2045 ...... 135 Table 5.22 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-1 (BAU) ...... 136 Table 5.23 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-2 ...... 137 Table 5.24 : Annual Urban Domestic Water Demand, MCM ...... 138 Table 5.25 : Annual Rural Domestic Water Demand, MCM ...... 139 Table 5.26 : Annual Livestock Water Demand, MCM ...... 139 Table 5.27 : Annual Industrial Water Demand, MCM ...... 140 Table 5.28 : Power Plants Water Demand in Ghaghra Basin ...... 140 Table 5.29 : Details of Flood Damages in UP from 1973 to 2016 ...... 142 Table 5.30 : Crop/Cropping Pattern in Drought Situation ...... 146 Table 5.31 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Areas, MCM ...... 147 Table 5.32 : Sewage Treatment Plants in Ghaghra Basin ...... 147 Table 5.33 : Recommended Environmental Flows as per the norms of MoEF ...... 148 Table 5.34 : Periodic Average Discharge and e flow requirement in Cumec of Saryu, Gandak, and Rapti, Kuwano, Sharda and Ghaghra River ...... 148 Table 5.35 : Summary of Demands used in Model Runs for Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr ...... 150 Table 6.1 : Waterlogged Areas and Corresponding Blocks in Ghaghra Basin ...... 159 Table 6.2 : Current Practices for Water Conservation and Ground Water Recharge ...... 162 Table 7.1 : Water Balance Scenarios Considered ...... 169 Table 7.2 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-1 ...... 169 Table 7.3 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4 ...... 171 Table 7.4 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7 ...... 173 Table 7.5 : Sub-basin wise Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-5 ...... 174 Table 7.6 : Sub-basin wise Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-7 ...... 175 Table 7.7 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-8 ...... 178 Table 7.8 : Water Use Efficiency for Present (2014-15) Scenario ...... 184 Table 7.9 : Efficiencies for Various Facilities for Water Utilization ...... 185 Table 7.10 : Improvement in Water Use Efficiency of Ghaghra Basin ...... 185 Table 7.11 : Water Use Efficiency of Ghaghra Basin considering Reuse of Canal Seepage and Field Application Losses...... 186 Table 7.12 : Cost of Formation and Strengthening of WUAs ...... 189 Table 7.13 : Area of Ghaghra Basin under Different Slope Classes ...... 191 Table 7.14 : Cost of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System...... 194 Table 7.15 : Summary of Development Costs in Ghaghra Basin ...... 197 Table 7.16 : Annual Benefits and Benefit-Cost Ratio ...... 197 Table 8.1 : Recommended Action Plan ...... 201 Table 8.2 : Other General Recommendations ...... 203

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List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 : River Basins of Uttar Pradesh ...... 1 Figure 2.1 : Complete Ghaghra Basin Location Map (excluding complete Rapti Basin) ...... 5 Figure 2.2 : Location Map of Ghaghra Basin in Uttar Pradesh ...... 6 Figure 2.3 : Districts Falling in Ghaghra Basin ...... 7 Figure 2.4 : Location of Towns in Ghaghra Basin ...... 13 Figure 2.5 : Land Use Pattern in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15) ...... 15 Figure 2.6 : Industries in Ghaghra basin ...... 22 Figure 2.7 : Map of Transport System in Ghaghra basin ...... 23 Figure 3.1 : Canal Commands in Ghaghra Basin ...... 30 Figure 4.1 : Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (1961-2015) ...... 40 Figure 4.2 : Isohyets of Average Annual Rainfall over Ghaghra Basin, mm (1961-2015) ...... 41 Figure 4.3 : Variability in Annual Rainfall in Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins, mm (1961-2015) ...... 41 Figure 4.4 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 43 Figure 4.5 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 43 Figure 4.6 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 44 Figure 4.7 : Comparison of Average Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperature for Ghaghra Basin, °C (2000-2014) ...... 44 Figure 4.8 : Water availability and Diversions at Saryu Barrage in MCM ...... 55 Figure 4.9 : Water availability and Diversions at Gandak Barrage in MCM ...... 56 Figure 4.10 : Water availability and Diversions at Banbasa Barrage in cumecs ...... 56 Figure 4.11 : Water availability and Diversions at Lower Sharda Barrage in cumecs ...... 57 Figure 4.12 : Water availability and Diversions at Girija/Ghaghra Barrage in MCM ...... 58 Figure 4.13 : Fence Diagram of Ghaghra Basin ...... 60 Figure 4.14 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (May/June 2015) ...... 66 Figure 4.15 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (Oct/Nov. 2015) ...... 69 Figure 5.1 : Projected Population of Ghaghra Basin ...... 103 Figure 5.2 : Wheat Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Ghaghra Basin ...... 107 Figure 5.3 : Rice Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Ghaghra Basin ...... 108 Figure 5.4 : Sugarcane Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Ghaghra Basin ...... 109 Figure 5.5 : Per Capita Rice Production in Ghahra Basin (2014-15) ...... 110 Figure 5.6 : Per Capita Wheat Production in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15) ...... 111 Figure 5.7 : Per Capita Cereal Production in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15) ...... 112 Figure 5.8 : Crop Distribution as Percentage of Total Cultivated Area, 2014-15 ...... 115 Figure 5.9 : Trends in Cultivated Areas of Major Crops (2004-05 to 2014-15) ...... 117 Figure 5.10 : Flood-Prone Areas in Ghaghra Basin ...... 142

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List of Maps (at the end of Volume-I)

Map 1 : Administrative Setup of Ghaghra Basin Map 2 : Population Density (Census 2011) in Ghaghra Basin by Block Map 3 : Streamflow Measurement Sites in Ghaghra Basin Map 4 : Stage of Groundwater Extraction in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15) Map 5 : Surface Water Quality Monitoring Sites in Ghaghra Basin Map 6 : Blocks of Ghaghra Basin Having Arsenic Beyond Permissible Limit in One or More Groundwater Sample (2012-13 to 2015-16) Map 7 : Blocks of Ghaghra Basin Having Fluoride Beyond Permissible Limit in One or More Groundwater Sample (2012-13 to 2015-16) Map 8 : Blocks of Ghaghra Basin Having TDS Beyond Permissible Limit in One or More Groundwater Sample (2012-13 to 2015-16) Map 9 : Geomorphic Evolution of Ghaghra Basin Map 10 : Surface Texture of Ghaghra Basin Map 11 : Drainage of Soils in Ghaghra Basin Map 12 : Calcareousness of Soils in Ghaghra Basin Map 13 : Slope Classes in Ghaghra Basin Map 14 : Soil Erosion Classes in Ghaghra Basin

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List of Appendices (in Volume-II)

Appendix 1 : Districts and Blocks Falling within Ghaghra Basin and its Sub Basins Appendix 2 : Population Distribution in Ghaghra Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) Appendix 3 : SC, ST and BPL Population Distribution in Ghaghra Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) Appendix 4 : Land Holdings in Ghaghra Basin by Administrative Units Appendix 5 : Towns in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 6 : Workers Population in Ghaghra Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) Appendix 7 : Land Use Pattern (Area in ha) in Ghaghra Basin by Administrative Units (2014-15) Appendix 8 : Livestock Population distribution in Ghaghra Basin by Administrative Units (Livestock Census 2012) Appendix 9 : Industrial Areas in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 10 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 11 : List of National Waterways (NWs) of Uttar Pradesh Appendix 12 : Water related Acts, Policies and Guidelines Appendix 13 : Box plot or Box and Whisker Diagram Appendix 14 : Surface Water Model Calibration for Ghaghra Basin Appendix 15 : Proposed Rainfall Stations Locations in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 16 : Detailed Constant Aquifer Properties of Ghaghra Basin Appendix 17 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level for Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon for 2014-15 (Model RUN-1) Appendix 18 : Sub Basin Block wise Groundwater Resources in Ghaghra Basin, 2014-15 Appendix 19 : Reasoning for Variation in Results of Blocks with reference to GWD Assessment 2013 and 2017 and Other Observations Appendix 20 : Over-Exploited, Critical, Semi-Critical and Safe Category Blocks of Ghaghra Basin, 2014-15 Appendix 21 : List of “Safe” Category Blocks in Ghaghra Basin (Suitable for Future Ground Water Development) Appendix 22 : Blocks with Poor Groundwater Quality Appendix 23 : Surface Water Quality Data of CPCB/UPPCB Appendix 24 : Standard Parameters of Surface Water Quality Sites of CWC in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 25 : Fisheries Production Government & Private in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15) Appendix 26 : Population Projection and Demand in Ghaghra Basin by Various Methods Appendix 27 : Projected Population of Ghaghra Basin Appendix 28 : Projected Livestock Population of Ghaghra Basin Appendix 29 : District-wise Annual Growth Rate for Industries Appendix 30 : Potential Yield of Main Crops Appendix 31 : Urban Domestic Water Demand, Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 32 : Rural Domestic Water Demand, Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 33 : Projected Livestock Water Demand of Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 34 : Industrial Water Demand in Ghaghra Basin by Administrative Units Appendix 35 : Details of Flood Embankments in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 36 : Prevalent Practices of Flood Management in Uttar Pradesh Appendix 37 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Area of Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 38 : STP Requirement in Ghaghra Basin

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Appendix 39 : Node-Link Model Setup and Results of Different Water Balance Scenarios for Ghaghra Basin Appendix 40 : Issues Specific to Districts Falling in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 41 : Unit Cost of Canal Lining Appendix 42 : Additional number of Shallow Tubewells and Their Cost (in Crore Rs.), required in Ghaghra Basin Appendix 43 : Details of wetlands in Ghaghra Basin

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Abbreviations

Agr.Sc Agriculture Growth Scenario BAPS Basin Assessment and Planning System BAU Business As Usual BCM Billion Cubic Metre BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BPL Below Poverty Line CAD Command Area Development CAD&WM Command Area Development and Water Management CCA Culturable Command Area CGWB Central Ground Water Board COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CWC Central Water Commission D/S Down Stream DO Dissolved Oxygen DWLRs Digital Water Level Recorders EC Electrical conductivity ESD Ecologically Sustainable Development FFDA Fish Farmer’s Development Agency FIG Farmers Interest Group FPARP Farmers’ Participatory Action Research Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GDSQ Gauge Discharge Silt Quality GEC Groundwater Estimation Committee GFCC Ganga Flood Control Commission GIS Geographic Information System GoUP Government of Uttar Pradesh GW Groundwater Ha Hectare IMD Indian Meteorological Department IWMP Integrated Water Management Plan IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management Km Kilometer KVC Krishi Vighyan Kendras lpcd Litre Per Capita Per Day mbgl meters below ground level MCM Million Cubic Metre MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MIS Management Information System MLD Million Litres per Day MMI Major and Medium Irrigation MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MPN Most Probable Number

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MT Metric Ton MW Mega Watt NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change NFDB National Fisheries Development Board NGOs Non-governmental organizations NHP National Hydrology Project NPP Nagar Palika Parishad NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit NWM National Water Mission NWs National Waterways O&M Operation and Maintenance pH potential of Hydrogen PIM Participatory Irrigation Management PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna RBA Rashtriya Barh Ayog RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana RRR Repair, Renovation and Restoration RSAC Remote Sensing Application Centre RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate RTRWH Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting RWH Rainwater Harvesting SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SBBE Sub-Basin Block Exploded SC Scheduled Caste SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SGWD State Groundwater Department SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SRI System of Rice Intensification SRS Software Requirements Specification SSK-51 Sharda Sahayak Khand-51 ST Scheduled Tribe STP Sewage Treatment Plan STWs Shallow Tube Well SWaRA State Water Resources Agency SWaRDAC State Water Resource Data And Analysis Centre SWP State Water Policy TDS Total Dissolved Solids UP Uttar Pradesh UP-DASP Uttar Pradesh Diversified Agriculture Support Project UPID Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department UPIWRD Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Water Resources Department UPPCB Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board UPWaMReC Uttar Pradesh Water Management And Regulatory Commission UPWSRP Uttar Pradesh WALMI Water and Land Management Institute

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

WBM Water Balance Model WHO World Health Organization WIS water resources information system WUA Water Users Association

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Majojr River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Ghaghra Basin Plan

Executive Summary

BACKGROUND

Uttar Pradesh with geographical area of 24.12 million hectares is India's fourth largest and most populous state having population about 199.81 million with population density almost double of the country (as per Census 2011) and, is endowed with bountiful of water resources, fertile land and favourable climate. Its 8 major River Basins are dominated by agriculture, which accounts for 27% of state GDP, and 63% of employment. Thus, Irrigated agriculture is both occupation and pride. A large network of many perennial rivers, mostly originating from the Himalayas, contributes to its vast water resources potential and provides drainage to the state. At the same time, a deep alluvial aquifer underlies the vast Gangetic plains, recharged annually by almost 1000 mm rainfall, about 80% of which falls during south west monsoon.

In certain regions of Uttar Pradesh, dry weather irrigation canals which were constructed a few centuries ago to support livelihood and provide supplemental irrigation are still in use. Later on, these canals were converted into all season canals by making permanent barrages. These canals were largely constructed to provide protection to crops from famines and droughts. The concepts in irrigated agriculture have changed since then to meet the food/fibre production needs of the ever-increasing population and from sustenance to intensive agriculture. Heavy dependence on groundwater resource for intensive cultivation post green revolution, together with increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to its overexploitation and consequent water table decline at an alarming rate. As response of high yielding varieties is better with chemical fertilizers requiring more and frequent water application.

Moreover, water use for agriculture cannot be considered in isolation of other uses. This requires an integrated approach for sustainable water resources planning, management and operation under a river basin framework. Due to competition from increasing demands for agriculture, domestic, power, industrial, environmental and other uses, allocation of water to different stakeholders in appropriate quantity and quality has become increasingly difficult. Freely spatial availability, of ground water has increased its use very rapidly. Further it is more easily available on as and when required basis, without requiring any distribution system just like canal network. There is a real need to manage ground water reservoir in the region more effectively to ensure a sustainable dynamic balance between its annual replenishment and draft to sustain agriculture, and other demands for today and future.

Sustainability of agriculture is threatened by water-logging and consequent soil salinity-sodicity in canal command areas whereas groundwater depletion is also occurring in some other areas, resulting in reduced productivity due to twin problems of water use current practices.

For the benefit of people of the State, on December 2015, an agreement was signed between M/s Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd, Israel and Chairman, State Water Resources Agency, Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Water Resources Department for Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh. The consultancy Contract is a component of the Uttar

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project Phase-II (UPWSRP-II) which is being implemented with financial assistance from the World Bank.

The objective of the consultancy is to develop capacity in the State Water Resources Agency for rational water related assessment and planning at basin level, through the development and application of appropriate knowledge base, analytical tools, structured stakeholder consultation processes and institutional capacity building. The assessment and planning would cover 8 major basins in Uttar Pradesh (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone).

As per terms of the assignment the following reports have already been submitted and approved I. Inception Report reviewing the available data, models, GIS, prior studies and reports, a summary of the Consultants technical approach to the work and comments on ToR, plan for deployment of staff, etc. II. Report on the Planning Framework and Preliminary SRS (Software Requirements Specification). III. Report and Delivery of the Knowledge Base Design Document. IV. Report on Knowledge Base Development including delivery of Knowledge Base product and delivery of GIS layers including deployment of layers in Web Base Application on ArcGIS Server V. Report on Design of BAPS including Software Design Document and UIs, etc. starting with SRS document as per International Standards. VI. Report on the Development, Testing, Implementation, Operation and Acceptance of the BAPS and its linkage with ArcGIS Server layers including delivery of Source Code, Compiler, Installation Manual and any software required for successful operation.

The developed web-based BAPS along with data base, has already been installed on SWaRA Server and being updated regularly. Out of the 8 Basins, Gomti Basin was selected as pilot for finalization of Basin Plan Template. After incorporating the stakeholders’ views final report for Gomti Basin Plan was submitted in Sept 2019. The report has been approved by Committee formed under the Chairmanship of Principal Secretary Irrigation and Water Resources Department, U.P. Now on the approved Basin Plan Template the Basin Assessment and Plans for Ghaghra Basin in Uttar Pradesh is being submitted.

GHAGHRA BASIN

The geographical extent of the Ghaghra basin lies between 79°29' to 84°49’ east longitudes and 25°47' to 30°55' north latitudes in China, Nepal, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh covering total area of 1,30,935.10 sq.km including complete Rapti Basin and 1,04,861.92 sq.km excluding complete Rapti Basin (Figure 2.1). The portion of Ghaghra basin falling in Uttar Pradesh lies between east longitudes 79°29' to 84°49’ and north latitudes 25°47' to 30°31' covering an area of 31,503.00 sq.km in Uttar Pradesh (Figure 2.2). It is bounded by Gomti basin in the west and South, Rapti basin in East, West and South, Ganga and Gomti basin from South and Nepal from North.

There are eight sub-basins defined in Ghaghra basin within Uttar Pradesh namely Chauka, draining 2850.68 sq.km (9.05%), Kuwano 5872.17 sq.km (18.64%), Little Gandak 3453.07 sq.km (10.96%), Lower Ghaghra 5778.65 sq.km (18.34%), Sarda 3126.67 sq.km (9.92%), Saryu 2560.02 sq.km (8.13%), Tehri 1530.17 sq.km (4.86 %) and Upper Ghaghra 6331.57 sq.km (20.1%).

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The Ghaghra river originates at an elevation of 4,800 m near Manasarowar Lake. The river is also known as Manchu and Karnali in Nepal. After flowing for about 72 km in a south-easterly direction, the river enters Nepal. Ghaghra enters into India at Kotia Ghat near Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal Ganj, where it is known as the river Girwa for about 25 km. The total catchment area of the Ghaghra river is 1,27,950 sq.km. The Sharda, Saryu, Rapti and Little Gandak are the important tributaries of the Ghaghra river. The total length of Ghaghra river before its confluence with Ganga river (at Doriganj downstream of Chhapra town in Bihar) is 1,080 km. It drains into the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and parts of Bihar.

There are 70 towns in Ghaghra Basin, out of which, 58 are Statutory Towns and 12 are Census Towns. There are five towns having population between 1 to 10 lakhs viz. Bahraich, Basti, Faizabad, Gonda and Lakhimpur Kheri.

The basin covers 21 districts (1 fully and 20 partial districts) and 157 blocks (81 fully and 76 partially) of Uttar Pradesh. The percentage of district area falling in Ghaghra Basin and percentage of basin area covered by each district is shown below. 120.00 100.00 97.98

100.00 94.18

80.00 73.80 68.23

60.00 60.52 49.50 47.02 43.80 41.52 40.00 31.18 28.94 26.60 21.20 19.26 16.64 16.00 15.10 20.00 14.94 12.99 12.68 12.48 8.04 7.56 6.00 5.53 4.46 3.71 3.55 3.54 2.58 2.26 2.30 1.97 1.78 1.69 1.59 1.33 0.83 0.59 0.33 0.00 0.09

Percentage Area in Basin, % Percentage of Basin Area, %

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The climate of Ghaghra basin is sub-tropical, monsoonal. Winters (October to February) are cool and dry with occasional fogs and light showers, summers (March to early June) are hot and dry, and the monsoon season (middle June to September) is warm and humid, with frequent heavy rainfall. The basin experiences very hot during summer season and very cold during the winter season except in upper tarai region and the hills of Nepal. The highest monthly mean maximum temperature is in the month of May (31.71°C) while the lowest monthly mean minimum temperature is in the month of January (10.9°C).

The average annual rainfall in Ghaghra Basin is 1000.30 mm. It can be seen that rainfall in the Ghaghra Basin is dominated by monsoon rainfall (87.0% of total rainfall) in the months of June to September, with July and August being the wetter months in which most of the rainfall occurs (65% of monsoon rainfall and 56.13% of total rainfall). The humidity is the lowest during April and May. The maximum humidity is observed during the month of July & August and it goes upto 80% or more.

The highest evaporation is in May (296 mm, 9.55 mm/day) while the lowest is in January (35 mm, 1.13 mm/day). The annual average pan evaporation rates for Ghaghra Basin is 4.62 mm/day.

The Gangetic Plain, of which Ghaghra basin is a part, occupies the Himalayan foredeep, located between the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the Vindhyas to the south. In the area of Ghaghra basin, the foredeep consists of nearly 4000 m of sedimentary materials deposited from the Pre- Cambrian to Recent age over Bundelkhand granite gneisses of Archaean age. The foredeep is believed to be constituted of post tectonic molasse sediments above Cainozoic sediments known as Shiwalikhs, Dharmshalas and Subathus, deposited over the Vindhyan Super Group of rocks. The Gangetic plain shows several major sub-surface ridges and depressions. The Ghaghra Basin falls in parts of the Ramganga depression, Sarada depression, East Uttar Pradesh shelf and Gandak depression, and includes areas traversed by the Dudwa and Faizabad ridges.

As per census 2011, the total population in Ghaghra Basin is 25,864,960. Out of which 2,083,813 (8.06 %) is urban and 23,781,147 (91.94%) is rural. Out of the total population 13,333,356 (51.55 %) are male and 12,531,604 (48.45%) are female. Total SC population of the basin is 49,31,835 (which is 19.1% of total population of basin) and total ST population of the basin is 2,75,852 (which is 1.07% of total population of basin). On an average 42.6 % of the total population is living below poverty line in the basin.

As per Agriculture Census 2010-11, out of total operational holdings in Ghaghra Basin, the marginal land holdings (less than 1.00 ha) accounted for 84.63% followed by 10.4%, 4.01%, 0.93% and 0.04% of small (1 to 2 ha), semi-medium (2 to 4 ha), medium (4 to 10 ha) and large land holdings (above 10 ha) respectively. The percentage of marginal land holdings in Ghaghra Basin is higher than the state average (79.48%) and national average (67.10%) while percentage of small land holdings is lower than state average (13.01%) and national average (17.91%).

The land use and cropping pattern in Ghaghra Basin is shown below. 75.7% of land is under cultivation and the cropping intensity is 156.55%. Wheat and Rice cover respectively about 36.7 % and 35.1% of the entire Ghaghra Basin gross cultivated area. Perennial cultivation of sugarcane covers about 15.00 % of the whole area, while other crops kharif cover 1.2 % and other crop rabi covers 6.5 % of the cultivated area.

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

In Ghaghra Basin, in addition to utilisation of water from Girja and Saryu barrages, through Saryu system, there are several lift schemes such as Saryu, Tanda, Kuwano, Ayodhya, Doharighat and Doharighat Feeder, Gola, and Dumariyaganj that either feed the main canal systems or irrigate directly through the field channels. Girija Barrage was constructed on Ghaghra River near Katarnia Ghat in Bahraich District of Uttar Pradesh. From left side of barrage Saryu Link Channel takes off having capacity of 360 cumecs while from right side of barrage Sharda Sahayak Link Channel takes off having capacity of 480 cumecs.

In addition of utilisation of water from Girja and Saryu barrages, through Saryu system including lift schemes, there is import of surface water to Ghaghra Basin through Banbasa Barrage, Lower Sharda Barrage and Gandak Barrage.

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND OPTIONS

Based on review of previous reports, stake holder consultations and analyses of collated data on various sectors involved in land and water management in Ghaghra basin the following issues have been identified:  Canal rosters are designed each year based on past 10 years water availability to distribute canal water equitably over the canal command area. However, in reality, actual delivery particularly in tail often deviate from the design due to unauthorised use of canal and uncontrolled direct outlets from main canals, distributaries and minors. Cultivators prefer cheap and easily available canal water as compared to ground water.  Farmers often use field-to-field irrigation in a continuous flow rather than rostered distribution through field channels. There is generally poor infrastructure for water distribution below the minors, particularly in tail reaches.  There is no control on the development of deep tube wells/borings for agriculture, industrial or drinking purposes. Since the groundwater extraction is less than the net annual groundwater recharge, we can say that the ground water is being withdrawn from dynamic source. However, till now, no proper assessment has been made of Static source of ground water. Only the assessment of dynamic source is being made on administrative boundaries every consecutive year.  The dynamic ground water resource assessment report of March 2017 by CGWB & UP GWD shows that stage of ground water extraction has reached to 60.38% at the present cropping intensity of about 156.55%. In about 77.37% area during pre-monsoon periods and 90.03% area during post monsoon periods of 2014-15, ground water levels remained between 0 to 5 m bgl.  Canals are generally kept closed during Jayad cultivation periods to carry out canal closure works, except to run it for a short period for filling tanks and talabs to meet out the drinking requirement of animals.

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 Further 85% small land holding cultivators have limited themselves to rice, wheat cycle for their livelihood. Farmers do not have easy access to new crop varieties, good quality seeds, and efficient marketing systems that give adequate financial rewards for their crops.  Considering the parameters responsible for suitability of ground water in Ghaghra Basin, it is observed that it is generally fit for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.  There is no linkage between the different water user departments even at planning stage. This is the biggest hurdle in managing the water resources. The major departments are Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Resources, Jal Nigam, Minor Irrigation, Rural and Urban Development, Industries, etc.  There is no demarcation of flood plains. Flood plains, which were providing a good source of ground water recharge are being encroached with even permanent structures, and causing a great threat to human and livestock life.  Large scale, unauthorised mining is further a great threat to river ecosystem. Sand mining results in the destruction of aquatic and riparian habitat through large changes in the channel morphology and increased pollution load to the river. Impacts also include riverbed degradation, riverbed coarsening, lowered water tables near the streambed, and channel instability. These physical impacts in turn impact on the populations of riparian and aquatic biota.  Watershed Management approach that includes erosion control, rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge through increased infiltration needs to be implemented in canal tail command and non-command areas adjacent to drains and nalas.  State tube-wells are restricted in canal command. For better implementation of conjunctive use State tube-wells should be permitted in canal command areas.  The productivity of major crops such as Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane in Ghaghra Basin is poor as far as productivity in irrigated canal command area is concerned as shown below. Crop Mean Max Rice 22.09 30;49 Wheat 22.40 38.90 Sugarcane 617.16 694.4  Minimum Environmental Flow should be maintained downstream of all possible diversions in the streams. Currently, there are no national guidelines available for such diversions. Most of such diversions are dealt with on case to case basis.

BASIN ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING SYSTEM (BAPS)

A web-based Basin Assessment and Planning system has been developed which has two main components (i) Knowledge Base and (ii) Analytical Tools. It is used to carry out Water Balance modelling for basin and other required data and analysis for Basin Planning. The results of Ghaghra Basin Water Balance Modelling are discussed in detail in Section 7 of the report.

WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY

Total available water resources of the basin including importable surface water as per share is 32,701 MCM at 90% dependability and 35,301 MCM at 75% dependability, detailed as follows.

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

Summary of Water Resources Availability for Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr Dependability Level Particulars Mean 25% 50% 75% 90% Surface Water (generated within Basin) Local Surface Water, Mm3/yr 9,707.91 11,480.18 9,350.87 7,612.36 6,028.67 Importable Surface Water as per Share From Gandak Barrage, Mm3/yr 8,134.70 8,872.35 8,038.14 7,579.19 7,315.08 From Banbasa Barrage, Mm3/yr 1,477.47 1,717.73 1,344.11 1,274.99 1,169.21 From Lower Sharda Barrage, 2,456.08 2,909.61 1,981.56 1,660.77 1,492.06 Mm3/yr From Saryu Barrage, Mm3/yr 7,721.67 8,652.48 7,681.24 6,526.55 6,049.52 Groundwater Dynamic Groundwater, Mm3/yr 10,646.91 10,646.91 10,646.91 10,646.91 10,646.91 Total Available Water, Mm3/yr 40,144.74 44,279.26 39,042.83 35,300.77 32,701.45 Note: For groundwater, assessment is done for Mean Annual Availability as per GEC-2015 methodology.

WATER DEMANDS

The projected population for year 2015, 2025, 2035 and 2045 is tabulated as follows.

2015 2025 Sub Basin Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Chauka 1,923,803 419,007 2,342,810 2,230,217 501,816 2,732,033 Kuwano 5,337,075 195,825 5,532,900 6,187,140 234,525 6,421,665 Little Gandak 4,087,018 296,446 4,383,464 4,737,980 355,032 5,093,012 Lower Ghaghra 5,701,248 452,293 6,153,541 6,609,317 541,679 7,150,996 Sarda 1,578,005 61,953 1,639,958 1,829,342 74,197 1,903,539 Sarju 2,093,849 250,674 2,344,523 2,427,348 300,214 2,727,562 Tehri 1,289,303 260,993 1,550,296 1,494,657 312,573 1,807,230 Upper Ghaghra 3,437,305 317,317 3,754,622 3,984,783 380,028 4,364,811 Basin Total 25,447,606 2,254,507 27,702,113 29,500,783 2,700,065 32,200,847 2035 2045 Sub Basin Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Chauka 2,530,499 578,990 3,109,489 2,811,680 645,771 3,457,452 Kuwano 7,020,191 270,593 7,290,785 7,800,255 301,803 8,102,058 Little Gandak 5,375,913 409,633 5,785,546 5,973,269 456,880 6,430,148 Lower Ghaghra 7,499,211 624,985 8,124,196 8,332,502 697,070 9,029,572 Sarda 2,075,649 85,608 2,161,257 2,306,289 95,482 2,401,771 Sarju 2,754,172 346,384 3,100,556 3,060,207 386,336 3,446,544 Tehri 1,695,901 360,644 2,056,545 1,884,345 402,240 2,286,585 Upper Ghaghra 4,521,304 438,473 4,959,777 5,023,699 489,046 5,512,745 Basin Total 33,472,841 3,115,310 36,588,151 37,192,246 3,474,630 40,666,876

The projected population for Ghaghra basin will increase from 27.702 million in base year 2015 to 32.20 million in 2025; 36.588 million in 2035 and 40.666 million in the year 2045 (i.e. 1.47 times).

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

Summary of Demands used in Model Runs for Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr Model Run Year Water Demand 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Urban Domestic 112.71 169.85 193.16 208.02 % 0.79% 1.18% 1.32% 1.42% Rural Domestic 409.17 639.83 936.61 1050.21 % 2.86% 4.46% 6.39% 7.18% Livestock 136.85 151.66 167.33 183.00 % 0.96% 1.06% 1.14% 1.25% Industrial 5.08 7.73 10.39 13.04 % 0.04% 0.05% 0.07% 0.09% Power Plants 27.90 66.00 66.00 66.00 % 0.19% 0.46% 0.45% 0.45% Agriculture Agr.Sc-1 13622.83 14266.84 14467.73 14484.57 Agr.Sc-2 13622.83 13308.53 13292.82 13106.15 % 95.17% 92.78% 90.64% 89.61% Total (Agr.Sc-1) 14314.54 15301.91 15841.22 16004.84 Total (Agr.Sc-2) 14314.54 14343.60 14666.31 14626.42 NOTE: % (percentage) calculated w.r.t. Total (Agr.Sc-2) The Urban domestic demand will increase from 112.71 MCM in base year 2014-15, to 208.02 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.84 times). The rural domestic demand will increase from 409.17 MCM to 1050.21 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 2.57 times). Livestock demand will increase from the base year demand of 136.85 MCM to 183.00 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.34 times). Industrial demand will increase from 5.08 MCM to 13.04 MCM (i.e. 2.57 times), Power plant demand will increase from 27.90 MCM to 66.00 MCM (2.36 times).

WATER BALANCE SCENARIOS

If we carry on with the current irrigation practices and the present trend of cropping intensity continues, along with development of population and livestock, the different demands and shortages for the year 2024-25,2034-35 and 2044-45 are tabulated as follows. .

BAU Demand in MCM 2014‐15 2024‐25 2034‐35 2044‐45 Population in millions 27.7 32.2 36.59 40.67 Urban Demand 112.71 169.85 193.16 208.02 Rural Domestic Demand 409.17 639.83 936.61 1050.21 Total Rural demand 579 865.22 1180.33 1312.25 Irrigation Demand in CCA 6408.52 6622.07 6653.3 6646.49 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.50% 0.70% 0.80% 0.80% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 7214.31 7644.77 7814.43 7838.07 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 58.40% 60.80% 61.80% 62.20% Total GW Availability 10646.91 10744.16 10603.15 10588.19 Stage of GW Extraction 48.90% 52.00% 56.90% 58.20%

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

BAU Demand in MCM 2014‐15 2024‐25 2034‐35 2044‐45 Total Demand 14314.53 15301.91 15841.22 16004.84 Total Shortage in % 29.70% 30.70% 30.80% 30.80% Food Grain Production in kg/person 208 200 192 188 Gross margin in Rs/ha 15271 21889 28152 34002

Under BAU scenario, Irrigation demand in CCA will increase from 6408.52 MCM to 6646.49 MCM in 2044-45 while the irrigation demand in non-command will increase from 7214.31 MCM to 7838.07 MCM in the year 2044-45. Total demand will increase from 14314.53 MCM to 16004.84 MCM in 2044-45.

The overall ground water development in Ghaghra basin will increase to 58.20% in 2044-45, as compared to present development of 48.9 % and the overall shortages will increase to 30.80%, as compared to present 29.7%.

However, If we opt for full conjunctive use, with 10% micro irrigation, maintain environmental flows and opt crop intensification and diversification as per proposed crop plan .The irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 0.50% The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 31.8% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 58.4 %. The overall shortage will reduce to 15.4%, as against the present shortage of 29.7%.

BAU Management Demand in MCM 2014‐15 2024‐25 2034‐35 2044‐45 Population in millions 27.7 32.2 36.59 40.67 Urban Demand 112.71 169.85 193.16 208.02 Total Rural demand 579 865.22 1180.33 1312.25 Irrigation Demand in CCA 6408.52 6173.96 6118.3 6027.84 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.50% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 7214.31 7134.57 7174.52 7078.31 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 58.40% 26.80% 30.40% 31.80% Total GW Availability 10646.91 11286.72 11113.52 10932.65 Stage of GW Extraction 48.90% 63.50% 66.40% 68.00% Total Demand 14314.53 14343.6 14666.31 14626.43 Total Shortage in % 29.70% 13.30% 14.90% 15.40% Food Grain Production in kg/person 208 285 300 324 Gross margin in Rs/ha 15271 39301 52790 68256

However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 48.9% to 63.5% in the year 2024-25, to 66.4% in the year 2034-35 and 68.00% in the year 2044-45.

Generated waste water production of 172.93 mld (63.12 MCM) for base year and 364.73 mld (133.13 MCM) for the year 2045 with an additional expenditure of 954.60 Cr. Rs. for construction of remaining STPs will provide additional water to be considered for irrigation purposes.

The gross margin to cultivators from present 15271 Rs. per ha will increase to Rs. 39301 per ha in 2025, Rs. 52790 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 68256 per ha in 2045. Food grain production will increase

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan from present 208 kg/person to 285 kg/person in the year 2025, 300 kg/person in the year 2035 and 324 kg/person in the year 2045 which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 Kg/person as per the State Water Policy.

WATER USE EFFICIENCY

In model preparation, standard parameters of field application losses, canal seepage losses and recharge through rainfall and return flows are considered as per Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC) latest norms. Canal water equity is considered and ground water availability has been calculated as per Groundwater Estimation committee methodology/guidelines.

Model runs shows that efficiency of 60.5% can be achieved in Ghaghra Basin by combination of conjunctive use, by rectifying the canal system deficiencies and on-farm development works and bringing 10% of area under micro irrigation as per government policy.

On farm application Water use Conveyance efficiency Scenario efficiency efficiency within Outside within CCA CCA CCA Base Scenario 79.0% 65.0% 68.0% 51.0% Considering system deficiency =79.0+5 =65.0+5 =68.0+5 59.0% improvement and OFD =84.0% =70.0% =73.0% Considering 10% of area under 84.0% =70.0+2 =73.0+2 60.5% micro irrigation =72.0% =75.0%

Further with investment in lining, conveyance efficiency can be increased, but it will reduce the ground water availability due to reduction in canal water seepage share to ground water. So, the overall impact is not positive.

CONCLUSION

From the data and its analysis and different model run scenarios the following can be concluded:  The projected population for Ghaghra basin will increase from 27.70 million in base year 2015 to 32.20 million in 2025; 36.59 million in 2035 and 40.67 million in the year 2045 (i.e. 1.47 times).  The Urban domestic demand will increase from 112.71 MCM in base year 2014-15, to 208.02 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.84 times). The rural domestic demand will increase from 409.17 MCM to 1050.21 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 2.57 times). Livestock demand will increase from the base year demand of 136.85 MCM to 183.00 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.34 times). Industrial demand will increase from 5.08 MCM to 13.04 MCM (i.e. 2.57 times). Power plant demand will increase from 27.90 MCM in the base year 2014-15 to 66.00 MCM in the year 2044- 45 (i.e. 2.36 times).  With cropping intensity of 156.55%, the present irrigation demand in canal command is 6408.52 MCM with a shortage of 0.50%, while irrigation demand in non-command is 7214.31 MCM, with a shortage of 58.4%. The urban demand remains 112.71 MCM and the total rural demand is 579.00 MCM. The overall demand will be 14314.53 MCM, with a shortage of 29.7% and ground water development of 48.9%.  Under BAU scenario, urban domestic water requirement will increase from 112.71 MCM to 208.02 MCM in 2044-45 while rural domestic water requirement will increase from 409.17 MCM to 1050.21 MCM and the total rural demand will increase to 1312.25 MCM in 2044-45 against

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579.00 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 14314.53 MCM in 2014-15 to 16004.84 MCM in 2044-45. The overall ground water development in Ghaghra basin will increase to 58.2% in 2044-45, as compared to present development of 48.9 % and the overall shortages will increase to 30.8%, as compared to present 29.7%.  If we opt for conjunctive use, with 10% micro irrigation, maintain environmental flows and opt crop intensification and diversification as per proposed crop plan. The irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 0.50%. The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 31.8% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 58.4%. The overall shortage will reduce to 15.4%, as against the present shortage of 29.7%. However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 48.9% to 63.50% in the year 2024- 25, to 66.4% in the year 2034-35 and 68.00% in the year 2044-45.  Generated waste water production of 172.93 mld (63.12 MCM) for base year and 364.73 mld (133.13 MCM) for the year 2045 with an additional expenditure of 954.60 Cr. Rs. for construction of remaining STPs will provide additional water to be considered for irrigation purposes and 75.38 MCM additional water will be available with an expenditure of 2016.605 Cr. Rs. on Watershed development, Wetland development and Roof top harvesting activities. This generated volume of water yearly will reduce the shortages to 14.0%, with area specific additional expenditure.  The average gross margin for Ghaghra Basin in the present scenario works out to Rs. 15271 per ha. The gross margin for Ghaghra Basin is expected to increase from Rs. 15271 to Rs. 39301 per ha in 2025, Rs. 52790 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 68256 per ha in 2045 through appropriate land and water resource management. The food grain production for year 2025, 2035 and 2045 works out to 285, 300 and 324 kg/person, respectively, which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 kg/person as per the State Water Policy.  Implementation of conjunctive use and all other intervention measures as detailed is required. Only supply management is not a holistic and sustainable solution for future. In addition of supply and allocation management we have to start working on demand management. Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors is to be achieved. It will be required to promote use of recycled water in all the sectors. Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane along with crop diversification is to be done.  Implementation of recommended action plan, as enclosed is the only sustainable solution with optimisation of land and water resources and maintaining environmental flows under a river basin framework and elevating the socio-economic status.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Water resources management refers to a whole range of different activities: resource assessment, demand management, modelling, design of measures and strategies, resource development, operation and maintenance, implementation of policy, monitoring, and evaluation. It also covers supportive activities such as institutional reform. Institutional reforms mean capacity building of institutions for understanding the issues built in within, developing and implementing integrated water resource management plans. The specific and general recommended action plan in order of priority with responsibilities of different stakeholders to implement basin plan with tentative cost is as follows.

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Recommended Action Plan

Estimated Cost, Cr. S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Rs. (at 2017 price Responsibility No. Value Addition level) SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Domestic water requirement of Urban domestic water supply to major towns should be Will arrest the fast depletion UP Jal Nigam, Urban spots made surface water based. rate of ground water levels. UPIWRD, Urban Energy cost for lifting will Development Deptt. come down, however agriculture shortage may increase. That can be managed by promotion of micro irrigation or other water saving methods. 2 Treatment of Waste Water Treatment of waste water in 36 towns of Ghaghra 954.6 Will maintain water quality Namami Gange, UP Basin, additional STP requirement is 315.05 MLD. within permissible limits. The Jal Nigam, Urban environmental and ecological Development Deptt., issues will be resolved. Industries Deptt. Treated water will be available for reuse. 3 Establishment and 1- Completing registration process and elect water 210.63 Capacity building and power UPIWRD strengthening of water users’ user’s association members as per PIM act 2010 transfer to WUAs as per PIM association 2- Capacity building and power transfer to water users’ act, for their role in associations as per PIM act. optimisation of land and water resources. 4 Implementation of conjunctive 1- Correction of system deficiencies for equity of canal 836.41 Land and water resources will UPIWRD use water by restoring the canal/drain section for present 1890.02 be optimised. availability of rainwater, surface water, ground water, existing cropped area, cropping intensity and its future possible trend. 2- Additional 35937 shallow borings for fully utilising 484.93 Use of available water MI Deptt. the replenishable ground water resources. To be resources will be optimized implemented in a phased manner. and productivity will increase. 3- Sodic land can be reclaimed after implementation of 1382.98 An area of 276596 ha will UPIWRD, Rural Conjunctive use provide additional production. Development Deptt., Agriculture Deptt.

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Estimated Cost, Cr. S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Rs. (at 2017 price Responsibility No. Value Addition level) 5 Increasing water use efficiency 1- Promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation 1091.83 Promotion of micro irrigation UPIWRD, MI Deptt., in 231836.7 ha area will Agriculture Deptt. increase water use efficiency by saving water. 2- CADWM Works 1091.83 UPIWRD, CADWM Deptt. 6 Water harvesting 1- Roof top rain water harvesting should be made 476.60 Rooftop area of 7.41 sq.km in Urban and Rural compulsory in urban spots. 5 urban spots will provide an Development Deptt. additional recharge of 6.48 MCM. 2- Integrated watershed development with emphasis on 124.845 Watershed development UPIWRD, Rural soil and water conservation. activity in 24969 ha area will Development Deptt., provide an additional recharge Agriculture Deptt. of 4.99 MCM. 3- Wetland development for recharge and 1415.16 Wetland development activity UPIWRD, Rural environmental & socio-economic benefits such as in 38042 ha area will provide Development Deptt., drinking, fisheries, recreation etc. an additional recharge of Fisheries Deptt., 63.91 MCM. Agriculture Deptt. 10,457.83 (including 497.99 Total for preparatory activities)

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Other General Recommendations

Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition A. PLANNING 1 Keeping and updation of water 1- Remove hurdles in data sharing policy. Users’ participation in UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., related data base on common 2- Web base data sharing and updation facility on optimisation of land and water Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, platform in public domain GIS/prescribed formats in public domain should be made resources. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., functional as early as possible. Animal Husbandry, Industries Deptt., Forest Deptt. and other Stakeholders 2 Holistic approach in water 1- The project planning and management should be on Optimise land and water UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., resources planning and holistic approach from expert’s wing at basin levels and the resources Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, management execution should be done separately by each concern Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., department. Animal Husbandry, Industries Deptt., 2- Water allocation to different sectors as per State water Forest Deptt. and other Stakeholders policy and its review as per basin plan, after every 5 years is to be done by experts at basin level and supervised by Regulatory commission. 3 Proper assessment of ground 1- Proper assessment of static and dynamic ground water Will help in proper assessment UPGWD, CGWB water source is to be done on basin/sub-basin levels. and sustainable management 2- Ground water replenishable resource utilised for of resources for future. pumping, converted in baseflow or utilised in charging the adjacent basin/sub-basins needs to be assessed properly. 3- Bore log details, aquifer parameters and pump test results-based aquifer mapping are required at large scales for more sensitive/vulnerable areas, especially urban spots. B. REGULATORY 4 Strengthening of water 1- Appointment of Members Optimise land and water GoUP, UPIWRD regulatory authority 2- Strengthening SWaRA and SWARDAC with resources appointment of experts 3- Establish separate permanent cadre of experts at Basin levels, as already proposed in SWaRA and SWARDAC 5 Ground water regulation bill 1- Commercial, Industrial and Bulk users need to get prior Will help in regulation of UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., approval before abstracting ground water ground water Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural Development Deptt. 6 Maintaining environmental/ 1- Barrage/Canal regulation orders to be issued weekly by Healthy eco and GoUP, UPIWRD ecological flows the concerned Chief engineer, and he should fix minimum environmental system will

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition recommended downstream releases, required from create healthy atmosphere for ecological, environmental or bathing point of view. mankind and livelihood. 2- Unauthorised sand mining should be restricted, so that it does not disturb river ecosystem. 7 Climate change 1- Proper forecast will certainly alert the cultivators for Timely forecast will minimise GoUP, UPIWRD, MI Deptt., crop diversification as reduction in rainfall or change in the impact of climate change. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, weather parameters may increase the agriculture shortages, Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., which will affect the crop productivity. Real time web- Animal Husbandry, Industries Deptt., based climate and flow data should be shared in public Forest Deptt. and other Stakeholders domain. 8 Flood forecasting 1- A real time GIS based, Flood Management Information Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD System (FMIS) using the rainfall, GDSQ, topography, river persons and livestock morphology, Imageries, embankments, human including loss of movable interventions and other relevant data should be developed property will be minimised. for entire U.P, to provide information at various levels viz. district, block and village to facilitate the authority for planning of relief, mitigation measures and to flood affected population. 9 River zone demarcation 1- Through government orders, permanent/temporary flood Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD zones need to be demarcated, after detailed field survey. No persons and livestock kaccha/pucca structures are to be allowed in permanent including loss of movable flood zone areas and no pucca structures are to be allowed property will be minimised. in temporary flood zone areas. 10 Use of recycled water 1- Promote grey water management at HH level and Will increase water resource GoUP, UPIWRD, UP Jal Nigam, Urban community level through construction of simple structures, and reduce the demand of Development Deptt., Industries Deptt. in and around homes and public places specifically around fresh water. water sources. (Grey water includes water that comes out from after bathing, kitchen use, laundry etc. devoid of feco- urine contamination.) 2- Incentive for use of recycled water in house hold/multi- storeyed complexes. 3- Incentive for use of treated waste water through STP. 4- Pilot Study on use of treated waste water through STP for irrigation. 5- Incentive for use of recycled water in industries. 6- Use rate of recycled/treated water should be kept low from that of fresh water.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 11 Demand management 1- Only supply management is not a holistic and Future sustainability of land GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., sustainable solution for future. and water resources. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, 2- Implementation of conjunctive use and all other Industries Deptt. intervention measures as detailed above will only retard the process of depletion of our resources. Ultimately in long run, most blocks will be overstressed. So, in addition of supply and allocation management we have to start working seriously on demand management. 3- Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors. 4- Promoting use of recycled water in all the sectors. 5- Development and promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. 6- Minimise losses/wastages in drinking, industrial and agriculture sectors. C. EXECUTION 12 Implementation of conjunctive 1- Based on the availability of surface water and ground Land and water resources will UPWaMReC, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI use water conjunctive use plan should be implemented at be optimised. Deptt., Agriculture Deptt. minor/outlet levels. 2- Water tariff issues in implementation of conjunctive use are to be resolved by Regulatory commission. 3- Tubewells should be permitted in canal command areas along main canals and feeder, where excessive use of canal water is converting the land into sodic land. Ground water use in such areas should be promoted. 4- Canal roster should be developed for equitable distribution of water to increase water use efficiency and osrabandi should be strictly implemented at water user’s association levels. 13 Crop intensification and 1- Diversification to less water consuming crops Optimise land and water Agriculture Deptt. diversification 2- Crop plans need to be implemented agro-climatic zone resources wise, based on soil health card to achieve best returns. 3- Demo size should be increased, as the marginal land holding cultivators are not capable of facing the worst situation created due to non-availability of timely inputs of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 14 Increasing water use efficiency 1- Equity of canal water and osrabandi. Land and water resources will UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., 2- Lining of canal, where seepage is more than ground be optimised. Agriculture Deptt. water admissible use 3- Promote crop diversification for less water consuming crops, crops of lesser duration and horticulture. 4- Adopt suitable water conservation procedures, involve the minimizing of water losses, prevention of water wastage, etc., with promotion of CADA and micro irrigation. 15 Use of surplus monsoon flows 1- If the ppm is within permissible limits, surplus available Will provide additional UPIWRD, UPGWD monsoon flows should be utilised to maximum through recharge to ground water. existing infrastructure of canal diversion or lift schemes to provide irrigation/additional recharge to ground water. 2- Feasibility Study for utilization of surplus monsoon flows at Dams and Barrages. 16 Water harvesting 1- Surrounding and adjacent areas to complexes and roads Will provide additional GoUP, UPIWRD, Urban and Rural in urban areas should be kept grassed to provide surplus resource for use. Development Deptt., Forest Deptt. and recharge. other Stakeholders 2- Tanks, Ponds and water bodies providing good source of recharge, should not be encroached and additional structures need to be developed for additional recharge. 3- Dense forestation along canals, roads, drains and barren spaces will provide additional recharge to ground water and control the temperature, thereby reduce the crop ET requirement. 17 Reclamation of sodic 1- Implementation of conjunctive use will help in Will provide additional area UPIWRD, Rural Development Deptt. land/water-logged sustainability of reclaimed sodic land. for cropping and will increase Agriculture Deptt. areas/drainage network 2- Drainage line, should account for topography, soil, slope returns. factor, water bodies and cropped area. Only surplus water should be drained out, as water in drains also provide a good source of recharge to ground water. 18 Integrated watershed 1- Integrated use, regulation and development of water and Watershed development UPIWRD, Rural Development Deptt. development land resources of each watershed with emphasis on soil and activity will provide an Agriculture Deptt. water conservation by construction of contour bunds. additional recharge 2- After detailed survey, if topography permits, series of check dams in head reaches of drains, need to be proposed to prevent soil erosion and increase recharge.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 19 For overexploited and critical Only supply management is not a holistic and sustainable Will arrest the fast depletion GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., blocks solution for future. rate of ground water levels. Agriculture Deptt. 1- Implementation of conjunctive use 2- Wetland development 3- Roof top harvesting 4- Watershed management 5- Promotion of micro irrigation 6- Demand management.  Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors  Promoting use of recycled water with incentive in all the sectors.  Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane is need of the day to save future. D. MONITORING 20 Water quality monitoring 1- Surface water quality, especially down stream of urban Will sound environmental and UP Jal Nigam, CGWB, UPGWD, UP spots should be kept within permissible limits. ecological flows. PCB, CPCB, CWC 2- Treated waste water disposal and industrial waste should be within permissible limits. 3- Area specific ground water issues of arsenic and fluoride needs regular watch and control measures. 21 Economic growth verses 1- We are concerned with the economic growth as well as Doubling the income of small GoUP, Agriculture Deptt. Agriculture growth agriculture growth, especially for 85% small land holding land holding cultivators cultivators. 2- Government need to fix MSP, for diversified crops, at least double the input cost and make arrangement for lifting produce from cultivator’s doorstep. 22 Public awareness 1- All the Gram Panchayats and Sarpanchs should be Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., trained and motivated regarding forestation, water sustainability of resources Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, conservation, quality and economic use. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., 2- Students at school and College levels should be made Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural aware of water crises in future. Development Deptt. 3- Forestation, water harvesting, reuse of grey water and economic use should be promoted in Urban and rural populated areas on priority.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 23 Monitoring and Evaluation to 1- Regular monitoring and evaluation is must for all the Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., Ensure availability and recommended actions. sustainability of resources. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, sustainable management of 2- Regarding water quality, environmental and ecological Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Water for all with possible flow issues, it can be linked to present Swach Bharat Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural indicators for Mission agenda of Central government. Development Deptt. 1-Water Measurement The parameters further to be reviewed may be: 2-Water Conservation 3- Proportion of population having access to safe drinking 3-Water Demand Management water. 4-Water Productivity 4- Proportion of wastewater (domestic and industrial) being 5-Water Quality recycled and reused. 6-Participatory Water 5- Percentage Ground Water withdrawal against Management availability. 7-Water Economics 6- Per capita availability of water (m3/person). 7- Percentage of River basins brought under Integrated Water Resources Management. 8- Area under overexploited blocks. 9- Number of overexploited blocks. 10- Percentage sewage load treated in major rivers. 11- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area brought under WUAs. 12- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area managed by WUAs.

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Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Majojr River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Ghaghra Basin Plan

1 BACKGROUND

1.1 General

Uttar Pradesh with geographical area of 24.12 million hectares is India's fourth largest but most populous state having population about 199.81 million with population density almost double of the country (as per Census 2011) and is endowed with bountiful of water resources, vast fertile soil and favourable climate. Its 8 major River Basins as shown in Figure 1.1 (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone) are dominated by agriculture, which accounts for 27% of state GDP, and 63% of employment. Thus, Irrigated agriculture is both occupation and pride.

Figure 1.1 : River Basins of Uttar Pradesh

Source: Delineated using 90m SRTM DEM

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The GoUP adopted a progressive State Water Policy (SWP) in May 1999 with following objectives:

 Ensure preservation of the scarce water resources and optimize its utilization;  Bring about qualitative improvement in water resources management;  Maintain water quality, both surface and underground;  Promote ‘equity and social justice’ among individuals and groups of users in water resource allocation and management;  Ensure self-sustainability in water resource development;  Develop an adequate information and knowledge base;  Provide mechanisms for the resolution of conflicts between various users;

A State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) has been set up since October 2002, to develop and provide a state-level capability for inter-sectoral water allocation, planning, management and optimal use of surface and groundwater based on comprehensive and environmentally sustainable river basin plans. Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has enacted Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission (UPWaMReC) to regulate and recommend the tariff for water used for agriculture, industrial, drinking, power and other purposes and also for levying cess on land benefitted by flood protection and drainage works to assist the State for making policies and execution of water resources within the State, facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and optimal utilization of water resources for ensuring sustainable development of the State. UPWaMReC Act has come into force from March 04, 2014 and UPWaMReC has been established on May 19, 2014.

State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) is mandated to provide necessary technical assistance to WaMReC in its functions including allocation and distribution of entitlements for various category of uses, and to lay down the criteria for modifying entitlements as needed.

For the benefit of people of the State, on December 2015, an agreement was signed between M/s Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd, Israel and Chairman, State Water Resources Agency, Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Water Resources Department for Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh. The consultancy Contract is a component of the Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project Phase-II (UPWSRP-II) which is being implemented with financial assistance from the World Bank.

1.2 Consultancy Objectives

The objective of the consultancy is to develop capacity in the State Water Resources Agency for rational water-related assessment and planning at basin level, through the development and application of appropriate knowledge bases, analytical tools, structured stakeholder consultation processes and institutional capacity building. The assessment and planning covers the 8 major river basins in Uttar Pradesh (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone).

The consultant will develop a Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS) which would enable the assessment and analysis of current and future water availability and water use and demands (across a range of users including irrigation, urban, rural, industry, hydropower, environment, etc.).

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1.3 Scope of Work

The scope of this assignment includes:

 Formulation of basin, sub-basin and administrative unit level planning frameworks, including objectives, criteria and scenarios based on current and future envisioned development status, for the 8 major basins in Uttar Pradesh (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone) including required data collection and GIS layers development on ArcGIS Server.  Development of BAPS at basin, sub-basin and administrative units level, including knowledge base and analytical tools, and preparation of the initial plans for water allocation and entitlements at administrative units level, sub-basin and overall basin level, for different availability and demand scenarios considering different selected planning periods (e.g. 15 years, 25 years, etc.).  Formulation of structured stakeholder consultation processes, and application throughout the overall planning process.  Institutional capacity building, covering all planning stages, processes and tasks, with particular focus on transfer and institutionalization of planning procedures, tools and facilities for continued and sustainable post-project plan update applications.  On-site operation and generation of reports of the BAPS model including Maintenance & trouble-shooting with keeping minimum one person at SWaRA including upgrading support for three years (extendable by two years) after model implementation and acceptance.

1.4 Status of Work

As per terms of the assignment the following reports have already been submitted and approved.

I. Inception Report reviewing the available data, models, GIS, prior studies and reports, a summary of the Consultants technical approach to the work and comments on ToR, plan for deployment of staff, etc. II. Report on the Planning Framework and Preliminary SRS (Software Requirements Specification). III. Report and Delivery of the Knowledge Base Design Document. IV. Report on Knowledge Base Development including delivery of Knowledge Base product and delivery of GIS layers including deployment of layers in Web Base Application on ArcGIS Server V. Report on Design of BAPS including Software Design Document and UIs, etc. starting with SRS document as per International Standards. VI. Report on the Development, Testing, Implementation, Operation and Acceptance of the BAPS and its linkage with ArcGIS Server layers including delivery of Source Code, Compiler, Installation Manual and any software required for successful operation.

The developed web-based BAPS along with data base, has already been installed on SWaRA Server and being updated regularly. Out of the 8 Basins, Gomti Basin was selected as pilot for finalization of Basin Plan Template. The draft report for Gomti Basin Plan was submitted in August 2018. After getting comments on the report and further discussion with SWaRA the draft report for Gomti Basin

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Plan was revised and submitted in March 2019. Further, one-to-one consultation was done with major stakeholders on the draft final report. After incorporating the stakeholders’ views final report for Gomti Basin Plan was finalized and submitted in August 2019 and subsequently September 2019 and was accepted and approved on 20th September 2019. The Basin Plans for other Basins are under preparation and finalization.

1.5 Ghaghra Basin Plan

The Ghaghra Basin Plan is prepared for 30 years, where year 2015, has been considered as the Base Year and decadal planning periods are considered, i.e., year 2025, 2035 and 2045. This report on Ghaghra Basin Plan consists of the following sections.

Section 1: gives the background and introduction of this study. Section 2: describes the main features of the Ghaghra basin. Section 3: gives information on existing infrastructure for utilization of surface and ground water resources of the Ghaghra Basin, irrigation, flood and drainage, inland navigation, fisheries, environmental status, water legislations and water management institutions. Section 4: gives information on climate, availability of surface (within basin and from neighbouring basin) and ground water resources for utilization and other related resources. It also discusses the quality of surface and ground water in the basin. Section 5: describes the growth potential and current and future water requirements of the Ghaghra basin for various uses viz. domestic, livestock, industry, irrigation and environment. Section 6: discusses the water resources development and management issues and options in Ghaghra Basin. Section 7: presents the water balance for various scenarios and selecting the most promising scenario along with related cost for improvement and development. Section 8: gives the conclusion and recommendations.

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2 GHAGHRA BASIN FEATURES

2.1 Basin Setting

The geographical extent of the Ghaghra basin lies between 79°29' to 84°49’ east longitudes and 25°47' to 30°55' north latitudes in China, Nepal, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh covering total area of 1,30,935.10 sq.km including complete Rapti Basin and 1,04,861.92 sq.km excluding complete Rapti Basin (Figure 2.1). The portion of Ghaghra basin falling in Uttar Pradesh lies between east longitudes 79°29' to 84°49’ and north latitudes 25°47' to 30°31' covering an area of 31,503.00 sq.km in Uttar Pradesh (Figure 2.2). It is bounded by Gomti basin in the west and South, Rapti basin in East, West and South, Ganga and Gomti basin from South and Nepal from North.

There are eight sub-basins defined in Ghaghra basin within Uttar Pradesh namely Chauka draining 2850.68 sq.km (9.05%), Kuwano 5872.17 sq.km (18.64%), Little Gandak 3453.07 sq.km (10.96%), Lower Ghaghra 5778.65 sq.km (18.34%), Sarda 3126.67 sq.km (9.92%), Saryu 2560.02 sq.km (8.13%), Tehri 1530.17 sq.km (4.86 %) and Upper Ghaghra 6331.57 sq.km (20.1%).

Figure 2.1 : Complete Ghaghra Basin Location Map (excluding complete Rapti Basin)

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Figure 2.2 : Location Map of Ghaghra Basin in Uttar Pradesh

The basin covers 21 districts (1 fully and 20 partially) and 157 blocks (81 fully and 76 partially) of Uttar Pradesh (see Appendix 1). The percentage of district area falling in Ghaghra Basin and percentage of basin area covered by each district is shown in Figure 2.3. The administrative unit setup of Ghaghra Basin is shown in Map 1.

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Figure 2.3 : Districts Falling in Ghaghra Basin

120.00 100.00 100.00 97.98 94.18

80.00 73.80 68.23

60.00 60.52 49.50 47.02 43.80 41.52 40.00 31.18 28.94 26.60 21.20 19.26 16.64

20.00 16.00 15.10 14.94 12.99 12.68 12.48 8.04 7.56 6.00 5.53 4.46 3.71 3.55 3.54 2.58 2.30 2.26 1.97 1.78 1.69 1.59 1.33 0.83 0.59 0.33 0.00 0.09

Percentage Area in Basin, % Percentage of Basin Area, %

2.2 River System

The Ghaghra river originates at an elevation of 4,800 m near Manasarowar Lake. The river is also known as Manchu and Karnali in Nepal. After flowing for about 72 km in a south-easterly direction, the river enters Nepal. Ghaghra enters into India at Kotia Ghat near Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal Ganj, where it is known as the river Girwa for about 25 km. The total catchment area of the Ghaghra river is 1,27,950 Sq.km. The Sharda, Saryu, Rapti and Little Gandak are the important tributaries of the Ghaghra river. The total length of Ghaghra river before its confluence with Ganga river (at Doriganj downstream of Chhapra town in Bihar) is 1,080 km. It drains into the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and parts of Bihar.

The Sarda or Chauka, the most important tributary of the Ghaghra joins Kauriala at Rampur, Mathura. After the junction with the Sharda, the river is known as the Ghaghra and flows in a generally south- easterly direction forming earlier the boundary between Baharaich and Gonda districts and later between Barabanki and Gonda districts. During its course through Gonda district, the river inundates a large area on its left by spilling its flood water into the river Tirhi, etc., which joins the river on its left bank. The Tirhi joins the Ghaghra near Nawabganj. About 19 kms below its junction with the Tirhi, the river flows by Ayodhya. It then forms the boundary between Faizabad and Ballia districts and flows in continually shifting channels within a broad sandy bed about 6 km in width. It then flows in many channels through the districts of Gorakhpur, Deoria, Azamgarh and Ballia with the same broad sandy bed. The country has innumerable, long narrow lakes which are really old beds of rivers. The course of the Ghaghra is confined to a single channel at Dohrighat. The width of the valley varies and is sometimes as much as 16 km. To the east of Dohrighat, the river again splits into two channels;

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan the main channel flows through Barhaj town and about 5 km west of Barhaj, the Rapti river joins it from the left. The little Gandak joins Ghaghra about 3 km south of Gothini village after which it forms the boundary between Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. The river finally joins the Ganga a few km down stream of Chhapra in Bihar. The total length of the Ghaghra is 1080 km, the lower half of which lies in the State of Uttar Pradesh.

The discharge of Chhoti Gandak is mainly controlled by rain, which is very high during the monsoon season and low during the summers. It has been observed that whenever precipitation is high in the catchment areas, there is flood in the downstream part of the Chhoti Gandak River Basin. The region exhibits upland terrace surface, river valley terrace surface, present-day river channel with narrow flood plains, natural levee, and point-bar deposits. All these geomorphic features are depositional in nature and made up of alluvium of different ages.

The list of major tributaries of Ghaghra river is shown in Table 2.1 (also see Figure 2.2).

Table 2.1 : List of Major Tributaries of Ghaghra basin

S. Name of River Approximate S. Name of River Approximate No. Length in Km No. Length in Km 1 Ghaghra River 604.6 24 Pikia Nadi 52.4 2 Kuwano River 388.8 25 Rawai Nadi 49.8 3 Little Gandak River 307.9 26 Jharahi River 48.2 4 Sarju River 265.9 27 Chamdai Nadi 43.7 5 Sarda River 256.8 28 Kandwa Nadi 43.0 6 UI River 250.9 29 Sotia Nadi 39.3 7 Terhi Nadi 238.7 30 Chhoti Sarju Nadi 38.6 8 Bisuhi Nadi 183.9 31 Sutiya Baha Nadi 37.1 9 Suheli River 164.3 32 Kural Nadi 35.3 10 Manorama Nadi 143.3 33 Ghaghi Nadi 32.1 11 Katnehia Nadi 127.2 34 Ramrekha Nadi 31.9 12 Chauka River 114.2 35 Bahatiya Nadi 27.6 13 Sarju Or Babai River 104.0 36 Junai Nadi 26.0 14 Chuka Nala 89.3 37 Karhera Nadi 23.1 15 Duranchi Nala 84.8 38 Nyora River 22.8 16 Tonri Nadi 84.6 39 Chumkuni Nala 22.5 17 Manwar Nadi 78.5 40 Kauriyala River 19.5 18 Jauraha Nadi 69.9 41 Sutiya Nadi 18.5 19 Mohan River 67.3 42 Nakahi Nadi 18.3 20 Khanuwa Nala 60.5 43 Baha Nala 17.7 21 Tirwa Nadi 57.6 44 Chandha Nala 11.2 22 Gobarhia Nadi 54.4 45 Budhiya Nadi 10.3 23 Dahawar Nadi 54.3 46 Soti Nadi 8.4

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2.3 Geological Features

The entire Ghaghra basin is underlain by thick alluvial sediments of the Quaternary age. The alluvial sediments consist of boulders, pebbles, gravels, sand, silt, clay and kankars. The unconsolidated unit may be further subdivided into younger alluvium and older alluvium. The younger alluvium occupies the present-day flood plains while the older group occupies elevated portions mainly the doab portions. The older alluvium is characterized by kankar nodules at depth otherwise it is similar to the younger alluvium.

Incision of the Ghaghra River and its valley has been studied using characteristics of longitudinal profile, escarpment heights, valley morphology and channel sediment characteristics by Thakur et al. (2009). The tectonic-driven incision is younger and superimposed over the base level-linked incision. The role of climate-derived factors in fluvial incision is secondary and not easy to evaluate. The valley margins of Ghaghra River show prominent bluff or escarpment and are sometimes referred to as banks. Escarpment height is basically height of the vertical cliff along the margin of the river channel and river valley. Downstream wave-like variation in average escarpment height reveals undulating topography with prominent upwarps and downwarps attributed to the compressional tectonics of the Ganga Plain. The Ghaghra River provides the expression of base level linked (2 to 10 m deep) fluvial incision associated with the Ganga River, and tectonically-driven (6 to 15 m deep) incision is connected with intra-basinal tectonics of the Ganga Plain Foreland Basin.

Valley morphological feature of the Ghaghra river shows highly sinuous active channel near Gularia in the upper segment, river valley margins with discontinuous and dissected high escarpment in the middle segment and the lower segment shows sinuous river valley showing 10 to 12 m deep incision on the Ganga Plain near Chandwak before merging with Ganga at Kaithi (Thakur et al., 2009). The impact of tectonics and climate change is noteworthy and effective, which may lead to incision of river channel and rejuvenation of entire drainage network in the past.

Fluvial incision is the most distinctive geomorphic characteristics shown by all active rivers of the Ganga Plain. Monsoon-controlled climate of the Ganga Plain controls rainfall received by the Ghaghra river Basin. The discharge of the Ghaghra River increases downstream due to contributions from surface runoff and groundwater. In the upper segment of the Ghaghra River, incision is low, although rainfall is high; on the contrary in the middle and lower segments, incision is high, while rainfall is low. In the middle segment, water discharge is less than in the lower segment, but it shows maximum incision. Further, there is wave-like pattern of incision. Indicating that rainfall alone cannot explain the incision pattern of the Ghaghra River.

The Gangetic Plain, of which Ghaghra basin is a part, occupies the Himalayan foredeep, located between the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the Vindhyas to the south. In the area of Ghaghra basin, the foredeep consists of nearly 4000 m of sedimentary materials deposited from the Pre- Cambrian to Recent age over Bundelkhand granite gneisses of Archaean age.

The foredeep is believed to be constituted of post tectonic molasse sediments above Cainozoic sediments known as Shiwalikhs, Dharmshalas and Subathus, deposited over the Vindhyan Super Group of rocks. Based on the geological and hydrogeological data available, the sub-surface lithological succession was developed (Table 2.2).

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The Gangetic plain shows several major sub-surface ridges and depressions. The Ghaghra Basin falls in parts of the Ramganga depression, Sarada depression, East Uttar Pradesh shelf and Gandak depression, and includes areas traversed by the Dudwa and Faizabad ridges.

Table 2.2 : Lithological Successions in parts of Ghaghra Basin

THICKNESS AGE GROUP FORMATION (m) Recent Newer Alluvium - Holocene Alluvium Older Alluvium 300-590 Pleistocene to Mid Siwaliks Upper Siwaliks 200-740 Miocene Middle Siwaliks 320-1635 Lower Siwaliks 130-765 Lower-Miocene Dharmshalas Matera Formation 400 and Oligocene ------Unconformity ------Lower Cambrian Upper Karanpur (Upper Bhander) 19 - 315 to Late Proterozoic Vindhyan Tilhar (Lower Bhander) 308 - 383 Upper Ujhani (Rewa) 120 - 436 Lower Ujhani (Kaimur) 127 - 335 ------Unconformity ------Early Proterozoic Bahraich Low Grade Metamorphic rocks Group Granite and Gneisses Archaeans Bundelkhand ----- complex

There are nine post Quaternary faults, running in a NE-SW direction through the Ganges basin. These have modified the surface topography and drainage, and play a very important role in the hydrology and hydrogeology of the basin and its sub-basins.

2.4 Climate

The climate of Ghaghra basin is sub-tropical, monsoonal. Winters (October to February) are cool and dry with occasional fogs and light showers, summers (March to early June) are hot and dry, and the monsoon season (middle June to September) is warm and humid, with frequent heavy rainfall. The basin experiences very hot during summer season and very cold during the winter season except in upper tarai region and the hills of Nepal. During the summer season, April & May are the hottest months and temperature goes upto 44°C and during the winter season January month is the coldest and temperature goes down upto 5°C. The annual rainfall in the catchment varies from 1141 mm to 1610 mm and the average annual rainfall is about 1300 mm. The humidity is the lowest during April and May. The maximum humidity is observed during the month of July & August and it goes upto 80% or more.

2.5 Socio-economic Status

2.5.1 Population

As per census 2011, the total population in Ghaghra Basin is 25,864,960. Out of which 2,083,813 (8.06 %) is urban and 23,781,147 (91.94%) is rural. Out of the total population 13,333,356 (51.55 %) are male and 12,531,604 (48.45%) are female. The Sub-basin wise population distribution and related

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details are shown in Table 2.3. The administrative level details are given in Appendix 2. The population density by Blocks in Ghaghra Basin is shown in Map 2.

Table 2.3 : Population distribution in Ghaghra Basin (Census 2011)

Population S. Sex Literacy Sub Basin Urban Rural Total Male Female Density, No Ratio Rate, % Person/sq.km 1 Chauka 405,880 1,797,820 2,203,700 1,163,275 1,040,425 894 773 60.30 2 Kuwano 180,615 4,987,572 5,168,187 2,652,802 2,515,385 948 880 62.70 3 Little Gandak 266,684 3,819,379 4,086,063 2,059,033 2,027,030 984 1,183 67.60 4 Lower Ghaghra 353,807 5,327,899 5,681,706 2,863,897 2,817,809 984 983 70.20 5 Sarda 50,570 1,474,667 1,525,237 804,941 720,296 895 488 53.20 6 Sarju 313,479 1,956,735 2,270,214 1,198,800 1,071,414 894 887 50.80 7 Tehri 168,663 1,204,870 1,373,533 720,453 653,080 906 898 58.80 8 Upper Ghaghra 344,115 3,212,205 3,556,320 1,870,155 1,686,165 902 562 55.40 Basin Total 2,083,813 23,781,147 25,864,960 13,333,356 12,531,604 940 821 59.88

Total SC population of the basin is 49,31,835 (which is 19.1% of total population of basin) and total ST population of the basin is 2,75,852 (which is 1.07% of total population of basin). On an average 42.6 % of the total population is living below poverty line in the basin. The Sub-basin wise SC, ST and BPL population details are shown in Table 2.4 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 3.

Table 2.4 : SC, ST and BPL Population distribution in Ghaghra Basin

SC Population ST Population Percent of SC ST Total Sub Basin in % of Total in % of Total BPL House Population Population Population Population Population Hold Chauka 582,007 26.4 2,468 0.11 2,203,701 41.60 Kuwano 997,609 19.3 4,985 0.10 5,168,174 40.50 Little Gandak 618,207 15.1 111,985 2.74 4,086,077 42.84 Lower Ghaghra 1,161,150 20.4 94,474 1.66 5,681,698 35.49 Sarda 391,737 25.7 15,980 1.05 1,525,236 51.86 Sarju 288,657 12.7 353 0.02 2,270,215 52.29 Tehri 210,595 15.3 407 0.03 1,373,534 44.22 Upper Ghaghra 681,873 19.2 45,200 1.27 3,556,321 47.45 Grand Total 4,931,835 19.1 275,852 1.07 25,864,956 42.60

2.5.2 Land Holdings

A major portion of land holdings is of marginal workers having the agricultural fields of less than 1- hectare area. As per Agriculture Census 2010-11, out of total operational holdings in Ghaghra Basin, the marginal land holdings (less than 1.00 ha) accounted for 84.63% followed by 10.4%, 4.01%, 0.93% and 0.04% of small (1 to 2 ha), semi-medium (2 to 4 ha), medium (4 to 10 ha) and large land holdings

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(above 10 ha) respectively. The percentage of marginal land holdings in Ghaghra Basin is higher than the state average (79.48%) and national average (67.10%) while percentage of small land holdings is lower than state average (13.01%) and national average (17.91%). This indicates the large number of smaller agricultural field sizes in the area resulting in low degree of agricultural mechanization and crop intensification and diversification and low economic growth. This may also lead to other subsequent adverse effects such as low income of farmers, subsistence type of agriculture, soil health deterioration due to repetitive rice-wheat cycles and many more. The Sub-basin wise details of land holdings are shown in Table 2.5. Administrative level details of land holdings are given in Appendix 4.

Table 2.5 : Land Holdings in Ghaghra Basin

Below 1.0 ha 1.0-2.0 ha 2.0-4.0 ha 4.0-10.0 ha 10.0 ha & Above All Classes Sub Basin Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area 239130 93956 39930 56362 16001 42902 3953 20749 131 1974 Chauka 299146 215942 79.94% 43.51% 13.35% 26.10% 5.35% 19.87% 1.32% 9.61% 0.04% 0.91% 611274 252198 73242 99963 25494 67411 5075 27417 161 2157 Kuwano 715246 449145 85.46% 56.15% 10.24% 22.26% 3.56% 15.01% 0.71% 6.10% 0.02% 0.48%

Little 467902 161835 41406 57289 14354 37753 2777 14633 123 2443 526562 273953 Gandak 88.86% 59.07% 7.86% 20.91% 2.73% 13.78% 0.53% 5.34% 0.02% 0.89%

Lower 706563 251430 68763 96340 25286 68051 5341 29032 264 3650 806217 448502 Ghaghra 87.64% 56.06% 8.53% 21.48% 3.14% 15.17% 0.66% 6.47% 0.03% 0.81% 184451 71170 36756 52336 19257 52281 5869 30429 208 2937 Sarda 246540 209153 74.82% 34.03% 14.91% 25.02% 7.81% 25.00% 2.38% 14.55% 0.08% 1.40% 230434 101590 30292 40664 10778 28531 2299 12375 109 1714 Sarju 273912 184875 84.13% 54.95% 11.06% 22.00% 3.94% 15.43% 0.84% 6.69% 0.04% 0.93% 154919 65645 18703 25055 6404 17058 1398 7545 48 683 Tehri 181471 115986 85.37% 56.60% 10.31% 21.60% 3.53% 14.71% 0.77% 6.51% 0.03% 0.59%

Upper 535355 216551 75472 103916 30742 82433 7700 40483 279 4141 649548 447525 Ghaghra 82.42% 48.39% 11.62% 23.22% 4.73% 18.42% 1.19% 9.05% 0.04% 0.93%

Ghaghra 3130028 1214376 384564 531924 148317 396420 34411 182663 1323 19698 3698643 2345081 Basin 84.63% 51.78% 10.40% 22.68% 4.01% 16.90% 0.93% 7.79% 0.04% 0.84%

2.5.3 Urban Centers

There are 70 towns in Ghaghra Basin, out of which, 58 are Statutory Towns and 12 are Census Towns as shown in Figure 2.4 and Appendix 5. There are five towns having population between 1 to 10 lakhs viz. Bahraich, Basti, Faizabad, Gonda and Lakhimpur Kheri.

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Figure 2.4 : Location of Towns in Ghaghra Basin

2.5.4 Food and Agriculture

As per census 2011, out of the total workers in Ghaghra Basin, 37.85% are agricultural labourers and 35.13% are cultivators, which means that 72.98 % of working population in Ghaghra Basin is involved in agricultural activities. The Sub-basin wise workers details are given in Table 2.6 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 6.

Table 2.6 : Workers Population in Ghaghra Basin

Agricultural Cultivators Agricultural Total Sub Basin Labourers in % Cultivators in % of Total Labourers Workers of Total Workers Workers Chauka 220747 31.7 266157 38.2 696843 Kuwano 643705 38.0 649642 38.4 1693625 Little Gandak 522628 42.4 313020 25.4 1231921 Lower Ghaghra 685709 39.3 467431 26.8 1742692

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Agricultural Cultivators Agricultural Total Sub Basin Labourers in % Cultivators in % of Total Labourers Workers of Total Workers Workers Sarda 183465 37.4 223820 45.7 490199 Sarju 301124 39.9 263531 34.9 755454 Tehri 170402 36.6 157003 33.7 466016 Upper Ghaghra 451582 37.5 456542 37.9 1203475 Ghaghra Total 3179362 37.85 2797146 35.13 8280225

As per data of Agriculture Department for year 2014-2015, the land use pattern in Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 2.7 (also see Figure 2.5). It can be seen that 75.70% of land is under cultivation and the cropping intensity is 156.55% in Ghaghra Basin. About 122.93% of the gross sown area is irrigated by surface and ground water sources. The administrative level details are given in Appendix 7. The cropping pattern in Ghaghra Basin is shown in Table 2.8. As per data of Agriculture Department for year 2014-2015 the annual per capita food production (cereal and pulses) in Ghaghra basin is 208 Kg/person.

Table 2.7 : Land Use Pattern in Ghaghra Basin (2014-2015)

Land put Sub Barren Present Other Barren Area under to Non- Pastur Net Area Basin Land Use Forest Cultivable Fallow Fallow Uncultivab Misc. Tree agriculture es Sown Name Waste Land Land le Land & Grove Use Area, ha 51059 3027 11249 5516 1756 35236 355 1907 193176 Chauka % of Total 16.84% 1.00% 3.71% 1.82% 0.58% 11.62% 0.12% 0.63% 63.70% Area Area, ha 21258 7118 19316 10346 6405 79016 1055 9878 427008 Kuwano % of Total 3.66% 1.22% 3.32% 1.78% 1.10% 13.59% 0.18% 1.70% 73.45% Area Area, ha 8180 2442 8349 1798 2372 49494 281 4079 260950 Little % of Total Gandak 2.42% 0.72% 2.47% 0.53% 0.70% 14.65% 0.08% 1.21% 77.22% Area Area, ha 2602 6322 29143 11209 8924 97379 877 10419 404746 Lower % of Total Ghaghra 0.46% 1.11% 5.10% 1.96% 1.56% 17.04% 0.15% 1.82% 70.81% Area Area, ha 42696 1990 6375 1977 2029 40971 137 2578 195549 Sarda % of Total 14.51% 0.68% 2.17% 0.67% 0.69% 13.92% 0.05% 0.88% 66.44% Area Area, ha 13104 1784 13428 5335 2136 33063 420 3843 197612 Sarju % of Total 4.84% 0.66% 4.96% 1.97% 0.79% 12.21% 0.16% 1.42% 72.99% Area Area, ha 2110 1357 9029 3158 1201 24615 431 3317 109139 Tehri % of Total 1.37% 0.88% 5.85% 2.05% 0.78% 15.95% 0.28% 2.15% 70.70% Area Area, ha 61778 5212 26840 10664 3382 77034 1064 6460 356455 Upper % of Total Ghaghra 11.25% 0.95% 4.89% 1.94% 0.62% 14.03% 0.19% 1.18% 64.94% Area Area, ha 202787 29252 123729 50003 28205 436808 4620 42481 2144635 Ghaghra % of Total Basin 6.62% 0.96% 4.04% 1.63% 0.92% 14.26% 0.15% 1.39% 70.03% Area

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Land Sub Area Sown Gross Area Gross Area Gross Area Gross Area Net Gross Prepared Basin Land Use More than Sown - Sown - Sown - Sown - Irrigated Irrigated for Name Once Total Rabi Kharif Jayad Area Area Sugarcane Area, ha 116991 308204 124078 165419 18708 777 178892 271805 Chauka % of Total 60.56% 159.55% 64.23% 85.63% 9.68% 0.40% 92.61% 140.70% Area Area, ha 206383 633454 282148 339572 11739 2343 366763 496237 Kuwano % of Total 48.33% 148.35% 66.08% 79.52% 2.75% 0.55% 85.89% 116.21% Area Area, ha 155701 414436 185727 220981 7725 2211 236822 347256 Little % of Total Gandak 59.67% 158.82% 71.17% 84.68% 2.96% 0.85% 90.75% 133.07% Area Area, ha 248517 651815 315357 319755 16698 1128 372677 561053 Lower % of Total Ghaghra 61.40% 161.04% 77.91% 79.00% 4.13% 0.28% 92.08% 138.62% Area Area, ha 87832 281217 94054 178724 8437 2243 179890 262625 Sarda % of Total 44.92% 143.81% 48.10% 91.40% 4.31% 1.15% 91.99% 134.30% Area Area, ha 128589 325004 146009 172937 6060 853 135286 153460 Sarju % of Total 65.07% 164.47% 73.89% 87.51% 3.07% 0.43% 68.46% 77.66% Area Area, ha 65579 174140 78495 92490 3154 764 98118 136131 Tehri % of Total 60.09% 159.56% 71.92% 84.75% 2.89% 0.70% 89.90% 124.73% Area Area, ha 218822 569103 214128 330332 24641 2466 274147 407903 Upper % of Total Ghaghra 61.39% 159.66% 60.07% 92.67% 6.91% 0.69% 76.91% 114.43% Area Area, ha 1228414 3357373 1439996 1820210 97162 12785 1842595 2636470 Ghaghra % of Total Basin 57.28% 156.55% 67.14% 84.87% 4.53% 0.60% 85.92% 122.93% Area

Figure 2.5 : Land Use Pattern in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15)

Forest , 6.62% Barren Cultivable Waste , 0.96%

Present Fallow Land , 4.04% Other Fallow Land , 1.63% Barren Uncultivable Land , 0.92% Land put to Non‐agriculture Use , 14.26%

Net Area Sown, Pastures , 0.15% 70.03% Area under Misc. Tree & Grove, 1.39%

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Table 2.8 : Cropping Pattern in Ghaghra Basin (2014-2015)

% of % of % of Area, % of Net % of Net Crops in Little % of Net Crops in Chauka Gross Crops in Kuwano Area, ha Gross Area, ha Gross ha Area Sown Area Sown Gandak Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Rice 98829 32.26 51.16 Wheat 246923 38.68 57.83 Wheat 167523 41.01 64.20 Wheat 95309 31.11 49.34 Rice 232320 36.39 54.41 Rice 162354 39.74 62.22 Sugarcane 71341 23.29 36.93 Sugarcane 82467 12.92 19.31 Sugarcane 49879 12.21 19.11 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 13113 4.28 6.79 Maize 18262 2.86 4.28 Maize 7095 1.74 2.72 Masur / Lentil 7474 2.44 3.87 Masur / Lentil 14421 2.26 3.38 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 5474 1.34 2.10 Maize 4428 1.45 2.29 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 10136 1.59 2.37 Other Vegetables 4653 1.14 1.78 Fodder 3099 1.01 1.60 Other Vegetables 7457 1.17 1.75 Masur / Lentil 3929 0.96 1.51 Other Vegetables 3088 1.01 1.60 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 6146 0.96 1.44 Potato 1992 0.49 0.76 Urad 2445 0.80 1.27 Pea 5335 0.84 1.25 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 1808 0.44 0.69 Potato 2055 0.67 1.06 Fodder 4885 0.77 1.14 Groundnut 1089 0.27 0.42 Til 1754 0.57 0.91 Potato 4151 0.65 0.97 Pea 999 0.24 0.38 Jwar / Sorghum 773 0.25 0.40 Urad 1122 0.18 0.26 Fodder 377 0.09 0.14 Pea 651 0.21 0.34 Gram 1092 0.17 0.26 Turmeric 350 0.09 0.13 Groundnut 634 0.21 0.33 Groundnut 909 0.14 0.21 Barley 190 0.05 0.07 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 568 0.19 0.29 Tobacco 844 0.13 0.20 Onion 175 0.04 0.07 Bajra / Millet 319 0.10 0.17 Onion 785 0.12 0.18 Urad 148 0.04 0.06 Barley 121 0.04 0.06 Barley 514 0.08 0.12 Bajra / Millet 135 0.03 0.05 Gram 100 0.03 0.05 Til 431 0.07 0.10 Moong 104 0.03 0.04 Tobacco 92 0.03 0.05 Alsi 74 0.01 0.02 Gram 75 0.02 0.03 Onion 59 0.02 0.03 Moong 59 0.01 0.01 Til 75 0.02 0.03 Sanai 38 0.01 0.02 Sunflower 24 0.00 0.01 Alsi 37 0.01 0.01 Turmeric 19 0.01 0.01 Turmeric 21 0.00 0.00 Sanai 36 0.01 0.01 Moong 9 0.00 0.00 Koda 7 0.00 0.00 Jwar / Sorghum 10 0.00 0.00 Sunflower 3 0.00 0.00 Bajra / Millet 5 0.00 0.00 Sunflower 3 0.00 0.00 Koda 1 0.00 0.00 Jwar / Sorghum 3 0.00 0.00 Koda 0 0.00 0.00

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% of % of % of Area, % of Net % of Net Crops in Little % of Net Crops in Chauka Gross Crops in Kuwano Area, ha Gross Area, ha Gross ha Area Sown Area Sown Gandak Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Sanva 1 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 1 0.00 0.00 Sanva 0 0.00 0.00 Alsi 1 0.00 0.00 Sanai 0 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 0 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 0 0.00 0.00 Sanva 0 0.00 0.00 Tobacco 0 0.00 0.00

% of % of % of Crops in Lower % of Net % of Net % of Net Area, ha Gross Crops in Sarda Area, ha Gross Crops in Sarju Area, ha Gross Ghaghra Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Wheat 285302 43.92 70.49 Sugarcane 94352 33.77 48.25 Rice 109379 34.30 55.35 Rice 257141 39.58 63.53 Wheat 79597 28.49 40.70 Wheat 109244 34.25 55.28 Sugarcane 30451 4.69 7.52 Rice 77008 27.57 39.38 Sugarcane 31928 10.01 16.16 Maize 20102 3.09 4.97 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 11045 3.95 5.65 Maize 29882 9.37 15.12 Other Vegetables 12472 1.92 3.08 Masur / Lentil 4627 1.66 2.37 Masur / Lentil 21613 6.78 10.94 Potato 7859 1.21 1.94 Maize 4024 1.44 2.06 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 5714 1.79 2.89 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 7788 1.20 1.92 Fodder 3991 1.43 2.04 Other Vegetables 3016 0.95 1.53 Masur / Lentil 5036 0.78 1.24 Other Vegetables 1287 0.46 0.66 Fodder 1839 0.58 0.93 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 4776 0.74 1.18 Groundnut 1091 0.39 0.56 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 1647 0.52 0.83 Fodder 4603 0.71 1.14 Til 772 0.28 0.39 Potato 1248 0.39 0.63 Pea 4551 0.70 1.12 Urad 457 0.16 0.23 Pea 903 0.28 0.46 Barley 2725 0.42 0.67 Potato 357 0.13 0.18 Urad 900 0.28 0.46 Gram 1640 0.25 0.41 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 214 0.08 0.11 Groundnut 514 0.16 0.26 Urad 1332 0.21 0.33 Pea 209 0.07 0.11 Turmeric 245 0.08 0.12 Groundnut 1126 0.17 0.28 Barley 81 0.03 0.04 Onion 210 0.07 0.11 Onion 657 0.10 0.16 Bajra / Millet 46 0.02 0.02 Til 208 0.07 0.11 Jwar / Sorghum 593 0.09 0.15 Turmeric 43 0.02 0.02 Barley 186 0.06 0.09 Bajra / Millet 418 0.06 0.10 Onion 34 0.01 0.02 Tobacco 141 0.04 0.07 Moong 398 0.06 0.10 Tobacco 29 0.01 0.01 Gram 67 0.02 0.03 Tobacco 392 0.06 0.10 Moong 29 0.01 0.01 Moong 13 0.00 0.01 Til 172 0.03 0.04 Jwar / Sorghum 27 0.01 0.01 Jwar / Sorghum 11 0.00 0.01

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% of % of % of Crops in Lower % of Net % of Net % of Net Area, ha Gross Crops in Sarda Area, ha Gross Crops in Sarju Area, ha Gross Ghaghra Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Sanva 41 0.01 0.01 Gram 16 0.01 0.01 Sunflower 11 0.00 0.01 Sunflower 18 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 13 0.00 0.01 Bajra / Millet 4 0.00 0.00 Sanai 14 0.00 0.00 Sunflower 7 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 2 0.00 0.00 Koda 8 0.00 0.00 Sanai 6 0.00 0.00 Alsi 2 0.00 0.00 Turmeric 5 0.00 0.00 Sanva 0 0.00 0.00 Koda 0 0.00 0.00 Alsi 0 0.00 0.00 Koda 0 0.00 0.00 Sanai 0 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 0 0.00 0.00 Alsi 0 0.00 0.00 Sanva 0 0.00 0.00

% of % of % of % of Net Crops in Upper % of Net Crops in Ghaghra % of Net Crops in Tehri Area, ha Gross Area, ha Gross Area, ha Gross Area Sown Ghaghra Area Sown Basin Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Wheat 62399 35.54 57.17 Rice 166519 31.07 46.72 Wheat 1210848 36.55 56.46 Rice 57385 32.69 52.58 Wheat 164551 30.71 46.16 Rice 1160935 35.05 54.13 Sugarcane 24157 13.76 22.13 Sugarcane 111056 20.72 31.16 Sanva 44 35.05 54.13 Maize 12039 6.86 11.03 Maize 27561 5.14 7.73 Sugarcane 495632 14.96 23.11 Masur / Lentil 8338 4.75 7.64 Masur / Lentil 19615 3.66 5.50 Maize 123393 3.72 5.75 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 2896 1.65 2.65 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 19001 3.55 5.33 Masur / Lentil 85052 2.57 3.97 Other Vegetables 2239 1.28 2.05 Other Vegetables 7184 1.34 2.02 Lahi/Sarson/Mustard 72155 2.18 3.36 Fodder 1398 0.80 1.28 Fodder 5386 1.01 1.51 Other Vegetables 41397 1.25 1.93 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 1156 0.66 1.06 Potato 4742 0.88 1.33 Fodder 25579 0.77 1.19 Pea 930 0.53 0.85 Urad 2749 0.51 0.77 Potato 23264 0.70 1.08 Potato 861 0.49 0.79 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 1955 0.36 0.55 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 21282 0.64 0.99 Tobacco 504 0.29 0.46 Pea 1728 0.32 0.48 Pea 15306 0.46 0.71 Urad 448 0.26 0.41 Groundnut 1134 0.21 0.32 Urad 9602 0.29 0.45 Onion 219 0.12 0.20 Til 504 0.09 0.14 Groundnut 6572 0.20 0.31 Barley 195 0.11 0.18 Jwar / Sorghum 454 0.08 0.13 Barley 4298 0.13 0.20 Gram 166 0.09 0.15 Gram 370 0.07 0.10 Til 4030 0.12 0.19 Til 115 0.07 0.11 Tobacco 338 0.06 0.09 Gram 3528 0.11 0.16

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% of % of % of % of Net Crops in Upper % of Net Crops in Ghaghra % of Net Crops in Tehri Area, ha Gross Area, ha Gross Area, ha Gross Area Sown Ghaghra Area Sown Basin Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Area Sown Groundnut 75 0.04 0.07 Barley 287 0.05 0.08 Onion 2405 0.07 0.11 Turmeric 27 0.02 0.02 Onion 267 0.05 0.07 Tobacco 2340 0.07 0.11 Moong 12 0.01 0.01 Turmeric 172 0.03 0.05 Jwar / Sorghum 1874 0.06 0.09 Alsi 4 0.00 0.00 Bajra / Millet 141 0.03 0.04 Bajra / Millet 1068 0.03 0.05 Sunflower 3 0.00 0.00 Moong 140 0.03 0.04 Turmeric 882 0.03 0.04 Jwar / Sorghum 2 0.00 0.00 Sunflower 16 0.00 0.00 Moong 764 0.02 0.04 Bajra / Millet 1 0.00 0.00 Sanai 9 0.00 0.00 Alsi 123 0.00 0.01 Soyabean 0 0.00 0.00 Alsi 5 0.00 0.00 Sanai 104 0.00 0.00 Koda 0 0.00 0.00 Koda 4 0.00 0.00 Sunflower 84 0.00 0.00 Sanai 0 0.00 0.00 Sanva 2 0.00 0.00 Koda 21 0.00 0.00 Sanva 0 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 1 0.00 0.00 Soyabean 17 0.00 0.00 Source: UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15

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S. % of Gross % of Net Crops in Ghaghra Basin Area, ha No. Area Sown Area Sown 1 Wheat 1210848.168 36.553 56.459 2 Rice kharif 1157092.341 34.930 53.953 3 Sugarcane 495632.076 14.962 23.110 4 Maize kharif 112874.746 3.407 5.263 5 Masur / Lentil 85052.267 2.568 3.966 6 Lahi / Sarson / Mustard 72155.350 2.178 3.364 7 Other Vegetables Rabi 28446.442 0.859 1.326 8 Potato 23264.248 0.702 1.085 9 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 21281.794 0.642 0.992 10 Pea 15305.518 0.462 0.714 11 Total Kharif fodder 11070.239 0.334 0.516 12 Total Rabi fodder 9208.683 0.278 0.429 13 Other Vegetables Jayad 8158.290 0.246 0.380 14 Maize jayad 6803.134 0.205 0.317 15 Urad kharif 6691.620 0.202 0.312 16 Groundnut 6571.777 0.198 0.306 17 Total Jayad fodder 5299.667 0.160 0.247 18 Other Vegetables Kharif 4792.498 0.145 0.223 19 Barley 4298.053 0.130 0.200 20 Til 4030.032 0.122 0.188 21 Rice jayad 3842.250 0.116 0.179 22 Maize Rabi 3714.999 0.112 0.173 23 Gram 3527.627 0.106 0.164 24 Urad jayad 2910.830 0.088 0.136 25 Tobacco 2340.233 0.071 0.109 26 Jwar / Sorghum 1873.763 0.057 0.087 27 Onion Jayad 1524.447 0.046 0.071 28 Bajra / Millet 1068.459 0.032 0.050 29 Turmeric 882.500 0.027 0.041 30 Onion Rabi 881.031 0.027 0.041 31 Moong jayad 685.657 0.021 0.032 32 Alsi 123.395 0.004 0.006 33 Sanai 103.960 0.003 0.005 34 Sunflower 83.701 0.003 0.004 35 Moong kharif 77.985 0.002 0.004 36 Sanva kharif 28.718 0.001 0.001 37 Koda 20.795 0.001 0.001 38 Soyabean 17.395 0.001 0.001 39 Sanva jayad 15.336 0.000 0.001

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2.5.5 Livestock

As per latest Livestock Census 2012, the total population of Livestock in Ghaghra Basin is 7913142. Out of which 2702201 (34.15%) are cattles, 2670758 (33.75%) are buffalos, 91160 (1.15%) are sheeps, 2321251(29.33%) are goats, 108153 (1.37%) are pigs and 19601 (0.25%) falls in other categories. The Sub-basin wise livestock population distribution and poultry population is shown in Table 2.9. The administrative level details of livestock population are given in Appendix 8.

Table 2.9 : Livestock Population distribution in Ghaghra Basin (Livestock Census 2012)

Total Sub Basin Cattles Buffalos Sheeps Goats Pigs Others Poultry Livestock Chauka 235516 226342 3093 212738 8901 1368 687958 206685 Kuwano 537748 628135 19475 392937 13108 1670 1593080 524395 Little Gandak 199068 288390 3847 380103 15025 1779 888221 518169 Lower Ghaghra 533250 548109 23386 388175 26873 8539 1528333 701498 Sarda 209632 186721 8719 151960 3322 856 561212 80230 Sarju 336851 237620 11902 309558 17568 2060 915557 228761 Tehri 168410 142052 6492 132299 4637 967 454857 114469 Upper Ghaghra 481726 413389 14246 353481 18719 2362 1283924 349026 Ghaghra Total 2702201 2670758 91160 2321251 108153 19601 7913142 2723233

2.5.6 Industries

There are 32 Industrial Areas in Ghaghra Basin as shown in Figure 2.6 and Appendix 9.

2.5.7 Transport

Ghaghra Basin is well connected with neighbouring areas through roadways, railways and airways (see Figure 2.7). There are three airports in Ghaghra Basin as shown in Table 2.10. Ghaghra Basin is well connected with neighbouring areas through roadways, railways and airways. At present there is no inland waterways in Ghaghra Basin.

Table 2.10 : Airports in Ghaghra Basin

S. Sub Basin District Block Airport Category No. 1 Upper Ghaghra Faizabad Masodha Faizabad Airport Flying School Lakimpur Kheri Airport 2 Upper Ghaghra Kheri Palia Public Airport (Palia Airport) Kushinagar Airport 3 Little Gandak Kushinagar Kasiya Private (Kasia Airport) Source: Airports Authority of India

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Figure 2.6 : Industries in Ghaghra basin

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Figure 2.7 : Map of Transport System in Ghaghra basin

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3 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF GHAGHRA BASIN

3.1 General Including Past Developments

In Ghaghra basin, Ghaghra is the main river while Sharda, Ul, Chauka, Saryu, Terhi, Suheli, Kuwano and Little Gandak rivers are its major tributary. The surface and groundwater resources of basin have been utilised for irrigated agriculture through canal structures and wells. Over the past decades, irrigation canal systems based on diversion, storages and lift have been planned and constructed covering a large percentage of the area of basin. Ground water resources have also been developed, with a rapid increase in groundwater usage. This increase has been supported by the UP-government’s schemes to provide free or subsidised borings and pump sets, with the greatest assistance being given to small and marginal farmers.

3.2 Existing and On-Going Storages & Diversions

Diversion barrages have been built on the major rivers in UP to divert river flows into irrigation canals. The diversion capacities of these structures are given in Table 3.1.

The right bank canal at the Girija Barrage on the Ghaghra River transfers water to the Sharda River at the location of the Lower Sharda Barrage via suheli barrage where the water can be diverted into the Sharda Sahayak system. Similarly, the left bank canal at Girija Barrage diverts water to the Saryu River at Saryu Barrage where the water can be diverted into the Saryu main canal. Further from left bank of Saryu main canal, water is to be transferred to Rapti canal, through Rapti barrage constructed on river Rapti.

Table 3.1 : Capacity of diversions on major rivers of Ghaghra basin

River Name Sharda Ghaghra Saryu Rapti

Upper Lower Barrage Name Girija Saryu Rapti Sharda Sharda Capacity – Left (cumecs) 27 -480 360 450 95

Capacity – Right (cumecs) 326 650 480 -360 -95 Note: Negative capacity indicates diversion capacity into river from a link canal.

3.3 Irrigation

In Ghaghra Basin irrigation is being provided from canals of four major surface irrigation systems, namely the Sharda System, the Sharda-Sahayak System, the Saryu-Rapti System and the West Gandak canal System along with small and medium pump canals.

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3.3.1 Sharda System

The Sharda Canal is one of the largest and oldest systems in Uttar Pradesh. It was commissioned in 1928 to provide irrigation to a command area of 2.55 million ha in the area bounded by Ghaghra and Ganga Rivers. The main Sharda Canal takes off from the river Sharda at Banbassa. Dariyabad branch originally takes off from sharda canal which goes as Faizabad branch and tanda canal in Ghaghra basin. Originally the sharda canal head discharge was 269 cumecs, but this was increased to 326 cumecs later to cater for increased water requirement, due to the introduction of high yielding varieties of crops. In winter, the river flow decreases to about 130 cumecs so only part of canal capacity can be used during the winter months.

The main Sharda Canal has a length of 45 km. The most important offtaking canals from the Sharda canal are Hardoi Branch (length 252 km, original capacity 125 cumecs, modified capacity 187 cumecs), Kheri Branch (length 200 km, capacity 79 cumecs) and Deoha Baigul Feeder System (capacity 68 cumecs). The total length of the Sharda canal system is about 9677 km. The existing CCA of the Sharda system is 1.61 million ha. Total proposed irrigation area is 804,000 ha (50% of CCA), of which 417,000 ha (26%) is the Kharif area and 385,000 ha (24%) is the Rabi area.

The irrigation potential created from 1928 to 1938 was 547,000 ha, about 68% of the currently proposed irrigation area. In 1954-55, the Sharda Sagar Project Stage-I was commissioned. By 1957- 58, the potential irrigation area had increased to 616,000 ha. From 1960-61 to 1964-65, the potential irrigation area had increased further to 729,000 ha through the Sharda Sagar Project Stage-II and Nanak Sagar Project. This was followed by a further increase to 759,000 ha by commissioning of the Dalmau Pump Canal Stage-I. This area was later removed from the Sharda system following the commissioning of the Sharda Sahayak feeder Canal which isolated this area from the Sharda system. Details of main and branch canals are given in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 : Main/Branch Canal Capacity of Sharda System

Length of Chainage Design Discharge Canal Parent Channel Canal (km) (km) (cusecs) Sharda main canal Sharda Barrage 44.90 0 11,500 Bisalpur Branch Sharda Main Canal 71.60 26.60 350 Nigohi Branch Sharda Main Canal 104.00 38.80 500 Hardoi Branch Sharda Main Canal 85.00 44.90 4,400 Lucknow Branch Hardoi Branch 190.00 85.40 2,600 Sandila Branch Lucknow Branch 64.00 80.20 570 Asiwan Branch Hardoi Branch 111.50 227.00 743 Purwa Branch Hardoi Branch 120.00 251.40 800 Unnao Branch Hardoi Branch 85.00 251.40 600 Outlet Channel Sharda Sagar Reservoir 21.00 0 3,500 Kheri Branch Head Sharda Main Canal 200.00 44.90 860 Aliganj Main Canal Kheri Branch 27.00 52.40 460 Sitapur Branch Kheri Branch 89.00 67.70 766

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3.3.2 Sharda Sahayak System

Sharda Sahayak Project was framed in 1967. Salient features of this project as framed are:  716 m long barrage (Girija Barrage) on Ghaghra River near Katarnia Ghat to transfer water from Ghaghra to Sharda through a 28.7 kmc Link Channel of 480 cumecs capacity. The Link Channel transfers water to the Sharda River upstream of the Lower Sharda Barrage.  408 m long barrage (Lower Sharda Barrage) on River Sharda to divert Sharda and Ghaghra water into Feeder Channel.  258.8 km long Feeder Channel (650 cumecs) crossing Gomti and Sai Rivers through aqueducts providing irrigation water to CCA of 16.74 lakh ha at annual irrigation intensity of 115%. Under this project 1378 km long main canal and branch canals were constructed and 14,684 km long distributaries and minors were constructed. The branches offtaking from the Feeder Canal are: o Dariyabad Branch of length 153 km and 239 cumecs discharge capacity o Barabanki Branch of length 30 km and 35 cumecs discharge capacity o Haidergarh Branch of length 30.3 km and 141 cumecs discharge capacity o Allahabad Branch of length 59 km and 147 cumecs discharge capacity o Pratapgarh Branch of length 16 km and 32 cumecs discharge capacity.

Under this project 1,378 km long main canal and branch canals were constructed and 14,684 km long distributaries and minors were constructed. The branches offtaking from the Feeder Canal are given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 : Details of Sharda Sahayak System Canals

Length of Chainage Design Discharge Canal Parent Channel Canal (km) (km) (cusecs) SS Link Channel Ghaghra Barrage 28.70 0.00 16951 SS Feeder Channel Lower Sharda Barrage 259.10 0.00 23000 Daryabad Branch Sharda Sahayak Feeder 76.00 104.40 8533 Faizabad Branch Daryabad Branch 127.70 76.60 2228 Sultanpur Branch Daryababad Branch 169.00 76.60 4930 Azamgarh Branch Sultanpur Branch 14.00 169.00 1595 Shahganj Branch Sultanpur Branch 25.00 169.00 1570 Barabanki Branch Sarda Sahayak Feeder 30.00 119.70 2.5 Haidergarh Branch Sarda Sahayak Feeder 31.00 171.00 5850 Jaunpur Branch Haidergarh Branch 164.00 22.90 4350 Pratapgarh Branch S.S. Feeder 52.00 259.10 1150 Allahabad Branch S.S. Feeder 59.00 259.10 5264 Mariahun Branch Allahabad Branch 123.00 59.00 4200 Soraon Branch Allahabad Branch 4.40 59.00 530 Phulpur Branch Mariahun Branch 46.00 38.80 800

3.3.3 Saryu System

The 48 km Saryu Link Canal takes off from the left bank of the Ghaghra River at Girija Barrage. The Saryu Link Canal transfers water to the Saryu River at the location of the Saryu Barrage, constructed

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Table 3.4 : Main/Branch Canal Capacity of Saryu System

Length of Chainage Design Discharge Canal Parent Channel Canal (km) (cusecs) (km) Saryu Link Canal Ghaghra Barrage 47.00 0 12780 Saryu Main Canal Saryu Barrage 63.00 0 12780 Imamganj Branch Saryu Main Canal 58.60 21.40 1271 Basti Branch Saryu Main Canal 145.00 63.00 4190 Khalilabad Branch Basti Branch 77.00 116.50 1846 Gonda Branch Saryu Main Canal 113.00 63.00 3798 Tarabganj Branch Gonda Branch 91.00 5.60 1328 Itiyathok Branch Gonda Branch 40.17 26.40 1065 Mankapur Branch Gonda Branch 53.00 51.00 898 Tikri Branch Mankapur Br 46.00 16.20 639 Dumariganj Bansi Branch Basti 46.23 109.00 1070 Rapti Link Canal Saryu Main Canal 22.00 39.70 1242

For creating a potential of 14.04 lac ha, a CCA of 11.29 lac ha has been conceived, against initial proposal of 12 lac ha. Actual irrigation from canal water in Saryu nahar pariyojana is increasing with the development of canal under run. The provision of four pump canals namely Ayodhya Pump Canal, Gola Pump Canal, Utrauli Pump Canal, and Dumariaganj Pump Canal, which are running were also made under Saryu Nahar Pariyojana.

3.3.4 West Gandak System

The main West Gandak Canal System takes off from the Gandak River at Balmiki Nagar in Nepal. The Barrage on the Gandak River diverts water to the main canal and operational control is with the Bihar State. 18.90 km of the main canal lies in Nepal. After this, it enters into UP at Jhulnipur. The main canal in UP is 131.4 km in length. In Bihar, it is known as the Saran Canal System. It also includes the Rohin Danda system, diverting water from the Rohin River at Rohin Barrage.

In UP, it is proposed to irrigate about 2.43 lakh ha in Kharif and 0.89 ha in Rabi of Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Deoria and Kushinagar districts. At the head, the discharge capacity is 18,800 cusecs which includes 3000 cusecs for the Silt Ejector, so that the actual capacity of the main canal is 15,800 cusecs. Out of this, Bihar is entitled to have 8500 cusecs and UP 7300 cusecs. Details of main and branch canals are given Table 3.5.

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Table 3.5 : Main/Branch canal capacity of Gandak System

Length of Chainage Design Discharge Canal Parent Channel Canal (km) (km) (cusecs) Western Gandak MC Gandak River 19.62 0 15800 Deoria Branch Western Gandak MC 125.92 19.62 4350 Madhubani Branch Deoria Branch 37.54 12.45 370 Narayani Branch Western Gandak MC 76.02 13.3 1050 Mathia Branch Western Gandak MC 36.41 30.6 596 Kharjun Branch Western Gandak MC 62.95 37.2 1210

3.3.5 Pump Canal Schemes

The details of major pump canal schemes are given in Table 3.6. Nevertheless, these schemes rarely run at designed capacities due to various reasons such as frequent breakdown of equipments, irregular electricity, and inadequate discharge in rivers particularly in lean flow periods. Current contribution to overall water resource to Ghaghra basin system is insignificant.

Table 3.6 : Major Pump Canal Schemes in Ghaghra Basin

S. Discharge Total length CCA Name of Pump Canal No. in Cusec in Km in Ha 1 Ayodhya pump canal 600 245.5 47403 2 Dumariaganj Pump canal 900 245.2 65000 3 Gola pump canal 300 97.4 18000 4 Kuwano pump canal 240 113.3 19203 5 Doharighat pump canal 660 351.2 55000 6 Tanda pump canal 450 42.8 2287 7 Saryu pump canal 240 137.2 21387 Total 3150 1095.4 206893

3.3.6 Details of Canals and Command Areas in Ghaghra Basin

Summary of different types of canals within Ghaghra Basin is given in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7 : Category-wise Details of Canals in Ghaghra Basin

S. No. Canal Category Length, km 1 Main / Feeder 601.86 2 Branch 1,070.36 3 Distributary 2,583.21 4 Minor 4,282.08 Source: UPIWRD data superimposed with Basin

The commands of Sharda canal system, Sharda sahayak canal system, Saryu canal system,Gandak canal network and Pump canals under different sub-basins of Ghaghra basin is mapped in Figure 3.1 and detailed in Table 3.8.

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Table 3.8 : Project Commands covered under Sub-Basins of Ghagara Basin

Lower Chauka Little Sarda Sarju Tehri Upper Total CCA Canal network in Kuwano Ghaghra sub- Gandak sub- sub- sub- Ghaghra of Ghaghra different sub-basin sub- basin Total sub- basin sub-basin basin basin basin sub-basin Basin in Ha basin Kheri Branch 55,031 57,174 1,12,205 Dariyabad Branch 12,679 38,454 51,134 Faizabad Branch 42,783 20575 63,358 Ayodhya pump canal 30,607 2,859 33,466 Dumariaganj Pump canal 59,521 59,521 Gola pump canal 249 7,583 7,832 Kuwano pump canal 9,091 9,091 Doharighat pump canal 94273 94,273 Tanda pump canal 50,589 50,589 Saryu pump canal 15,082 3,411 18,493 Saryu system 1,44,217 332 67570 31,680 9,778 2,53,578 Suheli system 30,888 43,719 74,607 Western Gandak Canal 2,08,624 8,740 2,17,363

67,710 2,43,685 2,08,624 2,07,158 88,062 82,652 31,680 1,15,937 10,45,510

Table 3.9 : PPA of Canal Systems of Ghaghra Basin

S. CCA, PPA, ha Canal System (CS) No. ha Kharif Rabi Total 1 Sharda CS 112205 28051 26929 54980 2 Sharda Sahayak CS 114492 76710 54956 131666 3 Saryu CS 253578 190184 101431 291615 4 Suheli CS 74607 20890 14921 35811 5 West Gandak CS 217363 97813 49993 147806 6 Ayodhya pump canal 33466 25769 13386 39155 7 Dumariaganj Pump canal 59521 44641 23808 68449 8 Gola pump canal 7832 5482 3603 9085 9 Kuwano pump canal 9091 3182 2727 5909 10 Doharighat pump canal 94273 37709 37709 75418 11 Tanda pump canal 50589 24283 24283 48566 12 Saryu pump canal 18493 10726 7027 17753 Total 1045510 565440 360773 926213

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Figure 3.1 : Canal Commands in Ghaghra Basin

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3.3.7 Groundwater Development

As per the data of groundwater assessment jointly carried out by UP GWD and CGWB, the past groundwater development in Ghaghra Basin is shown in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10 : Past Groundwater Development in Ghaghra Basin

Total Annual Annual Extractable Total Annual Stage of Ground Year Ground Water Groundwater Ground Water Water Recharge, MCM Recharge, MCM Extraction, MCM Extraction, % 2009 11414.42 10417.01 6630.83 63.65 2011 11704.09 10993.43 7145.19 64.99 2013 11264.93 10609.26 6616.21 62.36 2017 9503.65 8903.10 5375.55 60.38 Source: GW Assessment of UP GWD and CGWB, apportioned to Basin

The last assessment as on 31st March 2017 shows that the average stage of ground water extraction is 60.38% with annual extractable groundwater recharge of 8903.10 MCM and total annual ground water extraction of 5375.55 MCM, which when converted to sub-basin level is shown in Table 3.11.

Table 3.11 : Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Ghaghra Basin, as on 31st March 2017

Total Annual Annual Extractable Total Annual Stage of S. Ground Water Groundwater Ground Water Ground Water Sub-Basin No. Recharge, Recharge, Extraction, Extraction, MCM MCM MCM % 1 Chauka 1061.83 994.25 559.27 56.25 2 Kuwano 1670.14 1572.59 998.28 63.47 3 Little Gandak 1416.69 1328.35 806.00 60.67 4 Lower Ghaghra 1798.56 1691.25 1125.34 66.54 5 Sharda 1011.04 929.59 500.74 53.86 6 Sarju 702.32 665.39 356.90 53.63 7 Tehri 395.95 375.55 226.36 60.27 8 Upper Ghaghra 1447.13 1346.14 802.66 59.63 GHAGHRA TOTAL 9503.65 8903.10 5375.55 60.38 Source: GW Assessment of UP GWD and CGWB, apportioned to Basin/Sub Basin

The details of different categories of existing wells and hand pumps in Ghaghra Basin are shown in Table 3.12. The administrative level details are given in Appendix 10.

Table 3.12 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Ghaghra Basin

Public Tube Public and private Public Tube Public Tube Sub Basin Hand Pumps Wells Dug Wells Wells - Shallow Wells - Deep Chauka 208 35 85579 459 23361 Kuwano 949 5244 164715 774 76157 Little Gandak 440 0 101098 0 59978 Lower Ghaghra 1015 470 130134 550 83766

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Public Tube Public and private Public Tube Public Tube Sub Basin Hand Pumps Wells Dug Wells Wells - Shallow Wells - Deep Sarda 102 0 69204 459 19482 Sarju 311 2 47575 39 30816 Tehri 147 0 38723 1 17797 Upper Ghaghra 282 260 103694 392 48130 Basin Total 3454 6011 740722 2674 359487 Source: GW Assessment data of UP GWD apportioned to Basin/Sub Basin

3.4 Domestic and Industrial Water Supply

In Ghaghra basin, drinking water supplies are totally dependendent on ground water. During summer months, river and its tributaries contain less water therefore, to meet the drinking water supply of villages open well and government hand pumps serve the purpose. In district and block level cities mostly water supply is done through pipelines and overhead tanks. Industrial water supplies are also dependent on ground water.

3.5 Hydroelectric and Thermal Power

In Uttar Pradesh portion of Ghaghra Basin there is no hydro power plant but there are three existing and one ongoing thermal power plant, details of which are given in Section 4.2.

3.6 Flood and Drainage Management

Construction, maintenance of all structural and non-structural interventions for flood mitigation is the main responsibility of UP Irrigation Department. The Department also collects data on river Gauges and flows, from its network of observation stations, during the flood season and issues a consolidated daily flood report including forecasts. Central Water Commission has also set up a vast network of river gauging and flow measurement stations for its own analysis and dissemination of relevant information and forecast to all concerned, including UP Irrigation Department. The department has also a well-established dam safety organization for deciding on solutions for the safety of existing dams which have come under distress and process the plan of action and over see its implementation. The Irrigation Department of the State has to have a very strong and effective linkage with the disaster management authority so as to ensure timely and effective mitigation arrangements by the authority in the event of floods as well as failures of any dam in the state.

Notwithstanding the fact that the long-term objective for mitigation of flood problem shall not be only implementation of planned cost intensive structural and/or non-structural interventions but also to develop and set-up a comprehensive modern flood management information system for the state.

The worst flood affected areas in U.P. lies in Ghaghra Basin also. The river Ghaghra and its tributaries lying in the districts of Bahraich, Gonda, Balrampur, Maharajganj, Shrawasti, Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and SantKabir Nagar inundate vast areas frequently. Recurring floods in these areas cause huge loss of crops, property, human and cattle life. A total of 18.73 lac ha of area was affected by floods in the districts due to Ghaghra and Rapti rivers during one of the severest floods in 1973.

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3.6.1 Natural hazards River-borne

Natural hazards are classified into two types: (a) flooding and (b) lateral erosion.

3.6.1.1 Flooding

It is the most widespread of all the natural hazards. Floods have a very high impact upon homeless, moderate in terms of injuries, and low loss of life in comparison with other natural hazards. The main reasons of flooding in this area are high snow melt, and mass movement in the upper reaches and poor drainage, blockade, and high rain fall in the catchments area, and dam/levee failure. The river valley is narrowed by constructing artificial levees to provide the land for settlements for continuously increasing population. When discharge exceeds the capacity of the channel, flooding occurs on adjacent areas and can have destructive effects. It originates in two ways:

A) logging and spreading of water due to heavy rains and B) breaking of levee due to rise of water level.

At Turtipar, gauge site located between Barhaj and Gothani, flood has occurred for 56 times in 1983, 1988, and 1996 (Dhar and Nandargi 1998) due to heavy rainfall in the catchment. The levee failure is the main reason of flooding in this area.

3.6.1.2 Lateral Erosion

The analysis of the lateral erosion by Ghaghra River is of both social and scientific interest. It originates because of its alluvium content made up of sand, silt, and clay in different proportions. The (sand and silt) sediments are non-cohesive and unconsolidated, so they can undergo weathering, transportation, and sliding. The geomorphological, facies and granulometric analyses indicate that the lower and middle part of the channel banks and sand-bar deposits are made up of sand and silt and are prone to erosion, scouring, and mass movement, leading to lateral erosion. The abandoned channel of the river consists of sandy substrate that also initiates the lateral erosion. The fractures developed during dry season in the clayey facies of the river bank deposits are parallel to the direction of the river/lineament/fault. During low-discharge period, frequency of the formation of these fractures is high. These fractures are 5-10 cm wide and 10-20 m in length. With time, these fractures widen, collapse, and fall due to mass movement and enhance lateral erosion. Ghaghra is entrenched in the channel bar deposits during the low-discharge period to maintain its hydraulic gradient. With the increase in discharge, the river overtops the channel bar and results in the sedimentation of fine- grained material as over-bank deposits. The channel bar facies are underlain by over-bank facies, and this feature is laterally. The capping of the fine-grained material over the sandy facies attracts the population for settlement, as it can be used for cultivation too. During high-discharge period, when sandy facies are submerged, sand becomes wet and consolidated. However, during low-discharge period, the sandy facies that makes the middle and lower part of the channel bar and river bank is exposed. The exposed noncohesive dry sand with low degree of compaction slides due to mass movement. It moves/ slides to achieve the stability, i.e. the angle of repose (sand cannot stabilize at steeper angle). Sliding and removal of sand from the river bank and bar deposits is a continuous process during low-discharge period. It results in the slumping of the upper fine-grained clayey unit

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3.7 Inland Navigation

The use of rivers in the Basin for navigation is very limited. Short journeys across the river are the major navigational use of the river, especially during the wet season.

There are 111 officially notified Inland National Waterways (NWs) in India identified for the purposes of inland water transport, as per The National Waterways Act, 2016. Out of the 111 NWs, 106 were created in 2016. Ghaghra river is already included as NW40.

3.8 Fisheries

In Ghaghra Basin, there are 35 Government reservoirs with total reservoir area of 1165 ha having 1815 quintal production and 2223 Private reservoirs with total reservoir area of 1612 ha having 41668 quintal production. Further details are given in Section 4.4.1.

3.9 Recreation and Other Uses

Recreational use of the rivers and waterways is very limited. Canals, rivers and drains are used by many people, however, for bathing for personal hygiene. Rivers are also very important for cultural and religious reasons.

3.10 Endangered species

The Ghaghra provides the upper range for the Gangetic river dolphin (Platanista gangetica), the largest freshwater mammals found on the Indian subcontinent. They are considered vulnerable species. The river dolphins are legally protected animals in Nepal as endangered mammal and fall under Schedule I of the protected list of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973. Living at the upstream range limit, dolphins in the Ghaghra River are particularly vulnerable to threats from habitat degradation. Dolphins need deep pools of water. They are often found in places where human activities are most intense and they are sometimes accidentally caught by the local people who live in the lower Ghaghra basin in Nepal. The Ghaghra River supports the last potentially viable population of the Ganges River dolphin in Nepal. These dolphins are at their farthest upstream range and isolated by the Girja Barrage, located about 16 kilometres downstream of the Nepal–India border.

3.11 Environmental Status

The principles of ecologically sustainable development (ESD) are increasingly being accepted locally, nationally and internationally. ESD terminology has become interchangeable with the more commonly used term ‘sustainable development’ or ‘sustainability’. The wider acceptance of ESD

1 Natural hazards in the Ghaghara River area, Ganga Plain, India by Dhruv Sen Singh, Department of Geology, University of Lucknow and Amit Kumar Awasthi Regional Training Division, Geological Survey of India, Lucknow

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Population growth places additional pressure on the natural environment through the consumption of natural resources and the generation of wastes and other inputs capable of degrading the quality of soil, water and air. This causes loss of native flora and fauna and, as more recently noted, influences global climate change.

As per Uttar Pradesh Development Report (vol. 2), prepared by Planning Commission, Government of India; the air quality of some urban cities of Uttar Pradesh was poor. The major portion of SPM is of natural origin resulting from dust storms, vehicular movement and agricultural activities. The rest may be contributed by burning of wastes and by fuel consumption in residential areas, industrial areas and commercial areas, although in the industrial areas the SPM concentration is not too high. It is important to note that the concentrations of NOx (oxides of Nitrogen) and SO2 (Sulphur dioxide gas) were within the standard norms.

3.12 Water Quality

Treatment of sewerage and diversion of drains carrying effluents in city like Faizabad, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Ballia are being proposed and it is expected that water quality will improve in future. The surface and ground water quality in Ghaghra Basin is discussed in detail in Section 4.1.6.

3.13 Water Legislation / Interstate / International Agreements

3.13.1 Legislative Framework

The functions and powers of UPIWRD in relation to planning and managing water resources are defined under several Acts given in Appendix 12. These powers are exercised through regulations and standing orders.

3.13.2 Interstate/International Agreements

India and Nepal have signed a Treaty known as Mahakali Treaty on 12th February, 1996. The Treaty provides for the establishment of the Mahakali River Commission to advise the two States on issues relating to the conservation and utilization of the Mahakali River, to coordinate and monitor plans of action and to examine disputes. Disputes are to be submitted to arbitration if the Commission fails to provide its advice thereon within three months. The treaty will focus on integrated development of the Sharda River (known as Mahakali River in Nepal). The scope of the Treaty covers the Sharda Barrage, the Tanakpur Barrage and the proposed Pancheshwar project. From the Sharda Barrage, the Treaty gives Nepal 28.3 cumec (1000 cusec) of water in the wet season and 4.25 cumec (150 cusec) in the dry season. This quantity is to be supplied from the Tanakpur Barrage if the Sharda Barrage turns non- functional. Further, the Treaty also directs that not less than 9.91 cumec (350 cusec) should flow downstream of the barrage to maintain and preserve the ecosystem of the river. When the Pancheshwar Project comes into being and augments the availability of water in dry season at Tanakpur, Nepal would be provided with additional water and additional energy. Nepal will bear a portion of the cost of generation of incremental energy.

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3.14 Institutional Framework

3.14.1 National and State Water Policy

For conservation and efficient use of water, National & State water policy has been issued to provide guide lines for management of water resource. The National water policy (2012) insists to incorporate a participatory approach, by involving not only the various governmental agencies but also the users’ and other stakeholders, in an effective and decisive manner, in various aspects of planning, design, development and management of the water resources schemes. Water Users Association and local bodies such as municipalities and Gram-Panchayats should particularly be involved in the operation, maintenance and management of water infrastructures/facilities at appropriate levels progressively, with a view to eventually transfer the management of such facilities to the user groups/ local bodies State water policy was declared and is in inconsonance with the general guide lines and parameters laid down in the "National Water Policy". The main objectives are:

a. Ensure preservation of the scarce water resources and to optimise the utilization of the available resources. b. Bring about qualitative improvement in water resource management which should include user's participation and decentralization of authority. c. Maintain water quality, both surface and underground, to established norms and standards. d. Promote formulation of projects as far as and whenever possible on the concept of basin or sub- basin, treating both surface and the ground water as a unitary resource, ensuring multipurpose use of the water resource. e. Maintain ecological and environmental balance while developing water resources.

3.14.2 UPWaMReC, SWaRA & SWaRDAC

Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has enacted Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission (UPWaMReC) to regulate and recommend the tariff for water used for agriculture, industrial, drinking, power and other purposes and also for levying cess on land benefitted by flood protection and drainage works to assist the State for making policies and execution of water resources within the State, facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and optimal utilization of water resources for ensuring sustainable development of the State. UPWaMReC Act has come into force from March 04, 2014 and UPWaMReC has been established on May 19, 2014.

State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) was created in June 2001 in the State of Uttar Pradesh for management, planning and sectoral allocation of Water Resources (both Surface & Ground) to various agencies viz. Drinking Water, Agriculture, Industrial Development, Hydro Power, Transportation, Entertainment and Thermal Power Production, Environmental flow of water in rivers and to give legal base to the above preparation and use of Surface/Ground water. SWaRA is mandated to provide necessary technical assistance to WaMReC in its functions including allocation and distribution of entitlements for various category of uses, and to lay down the criteria for modifying entitlements as needed.

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State Water Resources Data Analysis Center (SWaRDAC) has been setup to provide water related data to the State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) and other Central/State water plans for all river basins of the State.

3.14.3 Water Management Institutions

The agencies and departments besides Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Water Resources Department, currently involved in State water management and development can be broadly grouped as primary and secondary.

Primary institutions are:  State Groundwater Department - responsible for groundwater monitoring, assessment and forecast (quantity and quality); and providing subsidies for the construction of private tubewells.  Central Water Commission - scrutinises major projects (CWC)  Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) - regional focus on groundwater issues  UP Projects Corporation Limited  Flood Control Board - carries responsibilities for the management and control of floods.  Department of Rural Water Supply - provides drinking water to rural areas.  Panchayat Raj Department - supervises the Panchayats, which, in principle, are in charge of groundwater development (tubewells) and the construction and O&M of minor irrigation works.  Department of Minor Irrigation - deals with small irrigation schemes and drills private tubewells, amongst other things.  Hydropower Corporation - deals with hydropower production.  Planning Department  UP Jal Nigam (Water Supply Corporation) - responsible for policy formulation, planning and construction of urban and rural water supply and sewerage systems.  Agriculture and Related Departments  Ministry of Environment - deals with water quality aspects and environment protection.  UP Pollution Control Board - deals with water pollution  Command Area Development and Water Resources Department - responsible for command area development - Sarda Sahayak Canal and the Ramganga Canal.

Secondary Institutions are:  Remote Sensing Application Centre (RSAC)  Uttar Pradesh Diversified Agriculture Support Project (UP-DASP)  Rural Development Department - in charge of rural development; amongst other things  Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI)  Department of Transport - deals with navigation.

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3.14.4 Jal Shakti Mantralaya

Under newly constituted Jal Shakti Mantralaya the following works/departments have been included: Namami Gange, Irrigation & Water Resource, Mechanical Irrigation, Flood Control, Minor Irrigation, Groundwater Department, Rural Drinking Water Supply and Parti Bhumi Vikas (Fellow Land Development).

A Jal Sanchay Abhiyan (campaign of water conservation) and water security in stressed blocks having Five Point Programmes- (i) water conservation and rainwater harvesting; (ii) renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks; (iii) reuse, borewell recharge structures; (iv) watershed development; and (v) intensive afforestation. These water conservation efforts will also be supplemented with special inventions developing Blocks and Districts Water Conservation Plan, promotion of efficient water use for irrigation and better choice of crops through Krishi Vighyan Kendras (KVC). Government is advocating best practices in water sector and recognises that data-based decision making is going to be key to effective water management.

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4 ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND RELATED RESOURCES IN GHAGHRA BASIN

4.1 Water Resources

4.1.1 Climatic Characteristics

4.1.1.1 Rainfall

IMD New High Spatial Resolution (0.25 x 0.25 degree) Long Period (1901-2015) Daily Gridded Rainfall Data Set over India has been collected. The unit of rainfall is in millimetre (mm). Data is arranged in 135 x 129 grid points. The first data in the record is at 6.5N & 66.5E, the second is at 6.5N & 66.75E, and so on. The last data record corresponds to 66.5N & 100.0E. The data was processed to get the fortnightly values from year 1961 to 2015. Using which fortnightly rainfall rasters were prepared for year 1961 to 2015. Using the Spatial Analyst rainfall is calculated for the polygon of interest, which can be a gauge site catchment, sub-basin, etc. Based on the above data, the rainfall in Ghaghra Basin and its sub-basins is shown in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1.

Table 4.1 : Monthly and Annual Maximum, Minimum and Average Rainfall, mm (1961-2015)

Sub Basin Particular Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Chauka Max. 64.76 82.92 60.25 84.02 103.77 388.92 644.97 544.19 488.84 338.59 29.19 67.58 1569.93 Chauka Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.96 80.13 93.45 17.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 500.08 Chauka Avg. 19.92 16.69 11.31 9.26 28.73 126.07 289.90 276.00 181.13 42.21 2.84 9.18 1013.22 Kuwano Max. 51.66 51.20 45.89 79.10 94.62 540.57 620.21 533.69 449.78 178.76 50.30 43.17 1635.75 Kuwano Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 15.61 86.47 82.71 10.56 0.01 0.00 0.00 554.22 Kuwano Avg. 13.34 13.27 8.89 9.56 27.07 136.68 303.38 262.22 170.73 40.53 3.46 6.82 995.95 Little Gandak Max. 56.49 54.93 41.54 53.65 91.81 413.52 618.10 545.39 407.44 233.72 46.41 71.56 1549.17 Little Gandak Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.21 32.36 79.78 84.26 35.22 0.24 0.00 0.00 464.20 Little Gandak Avg. 11.65 10.88 8.16 12.11 35.52 144.44 304.47 276.16 180.76 47.47 3.48 6.78 1041.87 Lower Ghaghra Max. 49.97 46.11 39.02 45.75 81.41 413.82 577.69 503.85 440.27 197.04 44.77 53.17 1426.39 Lower Ghaghra Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 14.55 80.75 64.66 22.27 0.02 0.00 0.00 445.49 Lower Ghaghra Avg. 11.82 11.56 6.53 7.93 24.90 114.45 275.15 252.10 169.91 40.36 4.08 5.42 924.20 Sarda Max. 59.94 93.51 74.50 92.39 121.90 438.11 705.69 558.28 478.51 357.53 29.11 78.75 1591.35 Sarda Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 14.41 96.12 98.96 22.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 452.41 Sarda Avg. 20.09 17.78 12.45 10.26 31.27 140.91 311.66 292.93 182.86 41.79 2.62 8.90 1073.54 Sarju Max. 59.13 77.78 48.36 100.51 117.22 431.17 625.59 510.30 489.81 222.58 29.09 52.71 1639.91 Sarju Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.59 67.38 82.70 14.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 603.77 Sarju Avg. 17.48 16.95 10.62 10.53 32.08 145.97 307.65 264.67 178.59 43.06 3.12 8.75 1039.48 Tehri Max. 55.44 71.76 47.73 103.81 108.12 490.04 599.99 534.73 448.08 186.46 26.42 46.14 1625.42 Tehri Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.26 54.46 88.22 7.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 611.82 Tehri Avg. 15.91 16.05 9.88 9.88 29.04 143.62 302.88 266.94 180.30 41.52 3.14 8.35 1027.51 Upper Ghaghra Max. 61.88 82.06 49.82 89.10 112.39 429.66 637.88 490.68 485.67 244.84 30.21 61.34 1611.58 Upper Ghaghra Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.71 74.77 89.30 14.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 562.68 Upper Ghaghra Avg. 17.94 16.49 10.29 9.54 29.81 137.87 303.18 264.76 180.22 42.65 3.13 9.02 1024.90 Ghaghra Basin Max. 55.83 63.66 47.36 73.81 98.75 445.58 617.96 521.90 455.56 227.72 39.09 56.95 1561.37

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Sub Basin Particular Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Ghaghra Basin Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 15.20 78.66 81.62 18.58 0.04 0.00 0.00 515.28 Ghaghra Basin Avg. 14.89 14.06 9.04 9.60 28.95 132.98 296.18 265.28 176.08 42.18 3.42 7.38 1000.03 Source: IMD Gridded Data

Figure 4.1 : Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (1961-2015)

Rainfall in the Basin is dominated by monsoon rainfall in the months of June to September, with July and August being the wetter months in which most of the rainfall occurs. Figure 4.2 shows the annual isohyets developed from the above data showing spatial variability of rainfall in Ghaghra Basin.

The average annual rainfall in Ghaghra Basin is 1000.30 mm. It can be seen that rainfall in the Ghaghra Basin is dominated by monsoon rainfall (87.0% of total rainfall) in the months of June to September, with July and August being the wetter months in which most of the rainfall occurs (65% of monsoon rainfall and 56.13% of total rainfall). The average annual rainfall in Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Saryu, Tehri and Upper Ghaghra is 1013.22 mm, 995.95 mm, 1041.87 mm, 924.20 mm, 1073.54 mm, 1039.48 mm, 1027.51 mm and 1024.90 mm, respectively. The variability in annual rainfall in Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Figure 4.3 using the Box Plot or Box and Whisker Diagram (for details see Appendix 13).

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Figure 4.2 : Isohyets of Average Annual Rainfall over Ghaghra Basin, mm (1961-2015)

Figure 4.3 : Variability in Annual Rainfall in Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins, mm (1961- 2015)

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The average fortnightly rainfall series of 54 years for the year 1961 to 2015, has been taken for modelling purposes with no deviation for future. In climate change scenario, the rainfall deviation has been considered. However, there is an option to run the model with different rainfall series of different duration and dependability to analyse different scenarios.

4.1.1.2 Temperature

IMD High resolution 1 by 1-degree gridded daily Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and Mean Temperature data over India (1951-2014) has been collected. This data is arranged in 31 x 31 grid points. Lat 7.5N, 8.5N ... 36.5, 37.5 (31 Values) and Long 67.5E, 68.5E ... 96.5, 97.5 (31 Values). The unit of temperature is in Celsius.

The data was processed to get the fortnightly values from year 1961 to 2014. Using which fortnightly temperature rasters were prepared for year 1961 to 2014. Using the Spatial Analyst maximum, minimum and mean temperature is calculated for the polygon of interest, which can be a gauge site catchment, sub-basin, etc.

Based on the above data, the average monthly maximum, minimum and mean temperature for year 2000 to 2014 in Ghaghra Basin and its sub-basins is shown in Table 4.2, Table 4.3 and Table 4.4, respectively and presented graphically in Figure 4.4, Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6, respectively. Comparison of Average Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperature for Ghaghra Basin for year 2000 to 2014 is presented in Figure 4.7.

The highest monthly mean maximum temperature is in the month of May (31.71°C) while the lowest monthly mean minimum temperature is in the month of January (10.9°C).

Table 4.2 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Chauka 18.00 21.53 27.52 32.19 34.65 35.58 32.53 30.32 29.95 28.35 23.68 18.56 35.58 Kuwano 17.98 22.49 28.12 32.64 34.75 35.93 32.08 30.52 30.54 28.74 24.49 18.92 35.93 Little Gandak 18.08 22.61 28.01 32.05 34.16 35.29 31.54 30.65 30.56 28.81 24.85 19.04 35.29 Lower Ghaghra 18.13 22.68 28.19 32.40 34.52 35.69 31.77 30.56 30.53 28.75 24.78 19.06 35.69 Sarda 17.70 21.09 27.00 31.71 34.15 35.16 32.21 30.02 29.44 27.93 23.26 18.21 35.16 Sarju 18.08 22.09 27.98 32.59 34.90 35.82 32.52 30.52 30.46 28.67 24.17 18.83 35.82 Tehri 18.00 22.28 28.11 32.69 34.94 35.94 32.43 30.54 30.53 28.72 24.27 18.89 35.94 Upper Ghaghra 18.00 21.96 27.89 32.49 34.83 35.79 32.45 30.46 30.29 28.55 24.01 18.76 35.79 Grand Total 18.03 22.27 27.96 32.39 34.61 35.69 32.10 30.49 30.39 28.64 24.36 18.87 35.69

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Figure 4.4 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Source: IMD Gridded Data

Table 4.3 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Chauka 11.07 13.63 18.62 25.81 29.31 26.90 27.73 26.40 27.33 22.68 18.82 12.65 11.07 Kuwano 10.90 14.20 19.21 27.20 29.12 26.87 27.71 27.17 27.58 23.58 19.65 13.19 10.90 Little Gandak 10.97 14.17 19.19 26.92 28.44 26.45 27.33 27.54 27.60 23.99 19.79 13.69 10.97 Lower Ghaghra 11.07 14.18 19.34 27.22 28.83 26.72 27.38 27.44 27.58 23.80 19.74 13.72 11.07 Sarda 10.96 13.29 18.13 25.16 28.87 26.62 27.32 26.06 26.98 22.24 18.49 12.34 10.96 Sarju 10.92 14.03 19.03 26.67 29.45 26.85 28.07 26.78 27.61 23.26 19.24 12.97 10.92 Tehri 10.92 14.11 19.14 26.94 29.44 26.92 28.01 26.93 27.63 23.38 19.45 13.07 10.92 Upper Ghaghra 10.93 13.89 18.91 26.51 29.42 26.86 27.85 26.71 27.51 23.06 19.15 12.93 10.93 Grand Total 10.98 14.02 19.07 26.77 29.06 26.77 27.63 27.04 27.52 23.42 19.43 13.23 10.98 Source: IMD Gridded Data

Figure 4.5 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

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Table 4.4 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Chauka 14.90 17.80 23.34 28.99 31.67 31.11 29.56 28.98 28.44 25.79 21.19 16.24 24.83 Kuwano 15.57 18.63 24.08 29.63 31.86 31.18 29.72 29.44 28.99 26.50 21.95 16.91 25.37 Little Gandak 15.68 18.79 24.02 29.24 31.28 30.70 29.58 29.49 29.02 26.71 22.19 17.13 25.32 Lower Ghaghra 15.76 18.83 24.16 29.55 31.67 31.01 29.65 29.46 29.01 26.63 22.12 17.12 25.42 Sarda 14.52 17.36 22.85 28.43 31.18 30.73 29.25 28.62 28.03 25.35 20.80 15.91 24.42 Sarju 15.30 18.31 23.84 29.49 31.96 31.26 29.71 29.30 28.83 26.23 21.63 16.62 25.21 Tehri 15.43 18.45 23.98 29.62 32.01 31.29 29.75 29.37 28.92 26.36 21.76 16.74 25.31 Upper Ghaghra 15.21 18.19 23.72 29.37 31.88 31.21 29.63 29.18 28.71 26.11 21.51 16.53 25.10 Grand Total 15.43 18.46 23.88 29.39 31.71 31.07 29.63 29.31 28.84 26.34 21.79 16.79 25.22

Figure 4.6 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Figure 4.7 : Comparison of Average Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperature for Ghaghra Basin, °C (2000-2014)

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4.1.1.3 Evaporation

Mean monthly Class A pan evaporation data read from isoline maps prepared and published by the IMD has been used as shown in Table 4.5. The highest evaporation is in May (296 mm, 9.55 mm/day) while the lowest is in January (35 mm, 1.13 mm/day). The annual average pan evaporation rates for Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Saryu, Tehri and Upper Ghaghra Sub-basins are 4.42 mm/day, 4.67 mm/day, 4.49 mm/day, 4.88 mm/day, 4.08 mm/day 4.48 mm/day, 4.69 mm/day, and 4.57 mm/day respectively. The annual average pan evaporation rates for Ghaghra Basin is 4.62 mm/day.

Table 4.5 : Average Pan Evaporation for Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins, mm

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Chauka 31 75 139 236 323 214 130 132 114 93 73 58 1615 Kuwano 31 85 164 265 293 213 150 155 120 93 78 61 1709 Little Gandak 31 82 170 253 275 210 150 155 120 93 60 44 1643 Lower Ghaghra 48 99 195 277 287 216 155 155 120 93 75 61 1782 Sarda 31 59 124 210 274 210 124 155 109 93 60 41 1490 Sarju 31 73 142 245 308 217 137 143 120 93 74 52 1635 Tehri 31 82 152 263 310 223 146 154 120 93 79 61 1714 Upper Ghaghra 34 76 147 259 309 226 140 138 118 93 77 54 1670 Ghaghra Basin 35 83 163 258 296 216 145 149 119 93 73 56 1686 Source: IMD Month-wise Evaporation Maps

4.1.2 Surface Water within Ghaghra Basin

4.1.2.1 Stream Gauge Sites and Stream Flows

The streamflow records of 11 stream gauging stations located in the Ghaghra basin have been compiled. Their identification and some pertinent data are given in Table 4.6. For the location of these stations see Map 3.

Table 4.6 : Streamflow Records in Ghaghra Basin

S. Database Responsible Period of Name of Gauging Site (River) No. Code No. Authority Records 1 Basti (Kuwano) GGU4OJ3 CWC 1985-2015 2 Paliakalan (Sarda) GGU6O16 CWC 1985-2015 3 Elginbridge (Ghaghra) GGUOOS2 CWC 1985-2015 4 Ayodhya (Ghaghra) GGUOOM9 CWC 1985-2015 5 Turtipar (Ghaghra) GGUOOF1 CWC 1985-2015 6 Kaptanganj (Chhoti Gandak) 4 UPIWRD 1995-2015 7 Durjanpur (Teri) 12 UPIWRD 1995-2015 8 Kalwari (Manwar) 13 UPIWRD 1995-2015 9 Dohrighat (Ghaghra) 14 UPIWRD 1995-2015 10 Rabahi (Ull) 27 UPIWRD 1995-2015

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S. Database Responsible Period of Name of Gauging Site (River) No. Code No. Authority Records 11 Belaghat (Kuwano) 60 UPIWRD 1995-2015 Source: CWC and UPIWRD

The analysis of stream flow data of CWC sites (1985-2015) used in surface water modelling is presented in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 : Stream Flow (cumec) in Ghaghra River Basin

Non- Mon- Particular Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Mon- soon soon BASTI - Kuwano River (cumec) 90% Dep 5.78 10.47 26.00 21.28 10.54 8.05 6.02 5.22 5.50 5.93 5.36 4.04 20.27 6.46 75% Dep 7.18 21.56 33.50 32.52 23.04 10.96 7.50 7.14 6.93 7.03 5.99 5.21 27.99 7.40 50% Dep 12.39 37.86 52.73 69.37 44.25 14.14 11.59 10.19 8.89 8.33 7.79 6.50 52.99 9.79 25% Dep 19.85 74.36 102.90 126.52 57.19 22.20 17.35 16.85 18.22 15.40 12.36 11.63 84.85 17.11 Mx. 40.13 210.20 215.10 391.18 215.15 61.72 48.56 33.53 37.60 35.07 22.44 25.14 147.89 35.13 Min. 2.68 6.44 17.06 9.97 8.07 6.21 3.48 3.89 4.87 3.52 4.02 2.69 11.30 5.22 Avg. 14.53 55.29 70.95 104.17 50.33 18.28 14.58 13.20 13.70 12.36 9.85 8.55 59.05 12.98 PALIAKALAN - Sarda River (cumec) 90% Dep 130.81 850.45 1349.54 899.52 266.83 104.18 49.02 45.18 40.83 35.06 30.88 43.54 795.60 78.28 75% Dep 219.23 1013.64 1457.37 1054.08 307.45 182.47 66.67 59.09 49.75 40.33 37.69 77.48 975.43 84.52 50% Dep 347.98 1302.51 1827.67 1249.87 449.93 290.16 98.55 83.52 62.59 53.41 46.18 105.29 1073.03 128.08 25% Dep 501.48 1555.87 2080.88 1456.71 709.06 392.33 180.88 105.60 105.39 72.62 75.38 169.44 1345.72 153.36 Mx. 1420.43 3353.85 3557.89 2201.19 2470.30 1062.63 754.59 318.89 228.03 271.64 279.97 566.40 1775.49 396.21 Min. 75.52 468.57 1098.02 772.64 168.17 59.52 39.50 42.22 33.81 24.74 25.66 38.75 592.67 54.23 Avg. 398.60 1403.89 1860.05 1334.92 633.16 338.12 151.72 107.62 85.86 69.18 68.72 144.25 1126.12 137.92 ELGINBRIDGE - Ghaghra River (cumec) 90% Dep 429.50 2652.42 4932.71 3647.96 1115.71 482.60 206.22 150.24 111.53 103.07 128.84 369.16 2799.17 309.25 75% Dep 711.99 3230.43 6286.75 3968.98 1264.19 580.30 264.43 180.12 140.31 116.44 269.28 530.30 3549.10 343.78 50% Dep 1048.37 4380.94 7194.40 5203.70 1827.29 941.46 359.35 252.24 227.42 144.63 379.51 673.75 4132.71 434.99 25% Dep 1444.92 5777.43 9055.30 6896.55 2674.87 1476.51 646.72 380.08 240.79 188.11 458.63 918.15 4872.27 550.71 Mx. 6873.95 13616.47 15150.85 14630.99 6191.98 4037.48 2426.45 1640.52 1124.83 962.08 903.12 1192.93 9888.95 1541.44 Min. 172.88 1813.38 4021.09 3082.00 814.17 358.73 184.36 96.19 70.31 61.05 100.99 231.94 2534.14 290.70 Avg. 1351.36 4623.35 7786.12 5719.68 2360.33 1089.98 508.18 349.06 261.20 226.12 379.90 713.33 4368.17 503.97 AYODHYA - Ghaghra River (cumec) 90% Dep 424.51 2691.79 5809.94 3620.69 1108.84 512.01 259.70 149.74 129.27 108.94 156.33 392.29 3156.15 364.41 75% Dep 798.76 3131.57 6786.64 4108.43 1422.46 652.56 295.39 191.93 149.28 114.98 219.63 477.43 3604.14 390.91 50% Dep 1157.58 4589.55 8045.24 5786.09 1868.89 933.55 396.63 300.42 241.62 169.26 416.76 673.48 4316.39 448.53 25% Dep 1622.63 6154.55 9663.27 7211.06 2802.31 1188.11 585.64 394.88 293.61 261.25 559.99 842.14 5428.48 555.24 Mx. 6029.40 10379.93 18949.89 10177.08 5991.79 2033.70 1156.11 724.65 604.16 579.66 790.44 1513.53 9213.56 744.68 Min. 200.84 2007.08 3656.55 3295.87 1023.24 409.21 183.68 112.76 98.36 81.10 85.28 264.31 2652.93 275.94 Avg. 1389.05 4963.92 8718.69 5926.96 2361.59 979.80 457.08 311.91 241.12 210.01 394.17 743.85 4672.04 476.85 TURTIPAR - Ghaghra River (cumec) 90% Dep 411.99 2613.30 5367.79 4872.67 1610.10 705.44 412.70 293.75 213.24 180.95 212.74 337.84 3356.21 410.50 75% Dep 587.27 3402.19 6027.11 5755.85 1970.12 925.41 498.34 349.11 264.68 197.35 272.66 446.93 3892.70 478.32 50% Dep 899.64 4135.88 7017.54 6621.32 3124.18 1272.08 627.61 431.93 329.29 264.68 350.58 608.42 4431.85 553.24 25% Dep 1364.42 4852.56 8382.00 8159.47 4058.60 1665.75 914.35 529.96 430.99 354.59 422.50 763.13 5376.54 635.40 Mx. 3551.10 9410.97 12149.43 10630.82 10976.30 4557.79 2863.73 774.45 808.02 886.43 1256.68 1337.19 7877.25 1418.82 Min. 306.79 2062.06 3939.25 4119.49 1492.62 603.34 329.63 222.43 165.76 147.07 177.53 263.28 2793.55 384.39 Avg. 1120.22 4502.04 7510.75 6921.01 3452.59 1421.16 756.52 453.03 360.99 302.11 384.27 645.86 4701.32 617.70 Source: CWC

4.1.2.2 Sediment Load

Along with stream flow, sediment load is also measured by CWC at four locations in Ghaghra Basin as shown in Table 4.8. The analysis of sediment data is presented in Table 4.9 and Table 4.10.

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Table 4.8 : Sediment Load Records in Ghaghra Basin

Data Base Catchment Name of Gauging Site Period of Records Code No. Area, Km2 Paliakalan (Sarda) GGU6O16 June 1985 to May 2015 17,676 Elginbridge (Ghaghra) GGUOOS2 June 1985 to May 2015 74,713 Ayodhya (Ghaghra) GGUOOM9 June 1985 to May 2015 80,889 Turtipar (Ghaghra) GGUOOF1 June 1985 to May 2015 1,13,088

Considering the last 30 years’ data, the sediment load at Ayodhya site is 398217 tonnes per day (145.45million tonnes/year) for 80,889 km2 i.e. 4.92 tonnes per day per km2. This corresponds to a catchment denudation rate of 1.29 mm/year. In low flow years the sediment load is low while the high flow years have high sediment load. The sediment load is maximum in the month of August in correspondence to stream flow (see Table 4.7).

Table 4.9 : Sediment Load at Paliakalan (Sarda River), Elgin Bridge, Ayodhya and Turtipar (Ghaghra River)

Location: Paliakalan (Sarda) Catchment Area, km2: 17,676 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 30 years data (Jun 1985 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 802 20195 19077 21936 2578 98 29 20 9 21 17 30 5442 Max. 205812 792527 669505 457416 398787 45552 17910 1959 1961 2166 3145 28508 221000 Avg. 27583 223176 345494 195840 46263 7170 1672 591 371 298 447 2741 71696 Location: Elginbridge (Ghaghra) Catchment Area, km2: 74,713 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 30 years data (Jun 1985 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 7010 142110 289352 113728 27544 2326 823 377 180 189 1735 6473 49923 Max. 731349 2423632 5795569 2463998 1466070 292162 107987 82504 64287 474663 51853 166943 1189094 Avg. 116664 777241 1653442 1098078 297366 76504 27961 15092 10385 21749 13197 32074 347936 Location: Ayodhya (Ghaghra) Catchment Area, km2: 80,889 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 30 years data (Jun 1985 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 3174 112339 274770 306312 28947 6284 2726 898 410 184 149 2707 61887 Max. 1320473 2879218 5907797 2624740 1182169 275600 96234 35796 231157 29117 29476 111325 1236911 Avg. 155698 999382 2076271 1082216 290604 48600 15639 7529 16737 4030 9657 25750 398217 Location: Turtipar (Ghaghra) Catchment Area, km2: 1,13,088 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 30 years data (Jun 1985 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 2068 102471 269602 421080 35001 7135 1257 848 285 47 129 260 70176 Max. 523118 2286162 4112238 3106874 2562440 593325 219796 105223 131445 95812 131736 56009 1169589 Avg. 66372 641380 1343422 1183689 454926 114084 38562 14375 11696 9398 9418 14095 327494

While considering the last 10 years’ data, the sediment load at Turtipar site is 410557 tonnes per day (149.96 million tonnes/year) for 113088 km2 i.e. 3.63 tonnes per day per km2. This corresponds to a catchment denudation rate of 0.95 mm/year. In lean flow years the sediment load is low while the high flow years have high sediment load. The sediment load is maximum in the month of August in correspondence to stream flow (see Table 4.7).

Sediment load at all the locations has decreased during the last 10 year, as compared to last 30 years average. It has decreased from 4.92 tonnes per day per km2 to 3.63 tonnes per day per km2.

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Table 4.10 : Sediment Load at Paliakalan (Sarda River), Elgin Bridge, Ayodhya and Turtipar (Ghaghra River)

Location: Paliakalan (Sarda) Catchment Area, km2: 17,676 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 10 years data (Jun 2005 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 802 58408 19077 21936 2578 909 284 82 64 43 17 30 8787 Max. 96412 249695 403631 234814 234505 36508 17910 1707 1961 2166 2034 2276 107991 Avg. 14232 144280 203575 133154 46313 9977 2369 726 597 554 535 681 46869 Location: Elginbridge (Ghaghra) Catchment Area, km2: 74,713 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 10 years data (Jun 2005 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 10131 178235 289352 113728 27544 6450 2731 1954 708 887 2326 7663 54132 Max. 362254 2423632 5795569 2463998 1466070 292162 106763 82504 64287 474663 18189 59212 1146737 Avg. 86267 778821 1962576 1239962 413186 104881 38272 20881 16250 52325 10912 23853 399186 Location: Ayodhya (Ghaghra) Catchment Area, km2: 80,889 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 10 years data (Jun 2005 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 3174 112339 1296444 475064 61508 26590 3256 1657 2352 1649 1547 3771 167552 Max. 1304387 2879218 4109519 1954081 1182169 73449 27169 35796 15154 29117 29476 28097 981616 Avg. 180539 1025490 2016457 926005 268501 52334 14767 8584 5651 7510 6835 13726 381194 Location: Turtipar (Ghaghra) Catchment Area, km2: 1,13,088 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 10 years data (Jun 2005 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 3882 202660 595011 580311 205162 71348 10304 3481 4264 2867 335 3021 141078 Max. 523118 2286162 2932163 2506138 1766522 437518 219796 105223 131445 95812 131736 56009 939584 Avg. 89486 766579 1616741 1330968 674852 201780 84157 30862 28936 23672 23635 18198 410557

4.1.2.3 Virgin Flow Volume

Using the Surface Water Model, the virgin flow volume series has been generated for Ghaghra basin and its sub-basins from 1961 to 2015 as shown in Appendix 14. The surface water availability within Ghaghra Basin at various dependability is shown in Table 4.11. The average annual virgin flow volume for Chauka Sub-basin, Kuwano Sub-basin, Little Gandak Sub-basin, Lower Ghaghra Sub- basin, Sharda Sub-basin, Sarju Sub-basin, Tehri Sub Basin, Upper Ghaghra Sub Basin and Ghaghra basin is estimated as 899 MCM, 1677 MCM, 1056 MCM, 1429 MCM, 1161 MCM, 816 MCM, 465 MCM, 2205 MCM and 9708 MCM, respectively.

Table 4.11 : Surface Water Availability within Ghaghra Basin, MCM

Little Lower Upper Chauka Kuwano Sharda Sarju Sub Tehri Ghaghra Water Availability Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Sub Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin Basin Sub Basin Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin Average 570.75 1048.71 661.52 873.97 764.14 515.54 292.28 1424.43 6151.35 25% 693.08 1267.71 820.38 1069.49 980.07 642.52 351.80 1726.60 7570.89 Monsoon, Dependability 50% 471.46 932.84 578.85 829.84 644.18 449.25 245.74 1231.68 5777.91 Level 75% 356.52 746.98 422.68 672.80 500.20 350.30 199.76 907.57 4300.22 90% 327.60 540.49 358.42 447.60 402.84 288.53 160.22 801.33 3504.08 Average 328.71 627.95 394.78 554.52 397.21 300.59 172.71 780.08 3556.56 Non-Monsoon, 25% 392.08 760.64 468.08 679.00 470.21 356.31 205.53 927.60 4222.99 Dependability Level 50% 326.00 641.29 398.93 540.65 379.56 303.27 183.96 768.18 3643.39 75% 271.69 478.47 330.24 445.09 327.66 239.04 136.26 647.22 2988.79

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Little Lower Upper Chauka Kuwano Sharda Sarju Sub Tehri Ghaghra Water Availability Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Sub Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin Basin Sub Basin Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin 90% 206.92 374.70 271.82 357.42 267.80 188.75 104.48 557.70 2456.97 Average 899.46 1676.66 1056.31 1428.50 1161.35 816.13 464.99 2204.51 9707.91 25% 1123.16 2069.88 1334.95 1744.75 1470.80 1010.42 558.50 2619.92 11480.18 Total, Dependability 50% 796.08 1542.15 993.91 1373.69 1065.60 764.87 425.68 2029.85 9350.87 Level 75% 631.47 1281.35 792.71 1081.99 820.97 597.29 330.65 1651.15 7612.36 90% 553.82 877.98 629.89 895.16 693.59 506.20 271.08 1375.84 6028.67 Source: Estimated

4.1.2.4 Surface Water Potential

The main river of Ghaghra basin are Ghaghra and Saryu rivers that is fed by snow and glacier melts from the high Himalayas during the summer months. There is considerable amount of flow, particularly in the Ghaghra River, which can be utilised in Rabi and Zaid seasons. That is why there are number of lift canals to utilise the untapped flows. In addition to utilisation of water from Girja and Saryu barrages, through Saryu system, there are several lift schemes such as Saryu, Tanda, Kuwano, Ayodhya, Doharighat and Doharighat Feeder, Gola, and Dumariyaganj that either feed the main canal systems or irrigate directly through the field channels. These schemes hardly run at the designed capacities. They operate at much reduced capacities. Normally, operating capacity varies from 5 to 10 cumecs. This is too very irregular and unreliable because of electricity shortage.

4.1.2.5 Adequacy of Surface Water Monitoring Network

Discharge gauges on the major rivers are considered adequate for the purpose of water resources assessment and management. However, there is inadequate data on the flows in drains and Nallahs. This data is required to assess the quantity of water that is flowing into the drains from fields and canal escapes, and thus not be effectively used for crop irrigation. It is recommended that all major perennial drains must be monitored. For rainfall measurement, there is need of additional 17 rain gauges in Ghaghra Basin. The list of the proposed new rainfall stations is presented in Appendix 15.

4.1.3 Importable Surface Water as per Share

In addition of utilisation of water from Girja and Saryu barrages (having major catchment area outside UP), through Saryu system including lift schemes, there is import of surface water to Ghaghra Basin through Banbasa Barrage, Lower Sharda Barrage and Gandak Barrage.

4.1.3.1 Girija Barrage

Girija Barrage was constructed in 1976 on Ghaghra River near Katarnia Ghat in Bahraich District of Uttar Pradesh. From left side of barrage Saryu Link Channel takes off having capacity of 360 cumecs while from right side of barrage Sharda Sahayak Link Channel takes off having capacity of 480 cumecs. The summary of water availability at Girija Barrage is given in Table 4.12.

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Table 4.12 : Water Availability at Girija Barrage, MCM

Girija Barrage, Water Availability MCM Average 21402.81 25% 25012.02 Monsoon 50% 20008.70 (Dependability) 75% 17665.10 90% 16095.02 Average 10336.22 25% 12131.40 Non-Monsoon 50% 10799.30 (Dependability) 75% 8534.69 90% 7393.40 Average 31739.03 25% 35120.88 Total 50% 31602.56 (Dependability) 75% 27324.53 90% 25566.38 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.3.2 Saryu Barrage

The 243.50 meter-long Saryu Barrage is complete and operational since 1998. The 47.135 km Saryu Link Canal takes off from the left bank of the Ghaghra River at Girija Barrage. The Saryu Link Canal transfers water to the Saryu River at the location of the Saryu Barrage, constructed in 1984. From this barrage, the Saryu Main Canal proceeds east approximately parallel to the India-Nepal border. The Imamganj Branch, Gonda Branch, Tarabganj Branch, Itiathok Branch and Basti Branch take off from the Saryu Main Canal. The Rapti Link Canal also takes off from the Saryu Main Canal between Imamganj Branch and Gonda Branch, and proceeds east to the Rapti barrage on the Rapti River. Surplus monsoon flows available in Ghaghra river, are to be utilsed by Rapti main canal, through Rapti Barrage.

Saryu Nahar Pariyojana has been designed to utilize the surplus monsoon waters of river Ghaghra for irrigation purpose in Uttar Pradesh. The project was originally conceived as Left Bank Ghaghra Canal project in the year 1974 by the State Government to irrigate 267000 ha in the districts of Bahraich and Gonda. Thereafter, it was reformulated in 1980 by changing and enlarging its scope and was renamed as Saryu Nahar Pariyojna covering nine districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Bahraich, Shravasti, Gonda, Balrampur, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Siddhartha Nagar, Maharajganj and Gorakhpur.

The project interlinks 5 rivers i.e. Ghaghra, Saryu, Rapti, Banganga and Rohini. The project envisages transferring 360cumecs of water from Girja barrage on river Ghaghra to Saryu barrage on river Saryu through the Saryu Link Channel (SLC) offtaking from left bank of Girja barrage. Thereafter Saryu Main Canal (SMC), with a designed carrying capacity of 360cumecs at its head, offtakes from the left bank of Saryu barrage. Subsequently, several distributaries offtake from SMC for providing irrigation in the SMC command. Rapti Link Channel (RLC), offtakes at 34.7 Km of SMC that transfers 95cumecs of water from the SMC to the Rapti barrage on river Rapti.

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The Gross Command Area (GCA) under entire Saryu Nahar Pariyojna is 16.0 Lakhs Ha while the Culturable Command Area (CCA) is 12.00 Lakh Ha. The Ultimate Irrigation Potential of the whole project is 14.04 Lakh ha. The intensity of Irrigation is therefore 117%.

The summary of water availability at Saryu Barrage is given in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13 : Water Availability at Saryu Barrage, MCM

Saryu Saryu, Including Share- Water Availability Barrage, Diversion from Girija Ghaghra MCM Barrage, MCM Basin Average 1512.24 10684.87 5392.64 25% 1925.95 12645.39 6382.10 Monsoon 50% 1482.99 10058.15 5076.33 (Dependability) 75% 1056.79 8627.55 4354.31 90% 917.35 7815.22 3944.32 Average 184.89 4614.70 2329.03 25% 205.92 5405.09 2727.94 Non-Monsoon 50% 176.96 4805.23 2425.19 (Dependability) 75% 160.48 3818.20 1927.04 90% 126.91 3295.51 1663.24 Average 1697.13 15299.57 7721.67 25% 2092.06 17143.87 8652.48 Total 50% 1675.52 15219.47 7681.24 (Dependability) 75% 1221.08 12931.59 6526.55 90% 1029.39 11986.41 6049.52 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.3.3 Banbasa Barrage

Banbasa Barrage was constructed in 1928 on Sharda River at border of India and Nepal in District Champawat of Uttarakhand. On left side of barrage there is Nepal Regulator from which Nepal Channel takes off having capacity of 1,000 cusecs while on right side of barrage there is Sharda Headworks from which Sharda Main Canal takes off having capacity of 11,500 cusecs (after Silt Ejector). From 11,500 cusecs, 400 cusecs, 80 cusecs and 1400 cusecs are diverted through Old Sharda Deoha Feeder Canal, Khatima Channel and New Sharda Deoha Feeder Canal, respectively. The main Sarda Canal takes off from the river Sarda at Banbassa. Originally the head discharge was 269 cumecs, but this was increased to 326 cumecs later to cater for increased water requirement, due to the introduction of high yielding varieties of crops.

The main Sarda Canal has a length of 45 km. The most important offtaking canals from the Sarda canal are Hardoi Branch (length 252 km, original capacity 125 cumecs, modified capacity 187 cumecs), Kheri Branch (length 200 km, capacity 79 cumecs) and Deoha Baigul Feeder System (capacity 68 cumecs). Imported surface water to Ghaghra basin is provided through Kheri Branch portion coming under basin.

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Table 4.14 : Water Availability at Banbasa Barrage, MCM

Banbasa Barrage, Share- Ghaghra Water Availability MCM Basin, MCM Average 14460.15 1113.43 25% 16932.38 1303.79 Monsoon 50% 13373.49 1029.76 (Dependability) 75% 12181.24 937.96 90% 11232.79 864.93 Average 4727.74 364.04 25% 5035.94 387.77 Non-Monsoon 50% 4527.97 348.65 (Dependability) 75% 3975.60 306.12 90% 3641.18 280.37 Average 19187.90 1477.47 25% 22308.17 1717.73 Total 50% 17455.99 1344.11 (Dependability) 75% 16558.29 1274.99 90% 15184.56 1169.21 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.3.4 Lower Sharda Barrage

Lower Sharda Barrage was constructed in 1974 on Sharda River near Mundi in Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh. The Sharda Sahayak Link Channel supplements the flow at Lower Sharda Barrage joining it on the left bank. From right side of barrage, the Sharda Sahayak Feeder Channel takes off having capacity of 650 cumecs. The branches offtaking from the Feeder Canal are, Dariyabad Branch ( length 153 km and 239 cumecs discharge capacity),Barabanki Branch (length 30 km and 35 cumecs discharge capacity),Haidergarh Branch (length 30.3 km and 141 cumecs discharge capacity), Allahabad Branch (length 59 km and 147 cumecs discharge capacity) and Pratapgarh Branch (length 16 km and 32 cumecs discharge capacity). Irrigation in Ghaghra basin is provided through Dariabad branch and Faizabad Branch.

Table 4.15 : Water Availability at Lower Sharda Barrage, MCM

Including Share- Utilizable- Utilizable- Water Availability Total Diversion from Ghaghra Sharda Sahayak Ghaghra Girija Barrage Basin Project Basin Average 21712.06 26727.12 1871.18 6810.27 476.79 25% 26817.90 31910.03 2234.04 6907.68 483.61 Monsoon 50% 15871.43 20897.59 1463.05 6901.34 483.17 (Dependability) 75% 11457.04 16450.22 1151.69 6767.68 473.81 90% 9855.59 14755.58 1033.05 6509.98 455.77 Average 2936.48 8354.45 584.90 7357.50 515.10 25% 3773.21 9973.03 698.22 8181.71 572.81 Non-Monsoon 50% 2358.49 8023.20 561.71 8023.20 561.71 (Dependability) 75% 1808.91 6730.32 471.19 6696.06 468.80 90% 1545.12 6356.49 445.02 6257.61 438.10 Average 24648.54 35081.57 2456.08 14167.77 991.89

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Including Share- Utilizable- Utilizable- Water Availability Total Diversion from Ghaghra Sharda Sahayak Ghaghra Girija Barrage Basin Project Basin 25% 30522.08 41559.54 2909.61 15089.39 1056.42 Total 50% 17868.89 28303.66 1981.56 13922.86 974.75 (Dependability) 75% 14191.75 23721.71 1660.77 13384.78 937.08 90% 11804.21 21311.83 1492.06 13133.93 919.51 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.3.5 Gandak Barrage

The main West Gandak Canal System takes off from the Gandak River at Balmiki Nagar in Nepal. The Barrage on the Gandak River diverts water to the main canal and operational control is with the Bihar State. 18.90 km of the main canal lies in Nepal. After this, it enters into UP at Jhulnipur. The main canal in UP is 131.4 km in length. In Bihar, it is known as the Saran Canal System.

In UP, it is proposed to irrigate about 2.43 lakh ha in Kharif and 0.89 ha in Rabi of Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Deoria and Kushinagar districts. At the head, the discharge capacity is 18,800 cusecs which includes 3000 cusecs for the Silt Ejector, so that the actual capacity of the main canal is 15,800 cusecs. Out of this, Bihar is entitled to have 8500 cusecs and UP 7300 cusecs.

Table 4.16 : Water Availability at Gandak Barrage, MCM

Water Water Total Ghaghra Water UP Share in Availability Availability Utilizable Basin Share Total Water Availability Total Water Availability as per as per UP Water as in Total Availability as per UP Utilizable WGMC Ghaghra per WGMC Utilizable Share Water Share Basin Share Capacity Water Average 42007.86 21877.69 10108.05 6601.79 5688.79 2628.36 1716.64 Monsoon, 25% 46664.85 24303.05 11228.63 7333.67 5889.65 2721.17 1777.25 Dependability 50% 41298.62 21508.32 9937.39 6490.33 5889.65 2721.17 1777.25 Level 75% 39040.15 20332.11 9393.95 6135.40 5889.65 2721.17 1777.25 90% 38125.54 19855.78 9173.87 5991.66 5475.52 2529.83 1652.29 Average 9754.08 5079.93 2347.05 1532.91 4694.60 2169.03 1416.64 Non-Monsoon, 25% 10410.15 5421.61 2504.92 1636.02 5020.01 2319.37 1514.83 Dependability 50% 9459.84 4926.68 2276.25 1486.67 4705.54 2174.08 1419.94 Level 75% 8947.86 4660.05 2153.06 1406.21 4429.39 2046.49 1336.61 90% 7469.58 3890.16 1797.35 1173.89 3885.94 1795.40 1172.62 Average 51761.94 26957.62 12455.10 8134.70 10383.39 4797.39 3133.28 Total, 25% 56455.67 29402.11 13584.52 8872.35 10843.85 5010.13 3272.23 Dependability 50% 51147.51 26637.62 12307.26 8038.14 10589.99 4892.84 3195.62 Level 75% 48227.15 25116.70 11604.55 7579.19 10319.03 4767.65 3113.86 90% 46546.59 24241.46 11200.17 7315.08 9721.46 4491.56 2933.54 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1991-2015

4.1.4 Present Utilization of Surface Water

There are 6 minor lift irrigation schemes in Ghaghra basin, 1 on river Kuwano in district Basti, 2 on river Simili in district Barabanki and 3 in district Ballia on Ghaghra river. The total running capacity of 6 lift schemes is 92.5 cusecs for irrigation in 4502 ha command.But their running capacity has dropped to 50%, due to non-availability of sufficient power and water. The details are shown in Table 4.17.

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Table 4.17 : Minor Lift Schemes in Ghaghra Basin at Different Locations with Installed Capacity

Number Installed Running CCA In S.N. of Lift River District Capacity discharge ha Schemes in cusec in cusec 1 3 Ghaghra River Right Ballia 47.5 47.5 2,587 2 2 Simli River Right Barabanki 30 15 1,008 3 1 Kuwano River Right Basti 15 30 907 Total 92.5 92.5 4,502 Source: UPIWRD

As discussed in Section 3, the major surface water irrigated areas of Ghaghra Basin is from Saryu system supplied from diversions on, Ghaghra and Saryu rivers and supplemented by major lift irrigation schemes. On saryu system, there are still gaps in canal system, so full canal capacity is not being utilsed and link to saryu barrage and saryu main canal are under utilsed.

As per analysis of data at Saryu Barrage (1991 to 2015), on an average about 0.600 BCM water is transferred in Saryu system annually, while the diversion capacity is of 11.353 BCM, against the availability of 1.088 BCM. However additional water transfer to saryu main canal, will be the diverted water from Ghaghra barrage, through Saryu link channel. Presently limited water from Ghaghra barrage is being transferred to Saryu barrage.

Table 4.18 : Present Water Availabilty and Diversion at Saryu Barrage, MCM

Barrage Saryu canal Average Month inflow capacity diversions Jan 24.52 933.12 37.70 Feb 19.83 964.22 16.14 Mar 13.21 964.22 9.45 Apr 5.20 933.12 2.15 May 5.35 964.22 4.03 Jun 22.62 933.12 23.13 Jul 175.78 964.22 97.41 Aug 404.13 964.22 136.24 Sep 279.22 870.91 115.74 Oct 75.81 964.22 79.15 Nov 34.59 933.12 31.10 Dec 27.92 964.22 47.74 Monsoon 957.55 4696.70 451.66 Non monsoon 130.62 6656.26 148.30

Total 1088.17 11352.96 599.96

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Figure 4.8 : Water availability and Diversions at Saryu Barrage in MCM

Barrage inflow Saryu canal capacity Average diversions 11353.0 6656.3 4696.7 1088.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 957.5 933.1 933.1 933.1 933.1 870.9 600.0 451.7 404.1 279.2 175.8 148.3 136.2 130.6 115.7 97.4 79.1 75.8 47.7 37.7 31.1 34.6 27.9 24.5 23.1 22.6 19.8 16.1 13.2 9.4 2.1 4.0 5.2 5.4

Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

For imported surface water from Gandak Barrage, as per analysis of data at Gandak Barrage (1990 to 2015), on an average about 5.219 BCM water is transferred in Gandak system annually, while the diversion capacity is of 14.109 BCM, against the availability of 45.824 BCM. However, for nonmonsoon periods, the diversion capacity is of 8.195 BCM, against the availability of 8.714 BCM.

Table 4.19 : Present Water Availabilty and Diversion at Gandak Barrage

Barrage inflow Gandak Canal Average diversion Month in MCM capacity in MCM in MCM Jan 886.9 1198.4 571.1 Feb 815.0 1082.4 402.3 Mar 456.9 1198.4 297.2 Apr 795.7 1159.7 33.2 May 1594.8 1198.4 266.3 Jun 2886.0 1159.7 630.6 Jul 9479.1 1198.4 690.8 Aug 11459.9 1198.4 578.7 Sep 9302.4 1159.7 695.7 Oct 3982.5 1198.4 619.1 Nov 2627.3 1159.7 109.0 Dec 1537.7 1198.4 325.0 Monsoon 37109.9 5914.5 3214.9 Non monsoon 8714.3 8195.2 2004.0 Total 45824.3 14109.7 5219.0

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Figure 4.9 : Water availability and Diversions at Gandak Barrage in MCM

Barrage inflow Gandak Canal capacity Average diversion 45824.3 37109.9 14109.7 11459.9 9479.1 9302.4 8714.3 8195.2 5914.5 5219.0 3982.5 3214.9 2886.0 2627.3 2004.0 1594.8 1537.7 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1159.7 1159.7 1159.7 1159.7 1082.4 886.9 815.0 795.7 690.8 695.7 630.6 619.1 571.1 578.7 456.9 402.3 325.0 297.2 266.3 109.0 33.2

Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

As per analysis of data of Banbasa Barrage (1991 to 2015), at 75% dependability about 5.84 BCM water is transferred in Sharda system annually to provide irrigation in 49% area of 16.10 lac ha command, but the actual irrigation is only 7.15 lac ha against PPA of 7.89 lac ha. Similarly, as per analysis of data of Lower Sharda Barrage (1990 to 2015), 10.00 BCM water is transferred annually through Sharda Sahayak System to provide irrigation in 115% area of 16.74 lac ha command, but the achievement is only 11.47 lac ha against PPA of 19.25 lac ha.

At 75% dependability, the monthly average availability of water in Sharda River at Banbasa during non-monsoon period is 165.7 cumecs (5,852 cusecs) only with an average of 842.6 cumec (29,756 cusecs) during monsoon periods (June to October). The design capacity of Sharda main canal is 325.6 cumec (11,500 cusecs). The average diversions in main canal at 75% dependability are 253.5 cumec (8,952 cusecs) only in the monsoon period, i.e. during Kharif period, while the average diversion during rabi and jayad period, that is in non-monsoon periods are 142.5 cumec (5,032 cusecs) only.

Figure 4.10 : Water availability and Diversions at Banbasa Barrage in cumecs 1598.9 915.0 873.9 501.4 323.6 287.8 276.5 247.7 245.4 229.4 226.3 206.1 190.8 171.9 151.6 146.1 142.1 136.4 135.3 134.2 132.5 125.7 120.3 119.2

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 75% Dependability in cumec 75% Diversion to Sharda Canal in cumec

Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1991-2015

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Similarly, at 75% dependability, the monthly average availability of water in Sharda River at Lower Sharda Barrage including diversion from Girija Barrage during non-monsoon period is 506.9 cumecs (17,901 cusecs) only with an average of 1588.2 cumec (56,087 cusecs) during monsoon periods (June to October). The design capacity of Sharda Sahayak Feeder is 650.0 cumec (22955 cusecs). The average diversions in main canal at 75% dependability are 355.6 cumec (12,558 cusecs) only in the monsoon period, i.e. during Kharif period, while the average diversion during rabi and jayad period, that is in non-monsoon periods are 182.6 cumec (6,448 cusecs) only.

Figure 4.11 : Water availability and Diversions at Lower Sharda Barrage in cumecs 2338.9 1807.0 1769.6 1023.1 1002.2 785.9 760.6 700.5 685.3 491.3 376.5 337.1 320.9 313.3 300.4 297.8 275.2 271.0 245.4 190.9 179.4 37.9 34.8 0.0

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 75% Dependability in cumec 75% Diversion to Sharda Sahayak Feeder in cumec

Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

The limitation of water allocation for irrigation canal system is imposed by excessive siltation in Sharda River during monsoon due to maximum meandering tendency and continuous bank erosion because of slope of 0.20 m/km between Banbasa and Lower Sharda barrage. Similarly, silt carrying capacity of Sharda Sahayak Feeder Channel (258.8 km long) having slope 0.091 m/km is low because silt ejectors constructed in feeder channel become less effective during flood due to non-availability of adequate head difference and silt gets deposited in the feeder channel. Link canal also has developed deep scouring pit (25 m x 15 m x 11 m) under Bojhiya Syphon Right bank at Chainage 10.70 km (as per Concept paper of SSO regarding various problems in operation of SSP, March 2004).

As per analysis of data at Girija/Ghaghra Barrage (1990 to 2015), at 75% dependability the annual water availability is 25.49 BCM but only about 4.51 BCM water is diverted through Sarda Link Canal annually to Sharda Sahayak System against the diversion capacity of 15.14 BCM while only 0.17 BCM water is diverted through Saryu Link Canal annually to Saryu System against the diversion capacity of 11.35 BCM.

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Table 4.20 : Present Water Availabilty and Diversion at Girija/Ghaghra Barrage, MCM

Sharda Sarda Saryu Saryu Girija/Ghaghra Link Link Link Link Month Barrage Inflow Canal Canal Canal Canal Capacity Diversions Capacity Diversions Jan 863.17 1285.63 665.87 964.22 0.00 Feb 699.13 1161.22 620.70 870.91 0.00 Mar 641.11 1285.63 582.41 964.22 0.00 Apr 715.05 1244.16 160.81 933.12 0.00 May 1128.58 1285.63 0.00 964.22 0.00 Jun 1979.23 1244.16 598.83 933.12 33.88 Jul 4833.74 1285.63 288.52 964.22 66.44 Aug 5879.50 1285.63 0.00 964.22 7.58 Sep 4381.30 1244.16 128.39 933.12 34.08 Oct 2208.45 1285.63 675.88 964.22 15.47 Nov 1182.53 1244.16 88.62 933.12 0.00 Dec 978.66 1285.63 697.48 964.22 14.10 Monsoon 17302.99 5101.06 1092.79 3825.79 123.57 Non monsoon 8187.47 10036.22 3414.72 7527.17 47.98 Total 25490.46 15137.28 4507.51 11352.96 171.56

Figure 4.12 : Water availability and Diversions at Girija/Ghaghra Barrage in MCM

The details of major pump canal schemes are given in Table 3.6. Nevertheless, these schemes rarely run at designed capacities due to various reasons such as frequent breakdown of equipments, irregular electricity, and inadequate discharge in rivers particularly in lean flow periods. Seven major lift schemes through a canal network of 1095.4 km covers an area of 206893 ha, as detailed in Section 3.

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4.1.5 Ground Water

4.1.5.1 Hydrogeology of Ghaghra Basin

Geology

The Quaternary sediments of the Indogangetic plain in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, can broadly be sub-divided into two groups lithostratigraphically, viz. the Older Alluvium and the Newer Alluvium. The former is subdivided into basal Banda Older Alluvium (BOA) comprising of variegated clays and clastic sediments of Chitrakoot Formation encountered in the boreholes in the southern part and its equivalent Upper Siwalik in the northern part and an upper Varanasi Older Alluvium (VOA) and Palaeo Bhur deposits. The Newer Alluvium includes Bhat Alluvium, Ghaghra Rapti/Gandaki Chhoti Gandak, Chhoti Sarju, Terrace Alluvium and their Recent Alluvia. The lithounits correspond to two broad geomorphic units, viz. an upland - the Bhangar surface and a low-lying area demarcating the flood plains - the Khadar surface. The former consists of a piedmont zone of alluvial fans and an alluvial plain, while the later consists of terraced valley. The evolutionary history of Quaternary sedimentation commenced with a change in the configuration of Middle Siwalik basin converting it into much wider one by transgressing southward further over Bundelkhand gneissic complex and Vindhyan basement probably, during Upper Pliocene Lower, Pleistocene with sediment supply in the southern part from the Peninsular provenance constituting the Banda Older Alluvium and with sediments derived from Himalaya in northern part of the basin to constitute the Upper Siwalik. This was followed by a break in sedimentation caused due to upliftment during Middle Pleistocene resulting in a new basin formation superimposed over previous one, with sediment influx from the north, to the deposition of Varanasi Older Alluvium. The Upper Pleistocene glaciation brought an end to this sedimentation phase. The gradual warming up and retreat of glaciers accompanied with a large amount of sediment supply led to the formation of Bhat Alluvium in piedmont zone. A number of fluvial regimes, namely Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak etc. carved out their new, narrow basins with warming up and increased precipitation during Holocene represented by their terraces. The ongoing phase of sedimentation is restricted to within the present active flood plain in response to reduced discharge and sediment supply.

The fence diagram prepared on the basis of lithologs of exploratory wells in Ghaghra Basin is shown in Figure 4.13.

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Figure 4.13 : Fence Diagram of Ghaghra Basin

Source: Based on Exploratory Wells Data of CGWB

Flow Direction and Gradients

Broadly the district can be considered to be a flat country with a gentle slope towards south. The topography is largely influenced or modified by the existing network of rivers and streams. The maximum elevation is 104 m. amsl. in the south of the district and the approximate general gradient is 0.40 meter/Km. The district can be almost identifiably divided into two units, the upland plains underlain by Older Alluvium and the lowland plains underlain by Newer Alluvium.

Aquifer Characteristics

Alluvial tract of Bahraich district is underlain by sands of various grades, gravels, silt and clay. The result of exploratory drillings indicates that the aquifers vary great deal in extent, both vertically as well as laterally. Broadly, a three (3) tier aquifer system can be inferred in the area. The first aquifer group occurs within 90 meters depth. The aquifer material is generally coarse to medium grained greyish sand mixed with gravel and cobbles at places. Quality of formation water of this aquifer is good and suitable for all practical purposes and yield prospects are good in this aquifer group. This aquifer group has been extensively exploited by State tubewells and private agencies. The second aquifer group is separated by first aquifer by an impermeable clay layer of 20-30 meters thickness. The aquifer material is medium to coarse grained. The yield prospects are good. The aquifer material

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan of the third aquifer is fine to medium grained mixed with silt. The yield prospects are less in comparison to first and second aquifer groups due to fineness of the aquifer material. Depth ranges of the aquifer are as follows.

S. No. Aquifer (Depth Range in meters) 1. Ist 00.0- 90.0 2. IInd 110.0- 220.0 3. IIIrd 240.0- 450.0

Ground water in the topmost aquifer occurs under phreatic or water table conditions while in intermediate and deeper aquifer it occurs under semi confined to confined condition.

In Ghaghra Basin drilling depth of tube wells is varying from 38 to 450 m. According drilling data, the Discharge, Specific capacity and Transmissivity ranges are 4.16- 104 m3/hr., 1.69 -21.6 m/hr. and 183 -8692 m2/day respectively.

For the modelling purposes representative aquifer characteristics (Constant Aquifer properties) have been defined based on the existing Pumping tests data and following the Groundwater Estimation Committee norms (GEC 1997/2015).

Table 4.21 summarizes the range of the main aquifer characteristics were used in the Ghaghra basin modelling and Appendix 16 presents detailed aquifer characteristics in the Ghaghra basin for each Sub-Basin Block (SBBE).

Table 4.21 : Summary of Constant Aquifer properties' ranges

Rain Exploitation Depth, Conductivity Specific Ranges Infiltration m K, m/day Yield, Sy Factor Minimum 277 10.01 0.10 0.21 Maximum 345 60.17 0.16 0.25 Average 301 29.84 0.15 0.23 Source: CGWB and UP GWD

4.1.5.2 Groundwater Levels

The groundwater storage is largely controlled by the prevailing hydrogeological and geomorphic conditions. The CGWB has established a network of 1,241 monitoring wells, mostly open wells spread all over the State. These are being monitored four times a year (January, May, August & November). Few wells are being monitored through Participatory Monitoring Program for the remaining eight months.

The State Ground Water Department has established a network of about 11704 Nos. monitoring wells. For study of the behaviour of water levels data of pre-monsoon (May/June) and post-monsoon (October /November) has been considered. In Ghaghra basin 168 Nos monitoring wells of CGWB & 971 monitoring wells of SGWD has been considered after validation of water level data and having data for both pre and post monsoon. The total number of monitoring wells is shown in Table 4.29. The

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Ground water levels behaviour during the last 10 years for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon is continuously showing a depleting trend. In Chauka sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 92.41% to 65.04%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 7.59% to 34.96%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels above 5m, has gone down from 99.18% to 97.42%, while the area having water levels above 5m has increased from 0.82% to 2.58%. In Kuwano sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 97.96% to 96.40%, while the area having water levels above 5m has increased from 2.04% to 3.60%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 99.54% to 93.77%, while the area having water levels above 5m has increased from 0.46% to 6.23 %.

In Little Gandak sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 98.42% 96.81%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 1.58% to 3.19%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 99.92% to 99.19%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 0.08% to 0.81%. In Lower Ghaghra sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 69.48% to 63.00%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 30.52% to 37.00%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 79.93% to 77.53%, while the area having water levels below 5m has gone up from 20.07% to 22.47%. In Sarda sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 95.12% to 61.83%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 4.88% to 38.17%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 97.60% to 96.98%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 2.40% to 3.02%.

In Sarju sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 80.34% to 77.80%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 19.66% to 22.20%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 87.94% to 83.37%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 12.06% to 16.63%. In Tehri sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 100% to 99.77%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 0% to 0.23% . Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, is same ie.100%, while the area having water levels below 5m is zero.

In Upper Ghaghra sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 80.20% to 69.89%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 19.80% to 30.11%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has gone down from 92.09% to 86.49%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 7.91% to 13.51%.

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The details are given in Table 4.22 and Table 4.23.

Table 4.22 : Pre-monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Sarju, Tehri and Upper Ghaghra Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015

Pre-Monsson Ground 2006 2010 2015 Water S. Sub Range Area Area Area Area in Area Area No. Basin (mbgl) (Sq.Km.) in % (Sq.Km.) % (Sq.Km.) in % <5 2634.32 92.41 2582.47 90.59 1854.13 65.04 1 Chauka >5 216.37 7.59 268.23 9.41 996.57 34.96 Total 2850.70 100 2850.70 100 2850.07 100 <5 5752.16 97.96 5525.49 94.1 5660.93 96.4 2 Kuwano >5 120 2.04 346.68 5.9 211.23 3.6 Total 5872.16 100 5872.16 100 5872.16 100 <5 3398.37 98.42 3095.53 89.65 3342.94 96.81 Little 3 >5 54.71 1.58 357.55 10.35 110.14 3.19 Gandak Total 3453.08 100 3453.08 100 3453.08 100 <5 4014.96 69.48 2261.72 39.14 3640.79 63 Lower 4 >5 1763.66 30.52 3516.91 60.86 2137.83 37 Ghaghra Total 5778.63 100 5778.63 100 5778.63 100 <5 2974.04 95.12 2996.69 95.84 1933.22 61.83 5 Sarda >5 152.62 4.88 129.98 4.16 1193.44 38.17 Total 3126.66 100 3126.66 100 3126.66 100 <5 2056.61 80.34 2134.07 83.36 1991.78 77.8 6 Sarju >5 503.41 19.66 425.96 16.64 568.25 22.2 Total 2560.02 100 2560.02 100 2560.02 100 <5 1530.18 100.00 1529.97 99.99 1526.65 99.77 7 Tehri >5 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.01 3.54 0.23 Total 1530.18 100 1530.18 100 1530.18 100 <5 5078.14 80.20 5031.95 79.47 4425.17 69.89 Upper 8 >5 1253.43 19.80 1299.62 20.53 1906.4 30.11 Ghaghra Total 6331.57 100 6331.57 100 6331.57 100 <5 27438.80 87.10% 25157.87 79.86% 24375.61 77.38% Ghaghra >5 4064.20 12.90% 6345.13 20.14% 7127.4 22.62% Basin Total 31503.00 100% 31503.00 100% 31503.00 100% Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data

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Table 4.23 : Post-monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Sarju, Tehri and Upper Ghaghra Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015

Post-Monsson Ground 2006 2010 2015 Water S. Sub Range Area Area Area Area Area Area No. Basin (mbgl) (Sq.Km.) in % (Sq.Km.) in % (Sq.Km.) in % <5 2827.31 99.18 2840.44 99.64 2777.06 97.42 1 Chauka >5 23.39 0.82 10.25 0.36 73.64 2.58 Total 2850.7 100 2850.7 100 2850.7 100 <5 5845.16 99.54 5871.26 99.98 5506.57 93.77 2 Kuwano >5 27 0.46 0.9 0.02 365.59 6.23 Total 5872.16 100 5872.16 100 5872.16 100 <5 3450.42 99.92 3453.08 100 3425.03 99.19 Little 3 >5 2.66 0.08 0 0 28.05 0.81 Gandak Total 3453.08 100 3453.08 100 3453.08 100 <5 4618.97 79.93 5302.44 91.76 4480.17 77.53 Lower 4 >5 1159.66 20.07 476.19 8.24 1298.45 22.47 Ghaghra Total 5778.63 100 5778.63 100 5778.63 100 <5 3051.51 97.6 3073.85 98.31 3032.18 96.98 5 Sarda >5 75.15 2.4 52.81 1.69 94.48 3.02 Total 3126.66 100 3126.66 100 3126.66 100 <5 2251.37 87.94 2291.49 89.51 2134.33 83.37 6 Sarju >5 308.65 12.06 268.54 10.49 425.69 16.63 Total 2560.02 100 2560.02 100 2560.02 100 <5 1530.18 100 1530.18 100 1530.18 100 7 Tehri >5 00000 0 Total 1530.18 100 1530.18 100 1530.18 100 <5 5830.95 92.09 6118.11 96.63 5476.05 86.49 Upper 8 >5 500.63 7.91 213.46 3.37 855.52 13.51 Ghaghra Total 6331.57 100 6331.57 100 6331.57 100 <5 29405.87 93.34% 30480.85 96.76% 28361.57 90.03% Ghaghra >5 2097.14 6.66% 1022.15 3.24% 3141.42 9.97% Basin Total 31503.00 100 31503.00 100 31503.00 100 Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data

Depth of Groundwater Table - Pre-monsoon 2015

The Pre-monsoon period represents the deepest groundwater levels during the year, measured in May/June at the end of the dry season. Typically, groundwater depth ranges from 2 to 10 mbgl, however in some parts of the Ghaghra Basin measured drawdowns more than 5 mbgl. The mapping of the groundwater level for the Pre-monsoon 2015 is shown in Figure 4.14.

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The map analysis shows the following:  Shallow groundwater table area (< 2m depth) exists in 0.10% area of Ghaghra basin near the southern border of district Kheri of basin, a small patch near the middle southern portion of district Bahraich, eastern boundary of district Ambedkarnagar, south- eastern portion of district Deoria and on the northern border & basin border of district Kushinagar of Gandak basin.  In 77.27 % of total area of Ggaghra basin, the depth of the groundwater table is in a range of 2-5 m. It covers the area of district Pilibhit under basin except area near the northern border of district Pilibhit, area from middle to near northern border of district Kheri leaving the area near the meeting point of borders of district Kheri & Bahraich, area near the eastern border & south-eastern /basin in district Sitapur to middle of the district, leaving small areas of higher water table, eastern,western & southern area of district Bahraich leaving northern area of district Bahraich, complete area of district Gonda leaving a patch of southern boundary area of district , northernborder area of district Barabanki under basin boundary, area betyween northern border of district Faizabad and Ambedkarnagar and basin boundary except few patches of higher water table,complete area of district Basti in basin except a round patch in the middle of district and small patch on the eastern & western boundary of district Basti of higherv water table, complete area of district Santkabirnagar between basin boundary and district border, area near the northern boundary of district Azamgarh and near the north- eastern boundary and basin boundaryof district –Mau except western border area of district, area between north-western boundary & basin boundary of district- Ballia upto middle area of district,complete area of district- Deoria between district and basin boundary.  In 22.59 % of total area of Ggaghra basin, the depth of the groundwater table is in a range of 5-10m. It covers the small area on eastern border of district- Pilibhit, northern & north- western area till middle of the district Kheri & south-eastern corner near border of district- Kheri, area on north-eastern border and north-western & south-western basin border in district-Sitapur, northern area from middle to border of district & basin in district-Bahraich.  In 0.04 % of total area of Ggaghra basin, the depth of the groundwater table is in a range of 10-20m. It covers only a small patch on the northern boundary of basin /district- Bahraich and a small round patch below this patch on boundary, a small patch on the boundary of north- eastern boundary of district Sitapur & Shajahanpur.  There does not exist the areas of ground water table ranging from 20-30 m and above 30m.

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Figure 4.14 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (May/June 2015)

Table 4.24 presents a summary of Groundwater Table behavior for Pre-Monsoon 2015 by referring to the Ghaghra basin and Sub-basin Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Sarju, Tehri and Upper Ghaghra.

Table 4.24 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Pre-Monsoon, 2015

Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area < 2 NIL NIL 2-5 1854.13 65.04% 1 CHAUKA 5-10 996.57 34.96% 10-20 NIL NIL 20-30 NIL NIL

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Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area > 30 NIL NIL Sub-total 2850.70 100% < 2 NIL NIL 2-5 5660.93 96.40% 5-10 211.23 3.60% 2 KUWANO 10-20 Nil NIL 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Sub-total 5872.16 100% < 2 26.30 0.76% 2-5 3316.64 96.05% 5-10 110.14 3.19% LITTLE 3 10-20 NIL NIL GANDAK 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Sub-total 3453.08 100% < 2 6.25 0.11% 2-5 3634.54 62.90% 5-10 2137.83 37.00% LOWER 4 10-20 NIL NIL GHAGHRA 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 5778.63 100% < 2 NIL NIL 2-5 1933.22 61.83% 5-10 1181.49 37.79% 5 SARDA 10-20 11.95 0.38% 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 3126.66 100% < 2 NIL NIL 2-5 1991.78 77.80% 5-10 568.25 22.20% 6 SARJU 10-20 NIL NIL 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 2560.02 100% < 2 NIL NIL 2-5 1526.65 99.77% 5-10 3.54 0.23% 7 TEHRI 10-20 NIL NIL 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 1530.18 100% < 2 NIL NIL UPPER 8 2-5 4425.17 69.89% GHAGHRA 5-10 1906.40 30.11%

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Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area 10-20 NIL NIL 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 6331.57 100% < 2 32.55 0.10% 2-5 24343.07 77.27% 5-10 7115.44 22.59% GHAGHRA 10-20 11.95 0.04% BASIN 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 31503.01 100%

Depth of Groundwater Table - Post-monsoon 2015

The post-monsoon period is characterized by maximal groundwater levels in the current season. The change in the groundwater storage between post-monsoon and pre-monsoon periods represents the dynamic storage that can be exploited without harming the aquifer. The mapping of the groundwater level for the Post-monsoon 2015 is shown in Figure 4.15.

The map analysis shows the following:  Shallow groundwater table area (< 2m depth) exists in 0.66 % area of Ghaghra basin in two patches near the northern border of district boundary of Sitapur, one patch on the south- western border and one patch above it in district-Bahraich, three patches near the north- western border of district- Gonda & two patches below the central area of district-Gonda, small patch on the north-western border of basin in district- Deoria and a big patch near the southern border area of district-Deoria, two small patches on the south-eastern border of basin in district-Kushinagar, two patches on the northern area of district-Kushinagar in Gandak basin.  In 89.37 % of total area of Ggaghra basin, the depth of the groundwater table is in the range of 2-5 m. It covers complete area of district- Pilibhit under Ghaghra basin, complete area of district-Kheri except north-westernarea and south-eastern small area on the border , small area of district- Sitapur under basin except north-western & southern basin border and northern district border, northern and south-eastern area of district-Barabanki underv the basin, north-western portion, middle and south-eastern &western portion except northern & southern big patch of district-Bahraich, small area between basin border and district border of district Shrawasti, Balrampur, Sidhdhathnagar, Santkabirnagar and Gorakhpur, area of district- Gonda except two small patch on southern & eastern border, area of district- Basti except few patch area, north-eastern area of district-Faizabad, Mau, northern & north-eastern area of district- Ambedkarnagar and Azamgarh except few areas of higher water table , north- western area of district-Ballia under basin, area of district-Deoria, Kushinagar and Maharajganj with in Ghaghra basin except a small patch in district –Maharajganj of higher water table.

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Figure 4.15 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (Oct/Nov. 2015)

 In 9.94 % of total area of Ggaghra basin, the depth of the groundwater table is in the range of 5-10 m. It covers the north-eastern area & small patch on south-eastern border of district- Kheeri, two patches in northern & one patch in southern border of district-Sitapur, northern & southern area of district-Bahraich and a small patch near eastern border of district, northernmiddle portion between basin border & district-Barabanki border, a small area on the southern border of district-Gonda, southern & middle portion of district-Basti, a small patch in the east & west area between basin border and district border of Faizabad, Ambedkarnagar, Azamgarh, Mau & Gorakhpur, eastern area of district-Ballia, a small patch on the eastern border of district- Deoria, Kushinagar and Maharajganj.  In 0.03 % of total area of Ggaghra basin, the depth of the groundwater table is in the range of 10-20 m. It covers a small patch on the north-eastern border of district-Sitapur.

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 There exists no area of ground water table in the range of 20-30 m and above 30 m in the Ghaghra basin.

Table 4.25 presents a summary of Groundwater Table behavior for Post-Monsoon 2015 by referring to the Ghaghra basin and sub-basins.

Table 4.25 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Post-Monsoon, 2015

Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area < 2 9.19 0.32% 2-5 2767.87 97.09% 5-10 73.64 2.58% 1 CHAUKA 10-20 NIL NIL 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Sub-total 2850.70 100% < 2 8.65 0.15% 2-5 5497.92 93.63% 5-10 365.59 6.23% 2 KUWANO 10-20 Nil NIL 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Sub-total 5872.16 100% < 2 54.85 1.59% 2-5 3370.18 97.60% 5-10 28.05 0.81% LITTLE 3 10-20 NIL NIL GANDAK 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Sub-total 3453.08 100% < 2 23.09 0.40% 2-5 4457.09 77.13% 5-10 1298.45 22.47% LOWER 4 10-20 NIL NIL GHAGHRA 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 5778.63 100% < 2 0.80 0.03% 2-5 3031.38 96.95% 5-10 84.85 2.71% 5 SARDA 10-20 9.64 0.31% 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 3126.66 100% < 2 12.91 0.50% 2-5 2121.42 82.87% 6 SARJU 5-10 425.69 16.63% 10-20 NIL NIL

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Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 2560.02 100% < 2 47.38 3.10% 2-5 1482.81 96.90% 5-10 NIL NIL 7 TEHRI 10-20 NIL NIL 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 1530.18 100% < 2 50.86 0.80% 2-5 5425.19 85.68% 5-10 855.52 13.51% UPPER 8 10-20 NIL NIL GHAGHRA 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 6331.57 100% < 2 207.72 0.66% 2-5 28153.85 89.37% 5-10 3131.79 9.94% GHAGHRA 10-20 9.64 0.03% BASIN 20-30 NIL NIL > 30 NIL NIL Total 31503.01 100% Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data

Groundwater Level Fluctuation 2014-15

Groundwater is a dynamic resource and the groundwater storage changes are affected by many factors such as monsoon rainfall, ground water draft for various purposes, hydrogeological conditions, topography, land use, cropping pattern etc. These changes are reflected in form of Groundwater Level Fluctuations.

A continuous analysis of trends in groundwater levels give an indication of the state of the aquifer and its potential for production. The groundwater levels obtained in the model run for the 2014-15 (hydrological year 2014/2015) are presented below for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods in terms of the absolute groundwater level (masl) and the depth of the groundwater table (mbgl). Table 4.26 presents the summary of calculated groundwater level fluctuations in each sub-basin in terms of minimum, maximum and average values. Negative minimum values in the Table 4.26 indicate that in certain blocks a decline in groundwater levels was recorded during the monsoon period. Appendix 17 presents the calculated groundwater levels, the depth of the groundwater table and the groundwater level fluctuations for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon 2014-15.

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Table 4.26 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level Fluctuations 2015

S. Minimum, Maximum, Average, Sub-basin No. m m m

1 Chauka -7.04 3.55 -0.09 2 Kuwano -0.06 1.61 0.95 3 Little Gandak -0.35 0.81 0.14 4 Lower Ghaghra -1.11 1.62 0.66 5 Sarda -7.15 1.71 -0.1 6 Sarju -0.86 1.33 0.36 7 Tehri -0.3 1.24 0.57 8 Upper Ghaghra -0.37 1.97 0.44 Ghaghra Basin -7.15 3.55 0.44

4.1.5.3 Estimation of Available Groundwater Resources by Model

Ground water resource estimation has been done on the basis of recommendations of Ground Water Estimation Committee, a "high power committee" constituted by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. "Ground Water Estimation Methodology-2015" sets out the broad policy frame work, which is the basis for the methodology, being followed by the States for Ground water estimation.

On the basis of this methodology, all elements of the groundwater balance for 2015 were calculated by running the model with the spatial resolution of a sub-basin block (SBBE) at a fortnightly time resolution. Further based on model run results, annual summary of the calculation results for each SBBE is shown in Appendix 18.

Sub-Basin wise Annual Extractable Groundwater Recharge, as per the ‘Business as Usual’ scenario model run for 2014-15 is shown in Table 4.27.

Table 4.27 : Annual Extractable Groundwater Recharge (2014-15)

Annual Extractable Groundwater S. No. Sub-basin Recharge, MCM 1 Chauka 1,017.73 2 Kuwano 1,982.06 3 Little Gandak 1,349.80 4 Lower Ghaghra 1,986.70 5 Sarda 1,113.95 6 Sarju 827.98 7 Tehri 451.27 8 Upper Ghaghra 1,917.41 Basin Total 10,646.91

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For Ghaghra basin as per model run results of 2014-15, annual extractable groundwater recharge comes to 10,647 MCM. As per 2013 and 2017 assessment of ground water department the net annual ground water availability is 10,609 MCM and 8,903 MCM, respectively. Hence, the model results are 0.4% and 19.6% higher than the 2013 and 2017 assessment of GWD, respectively.

In the SBBE model run results, shown at Appendix 18, development is shown only for the part area coming under Ghaghra basin, and that too, for demands of year 2014-15 and the canal diversion flows at 75% dependability. As against 157 blocks in Ghaghra basin 76 blocks are partial and against 21 districts, 20 are partial. Further, the reasoning for variation in results of blocks falling completely in Ghaghra Basin with reference to GWD Assessment 2013 and 2017 and other observations are given in Appendix 19.

4.1.5.4 Estimated Present (2014-15) Annual Groundwater Extraction by Model Run

Sub-Basin wise Annual Groundwater Extraction as per model run for 2014-15 is shown in Table 4.28. It is based on extraction of groundwater to meet the domestic and industrial demand and extraction of groundwater (considering the available infrastructure for groundwater pumping) to meet the irrigation water demand in addition to supply from surface water.

Table 4.28 : Total Annual Groundwater Extraction (2014-15)

Annual Groundwater Sl. No. Sub-basin Extraction, MCM 1 Chauka 767.56 2 Kuwano 865.40 3 Little Gandak 313.63 4 Lower Ghaghra 883.53 5 Sarda 877.21 6 Sarju 323.34 7 Tehri 285.14 8 Upper Ghaghra 890.74 Basin Total 5,206.55

The stage of ground water extraction works out to 48.91% (5207/10647) for the 75% dependability scenario.

4.1.5.5 Basin Ghaghra - Groundwater Budget

The Groundwater Budgets (2014-15) were prepared on the basis of the results of model run. These include estimating the groundwater exchange between adjacent blocks and the inflow/outflow through external boundaries of Ghaghra basin or specified sub-basin.

The net annual availability of ground water resource is 10647 MCM and ground water extraction for all types of uses is 5207 MCM. Out of 220 SBBEs in Ghaghra Basin 9 are categorized as over- exploited (4%); 6 are critical (3%); 42 as semi-critical (19%) and 163 as safe (74%). Sub-basin-wise over-exploited, critical, semi-critical and safe category SBBEs are given in Appendix 20 (also see Map 4).

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4.1.5.6 Areas Suitable for Further Exploitation

For future ground water development, the areas falling under ‘SAFE’ category units/blocks are the best suited. A unit is categorised as ‘SAFE’ if one of the following two criteria is fulfilled:-

a) The stage of ground water extraction is less than or equal to 70%, and the water table during at least one of the two intervals (either pre-monsoon or post-monsoon) does not show a falling trend. b) The stage of ground water extraction is greater than 70% but less than or equal to 90%, and the water table during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon intervals do not show a falling trend.

If the unit/block gets categorised as ‘SAFE’ on the basis of the criterion mentioned in ‘b’ above, it is to be noted that, caution has to be exercise, while deciding the actual quantum of additional ground water withdrawal to be made in future.

Hence the areas falling in ‘SAFE’ category blocks/units are best suitable for future ground water development. The list of sub-basin wise SAFE category SBBEs is given in Appendix 21.

4.1.5.7 Adequacy of Ground Water Monitoring Network

Ground water regime monitoring is an important activity in ground water domain. The prime objective of a ground water monitoring network is to record the response of the natural and artificial stresses on the ground water regime in time and space. Ground water is a dynamic system, the variables required to be monitored are namely water level or head, chemical quality and temperature. Groundwater is a potential freshwater reserve and its quality has to be monitored periodically to detect degradation trends. In order to achieve these objectives, the CGWB and the State GWD have set up thousands of network stations for monitoring groundwater levels and water quality.

Uttar Pradesh State has an independent ground water department (GWD) working with a mandate to develop and manage ground water in the state and is measuring groundwater levels on 971 hydrograph stations in Ghaghra basin. Similarly, the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has a Regional office and Divisional offices and measuring GWL on 168 hydrograph stations in Ghaghra basin. The water levels are measured during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season.

Table 4.29 : Groundwater Monitoring Stations in Ghaghra Basin

Number of Monitoring Wells Sub Basin CGWB SGWD Total Chauka 15 69 84 Kuwano 26 288 314 Little Gandak 25 141 166 Lower Ghaghra 41 135 176 Sarda 5 65 70 Sarju 17 101 118 Tehri 11 64 75 Upper Ghaghra 28 108 136 Basin Total 168 971 1139

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On the basis of recommendation of GEC-2015, it has been provided that appropriate grid of observation wells for monitoring water table fluctuations and quality should be established. In GWD a provision of one Hydrograph station in 25 sq.km. area in rural area was made in the State. According to this there should be 1260 monitoring stations in Ghaghra Basin. The monitoring network is not saturated with this criterion and require more hydrograph stations to setup in Ghaghra basin. It is necessary to maintain the functionality of existing monitoring stations; the periodic repair and maintenance of hydrograph stations is required to be ensured. However, for specific monitoring objectives in specific areas higher densities of network stations might be required.

4.1.5.8 Programs and Schemes for Upgrading / Expansion of Network in UP

In the GWD of UP, various programmes have been proposed to be under taken for strengthening / updation of the monitoring network:

(a) Under National Hydrology Project (NHP) one key well / piezometer in 156 block & 21 urban areas will be constructed with DWLRs for real time monitoring of water level. (b) Under UPWSRP, 1350 DWLRs with telemetry to be installed on existing piezometers under different basin/hydrogeological settings (400 already installed in South-Western Yamuna River Basin and Central Ganga River Basin covering Lucknow and Kanpur divisions). (c) Under UP GW Department's normal programme, non-functional piezometers are replaced by new piezometers & along with regular upkeep of key piezometer/maintenance. (d) Under proposed scheme of World Bank Atal Bhujal Yojna, 26 blocks of Bundelkhand & Western UP are selected under the project in each selected blocks, average five DWLRs will be installed in each selected blocks.

4.1.6 Water Quality

The quality of water is greatly affected by the presence of minerals in soils and rocks through which the surface and ground water flows. But, with rapid industrialization and urbanization, the greatest threat to the quality of water is from urban and industrial water effluent. Run-off from agricultural fields contaminated with pesticides and chemicals further aggravate the situation.

The investigation of quality of water depends upon the purpose of its use. Water used for drinking purposes should not contain any substances harmful to the health. Water for industrial use must be suitable for the specific processes involved in the particular industry. Irrigation water must not contain objectionable salts and other substances, dissolved and suspended beyond permissible limits. Water bodies used for recreational purposes must be free from nuisance creating pollutants and pathogenic bacteria while those for fish breeding should be free from toxic substances and meet necessary standards regarding dissolved oxygen.

4.1.6.1 Water Quality Standards

Water quality standards and guidelines have been laid down by WHO (1984), Govt. of India, National High-Tech Mission (1986) and BIS (2012) and many other organizations. These guidelines are exhaustive and it becomes very difficult to analyse ground water samples for all the constituents. The

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E (Eyes) : Appearance - turbidity, particles, oily layer, colour etc. N (Nose) : Odour - no smell, rotten egg smell, fishy smell etc. T (Tongue) : Taste - salinity, pH, temperature, soluble iron chloride etc.

The guidelines/standards laid down by BIS (2012) with regard to some constituents for domestic and potable purposes have been tabulated in.

Table 4.30 : Indian Standard for per litre Drinking Water Specifications (BIS 2012)

Permissible S. Substance/ Desirable Undesirable effect outside limit in absence No. Characteristics limit desirable limit of alternate source Above 5, consumer acceptance 1 Colour (Hazen Units) 5 25 decreases Above 5, consumer acceptance 2 Turbidity (NTU) 5 10 decreases Beyond this range water will 3 pH value 6.5-8.5 No relaxation affect mucous membrane Dissolved solids mg/l Beyond this palatability 4 max (Equivalent EC 500 (750) decreases and may cause gastro 2000 (3000) µS/cm) intestinal irritation 5 Alkalinity mg/l max 200 Unpleasant taste 600 Encrustation in water supply Total hardness (as 6 300 structure and adverse effect on 600 CaCO3) mg/l max domestic use. Chloride (as CI) mg/l Beyond this limit taste corrosion 7 250 1000 max and palatability are affected Encrustation in water supply Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 8 75 structure and adverse effect on 200 max domestic use. Encrustation in water supply Magnesium (as Mg) 9 30 structure and adverse effect on 100 mg/l max domestic use. Beyond this limit gastrointestinal Sulphate (as SO4) 10 200 irritation occurs when 400 mg/l max Magnesium of sodium is present Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l Beyond this 11 45 45 max methemoglobinaemia takes place Fluoride may be kept as low as Fluoride (as F) mg/l 12 1.0 possible. High fluoride may 1.5 max cause fluorosis Source: BIS (2012)

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The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at national and UPPCB at State level is responsible for preparation of a national plan for pollution control under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. It is also responsible for setting standards for water quality and effluent quality. The basic objective of the Water Act is to maintain and restore the wholesomeness of water by prevention and control of pollution. CPCB has taken the use of water as the basis for identifying the water quality objectives for different water bodies. It has classified the national aquatic resources according to their uses, and for each of the uses it has identified primary water quality criteria. If a water body has more than one use, that use which demands the highest quality is referred to as the “designated best use”. All important surface water bodies in the country, including those in Uttar Pradesh for which water quality monitoring is being done, are classified according to designated best use. This classification system was used for evaluating water quality data for different water bodies in the State. The use-based classification system is given in Table 4.31.

Table 4.31 : Use Based Classification of Surface Waters in India

Class of Designated-Best-Use Criteria water 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 50 or less Drinking Water Source without 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 conventional treatment but after A 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more disinfection 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C, 2 mg/l or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 500 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C, 3 mg/l or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 5000 or less Drinking water source after 2. pH between 6 to 9 conventional treatment and C 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more disinfection 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C, 3 mg/l or less 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Propagation of Wild life and D 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more Fisheries 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25°C, Max. Irrigation, Industrial, Cooling, E 2250 micromhos/cm Controlled Waste disposal 3. Sodium Absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2 mg/l Source: CPCB

4.1.6.2 Data on Surface and Ground Water Quality

Surface water quality is monitored by CWC (at 5 locations) and CPCB/UPPCB (at 2 locations) in Ghaghra River Basin as shown in Table 4.32 and Map 5.

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Table 4.32 : Surface Water Quality Monitoring Sites

S. No. Location Maintained by: CWC 1 Paliakalan, Sarda River 2 Elginbridge, Ghaghra River 3 Ayodhya, Ghaghra River 4 Basti, Kuwano River 5 Turtipar, Ghaghra River Maintained by: CPCB 1 Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat, U.P. 2 Ghaghra at Deoria D/S, U.P. Source: CWC and CPCB/UPPCB

The ground water quality is monitored by CGWB, U.P. Jal Nigam and at few locations by CPCB/UPPCB. Central Ground Water Board and Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam is continuously monitoring the quality of ground water samples every year in the State. CGWB is analysing one GW sample in each block in a year while U.P. Jal Nigam is analysing 19000 to 32000 GW samples yearly, collected from different GW structures under National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) of Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation.

4.1.6.3 Appraisal of Water Quality

Ground Water Quality

Ground Water Quality – CGWB Data

The ground water quality data of CGWB for the year 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 has been taken up in the analysis of ground water quality of the basin.

Suitability of Groundwater for Potable Purposes

The suitability of ground water for drinking purposes has been assessed according to the guidelines laid down by BIS (2012). The chemical analysis results for 192 nos. of samples collected from ground water monitoring stations spread in Ghaghra Basin have been tabulated. The chemical analysis shows that there is not much variation in maximum, minimum, and average values of pH, Electrical conductivity, CO3, HCO3, Cl, F, NO3, SO4, SiO2, PO4, TH, Ca, Mg, Na and K when data of 2015-16 as compared with the data of 2014-15.

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Table 4.33 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Ghaghra Basin (2014-2015)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

A Chauka Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.67 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 270 850 514

3. CO3 mg/l - - -

4. HCO3 mg/l 73 342 269 5. Cl mg/l 7 78 22 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 38 8

8. SO4 mg/l 5 16 10.5

9. SiO2 mg/l 15 28 21

10. PO4 mg/l - - -

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 110 310 200 12. Ca mg/l 16 60 41 13. Mg mg/l 12 41 24 14. Na mg/l 11 54 26 15. K mg/l 3 8 5 B Kuwano Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.53 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 388 1070 653

3. CO3 mg/l - - -

4. HCO3 mg/l 220 488 329 5. Cl mg/l 7 156 25 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.036

7. NO3 mg/l 0 121 9.25

8. SO4 mg/l 4 48 29

9. SiO2 mg/l 16 35 26

10. PO4 mg/l - - -

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 150 370 253 12. Ca mg/l 28 100 60 13. Mg mg/l 7 46 25 14. Na mg/l 7 93 30 15. K mg/l 1 7 2.7 C Little Gandak Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.54 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 366 1504 683

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

3. CO3 mg/l - - -

4. HCO3 mg/l 183 695 344 5. Cl mg/l 7 156 42 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.12

7. NO3 mg/l 0 95 32.56

8. SO4 mg/l 4 48 22

9. SiO2 mg/l 14 32 22

10. PO4 mg/l - - -

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 150 550 275 12. Ca mg/l 8 120 61 13. Mg mg/l 7 72 31 14. Na mg/l 9 106 39.5 15. K mg/l 0 34 4 D Lower Ghaghra Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.59 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 360 1565 636

3. CO3 mg/l - - -

4. HCO3 mg/l 183 549 342 5. Cl mg/l 7 156 33 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.023

7. NO3 mg/l 0 134 19.5

8. SO4 mg/l 4 52 12

9. SiO2 mg/l 16 36 25

10. PO4 mg/l - - -

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 150 550 263 12. Ca mg/l 8 112 47 13. Mg mg/l 12 75 35 14. Na mg/l 6 106 35 15. K mg/l 0 34 3.65 E Sharda sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.60 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 270 850 484

3. CO3 mg/l - - -

4. HCO3 mg/l 73 342 245 5. Cl mg/l 7 78 18 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

7. NO3 mg/l 0 38 4.8

8. SO4 mg/l 24 24 24

9. SiO2 mg/l 15 21 18.5

10. PO4 mg/l - - -

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 110 310 189 12. Ca mg/l 16 60 38 13. Mg mg/l 9 41 23 14. Na mg/l 5 54 19 15. K mg/l 2 8 4.7 F Saryu sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.72 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 365 1020 607

3. CO3 mg/l 6 6 6

4. HCO3 mg/l 183 366 295 5. Cl mg/l 7 121 32 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 86 9.2

8. SO4 mg/l 0 118 19.2

9. SiO2 mg/l 16 35 27

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 150 350 236 12. Ca mg/l 16 72 52 13. Mg mg/l 10 51 26 14. Na mg/l 6 80 33 15. K mg/l 2 45 7 G Tehri sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.62 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 470 780 676

3. CO3 mg/l - - -

4. HCO3 mg/l 232 378 316 5. Cl mg/l 7 43 26 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 7 1.16

8. SO4 mg/l 0 0 0

9. SiO2 mg/l 20 31 25

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 170 300 247 12. Ca mg/l 48 80 64 13. Mg mg/l 12 32 21 14. Na mg/l 7 50 27 15. K mg/l 1 5 2.75 H Upper Ghaghra sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.57 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 300 954 548

3. CO3 mg/l 30 30 30

4. HCO3 mg/l 146 427 283 5. Cl mg/l 7 78 23 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 7 1.17

8. SO4 mg/l 6 24 14

9. SiO2 mg/l 17 32 24

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 130 330 224 12. Ca mg/l 8 92 46 13. Mg mg/l 9 44 26 14. Na mg/l 3 53 19 15. K mg/l 3 32 4.95 (Source: GWYB, 2014-15, CGWB, NR)

Table 4.34 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Ghaghra Basin (2015-2016)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average A Chauka Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.71 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 385 890 552

3. CO3 mg/l 6 36 22

4. HCO3 mg/l 214 390 287 5. Cl mg/l 7 43 21 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 21 2.3

8. SO4 mg/l 4 75 21

9. SiO2 mg/l 16 32 24

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 170 420 241 12. Ca mg/l 32 112 53 13. Mg mg/l 9 43 26 14. Na mg/l 7 46 23 15. K mg/l 2 20 5 B Kuwano Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.67 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 351 1220 643

3. CO3 mg/l 0 0 0

4. HCO3 mg/l 183 476 307 5. Cl mg/l 7 177 436 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 63 13

8. SO4 mg/l 1 98 15

9. SiO2 mg/l 14 49 30

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 130 460 260 12. Ca mg/l 12 80 49 13. Mg mg/l 10 88 33 14. Na mg/l 5 82 33 15. K mg/l 0 60 4.44 C Little Gandak Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.35 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 450 1425 839

3. CO3 mg/l 0 0 0

4. HCO3 mg/l 183 561 304 5. Cl mg/l 14 213 70 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.05

7. NO3 mg/l 0 53 11.37

8. SO4 mg/l 1 154 49

9. SiO2 mg/l 21 47 35

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 150 480 291 12. Ca mg/l 32 108 63 13. Mg mg/l 9 85 32 14. Na mg/l 7 106 48.2

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average 15. K mg/l 0 61 8 D Lower Ghaghra Sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.31 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 310 1421 638

3. CO3 mg/l 0 0 0

4. HCO3 mg/l 159 427 275 5. Cl mg/l 7 241 51 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.03

7. NO3 mg/l 0 55 12

8. SO4 mg/l 1 99 20

9. SiO2 mg/l 22 98 35

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 115 400 228 12. Ca mg/l 12 84 44 13. Mg mg/l 4 66 28 14. Na mg/l 5 233 44 15. K mg/l 0 25 3.48 E Sarda sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.89 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 305 890 566

3. CO3 mg/l 24 48 36

4. HCO3 mg/l 183 390 280 5. Cl mg/l 7 43 18 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 1 0.14

8. SO4 mg/l 1 75 19

9. SiO2 mg/l 13 29 22.4

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 140 420 255 12. Ca mg/l 36 112 66 13. Mg mg/l 12 34 22 14. Na mg/l 5 46 20 15. K mg/l 2 20 5.55 F Sarju sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.72 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 365 1020 607

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

3. CO3 mg/l 6 6 6

4. HCO3 mg/l 183 366 295 5. Cl mg/l 7 121 32 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 86 9.2

8. SO4 mg/l 0 118 19.2

9. SiO2 mg/l 16 35 27

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 150 350 236 12. Ca mg/l 16 72 52 13. Mg mg/l 10 51 26 14. Na mg/l 6 80 33 15. K mg/l 2 45 7 G Tehri sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.61 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 365 1016 568

3. CO3 mg/l 0 0 0

4. HCO3 mg/l 207 439 303 5. Cl mg/l 7 78 22 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

7. NO3 mg/l 0 79 10.8

8. SO4 mg/l 1 52 12

9. SiO2 mg/l 22 43 28

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 160 450 239 12. Ca mg/l 36 72 52 13. Mg mg/l 10 66 26 14. Na mg/l 5 67 26 15. K mg/l 0 17 4 H Upper Ghaghra sub-basin 1. pH 7 8 7.65 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 310 1020 642

3. CO3 mg/l 24 48 36

4. HCO3 mg/l 159 403 309 5. Cl mg/l 7 121 33 6. F mg/l 0 0 0

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

7. NO3 mg/l 0 86 11.5

8. SO4 mg/l 0 118 23

9. SiO2 mg/l 16 40 26

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 155 390 261 12. Ca mg/l 32 76 54 13. Mg mg/l 9 63 30 14. Na mg/l 5 80 33 15. K mg/l 2 45 7.19

(Source: GWYB, 2015-16, CGWB, NR)

On perusal of above values of constituents in ground water samples in different sub-basins of Ghaghra Basin, it has been observed that during 2015-2016 in Chauka sub-basin, the values of pH, Ec, Bicarbonate, Sulphate, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon di-oxide & TDS are rising, where as values of, Nitrate , Sodium, RSC ,SAR are going down and Potassium Chloride, Fluoride are nearly same in comparision to the data of year 2014-2015. But in Kuwano sub-basin, values of Ec, Bicarbonates, Fluoride, Sulphate, TDS and Calcium are going down with values of pH, Chloride, Nitrate, Total hardness, Silicon di-oxide, Magnesium, Sodium, SAR and Potassium are rising in year 2015-16 with respect to year 2014-15. In Little Gandak sub-basin, the values of Electrical conductivity, Chloride , Sulphate,Total hardness, Calcium, Sodium,Silicon dioxide, TDS, SAR and Poassium are rising and values of, pH, Bicarbonates, Flouride,Nitrate, RSC and Sodium are going down in year 2015-16 with respect to year 2014-15, where as value of Magnessium is nearly same in both years. In Lower Ghaghra sub-basin, the values of pH,Bicarbonates, Nitrate,Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and RSC are decreasing and values of Chloride, Flouride, Sulphate, Sodium, Silicon-di-oxide and SAR are rising with respect to 2014-15 in year 2015-16, where as the values of Phosphate and RSC are nearly same.The values of pH, Ec, Bicarbonates, Total Hardness, Calcium, Potassium, Silicon-di-oxide, and TDS are increasing and values of Nitrate, Sulphate, RSC and SAR are going down in 2015-16 ,where as the values of C hloride, Flouride, Magnesium and Sodium are same with respect to 2014-15 in Sharda sub-basin. In Sarju sub-basin, the values of pH, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, TDS and SAR are rising & values of Ec, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Calcium and RSC are going down in 2015-16 where as the values of Flouride, Total hardness, Silicon-di-oxide, Phosphate and RSC are same in 2015-16 in comparision to year 2014-15. In Tehri sub-basin area, the values of Ec, Bicrbonate, Chloride, Total hardness, Calcium and TDS are decreasing in and values of Nitrate, Sulphate, Magnesium, Potassium, Silicon-di-oxide, RSC and SAR are increasing in year 2015-16,where as the values of Carbonate, Sodium and Phosphate arev nearly same with respect to year 2014-15.In Upper Ghaghra sub-basin, values of only RSC is going down but values of Ph, Ec, Carbonate,Bicarbonate,Chloride ,Nitrate,Sulphate,Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium ,Sodium, Potassium, Silicon-di-oxide, TDS and SAR are increasing in year 2015-16 in comparision to year 2014-15 where as the Flouride and Phosphate are absent. The average values of all the constituents in sub-basins are within the permissible limit.

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Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes

The chemical quality of water is an important factor to be considered in evaluating its usefulness for irrigation purposes. Plants grown by irrigation absorb and transpire the water but leave nearly all the salts behind in the soil, where they accumulate and eventually prevent plant growth. Excessive concentrations of solute interfere with the osmotic process by which plant root membranes are able to assimilate water and nutrients. CaCO3 has low solubility, it may precipitate harmlessly but the bulk of residual solutes present a disposal problem that must be solved effectively to maintain productivity of the irrigated soil. In addition to problems caused by excessive concentration of dissolved solids (TDS), certain constituents in irrigation water are especially undesirable and some may be damaging even when present in small concentrations viz. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) & Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The potential hazards to crop growth are salinity, sodicity, alkalinity & toxic.

Table 4.35 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average A Chauka Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 78 22

2. NO3 mg/l 0 38 8 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 270 850 514 5. RSC 0 1 0.11 6. SAR 0 2 0.44 B Kuwano Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 156 25

2. NO3 mg/l 0 121 9.25 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.036 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 388 1070 653 5. RSC -1 1 0.14 6. SAR 0 2 0.33 C Little Gandak Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 156 42

2. NO3 mg/l 0 95 33 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.12 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 366 1504 683 5. RSC -1 2 0.07 6. SAR 0 2 0.54 D Lower Ghaghra Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 156 33

2. NO3 mg/l 0 134 19.5 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.023

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 360 1565 636 5. RSC -2 2 0.12 6. SAR 0 2 0.39 E Sarda Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 78 18

2. NO3 mg/l 0 38 4.8 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 270 850 484 5. RSC 0 1 0.1 6. SAR 0 2 0.3 F Sarju Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 78 25

2. NO3 mg/l 0 0 0 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 342 954 622 5. RSC 0 2 0.22 6. SAR 0 1 0.1 G Tehri Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 43 26

2. NO3 mg/l 0 7 1.16 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 470 780 676 5. RSC 0 0 0 6. SAR 0 1 0.125 H Upper Ghaghra Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 78 23

2. NO3 mg/l 0 7 1.17 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 300 954 548 5. RSC 0 2 0.1 6. SAR 0 1 0.14 (Source: GWYB, 2014-15, CGWB, NR)

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Table 4.36 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Ghaghra Basin (2015-16)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average A Chauka Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 43 21

2. NO3 mg/l 0 21 2.3 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 385 890 552 5. RSC -1 1 0 6. SAR 0 1 0.14 B Kuwano sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 177 43

2. NO3 mg/l 0 63 13 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 351 1220 643 5. RSC -3 2 -0.09 6. SAR 0 2 0.41 C Little Gandak sub-basib 1. Cl mg/l 14 213 70

2. NO3 mg/l 0 53 11.37 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.05 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 450 1425 839 5. RSC -4 1 -0.6 6. SAR 0 2 0.75 D Lower Ghaghra sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 241 51

2. NO3 mg/l 0 55 12 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.03 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 310 1421 638 5. RSC -3 2 -0.04 6. SAR 0 7 0.84 E Sarda sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 43 18

2. NO3 mg/l 0 1 0.14 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 305 890 566 5. RSC -1 1 0 6. SAR 0 1 0.11

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average F Sarju sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 121 32

2. NO3 mg/l 0 86 9.2 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 365 1020 607 5. RSC -2 1 0 6. SAR 0 1 0.39 G Tehri sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 78 22

2. NO3 mg/l 0 79 11 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 365 1016 568 5. RSC -1 1 0.15 6. SAR 0 1 0.23 H Upper Ghaghra sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 121 33

2. NO3 mg/l 0 86 11.5 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 310 1020 642 5. RSC -2 1 -0.11 6. SAR 0 1 0.31 (Source: GWYB, 2015-16, CGWB, NR)

On perusal of above values of constituents in ground water samples in different sub-basins of Ghaghra Basin it has been observed that during 2015-16, in Chauka sub-basin, the values of EC is rising whereas values of Nitrate, RSC and SAR and are going down with respect to year 2014-15 & values of Chloride is nearly same and Flouride is absent. But in Kuwano sub-basin, values of Ec, Fluoride and RSC are going down while Nitrate, Chloride and SAR values are showing a rise in 2015-16. In Little Gandak sub-basin values of Fluoride, RSC, and Nitrate are going down and values of Chloride, SAR Nitrate and Ec are rising. Thevalues of Chloride, Flouride and SAR sre rising & Nitrate, and RSC are decreasing in 2015-16 with nearly same value of Ec in both years in Lower Ghaghra sub- basin. In Sarda sub-basin values of Nitrate, RSC and SAR are going down and values of Ec, is rising in 2015-16 with nearly same values of Chloride & Flouride. In Sarju sub-basin the values of Chloride , Sulphate and SAR are rising & Ec and RSC are decreasing in 2015-16, when compared to 2014-15 with nearly same value of Flouride i.e. nil .In Tehri sub-basin, values of Ec & Chloride are going down in 2015-16 and values of Nitrate, RSC & SAR are rising with respect to year 2014-15 and value of Flouride is nil.The values of Ec,Chloride , Nitrate & SAR are rising in 2015-16 & RSC is going down with Flouride as nil in 2015-16 and 2014-15 in Upper Ghaghra sub-basin.

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Considering the parameters responsible for suitability of ground water in Ghaghra Basin, it is observed that it is generally fit for irrigation purposes as per Electrical Conductivity, Residual Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Adsorption Ratio except at few places where corrective measures are to be taken before agricultural usage.

Ground Water Quality – U.P. Jal Nigam Data

Major groundwater quality parameters relevant to domestic water supply are Arsenic, Fluoride and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as per GEC-2015. On perusal of water quality data of NRDWP from 2012-13 to 2016-17 of the areas under Ghaghra Basin, which was mainly analysed by U.P. Jal Nigam, the blocks having the values of substances / characteristics with in desirable limit and beyond permissible limit for Arsenic, Fluoride and TDS are given in Appendix 22.

Arsenic

A rapid growth in research on arsenic occurrence and behaviour in the environment has occurred over the last decade or so. Today, environmental arsenic problems have been recognised and documented in numerous areas across the State, in a range of geological and climatic settings. Arsenic can be mobilised naturally in water and soils through weathering reactions and microbiological activity. Its mobilisation can also be initiated or exacerbated through anthropogenic activities such as metal mining and groundwater abstraction, and in some cases through the use of arsenical pesticides in agriculture and wood preservation. Drinking water constitutes a major, and possibly dominant, pathway of exposure to Arsenic in humans. Although the concentrations of Arsenic in drinking water are usually low, in some circumstances they can reach far in excess of these statutory drinking-water limits and thus cause a potentially severe threat to health. Groundwater is generally more vulnerable to Arsenic contamination than surface water because of the interaction of groundwater with aquifer minerals and the increased potential in aquifers for the generation of the physicochemical conditions favourable for Arsenic release.

The contamination of a drinking water source by arsenic can result from either natural or human activities. Arsenic is an element that occurs naturally in rocks and soil, water, air, plants, and animals. Volcanic activity, the erosion of rocks and minerals, and forest fires are natural sources that can release arsenic into the environment. Arsenic is also used in paints, drugs, dyes, soaps, metals and semi- conductors. Agricultural applications, mining, and smelting also contribute to arsenic releases. Arsenic is present in earth’s crust and occurs in more than 200 natural minerals. Under favourable environmental conditions, arsenic enters into the groundwater. Groundwater has been the major source of arsenic exposure to human population. The incidence of arsenic in drinking water, above the standard limit (0.01mg/l as per IS: 10500 2012, Amendment June 2015) has emerged as a major public health problem. The consumption of arsenic contaminated water can cause a wide range of acute and chronic diseases in humans. The source of arsenic for groundwater is mainly geogenic in nature. Therefore, if the groundwater is selected as the source of water, routine monitoring for arsenic becomes a vital step before it is conveyed to the end users for drinking or irrigation or industrial purposes.

In Ghaghra basin 2307 ground water samples were tested, in which 59 (2.55%) samples were having Arsenic within permissible limits (less than or equal to 0.01mg/l) and 842 (36.5%) samples were

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In a recent study, to address the effect of water quality on crops, researchers at Lucknow- based CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute have developed transgenic rice by inserting a novel fungal gene, which results in reduced arsenic accumulation in rice grain. Now the team is focusing on food safety test and field trials, subject to regulatory approvals.

Fluoride

Presence of low or high concentration of certain ions is a major issue as they make the groundwater unsuitable for various purposes. Fluoride is one such ion that causes health problems in people living in affected areas. Fluoride concentration of atleast 0.6 mg/l is required for human consumption as it will help to have stronger teeth and bones. Consumption of water with fluoride concentration above 1.5 mg/l results in acute to chronic dental fluorosis where the tooth become coloured from yellow to brown. Skeletal fluorosis which causes weakness and bending of the bones also results due to long term consumption of water containing high fluoride.

Presence of low or high concentration of fluoride in groundwater is because of natural or anthropogenic causes or a combination of both. Natural sources are associated to the geological conditions of an area. Several rocks have fluoride bearing minerals like apatite, fluorite, biotite and hornblende. The weathering of these rocks and infiltration of rainfall through it increases fluoride concentration in groundwater. Fluoride which is present in high concentration in volcanic ash is readily soluble in water and forms another natural source. Anthropogenic sources of fluoride include agricultural fertilisers and combustion of coal. Phosphate fertilisers contribute to fluoride in irrigation lands. Coal which is a potential source of fluoride is used for combustion in various industries and in brick kilns. The aerial emission of fluoride in gaseous form during these activities reaches the surface by fall out of particulate fluorides and during rainfall they percolate with the rainwater thus reaching the groundwater table. Also, the improper disposal of fly ash on ground surface contributes to fluoride in groundwater. Since ingestion of high fluoride has a long-term effect on human health it is essential to monitor its concentration in groundwater used for drinking periodically and take steps to bring them within the permissible range of 0.6 to 1.5 mg/l.

There are several methods available for the removal of fluoride from groundwater which is insitu or exsitu. To dilute the groundwater contaminated with fluoride, artificial recharging structures can be built in suitable places which will decrease its concentration. Rainwater harvesting through existing wells also will prove effective to reduce the groundwater fluoride concentration. Exsitu methods which are conventional treatment methods like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, coagulation and precipitation etc. can be practiced at community level or at households to reduce fluoride concentration before ingestion. But the choice of each method depends on the local conditions of the region such as the quality of groundwater and the source of contamination whether it is natural or anthropogenic. Fluoride contamination being a prominent and widespread problem in several parts of the State and as causes for this are mostly natural and unpreventable, educating the people and defluorinating the groundwater before consumption are essential for a healthy world. A detailed and comprehensive site-specific survey will be required for effective remedial measures.

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In Ghaghra basin 1978 ground water samples were tested, in which 1339 (67.7%) samples were having Fluoride within desirable limits (less than or equal to 1 mg/l), 107 (5.40%) samples were having Fluoride between desirable and permissible limits (between 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and 532 (26.89%) samples were having Fluoride beyond permissible limits (greater than 1.5 mg/l) as shown in Appendix 22 and Map 7.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Mineralisation of ground water depends upon lithology, texture and nature of formation through which water moves. The ground water is generally used for domestic and irrigation purposes. The Total Dissolved Solids comprise inorganic salts and some small amount of organic matter that are dissolved in water. In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the sum of the cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged) ions in the water. Therefore, the total dissolved solids test provides a qualitative measure of the number of dissolved ions but does not tell us the nature or ion relationships. Total Dissolved Solids, TDS = 0.67 * EC, where EC is Electrical conductivity.

In Ghaghra basin 2061 ground water samples were tested, in which 1746 (84.7%) samples were having TDS within desirable limits (less than or equal to 500 mg/l), 300 (14.5%) samples were having TDS between desirable and permissible limits (between 500 and 2000 mg/l) and 15 (0.72%) samples were having TDS beyond permissible limits (greater than 2000 mg/l) as shown in Appendix 22 and Map 8. So, mostly quality of groundwater in terms of TDS is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes.

Surface Water Quality

The main rivers of Ghaghra Basin are Ghaghra and Saryu having their distributaries –Kali & little Gandak flowing in the basin. The Ghaghra basin runs through north western and southern portion of district. The rivers in the upper courses are mostly seasonal. The quality of water in the rivers is highly dependent on the availability of freshwater in them, which varies to a considerable extent temporally and spatially. Precipitation is confined to only three months a year and varies greatly. Most of the flows in the rivers (nearly 80% to 90%) occur in monsoon period (June, July, August and September). Whatever water flows in non-monsoon period (October to May) is used extensively for irrigation and drinking, leaving very little or no flows in the river.

Water quality in Ghaghra basin deteriorates in Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat. BOD, the indicator of organic pollution increases from 2.1 to 2.9 mg/l, at Ayodhya. With the increase in organic pollution load the DO level reduces to 7.4 mg/l, while the faecal coliforms phenomenally increase to 5100 MPN/100ml. Reason for deterioration of water quality may be attributed to direct disposal of untreated sewage from Ayodhya city and dumping of garbage along the river bed. The water quality of the Saryu River at Deoria and Ayodhya has been found safe to unsafe. The water quality of Ghaghra at Deoria is found as safe.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, there should not be more than 5,000 bacteria in 100 ml of water. But in the Saryu Riverat Ayodhya the bacteria count has soared to 5400 per100 ml of water.

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Surface Water Quality Monitoring by CPCB/UPPCB

Saryu river is facing severe problem of pollution due to discharge of sewage and industrial effluent. The assessment of water quality carried out by Central Pollution Control Board, in 2006 and 2016 respectively shows high level of pollution in Saryu at Ayodhya. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) monitors the surface water quality of Saryu and Ghaghra River– Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat and Ghaghra at Deoria on routine basis. Parameters measured are Physical (temp., pH, EC), bacteriological (total coliform and faecal coliform) and organic pollution (DO, BOD) and COD. The monthly water quality data from October, 2015 to April, 2018 of UPPCB is given in Appendix.23 The water quality data for the year 2006 and 2016 of CPCB has been scrutinized and the observations are summarized in tables respectively.

Table 4.37 : Water quality range for Ghaghra River monitored by CPCB, in 2006

Dissolved Electrical Faecal coli- Total coli- S. BOD Sampling sites oxygen pH con.(EC) form form No. (mg/l) (mg/l) mi.mhos/cm (mpn/100ml) (mpn/100ml) Saryu at Ayodhya at 1 9.8-10.2 7.4-7.5 320-335 2.1-2.1 3900-4100 5200-5400 main bathing ghat, U.P. Ghaghra at Deoria 2 7-8.1 8.1-8.2 384-410 1.7-2.3 30-50 60-90 D/S, U.P.

Table 4.38 : Water quality range for Ghaghra River monitored by CPCB, in 2016

Dissolved Electrical Faecal coli- Total coli- S. BOD Sampling sites oxygen pH con.(EC) form form No. (mg/l) (mg/l) mi.mhos/cm (mpn/100ml) (mpn/100ml) Saryu at Ayodhya at 1 7.4-7.9 7.8-7.9 7.8-7.9 2.9-4.1 3900-5100 5200-5400 main bathing ghat, U.P. Ghaghra at Deoria D/S, 2 7.5-8.0 8.0-8.2 384-454 2.4-2.9 200-800 450-1700 U.P.

The water quality of Saryu River and Ghaghra River in Ghaghra basin is not within the desirable limits set by CPCB under “Designated Best use” criteria except at monitoring point Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat and Ghaghra at Deoria after drain outfall from 2006 to 2016 and monthly quality monitoring done by UPPCB from October, 2015 to April, 2018.

The analysis of river water quality data of UPPCB reveals that only at Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat, U.P. site, dissolved oxygen is above required level of 4mg/l and ranges up to 10mg/l, during pre-monsoon period in year 2016 and from monsoon to post-monsoon period, it is >4mg/l, but in year 2017 &2018 ,DO is >4 mg/l in both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period, whereas at Ghaghra at Deoria D/S, measuring sites, DO is above desirable limit during pre-monsoon period and monsoon to post-monsoon period, it is > 4mg/l. In the same way BOD is more than desirable limit at nearly all points except Gorakhpur at Deoria from Nov./2015 to June/2017. Faecal coliform are always >2500 mpn/100ml at Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat, and beyond desirable limit in Oct./2017 &April, 2018 at Ghaghra at Deoria D/S, U.P The values of Total coliform are also above 5000mpn/100ml at site Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat. At Ghaghra at Deoria D/S, site, it is always >5000 mpn/100ml except in the month ofAugust,2017, September 2017 and October 2017.

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The maximum value of 21000 mpn/100ml has been observed in October 2017 at Ghaghra at Deoria D/S.

The study of quality data from year 2006 to 2016, measured by CPCB indicates that the water quality of Saryu and Ghaghra rivers monitored with respect to DO meets the stipulated criteria and shows a stable trend except at both sites. The DO is generally measured during the daytime and may have an impact of photosynthesis.

The conductivity is also within the 128 to 582 µS/cm range, which is within desired water quality requirement. However, an increasing trend is evident in both the rivers, but not beyond desirable limlt, possibly due to gradual decrease in flow resulting in increased concentration of salts. The Saryu River showed a much higher value of the conductivity during 2013, at Ghaghra at Deoria D/S, which may be due to heavy load of pollution received from upstream sources of Gorakhpur.

Both faecal and total coliform values are showing increasing trends in Saryu and Ghaghra rivers the faecal coliforms phenomenally increase to 5500 MPN/100ml whereas total coliform increase to 8200 MPN/100ml at Saryu in Faizabad. Reason for deterioration of water quality may be attributed to direct disposal of untreated sewage from city and dumping of garbage along the river bed.

The surface water quality of the Saryu River at Faizabad has been found quite unsafe. Water quality of Saryu deteriorates due to mixing of untreated sewage and industrial effluent. Faecal and total coliform values at Gaghra at Deoria are within desirable limit.

Table 4.39 : Classification of designated best use of water quality done on the basis of CPCB data in 2016

S. Desired Existing Critical Location No. level level parameters 1 Saryu at Ayodhya at main bathing ghat, U.P. C C DO, BOD, TC 2 Ghaghra at Deoria D/S, U.P. C C DO Source: CPCB

Surface Water Quality Monitoring by CWC

CWC also monitors the water quality of rivers in Ghaghra Basin at five locations, conducting analysis of about 34 parameters. However, among them only dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and conductivity are indicative of pollution. Thus, based on these three important indicators of water quality the findings of CWC are summarized in Table 4.40 to Table 4.42. The complete data is given in Appendix 24. It is clear from Table 4.40, the BOD values of the rivers in Ghaghra basin, monitored by CWC meet the designated best use criteria of CPCB i.e. 3 mg/l or less except the maximum value of 5.50mg/l at Basti location for the rivers in basin; this is comparable with the monitoring results of CPCB/UPPCB. The average BOD values range from 0.84 mg/l to 2.45 mg/l. Similarly, as seen from Table 4.41, the DO values are above 4 mg/l or more except the Basti location and thus meet the designated best use criteria of CPCB, which is again comparable with CPCB/UPPCB findings. The average DO values vary from 6.33 mg/l to 7.28 mg/l, with the lowest average DO being observed at Basti location in Ghaghra River. The conductivity of the rivers is below 770 µS/cm as shown in Table 4.42. However, maximum values are sometimes higher than even 1000

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µS/cm, as in all the location of Ghaghra basin of Ghaghra River. This could be due to the drying up of the river during the summer months due to which concentration of dissolved solid rises resulting in increased conductivity.

Table 4.40 : Water Quality of Rivers in Ghaghra Basin (CWC) - BOD, mg/l

Location Minimum Maximum Average Paliakalan, Ghaghra River 0.58 2.35 1.09 Elginbridge, Ghaghra River 0.39 1.74 0.91 Ayodhya, Ghaghra River 0.39 2.16 0.84 Basti, Ghaghra River 0.59 5.50 2.45 Turtipar, Ghaghra River 0.39 1.77 0.99 Source: CWC

Table 4.41 : Water Quality of Rivers in Ghaghra Basin (CWC) - DO, mg/l

Location Minimum Maximum Average Paliakalan, Ghaghra River 5.88 8.04 7.18 Elginbridge, Ghaghra iver 6.19 7.84 7.09 Ayodhya, Ghaghra River 5.88 8.63 7.25 Basti, Ghaghra River 3.14 8.19 6.33 Turtipar, Ghaghra River 6.59 8.63 7.28 Source: CWC

Table 4.42 : Water Quality of Rivers in Ghaghra Basin (CWC) - Conductivity, µS/cm

Location Minimum Maximum Average Paliakalan, Ghaghra River 179 1550 504 Elginbridge, Ghaghra River 134 1248 404 Ayodhya, Ghaghra River 162 2520 527 Basti, Ghaghra River 98 1800 430 Turtipar, Ghaghra River 163 2130 535 Source: CWC

4.2 Energy Resources

There is no hydro power plant but there are three existing and one ongoing thermal power plant in Ghaghra Basin as shown in Table 4.43.

Table 4.43 : Power Plants in Ghaghra Basin

Installed S. Sub Basin Plant Name Agency Capacity, Source of Water No. MW 1 Kuwano Kundarkhi Bajaj Energy Ltd. 90 Groundwater 2 Lower Ghaghra Tanda Power Plant NTPC 440 Tanda Pump Canal

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Installed S. Sub Basin Plant Name Agency Capacity, Source of Water No. MW 3 Lower Ghaghra Tanda Extension NTPC 1320 Tanda Pump Canal (Ongoing) 4 Sarda Khambarkhera Bajaj Energy Ltd. 90 Groundwater Basin Total 1940

4.3 Land Resources

4.3.1 Land Use Pattern / Culturable Area Available

The current land use pattern for Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 2.6. The table shows that for Ghaghra Basin, the net sown area is 21.45 lakh ha i.e. 70.03 % of the total area, while the net irrigated area is 18.43 lakh ha i.e. 85.92% of total area. The culturable area available (comprising of Barren Cultivable Waste, Present Fallow Land, Other Fallow Land and Net Sown Area) is 23.48 lakh ha i.e. 76.66%.

4.3.2 Soil Characteristics

The geomorphic evolution of Ghaghra Basin is shown in Map 9. The different characteristics of soils in Ghaghra Basin are shown in Map 10 to Map 14.

Most of the soils in Ghaghra Basin have surface texture classified as loamy (85.98 %), while 4.76 % is clayey and 9.26 % is sandy (see Map 10).

Most soils are classified as well-drained (66.97%), while 13.91 % is moderately well drained, 1.09 % is imperfectly drained, 8.78 % is poorly drained and 9.26 % is excessively drained (see Map 11).

64.40 % of Ghaghra Basin is classified as non-calcareous, while 18.58 % is slightly calcareous, 16.98 % is moderately calcareous and 0.03 % is strong calcareous. (see Map 12).

Areas of Ghaghra Basin falling under different slope classes are given in Table 4.44 (see Map 13). 25.76 % of Ghaghra Basin has a slope below 1% that is classed as “Level to nearly level”, while 73.46 % is classed as “Very gently sloping” and only 0.79 % is classed as “Gently sloping”. In the areas classified “Level to nearly level” there is not sufficient gradient to create an erosive velocity.

From analysis of Soil Erosion Classes (see Map 14), 48.78 % of the Ghaghra Basin has no erosion while 51.22 % has slight erosion.

Overall, Ghaghra basin soil is suitable for improved agriculture with possibility of crop diversification and intensification with comparable productivity.

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Table 4.44 : Area under different slope codes in Ghaghra basin

Area Slope Code Slope Class Slope Percentage (%) a. Level to nearly level 0-1 25.76 b. Very gently sloping 1-3 73.46 c. Gently sloping 3-8 0.79 d. Moderately sloping 8-15 0.00 Source: Analysis of NBSS & LUP data

4.3.3 Details of Forest Land and Fallow Land

As can be seen from Table 4.45, forest land is 2.028 lakh ha in Ghaghra Basin, i.e. 6.92% of the total area. Its distribution in Saryu, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Little Gandak, Upper Ghaghra, Tehri, Chauka and Kuwano Sub-basin is 4.84, 0.46%, 14.51%, 2.42%, 11.25%, 1.37%, 16.84%and 3.66% respectively. Fallow land (comprising Present Fallow Land and Other Fallow Land) is 1.737 lakh ha i.e. 5.65% of the total area. Its distribution in Saryu, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Little Gandak, Upper Ghaghra, Tehri, Chauka and Kuwano Sub-basin is 6.93%, 7.06%, 2.84%, 3.00%, 6.83%, 7.9%, 5.53% and 5.1% respectively. The higher percentage of fallow land in Tehri sub-basin can be attributed to the portions of lesser irrigation command areas and poor soil and terrain characteristics.

Table 4.45 : Forest and Fallow Land in Ghaghra Basin, (2014-2015)

Land Use Lower Little Upper Ghaghra Sarju Sarda Tehri Chauka Kuwano Category Ghaghra Gandak Ghaghra Basin

Forest Area, ha 13104 2602 42696 8180 61778 2110 51059 21258 202787 Forest Area in % 4.84 0.46 14.51 2.42 11.25 1.37 16.84 3.66 6.92 of Total Area Present Fallow 13428 29143 6375 8349 26840 9029 11249 19316 123729 Land Other Fallow 5335 11209 1977 1798 10664 3158 5516 10346 50003 Land Total Fallow 18763 40352 8352 10147 37504 12187 16765 29662 173732 Land Total Fallow Land in % of 6.93 7.06 2.84 3 6.83 7.9 5.53 5.1 5.65 Total Area

4.4 Other Resources

4.4.1 Fisheries

Fisheries production in Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 4.46, the administrative levels details are given in Appendix 25. Out of the total fisheries production in Ghaghra Basin, distribution in Chauka, Kuwano, Little Gandak, Lower Ghaghra, Sarda, Sarju, Tehri, and Upper Ghaghra Sub-basin is 2.43%, 22.29%, 31.94%, 30.46%, 2.71%, 3.73%, 1.69% and 4.74% respectively.

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Table 4.46 : Fisheries Production in Ghaghra Basin

Government Private Total Production in Sub Basin No. of Reservoir Production, No. of Reservoir Production, Production, Percentage of Reservoir Area, ha Qtl Reservoir Area, ha Qtl Qtl Ghgara basin Chauka 2 11 157 26 29 900 1057 2.43 Kuwano 3 291 145 454 306 9548 9693 22.29 Little Gandak 0 0 0 478 452 13890 13890 31.94 Lower Ghaghra 5 13 216 623 414 13028 13244 30.46 Sarda 9 97 365 44 27 812 1177 2.71 Sarju 4 242 381 277 184 1243 1624 3.73 Tehri 0 208 114 93 53 622 736 1.69 Upper Ghaghra 12 303 437 228 147 1625 2062 4.74 Ghaghra Basin 35 1165 1815 2223 1612 41668 43483 100.00

4.4.2 Human Resources

4.4.2.1 Extent and Distribution

The total population of the Ghaghra Basin is 25.86 million as per 2011 census. Population density considering both urban and rural population works out to 821 person/sq.km (ranges from 562 to 1183 person/sq.km). The Sub-basin wise details are given earlier in Table 2.2 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 2 and Map 2.

4.4.2.2 Calibre/Qualification

As per census 2011, out of the total population, 25.86 million i.e. 91.94 % population is rural (Table 2.2 and Appendix 2) and about 40.00% of the working population are involved in agricultural activities (see Table 2.5 and Appendix 5). The literacy rate is 59.88 % (see Table 2.2 and Appendix 2).

4.4.2.3 Employment Opportunities.

Among Males, work participation rate as per census 2011 was 58.5% and for Females was 16.2%. Overall, the work participation rate of 40.0% was comparable with the state average of 40.4% (58.6% male and 20.5% female). The Sub-basin wise work participation rate are shown in Table 4.47.

Most employment opportunities in the Basin are associated with agricultural production. There is potential for employment opportunities to be increased through the growth of irrigated agriculture, and through growth in supply chains for agricultural inputs, or chains associated with distribution and marketing of agricultural outputs.

Limited employment opportunities are also likely to become available in towns and cities as increasing incomes from agriculture in the Basin support growth in the supply of goods and services.

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Table 4.47 : Work Participation Rate in Ghaghra Basin

Work Participation Population between 6 to 65 Years Workers Sub Basin Rate, % Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Chauka 868,373 766,950 1,635,323 572,302 124,541 696,843 65.9 16.2 42.6 Kuwano 2,149,156 2,052,209 4,201,368 1,216,614 477,010 1,693,625 56.6 23.2 40.3 Little Gandak 1,638,831 1,627,306 3,266,136 888,175 343,742 1,231,921 54.2 21.1 37.7 Lower Ghaghra 2,592,555 2,565,983 5,158,539 1,236,651 506,042 1,742,692 47.7 19.7 33.8 Sarda 741,702 658,001 1,399,705 403,842 86,353 490,199 54.5 13.1 35.0 Sarju 789,371 704,109 1,493,480 583,410 172,047 755,454 73.9 24.4 50.6 Tehri 523,505 478,377 1,001,883 346,804 119,214 466,016 66.3 24.9 46.5 Upper Ghaghra 1,881,325 1,691,578 3,572,901 923,593 279,882 1,203,475 49.1 16.6 33.7 Ghaghra Total 11,184,818 10,544,513 21,729,335 6,171,391 2,108,831 8,280,225 58.5 19.9 40.0

4.4.3 Flora and Fauna

The forest and tree cover of the Ghaghra Basin is less than the desired minimum of 33% as per the National Forest Policy 1988. Increases in areas of trees are included in the proposed future cropping patterns that promote diversification of crops. In areas that are currently subject to subsurface water logging, lowering of ground water will permit the planting of fruit and other beneficial trees. In some areas, trees will be used for bio-drainage to assist in maintaining ground water levels below the capillary zone for non-tree crops. In areas of depleted ground water, water harvesting and ground water recharge will provide conditions that support trees, possibly with drip or sprinkler irrigation to improve yields of high value tree crops. Increases in tree cover will promote increased numbers and diversity of fauna.

As per the land use pattern data of 2014-15 (see Table 2.6), the forest and tree cover of Ghaghra Basin is estimated as 202787 ha which is only 6.92% of the basin area. This is less than the desired minimum of 33% as per the National Forest Policy 1988. Chauka sub basin ha maximum forest tree cover of 16.84 %.

4.5 Summary of Water Availability for Ghaghra Basin

The summary of water resources availability in Ghaghra Basin is given in Table 4.48. Total available water resources of the basin including importable surface water as per share is 32,701 MCM at 90% dependability and 35,301 MCM at 75% dependability.

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Table 4.48 : Summary of Water Resources Availability for Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr

Dependability Level Particulars Mean 25% 50% 75% 90% Surface Water (generated within Basin) Local Surface Water, Mm3/yr 9,707.91 11,480.18 9,350.87 7,612.36 6,028.67 Importable Surface Water as per Share From Gandak Barrage, Mm3/yr 8,134.70 8,872.35 8,038.14 7,579.19 7,315.08 From Banbasa Barrage, Mm3/yr 1,477.47 1,717.73 1,344.11 1,274.99 1,169.21 From Lower Sharda Barrage, 2,456.08 2,909.61 1,981.56 1,660.77 1,492.06 Mm3/yr From Saryu Barrage, Mm3/yr 7,721.67 8,652.48 7,681.24 6,526.55 6,049.52 Groundwater Dynamic Groundwater, Mm3/yr 10,646.91 10,646.91 10,646.91 10,646.91 10,646.91 Total Available Water, Mm3/yr 40,144.74 44,279.26 39,042.83 35,300.77 32,701.45 Note: For groundwater, assessment is done for Mean Annual Availability as per GEC-2015 methodology.

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5 WATER DEMAND AND DEVELOPMENT NEED IN GHAGHRA BASIN – PRESENT AND FUTURE

5.1 Growth Potential in the Basin

5.1.1 Population Growth and Distribution

As mentioned earlier, as per census 2011, the total population of Ghaghra Basin is 25,864,960 out of which 2,083,813 is urban and 23,781,147 is rural. Average population density of Ghaghra Basin is 821 person/km2, which is lower than the state average of 828 person/km2 and and higher than the national average of 382 person/km2. The population projections were made using Arithmetical increase method, Geometrical increase method, Incremental increase method and Polynomial curve fitting method using the past 5 decades data (1961 to 2011). The population projection by Polynomial curve fitting method has been adopted which represents the decreasing rate of growth seen for Uttar Pradesh during 1991-2001 (25.9%) and 2001-2011 (20.1%) (for details see Appendix 26). The projected population by selected method for the total, rural and urban population up to 2045 of Ghaghra Basin is shown in Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 27.

Table 5.1 : Projected Population of Ghaghra Basin

2015 2025 Sub Basin Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Chauka 1,923,803 419,007 2,342,810 2,230,217 501,816 2,732,033 Kuwano 5,337,075 195,825 5,532,900 6,187,140 234,525 6,421,665 Little Gandak 4,087,018 296,446 4,383,464 4,737,980 355,032 5,093,012 Lower Ghaghra 5,701,248 452,293 6,153,541 6,609,317 541,679 7,150,996 Sarda 1,578,005 61,953 1,639,958 1,829,342 74,197 1,903,539 Sarju 2,093,849 250,674 2,344,523 2,427,348 300,214 2,727,562 Tehri 1,289,303 260,993 1,550,296 1,494,657 312,573 1,807,230 Upper Ghaghra 3,437,305 317,317 3,754,622 3,984,783 380,028 4,364,811 Basin Total 25,447,606 2,254,507 27,702,113 29,500,783 2,700,065 32,200,847 2035 2045 Sub Basin Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Chauka 2,530,499 578,990 3,109,489 2,811,680 645,771 3,457,452 Kuwano 7,020,191 270,593 7,290,785 7,800,255 301,803 8,102,058 Little Gandak 5,375,913 409,633 5,785,546 5,973,269 456,880 6,430,148 Lower Ghaghra 7,499,211 624,985 8,124,196 8,332,502 697,070 9,029,572 Sarda 2,075,649 85,608 2,161,257 2,306,289 95,482 2,401,771 Sarju 2,754,172 346,384 3,100,556 3,060,207 386,336 3,446,544 Tehri 1,695,901 360,644 2,056,545 1,884,345 402,240 2,286,585 Upper Ghaghra 4,521,304 438,473 4,959,777 5,023,699 489,046 5,512,745 Basin Total 33,472,841 3,115,310 36,588,151 37,192,246 3,474,630 40,666,876

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Figure 5.1 : Projected Population of Ghaghra Basin

5.1.2 Agricultural Production

As per data of year 2014-15, the area, production and yield of the three major agriculture produce of Ghaghra Basin is shown in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 : Production and Productivity of major crops of Ghaghra Basin

Area, Production, Yeild, Qtl/ha Crop ha mt Average Maximum* Rice Kharif 1157091 2556146 22.09 30.49 Wheat 1210849 2712507 22.4 38.90 Sugarcane 495633 30588495 617.16 694.4 * - Based on district-wise data of last 10 years Source: UP Agriculture Department

From above Table, it can be seen that the productivity of wheat in Ghaghra Basin for year 2014-15 was 22.09 Qtl. /ha which is lower than the State productivity (22.77 Qtl. /ha) and the National productivity (27.50 Qtl. /ha). The productivity of rice in Ghaghra Basin for year 2014-15 was 22.04 Qtl. /ha which is higher than the State productivity (20.72 Qtl. /ha) and lower than the National productivity (23.91 Qtl. /ha). The productivity of sugarcane in Ghaghra Basin for year 2014-15 was 617.16 Qtl. /ha which is lower than the State productivity (621.55 Qtl. /ha) and the National productivity (715.12 Qtl. /ha). The productivity maps of these crops have been prepared and shown in Figure 5.2 to Figure 5.4.

Considering the productivity of wheat, rice and sugarcane in Ghaghra Basin, there is a large potential for improvement as compared to other high yielding northern States of India like Punjab (wheat - 42.94 Qtl./ha, rice - 38.38 Qtl./ha, sugarcane - 748.83 Qtl./ha) and Haryana (wheat - 39.81 Qtl./ha, rice - 31.13 Qtl./ha, sugarcane - 739.07 Qtl./ha).

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5.1.3 Livestock Population and Growth

As mentioned earlier, as per Livestock Census 2012, the total population of Livestock in Ghaghra Basin is 79.13 lakhs. There is no definite trend of the livestock i.e. increasing or decreasing. The Uttar Pradesh State is a drought prone state. It faces frequent droughts in some parts which affects the livestock population. Thousands even lakhs of animals die in drought years due to shortage of water and fodder. Therefore, some definite criteria cannot be evolved for future projections of livestock. However, on the basis of available data of livestock census for 1997, 2003, 2007 and 2012, the trend diagrams for the various main categories of domestic animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and remaining others as well as poultry have been plotted, based on which projections of livestock for the year 2015, 2025, 2035 and 2045 have been made over the 2012 population census figures. The projected livestock population of Ghaghra Basin is shown in Table 5.3, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 28.

Table 5.3 : Projected Livestock Population of Ghaghra Basin

Total Sub Basin Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Others Poultry Livestock 2015 Chauka 131753 142501 2848 131349 3718 651 524915 113837 Kuwano 427925 557932 17936 323558 7137 781 1761783 430117 Little Gandak 165667 251829 3544 316265 9252 979 1207398 461105 Lower Ghaghra 392772 438290 21534 302343 15261 5040 1750070 579879 Sarda 127105 119444 8030 96882 1027 302 401232 51222 Sarju 232434 177719 10960 235898 8601 1048 845937 182534 Tehri 90508 82989 5980 70991 1663 351 317697 68097 Upper Ghaghra 294170 275238 13118 229788 7775 1086 1058267 242217 Basin Total 1862334 2045942 83950 1707074 54434 10238 7867299 2129008 2025 Chauka 127007 176224 2030 152845 0 0 599270 142402 Kuwano 421559 689977 12791 376509 0 0 2036310 538043 Little Gandak 183044 311426 2527 368021 0 0 1440942 576807 Lower Ghaghra 396702 542014 15361 351820 0 0 2027688 725390 Sarda 120781 147708 5726 112737 0 0 449048 64075 Sarju 217576 219780 7818 274503 0 0 945688 228338 Tehri 87367 102630 4264 82608 0 0 359996 85183 Upper Ghaghra 280342 340379 9358 267389 0 0 1196811 302989 Basin Total 1834378 2530138 59875 1986432 0 0 9055753 2663227 2035 Chauka 122269 209951 1215 174339 0 0 677999 170966 Kuwano 415195 822013 7652 429457 0 0 2318753 645973 Little Gandak 200423 371022 1509 419778 0 0 1684714 692511 Lower Ghaghra 400623 645743 9189 401299 0 0 2325594 870896 Sarda 114459 175976 3425 128591 0 0 498193 76926 Sarju 202715 261836 4674 313106 0 0 1055086 274139 Tehri 84227 122273 2550 94225 0 0 404315 102267

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Total Sub Basin Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Others Poultry Livestock Upper Ghaghra 266524 405511 5597 304996 0 0 1344215 363768 Basin Total 1806435 3014325 35811 2265791 0 0 10308869 3197446 2045 Chauka 117525 243676 399 195833 0 0 756720 199532 Kuwano 408834 954051 2511 482407 0 0 2601194 753895 Little Gandak 217795 430620 497 471537 0 0 1928483 808209 Lower Ghaghra 404556 749460 3014 450781 0 0 2623501 1016402 Sarda 108136 204241 1124 144446 0 0 547340 89780 Sarju 187853 303896 1535 351711 0 0 1164483 319940 Tehri 81088 141914 836 105845 0 0 448635 119353 Upper Ghaghra 252700 470653 1835 342600 0 0 1491616 424549 Basin Total 1778487 3498511 11751 2545160 0 0 11561972 3731660

5.1.4 Industrial Production

There are 32 Industrial Areas in Ghaghra Basin, out of which 3 are in Chauka Sub-basin, 6 are in Kuwano Sub-basin, 7 are in Little Gandak Sub-basin, 7 are in Lower Ghaghra sub basin, 4 are in Sarda sub-basin, 3 are in Sarju sub-basin and remaining 2 are in Tehri Sub-basin (see Appendix 9 and Figure 2.6). As per the district reports of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises different growth rates have been adopted for industrial development (see details in Appendix 29).

5.2 Food and Agriculture

5.2.1 Food Grain Supply and Demand

According to the statistics, the State produced 39.59 million metric tonnes of food grains in 2014-15. This is equivalent to about 182 kg/person. Within Ghaghra Basin, the production of food grains in 2014-15 was 5.27 million metric tonnes, or 196 kg/person. This is 7.70 % higher than the state average for food grains. As per the SWP the annual food grain requirement per person is about 233 kg. Considering this food grain requirement of 233 kg/person and the projected population in Section 5.1.1, the food grain demand for Ghaghra Basin for year 2015, 2025, 2035 and 2045 works out to 6.45, 7.50, 8.53 and 9.48 million metric tonnes. Hence, it can be seen that there is a deficit of 15.88% in food grain supply for year 2015.

Maps of per capita (considering only rural population) crop production for Rice and Wheat by districts are presented in Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.6, respectively. The figures show that there is a wide variation in crop production per capita across Ghaghra Basin. It is noticeable that the highest crop production per capita occurs at the heads of canal systems or, in the case of Rice in Saryu system, highest per capita production occurs near the heads of the major Branch canals. Figure 5.7 shows per capita production of cereal crops (Rice plus Wheat).

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Figure 5.2 : Wheat Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Ghaghra Basin

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

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Figure 5.3 : Rice Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Ghaghra Basin

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

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Figure 5.4 : Sugarcane Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Ghaghra Basin

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

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Figure 5.5 : Per Capita Rice Production in Ghahra Basin (2014-15)

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

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Figure 5.6 : Per Capita Wheat Production in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15)

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

.

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Figure 5.7 : Per Capita Cereal Production in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15)

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

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For Rice, the per capita production is found higher in the head reaches of the running canal system, 279 kg/person in Pilibhit district, from sharda system; 202 kg/person from sharda sahayak system in Barabanki district,123 kg/person in Sravasti district from Saryu system, 165 kg/person in Siddharthanagar district from saryu lift schemes and 147 kg/person in Maharajganj district from Gandak system, to lower values in incomplete or tail reaches (67 kg/person in Balrampur, 84 kg/person in Basti and 96 kg/person in Gorakhpur). The average Rice production in Ghaghra Basin is 94 kg/person.

For Wheat, the per capita production is found higher in the head reaches of the running canal system, 289 kg/person in Pilibhit district, from sharda system; 149 kg/person from sharda sahayak system in Barabanki district, 140 kg/person in Shrawasti district, from saryu system; 129 kg/person in Maharajganj district, from gandak system and 142 kg/person in Siddharthanagar district from saryu lift schemes to lower values in incomplete or tail reaches (69 kg/person in Balrampur, 97 kg/person in Basti and 95 kg/person in Gorakhpur). The average Rice production in Ghaghra Basin is 103 kg/person

Currently, there is a significant part of Ghaghra population under poverty line and at the same time, it is expected that the population will grow almost at the similar pace it is growing now. As a result, demand for food grain will certainly increase in the time to come. The deficit in food grain availability can be minimised only through better land and water management.

5.2.2 Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area

The present (2014-15) net sown area, gross cropped area and irrigated area for Ghaghra Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 5.4. It can be seen that 68.08% of the total area of Ghaghra Basin is sown while there is 5.65 % of fallow land available (see Section 4.3.3). Hence, there is not much scope to increase the net sown area.

The total gross cropped area in Ghaghra Basin is 161.04 % of net sown area. The gross cropped area in terms of percent of net sown area for Rabi, Kharif and Jayad is 67.14%, 84.87% and 4.53%, respectively. The gross cropped area in terms of percent of cultivable area for Rabi, Kharif and Jayad is 62.11%, 78.51% and 4.19% %, respectively.

About 85.92% of the net sown area is irrigated, while 78.53% of the gross cropped area is irrigated by surface and ground water source. The surface water source is utilized through diversion structures hence the supply is limited to the conveyance capacity of the main canals in monsoon season when there is surplus water in the river, during non-monsoon season the flows in the rivers reduces and are almost fully utilized for irrigation in the project command areas. The groundwater is utilized through open wells and tubewells (public and private). In terms of net irrigated area, 5.75 % of it is irrigated by surface water while 93.60% of it is irrigated by groundwater in Ghaghra Basin. For the sub-basins there is variation in the area irrigated by surface water and groundwater; Chauka Sub-basin – 3.26% by Surface water and 96.73 % by groundwater; Kuwano Sub-basin – 0.50 % by Surface water and 97.51 % by groundwater;Little Gqandak Sub-basin – 21.37 % by Surface water and 77.16 % by groundwater;Lower Ghaghra sub-basin -12.38% by surface water ad 87.43 % by ground water ;Sarda Sub basin -1.66% by surface water and 98.32 % by ground water ;Sarju Sub-basin -1.55 % by surface water and 97.55 % by ground water;Tehri sub-basin 0.33 % by surface water and 99.34 % by ground water and in Upper Ghaghra Sub basin -4.98 % by surface water and 94.79 % by groundwater.

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The reason of low irrigation by surface water in all the sub basins is that canal network in Ghaghra basin from Saryu Nahar pariyojana is under construction. Only partly completed and connected lengths from head are in running conditions that too with lesser capacities.

Table 5.4 : Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area in Ghaghra Basin (2014-15)

Little Lower Area, ha Chauka % Kuwano % % % Gandak Ghaghra Area of sub-basin in sq km 285070 587216 345308 577863 Net Sown Area * 193176 67.76 427008 72.72 260950 75.57 404746 70.04 Area Sown More than Once # 116991 60.56 206383 48.33 155701 59.67 248517 61.40 Gross Cropped Area - Total # 308204 159.55 633454 148.35 414436 158.82 651815 161.04 Gross Cropped Area - Rabi # 124078 64.23 282148 66.08 185727 71.17 315357 77.91 Gross Cropped Area - Kharif # 165419 85.63 339572 79.52 220981 84.68 319755 79.00 Gross Cropped Area - Jayad # 18708 9.68 11739 2.75 7725 2.96 16698 4.13 Land Prepared for Sugarcane # 777 0.40 2343 0.55 2211 0.85 1128 0.28 Net Irrigated Area # 178892 92.61 366763 85.89 236822 90.75 372677 92.08 Gross Irrigated Area $ 271805 88.19 496237 78.34 347256 83.79 561053 86.08

Upper Ghaghra Area, ha Sarda % Sarju % Tehri % % % Ghaghra Basin Area of sub-basin in 312666 256002 153018 633157 3150300 sq km Net Sown Area * 195549 62.54 197612 77.19 109139 71.32 356455 56.30 2144635 68.08 Area Sown More 87832 44.92 128589 65.07 65579 60.09 218822 61.39 1228414 57.28 than Once # Gross Cropped 281217 143.81 325004 164.47 174140 159.56 569103 159.66 3357373 156.55 Area - Total # Gross Cropped 94054 48.10 146009 73.89 78495 71.92 214128 60.07 1439996 67.14 Area - Rabi # Gross Cropped 178724 91.40 172937 87.51 92490 84.75 330332 92.67 1820210 84.87 Area - Kharif # Gross Cropped 8437 4.31 6060 3.07 3154 2.89 24641 6.91 97162 4.53 Area - Jayad # Land Prepared for 2243 1.15 853 0.43 764 0.70 2466 0.69 12785 0.60 Sugarcane # Net Irrigated Area # 179890 91.99 135286 68.46 98118 89.90 274147 76.91 1842595 85.92 Gross Irrigated 262625 93.39 153460 47.22 136131 78.17 407903 71.67 2636470 78.53 Area $ * - Percent of Total Area # - Percent of Net Sown Area $ - Percent of Gross Cropped Area - Total

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5.2.3 Anticipated Increase in Net Sown Area and Gross Cropped Area

5.2.3.1 Cropping Pattern and Past Trend

Agricultural practice and cropping pattern information is available for each district, at block level, for the years 1993-94 to 2015-16. Information on the total area planted for more than 40 crops has been analysed for the whole State and to review cropping pattern and its various trends. Out of the total crops, 11 major crops from different seasons were selected considering present cropping pattern, their field occupancy and necessity and the remaining 29 crops were clubbed to represent a group of other crops in kharif and rabi season. The selected crops are: Wheat, Rice kharif, Sugarcane, Maize kharif, Arhar, Jwar, Bajra, Gram, Barley, Potato, Pea, Other Kharif Crops and Other Rabi Crops. Wheat and Rice cover respectively about 36.7 % and 35.1% of the entire Ghaghra Basin gross cultivated area. Perennial cultivation of sugarcane covers about 15.00 % of the whole area, while other crops kharif cover 1.2 % and other crop rabi covers 6.5 % of the cultivated area as shown in Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8 : Crop Distribution as Percentage of Total Cultivated Area, 2014-15 Other Crops Barley, 0.1 Jwar, 0.1 Arhar, 0.6 Pea, 0.5 Bajra, 0.0 Kharif, Gram, 0.1 1.2Potato, 0.7 Wheat Maize kharif, 3.4 Rice kharif Sugarcane Other Crops Rabi, 6.5 Wheat, 36.7 Other Crops Rabi Sugarcane, 15.0 Maize kharif Other Crops Kharif Potato Arhar Pea Barley Gram Jwar Bajra Rice kharif, 35.1

Time series analyses have also being conducted on each major crop to identify changes or trends in cropping pattern over the last 10 years as shown in Table 5.5, which could have significant impacts over future crop water requirements.

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Table 5.5 : Past Areas (ha) of Major Crops of Ghaghra Basin and Trend

Maize Year Arhar Bajra Barley Gram Jwar Pea Potato kharif 2005 41596 2393 8943 9856 4916 197112 22894 24772 2010 34144 1147 6941 5366 3281 260792 22066 27488 2015 21279 1069 4297 3528 1875 112875 15307 23256 Trend -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve w.r.t crop area -91.6% -151.4% -105.5% -205.1% -165.6% -56.9% -46.6% -6.2% w.r.t net sown -0.95% -0.06% -0.22% -0.30% -0.14% -3.93% -0.35% -0.07% area w.r.t cultivable -0.88% -0.06% -0.20% -0.27% -0.13% -3.63% -0.33% -0.07% area

Other Other Gross Rice Year Sugarcane Wheat Crops Crops Jayad Cultivated kharif Kharif Rabi Area 2005 1158787 390595 1178652 33141 209015 11037 3293709 2010 1276652 418243 1360994 39432 266701 32397 3755644 2015 1157094 495635 1210847 34286 180148 29234 3290730 Trend -ve +ve +ve +ve -ve +ve -ve w.r.t crop area -0.1% 21.6% 2.5% 3.2% -14.1% 54.6% -0.1% w.r.t net sown -0.08% 4.90% 1.50% 0.05% -1.35% 0.85% -0.14% area w.r.t cultivable -0.07% 4.53% 1.39% 0.05% -1.25% 0.78% -0.13% area

summarises the results of trend analysis for the major crops of Ghaghra Basin. It can be observed that in the last decade of cropping practice:

 The total cultivated area of Wheat has experienced an increase from approximately 11.78 lac ha to nearly 12.11 lac ha, which represents approximately 1.39% increase in cultivated area.  The cultivation of Rice has decreased, from approximately 11.58 lac ha to nearly 11.57 lac ha, which represents approximately a 0.07% decline in cultivated area.  Sugarcane cultivation shows increase in cultivation of approximately 4.53%, from 3.91 lac ha to 4.96 lac ha.  The cultivation of other Kharif has also grown, from approximately 0.331 lac ha to nearly .342 lac ha, which represents approximately a 0.05% increase in cultivated area.  The cultivated area of Other rabi crops show a significant decrease of 1.25 %, while area cultivated under all remaining crops has decreased.  Overall the gross cultivated area shows a decease of 0.13%.

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Figure 5.9 : Trends in Cultivated Areas of Major Crops (2004-05 to 2014-15)

Rice Kharif Wheat 1500000 1500000

1000000 1000000

500000 500000 Area (ha) Area (ha)

0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Sugarcane Potato 600000 30000

400000 20000

200000 10000 Area (ha) Area (ha)

0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Other Crops Kharif Other Crops Rabi 50000 300000 40000 200000 30000

20000 100000 Area (ha) Area (ha) 10000 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Arhar Bajra 50000 3000 40000 2000 30000

20000 1000 Area (ha) Area (ha) 10000 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

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Barley Gram 10000 15000 8000 10000 6000 4000 5000 Area (ha) 2000 Area (ha) 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Jwar Maize Kharif 6000 300000

4000 200000

2000 100000 Area (ha) Area (ha)

0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Pea Gross Cultivated Area 30000 4000000 3000000 20000 2000000 10000 Area (ha) Area (ha) 1000000 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Ghaghra Basin is predominantly a Rice-Wheat cropping area, although other crops such as oilseeds, pulses, vegetables and tree crops also play an important role in meeting the nutritional needs of the population and providing income. Sugarcane is the next prominent crop in Ghaghra Basin. In most areas it is grown for consumption within the local area while there are large areas in the north where it is grown on a commercial basis.

Since most crops are produced on a subsistence basis, the cropped areas of major crops are expressed on a per capita basis to indicate the potential production relative to potential consumption. The average per capita areas sown to major crops in Ghaghra Basin are presented in Table 5.6.

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Table 5.6 : Average Areas Sown (ha) to Major Crops per 1000 person

Basin / Sub Rice Other Culturable Wheat Sugarcane Potato Basin Kharif Vegetables Area Chauka 42.0 40.7 30.5 0.9 1.3 89.6 Kuwano 42.0 44.6 14.9 0.7 1.3 82.5 Little Gandak 37.0 38.2 11.4 0.5 1.1 61.8 Lower Ghaghra 41.8 46.4 4.9 1.3 2.0 72.3 Sarda 45.0 48.5 57.5 0.2 0.8 124.3 Sarju 46.7 46.6 13.6 0.5 1.3 92.3 Tehri 37.0 40.3 15.6 0.6 1.4 78.3 Upper Ghaghra 44.3 43.8 29.6 1.3 1.9 104.9 Ghaghra Basin 41.8 43.7 17.9 0.8 1.5 83.7 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

5.2.3.2 Sub-basin wise Trend Analysis

Landuse analysis of the Ghaghra basin at sub-basin levels for the year 2004-05,2009-10 and 2014-15 shows, that during a tenure of ten years, lot of changes are being seen.

The forest area in Ghaghra basin has increased from 2.81% to 6.62%, however this improvement has been seen in all the sub basins. The net sown area has virtually decreased in Ghaghra basin that is from 73.95 % to 70.03% with a similar pattern in all the eight sub-basins.

Table 5.7 : Change in Land Use Analysis for Future Options to be Considered

Gross Forest Gross Gross Land Net Gross Uncultiv Net Cropp area Total are in area sownarea sown Prepared Irrigated Irrigated Basin / Sub ated Land Area ing sown Year Area, % to Rabi in %Kharif in for Area in % Area in % Basin in % to Sown in Inten Jayad in ha Basin to net % to net Sugarcane to Net to Gross Basin Area % sity % to net Area soan areasoan area in % Sown Area Sown Area soan area Chauka 2005 261416 1.14 10.69 76.09 158.41 64.99 84.72 8.71 0.363 85.84 78.26

Chauka 2010 300160 15.78 9.28 63.88 162.76 67.38 85.06 10.33 0.305 89.45 80.39

Chauka 2015 303279 16.84 7.85 63.70 159.55 64.23 85.63 9.68 0.402 92.61 88.19

Kuwano 2005 575987 2.23 8.85 76.42 151.74 66.83 82.76 2.14 0.119 66.15 59.89

Kuwano 2010 582147 3.67 9.05 74.22 148.38 67.09 78.99 2.31 1.038 74.38 64.92

Kuwano 2015 581398 3.66 9.31 73.45 148.35 66.08 79.52 2.75 0.549 85.89 78.34

Little Gandak 2005 335696 1.50 6.24 78.00 159.73 69.63 87.12 2.98 0.951 82.71 73.64

Little Gandak 2010 338517 2.44 5.63 77.48 157.66 68.93 85.75 2.98 0.732 85.59 80.54

Little Gandak 2015 337944 2.42 5.72 77.22 158.82 71.17 84.68 2.96 0.847 90.75 83.79

Lower Ghaghra 2005 576807 0.33 12.48 71.28 160.96 79.31 78.14 3.52 0.598 84.53 81.11

Lower Ghaghra 2010 569641 0.50 11.33 71.87 158.01 78.86 75.30 3.85 0.312 86.36 86.04

Lower Ghaghra 2015 571626 0.46 11.70 70.81 161.04 77.91 79.00 4.13 0.279 92.08 86.08

Sarda 2005 287322 9.65 7.12 70.84 148.33 58.12 87.00 3.21 1.665 75.28 76.72

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Gross Forest Gross Gross Land Net Gross Uncultiv Net Cropp area Total are in area sownarea sown Prepared Irrigated Irrigated Basin / Sub ated Land Area ing sown Year Area, % to Rabi in %Kharif in for Area in % Area in % Basin in % to Sown in Inten Jayad in ha Basin to net % to net Sugarcane to Net to Gross Basin Area % sity % to net Area soan areasoan area in % Sown Area Sown Area soan area Sarda 2010 305884 15.03 6.95 65.93 142.58 53.99 84.90 3.69 1.500 79.85 80.96

Sarda 2015 294303 14.51 5.13 66.44 143.81 48.10 91.40 4.31 1.147 91.99 93.39

Sarju 2005 260366 2.43 9.04 76.70 148.84 64.82 81.73 2.29 0.039 50.09 38.08

Sarju 2010 267306 4.80 7.69 75.28 149.73 67.91 79.35 2.47 0.506 47.20 41.26

Sarju 2015 270724 4.84 9.95 72.99 164.47 73.89 87.51 3.07 0.432 68.46 47.22

Tehri 2005 153251 0.53 9.44 72.99 156.57 66.47 88.14 1.96 0.221 62.54 50.88

Tehri 2010 153758 1.39 9.44 73.29 154.74 66.79 85.67 2.28 1.247 75.24 64.77

Tehri 2015 154361 1.37 11.98 70.70 159.56 71.92 84.75 2.89 0.700 89.90 78.17

Upper Ghaghra 2005 511828 5.00 10.41 71.07 153.30 61.19 85.76 6.34 0.858 63.89 58.83

Upper Ghaghra 2010 547386 11.90 9.18 65.63 152.15 62.11 83.96 6.08 0.778 70.05 66.22

Upper Ghaghra 2015 548901 11.25 9.77 64.94 159.66 60.07 92.67 6.91 0.692 76.91 71.67

Ghaghra Total 2005 2962673 2.81 9.57 73.95 154.96 67.39 83.67 3.90 0.595 72.19 66.38

Ghaghra Total 2010 3064799 6.72 8.83 70.81 153.13 67.58 81.40 4.15 0.761 76.64 71.88

Ghaghra Total 2015 3062536 6.62 9.09 70.03 156.55 67.14 84.87 4.53 0.596 85.92 78.53 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

Further, the cropping intensity in Ghaghra basin has increased from 154.96% to 156.55%, which may be, due to increase in availability of assured canal supplies. The gross sown area has decreased in rabi from 67.39% to 67.14%, while in kharif, it has increased from 83.67% to 84.87%.

Net irrigated area % to net sown area and gross irrigated area % to gross sown area is showing a positive trend in all the eight sub-basins. In Ghaghra basin the net irrigated area has increased to 85.92%, as compared to 72.19%, whereas gross irrigated area has increased to 78.53% from 66.38%. It shows that better irrigation facilities are being provided, either through surface water or ground water with crop diversification.

Area irrigated from different sources for the year 2004-05, 2008-09 and 2004-15, sub-basin wise has been tabulated below (see Table 5.8). Net irrigated area by canals has decreased from 9.63% (154028 ha) to 6.67% (123869 ha), during the last 10 years with reference to total net irrigated area. On the other hand, net irrigated area by groundwater has increased from 89.85% (1437252 ha) to 92.59% (1719264 ha) with reference to total net irrigated area. The drop in net irrigated area by canals may be attributed to disturbance in canal supplies, caused by damages in canal system due to heavy floods in upper reaches of Saryu system and low rainfall in 2014-15.

Area covered by canals command (CCA) in Ghaghra basin is 10,45,510 ha (see Table 3.9) which is approximately 33% of 31,50,300 ha (Ghaghra basin area). The Proposed Potential Area (PPA) for canal irrigation is 5,65,440 ha in kharif season and 3,60,773 ha in rabi season i.e. 18% and 11% of basin area, respectively. Considering the data of net area irrigated from different sources for year 2004-

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05 and 2008-09 (i.e. about 5% of basin area) it implies that about 27% and 43% of PPA is irrigated with canal water in kharif and rabi season, respectively in the basin.

Table 5.8 : Area Irrigated from Different Sources in Ghaghra basin

% of Area Basin Total Canals % of Canal GW % of GW Area Irrigated Irrigated Sub Basin Area, Year Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated from Other from Other sq.km Area in ha Area in ha Area Area in ha Area Sources in ha Sources

Chauka 2851 2004-05 170746 9127 5.35 160154 93.80 1465 0.86 Chauka 2851 2008-09 171234 9065 5.29 162108 94.67 61 0.04 Chauka 2851 2014-15 188485 6148 3.26 182316 96.73 21 0.01 Kuwano 5872 2004-05 291191 6395 2.20 281282 96.60 3514 1.21 Kuwano 5872 2008-09 315279 7218 2.29 299225 94.91 8836 2.80 Kuwano 5872 2014-15 368251 1858 0.50 359091 97.51 7302 1.98 Little Gandak 3453 2004-05 216582 58030 26.79 157151 72.56 1401 0.65 Little Gandak 3453 2008-09 217194 53705 24.73 162802 74.96 687 0.32 Little Gandak 3453 2014-15 236825 50608 21.37 182732 77.16 3485 1.47 Lower Ghaghra 5779 2004-05 357873 52480 14.66 304842 85.18 551 0.15 Lower Ghaghra 5779 2008-09 354725 46598 13.14 306772 86.48 1355 0.38 Lower Ghaghra 5779 2014-15 371744 46039 12.38 325000 87.43 705 0.19 Sarda 3127 2004-05 153221 4063 2.65 148973 97.23 185 0.12 Sarda 3127 2008-09 159713 3876 2.43 155826 97.57 11 0.01 Sarda 3127 2014-15 182049 3031 1.66 178992 98.32 26 0.01 Sarju 2560 2004-05 100032 3889 3.89 95774 95.74 369 0.37 Sarju 2560 2008-09 106266 4538 4.27 101248 95.28 480 0.45 Sarju 2560 2014-15 134583 2089 1.55 131290 97.55 1204 0.89 Tehri 1530 2004-05 69967 2329 3.33 67100 95.90 538 0.77 Tehri 1530 2008-09 84187 3999 4.75 80054 95.09 134 0.16 Tehri 1530 2014-15 98618 327 0.33 97969 99.34 322 0.33 Upper Ghaghra 6332 2004-05 239920 17715 7.38 221976 92.52 229 0.10 Upper Ghaghra 6332 2008-09 245458 16522 6.73 228806 93.22 130 0.05 Upper Ghaghra 6332 2014-15 276253 13769 4.98 261874 94.79 610 0.22 Ghaghra Total 31503 2004-05 1599532 154028 9.63 1437252 89.85 8252 0.52 Ghaghra Total 31503 2008-09 1654056 145521 8.80 1496841 90.50 11694 0.71 Ghaghra Total 31503 2014-15 1856808 123869 6.67 1719264 92.59 13675 0.74 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

The cropped area of major crops in Ghaghra basin, sub-basin wise is tabulated below for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years.

It shows that for Ghaghra basin rice cropped area in Kharif has decreased a littlle from 1158787 ha (36.78% of basin area) to 1157094 ha (36.73% of basin area) and irrigated area has increased from 636091 ha (20.19 % of basin area) to 858185 ha (27.24 % of basin area) during a period of 10 years. Parallel trend has been seen in all the sub-basins of Ghaghra basin.

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Similarly, for cropped area of wheat in Rabi has increased from 1178652 ha (37.41 % of basin area) to 1210847 ha (42.8% of basin area) and irrigated area has increased from 1133472 ha (35.98% of basin area) to 1200135 ha (38.09 % of basin area) during a period of 10 years. And on the other hand, sugarcane cropped area has increased from 390595 ha (12.40 % of basin area) to 495635 ha (15.73% of basin area) and sugarcane irrigated area has also increased from 286950 ha (9.11% of basin area) to 419007 ha (13.3 % of basin area). It clearly speaks that with the development of canal network and assured supplies kharif irrigated area is increasing and cultivators are shifting to cash crop of sugarcane.

Table 5.9 : Cropped Area of Major Crops in Ghaghra Basin

Basin Rice Jayad Rice Kharif Sugarcane Wheat Basin / Area in Year Sub Basin Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha 285070 2005 279 279 95024 87687 54079 47496 88854 88185 Chauka 285070 2010 539 539 97201 92394 54574 52056 96474 95505 285070 2015 362 362 98467 97469 71342 70005 95309 95129 587216 2005 9 3 239610 65435 69146 58422 247791 238567 Kuwano 587216 2010 40 40 223431 82733 71792 61454 247007 242076 587216 2015 0 0 232318 159843 82465 72019 246919 239725 345308 2005 3 0 167474 101615 55163 33093 163011 161983 Little 345308 2010 9 8 168005 121470 49984 32615 163496 162794 Gandak 345308 2015 3 3 162352 117587 49882 41949 167523 167499 577863 2005 3 0 256642 194607 26196 22778 276088 272629 Lower 577863 2010 33 32 247817 206858 27680 25095 290056 283605 Ghaghra 577863 2015 0 0 257141 229436 30453 28690 285301 284963 312666 2005 1676 1641 89430 75120 79775 58672 90487 83015 Sarda 312666 2010 2543 2510 84228 75261 73875 63541 82582 77354 312666 2015 3287 3285 73721 72482 94353 89238 79597 77934 256002 2005 1 1 88357 12439 12773 6314 93030 86335 Sarju 256002 2010 0 0 186944 24353 27920 14208 187687 178054 256002 2015 0 0 109381 30002 31928 6913 109246 108569 153018 2005 8 3 52912 11946 15640 11203 58255 55707 Tehri 153018 2010 0 0 111146 31547 28575 19926 125777 121411 153018 2015 0 0 57384 38318 24157 19423 62401 64790 633157 2005 12 11 169338 87242 77823 48972 161136 147051 Upper 633157 2010 264 264 157880 95469 83843 66888 167915 159054 Ghaghra 633157 2015 190 190 166330 113048 111055 90770 164551 161526 3150300 2005 1991 1938 1158787 636091 390595 286950 1178652 1133472 Ghaghra 3150300 2010 3428 3393 1276652 730085 418243 335783 1360994 1319853 3150300 2015 3842 3840 1157094 858185 495635 419007 1210847 1200135 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

A sustainable trend of gross sown area in Rabi and increasing trend of gross sown area in Kharif and Sugarcane, shows that with the availability of water cultivators are preferring cash crop in place of rice wheat cycle.

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Table 5.10 : Cropped Area of Pulses in Ghaghra Basin

Arhar / PigeonPea Gram Pea Lentil Moong Jayad Moong Kharif Urad Jayad Urad Kharif Total Basin / Year Cropped Sub basin Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha Area, ha 2005 2528 2 306 97 976 557 18942 243 2 2 4 0 665 664 1704 7 25127 Chauka 2010 1195 0 176 4 991 611 11404 199 3 3 3 0 536 530 1999 2 16307 2015 568 1 102 1 653 539 7475 27 7 7 2 0 248 246 2196 0 11251 2005 13877 1 4360 2358 9317 8442 12761 1979 67 58 6 0 137 137 798 1 41323 Kuwano 2010 8485 2 1981 1610 7550 7178 14556 1718 74 64 1 0 238 238 742 1 33627 2015 6147 82 1090 967 5334 5059 14422 1093 47 47 11 0 310 310 815 2 28176 2005 3683 2 65 57 1337 1069 5452 1012 166 156 55 46 158 127 48 14 10964 Little 2010 2774 14 63 60 1278 1130 4549 1049 126 97 2 0 99 67 19 0 8910 Gandak 2015 1806 21 77 76 999 941 3931 1078 104 80 0 0 139 84 10 0 7066 2005 11867 1 2855 1110 7047 6256 10033 497 414 401 15 7 1669 1592 183 9 34083 Lower 2010 9499 16 1844 1048 6615 6195 6546 448 320 316 0 0 1059 1056 249 10 26132 Ghaghra 2015 7788 23 1641 1138 4551 4431 5036 470 397 397 1 0 1024 1020 306 0 20744 2005 484 0 10 0 285 116 9424 243 11 10 11 0 126 110 491 1 10842 Sarda 2010 335 1 13 0 338 191 7214 225 14 13 5 1 134 125 458 1 8511 2015 214 0 16 0 209 164 4628 130 15 15 13 0 119 107 340 0 5554 2005 3005 3 414 24 859 214 28971 533 36 36 18 0 219 219 635 1 34157 Sarju 2010 5217 0 398 141 1666 671 59710 461 36 36 0 0 431 431 1258 0 68716 2015 1647 0 69 56 905 500 21613 148 9 9 5 0 312 312 591 0 25151 2005 1920 0 1054 263 1035 714 7502 653 17 17 6 0 29 29 265 1 11828 Tehri 2010 3552 0 411 278 1626 1098 29438 529 27 27 0 0 234 234 777 0 36065 2015 1154 0 164 160 929 825 8338 253 3 3 5 0 167 167 280 0 11040 2005 4232 1 792 91 2038 1034 37389 847 60 60 8 0 696 575 1554 8 46769 Upper 2010 3087 1 480 208 2002 1211 30568 529 96 96 9 3 532 518 2103 3 38877 Ghaghra 2015 1955 0 369 165 1727 1285 19614 380 102 102 38 0 593 584 2154 0 26552 2005 41596 10 9856 4000 22894 18402 130474 6007 773 740 123 53 3699 3453 5678 42 215093 Ghaghra 2010 34144 34 5366 3349 22066 18285 163985 5158 696 652 20 4 3263 3199 7605 17 237145 2015 21279 127 3528 2563 15307 13744 85057 3579 684 660 75 0 2912 2830 6692 2 135534 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

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Further the cropped area of pulses in Ghaghra basin, sub basin wise is tabulated in Table 5.10 for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years. From this table it can be seen that the cropped area of Arhar has decreased from 41596 ha to 21279 ha during the last 10 years. Similarly, the cropped area of Gram has gone down from 9856 ha to 3528 ha, Pea area has decreased from 22894 ha to 15307 ha, Lentil area has decreased from 130474 ha to 85057 ha, moong jayad has decreased from 773 ha to 684 ha and Urad jayad has gone down from 3699 ha from 2912 ha. It shows that area of pulses having low water requirement has gone down during the last 10 years may be due to that cultivator are not getting proper returns. Total cropped area of pulses has decreased from 215093 ha (6.83 % of basin area) to 135534 ha (4.30 % of basin area) during the last 10 years.

Further the cropped area of oilseeds in Ghaghra basin, sub-basin wise is given in Table 5.11 for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years. In oilseeds, the cropped area in Alsi has decreased from 367 ha to 122 ha, Groundnut from 8186 ha to 6573 ha, Soyabeen from 97 ha to 17 ha, Sunflower from 224 ha to 81 ha, while Musterd area has increased from 64432 ha to 72152 ha and til area has increased from 7 ha to 16 ha. Area in oilseeds has increased from 76769 ha (2.44 % of basin area to 82976 ha (2.63% of basin area).

Table 5.11 : Cropped Area of Oilseeds in Ghaghra Basin

Alsi Groundnut Mustard Soyabean Sunflower Til Total Basin / Year Cropped Sub basin Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha Area, ha 2005 22 0 429 3 9255 5589 23 10 24 19 1504 4 11257 Chauka 2010 2 0 389 2 10244 8295 5 0 1 0 944 2 11585 2015 1 0 635 3 13111 12070 0 0 2 2 1754 1 15503 2005 71 21 897 0 9641 7099 0 0 1 1 406 0 11016 Kuwano 2010 100 15 699 0 9464 7196 0 0 44 30 396 0 10703 2015 74 10 909 0 10137 7933 1 0 24 24 431 1 11576 2005 77 12 1203 28 7584 3965 0 0 0 0 74 2 8938 Little 2010 37 2 1009 46 7059 4003 0 0 1 1 58 5 8164 Gandak 2015 37 2 1089 37 5474 4457 0 0 3 0 74 0 6677 2005 5 3 1067 6 3988 3533 0 0 3 0 118 0 5181 Lower 2010 4 1 889 0 4719 4400 0 0 37 37 104 1 5753 Ghaghra 2015 0 0 1126 39 4773 4575 0 0 16 16 172 12 6087 2005 2 0 1140 7 14232 5881 7 0 61 2 750 1 16192 Sarda 2010 1 0 926 8 12033 6547 57 6 5 0 672 0 13694 2015 0 0 1093 23 11046 8015 13 6 7 2 773 1 12932 2005 43 1 684 0 3389 1043 4 0 0 0 299 0 4419 Sarju 2010 3 0 1409 0 8191 2840 40 1 189 1 650 0 10482 2015 2 0 513 0 5714 2372 2 0 10 7 208 0 6449 2005 40 15 152 0 2385 1857 0 0 0 0 103 0 2680 Tehri 2010 7 2 715 0 5546 2767 22 1 84 0 322 0 6696 2015 3 0 75 0 2895 2194 0 0 3 0 116 1 3092 2005 107 16 2614 2 13958 5905 63 1 135 2 209 0 17086 Upper 2010 13 3 2203 21 18815 9220 48 2 47 5 204 0 21330 Ghaghra 2015 5 0 1133 47 19002 15968 1 0 16 12 503 0 20660 2005 367 68 8186 46 64432 34872 97 11 224 24 3463 7 76769 Ghaghra 2010 167 23 8239 77 76071 45268 172 10 408 74 3350 8 88407 2015 122 12 6573 149 72152 57584 17 6 81 63 4031 16 82976 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

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Further the cropped area of other major crops in Ghaghra basin, sub-basin wise is tabulated in Table 5.12 for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years. Cropped area of all the other major crops, Bajra has gone down from 2393 ha to 1069 ha, Barley from 8943 ha to 4297 ha, Jwar from 2 ha to 0 ha and maize kharif from 197112 ha to 112875 ha except Maize jyad, which has increased from 0 ha to 6802 ha in a period of 10 years. The cropped area of all the four major other crops has gone down from 213364 ha (6.77 % of basin area) to 126918 ha (4.00 % of basin area).

Table 5.12 : Cropped Area of all the Other Major Crops

Bajra Barley Jowar Maize Kharif Maize Jayad Total Basin / Cropped Sub basin Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha Area, ha 459 1 348 185 2024 1 11054 43 0 0 13885 Chauka 472 2 284 165 1533 1 8020 48 2 2 10311 317 1 122 82 774 0 4160 11 266 265 5639 93 0 976 408 45 0 39912 2349 0 0 41026 Kuwano 12 0 481 366 53 1 36425 286 801 801 37772 5 0 513 346 3 0 17067 322 1059 1059 18647 214 0 326 291 30 0 5657 529 0 0 6227 Little 164 12 279 257 16 0 4682 496 1264 1264 6405 Gandak 136 43 188 173 11 0 5100 1898 857 857 6292 1033 21 5579 3826 1472 1 14756 223 0 0 22840 Lower 209 9 4148 3330 588 1 18152 320 1017 1017 24114 Ghaghra 420 19 2726 2252 595 0 17058 853 1034 1034 21833 70 0 190 55 132 0 6305 60 0 0 6697 Sarda 39 0 148 33 66 1 6796 98 0 0 7049 46 0 81 50 28 0 3377 50 638 629 4170 25 0 427 65 42 0 53335 367 0 0 53829 Sarju 24 0 659 222 95 0 94810 32 199 199 95787 4 0 186 69 12 0 28819 32 886 886 29907 25 0 402 93 24 0 26240 1013 0 0 26691 Tehri 9 0 381 179 76 0 55007 26 546 546 56019 0 0 193 89 1 0 11391 74 550 550 12135 474 0 695 99 1147 0 39853 727 0 0 42169 Upper 218 0 561 313 854 0 36900 71 283 283 38816 Ghaghra 141 0 288 149 451 0 25903 94 1512 1498 28295 2393 22 8943 5022 4916 2 197112 5311 0 0 213364 Ghaghra 1147 23 6941 4865 3281 4 260792 1377 4112 4112 276273 1069 63 4297 3210 1875 0 112875 3334 6802 6778 126918 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

The crop areas and crop yield for present (2014-15) used in the model runs is given in Table 5.13

2015 Crop Yield, Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Qtl. Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin /ha Rice kharif 82914 227231 162851 263953 77515 96729 54920 207321 1173433 22.53 Wheat 97203 242470 173535 294457 85620 96901 59205 214579 1263969 22.96 Barley 179 554 212 3158 80 138 186 315 4823 15.49 Jwar 752 2 10 1291 123 10 1 711 2900 10.39 Bajra 809 6 138 1103 131 3 0 360 2550 14.80

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Maize kharif 3102 16804 4374 17731 1666 24843 10678 28092 107291 14.03 Gram 201 1112 74 2671 47 78 149 511 4844 4.63 Pea 754 5371 1041 5173 253 830 949 2039 16410 7.88 Arhar 804 6323 1967 7895 230 1496 1104 2467 22287 5.64 Sugarcane 72873 78775 47300 26995 98930 28631 23768 122495 499766 602.07 Potato 2697 3951 2000 7856 542 1165 846 5601 24658 203.01 Other Kharif 10620 4255 2975 4879 6610 2554 1136 12747 45776 9.14 Crops Other Rabi 20153 29451 11323 18529 17747 25003 11406 49076 182689 6.26 Crops Jayad 2034 4425 2088 6206 4531 1982 1927 6306 29499 4.88 Total 295095 620731 409888 661898 294025 280363 166274 652620 3380895 Culturable 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Area Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 89 78 84 80 91 78 84 95 86 Rabi 100 85 90 89 100 77 88 100 93 Jayad 39 19 19 8 51 15 24 33 25 Total 227 182 193 177 242 171 196 227 204

Table 5.13 : Present (2014-15) Crop Areas and Cropping Intensity

2015 Crop Yield, Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Qtl. Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin /ha Rice kharif 82914 227231 162851 263953 77515 96729 54920 207321 1173433 22.53 Wheat 97203 242470 173535 294457 85620 96901 59205 214579 1263969 22.96 Barley 179 554 212 3158 80 138 186 315 4823 15.49 Jwar 752 2 10 1291 123 10 1 711 2900 10.39 Bajra 809 6 138 1103 131 3 0 360 2550 14.80 Maize kharif 3102 16804 4374 17731 1666 24843 10678 28092 107291 14.03 Gram 201 1112 74 2671 47 78 149 511 4844 4.63 Pea 754 5371 1041 5173 253 830 949 2039 16410 7.88 Arhar 804 6323 1967 7895 230 1496 1104 2467 22287 5.64 Sugarcane 72873 78775 47300 26995 98930 28631 23768 122495 499766 602.07 Potato 2697 3951 2000 7856 542 1165 846 5601 24658 203.01 Other Kharif 10620 4255 2975 4879 6610 2554 1136 12747 45776 9.14 Crops Other Rabi 20153 29451 11323 18529 17747 25003 11406 49076 182689 6.26 Crops Jayad 2034 4425 2088 6206 4531 1982 1927 6306 29499 4.88 Total 295095 620731 409888 661898 294025 280363 166274 652620 3380895 Culturable 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Area Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 89 78 84 80 91 78 84 95 86 Rabi 100 85 90 89 100 77 88 100 93 Jayad 39 19 19 8 51 15 24 33 25 Total 227 182 193 177 242 171 196 227 204

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Looking at the past 10 years’ data of yield of the three major crops in the basin i.e. wheat, rice and sugarcane, it can be seen that there is increasing trend in all three crops but not very significant. Yield of wheat shows a growth of 1.47% per year, yield of rice shows a growth of 1.20 % per year while yield of sugarcane shows a growth of 0.63% per year (see Figure 5.10). For yield of other crops, a growth of 1% per year has been considered.

Table 5.14 : Trend of Yield of Major Crops (1994-95 to 2014-15)

70.00 y = 0.308x + 49.080 60.00 50.00 40.00 y = 0.334x + 22.791

Yield 30.00 20.00 10.00 y = 0.217x + 18.156 0.00 1994‐95 1995‐96 1996‐97 1997‐98 1998‐99 1999‐00 2000‐01 2001‐02 2002‐03 2003‐04 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14 2014‐15 Year

Wheat, Qtl.ha Rice, Qtl./ha Sugarcane, Tonnes/ha Linear (Wheat, Qtl.ha) Linear (Rice, Qtl./ha) Linear (Sugarcane, Tonnes/ha)

5.2.3.3 Scenarios Considered for Future Agriculture Growth

Based on the analysis of past trends and the need for intensification and diversification considering the available resources and options, the following Agriculture Growth Scenarios (Agr.Sc) have been considered.

 Agr.Sc-1: Projected Crop Areas as per the prevailing Trend (BAU) limited to Cultivable Area  Agr.Sc-2: Projected Crop Areas as per the prevailing Trend limited to Cultivable Area along with crop diversification, implementation of conjuncrtive use management, equitable distribution of water and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area.

Agr.Sc-1: Projected Crop Areas as per Prevailing Trend (BAU) limited to Cultivable Area

If the past trend continues, the crops with increasing areas will occupy part of the areas of crops with decreasing areas. Considering that this ‘Business As Usual’ (BAU) scenario continues in future, the crop areas under 14 main categories have been projected considering constraint of available cultivable area in districts. In this scenario, the prevailing trend of crop yields has been considered for wheat, rice and sugarcane, while for other crops a growth of 1% per year has been considered. The district- wise percentage increase in crop areas with respect to the cultivable area of 2014-15 is shown in Table 5.15. The corresponding crop areas, crop yield values as per prevailing trend and cropping intensity for 2025, 2035 and 2045 are shown in Table 5.16, Table 5.17 and Table 5.18, respectively.

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Table 5.15 : Projected Increase/Decrease in Crop Areas for Agr.Sc-1, %

District-wise % increase/Decrease in crop area with respect to cultivable area of 2014-15

Crop Mau Mau Basti Ballia Ballia Deoria Deoria Gonda Pilibhit Pilibhit Sitapur Bahraich Faizabad Shrawasti Azamgarh Barabanki Balrampur Gorakhpur Kushinagar Mahrajganj Shahjahanpur Siddharthnagar Lakhimpur Keri Ambedkar Nagar Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Kabir Nagar

Year 2025 Rice kharif 0.60 -1.41 7.40 0.01 -1.45 11.41 -6.16 0.88 -0.17 0.79 1.79 -6.51 -4.27 -0.98 -3.11 -8.47 -8.58 -5.43 5.61 6.00 1.37 Wheat 0.62 1.66 8.10 -1.34 1.81 7.93 -0.89 5.64 3.38 -0.84 2.58 -5.59 -1.07 3.31 0.81 -9.44 0.64 -1.26 9.69 2.83 1.14 Barley -0.22 -0.33 -0.14 -1.37 -0.09 -0.08 -0.02 -0.14 0.01 -0.20 -0.46 -0.04 -0.02 -0.04 -0.20 0.00 -0.01 -0.12 0.02 -0.03 -0.47 Jwar -0.23 0.00 -0.02 -0.05 -0.01 -0.84 -0.01 -0.01 -0.44 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.26 -0.12 -0.01 -0.98 Bajra -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.04 -0.05 -0.15 -0.02 -0.05 -0.01 -0.02 -0.05 -0.04 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.03 -0.60 Maize kharif -0.11 -0.55 -9.31 1.30 -2.11 -0.99 -0.83 -0.17 -0.28 -10.94 -0.44 -1.00 -0.23 -0.05 -0.10 -0.04 0.11 -0.56 -13.11 -0.15 -1.95 Gram -0.17 -0.29 -0.09 -0.82 0.08 -0.05 -0.70 0.00 -0.01 -1.06 -0.17 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.02 -0.05 -0.23 Pea -0.75 -0.65 -0.12 -0.72 -0.12 -0.24 -1.70 -0.24 -0.21 -0.11 -0.40 0.00 -0.05 -0.35 -0.32 0.01 -0.53 -0.07 0.18 -0.60 -0.16 Arhar -0.15 -0.69 -0.53 -0.52 0.22 -0.99 -2.18 -2.05 -0.57 -1.41 -1.75 -0.18 -0.11 -0.30 -0.06 -0.03 -0.36 -0.05 -1.46 -1.29 -1.28 Sugarcane 1.82 0.24 9.19 -1.27 -4.45 -0.96 1.94 -1.45 0.59 5.79 -0.34 0.00 1.51 -1.34 -0.83 4.31 -1.27 7.03 2.39 -1.02 7.51 Potato -0.19 -0.24 -0.06 -0.30 0.19 1.00 -0.41 -0.18 -0.04 -0.11 -0.22 0.00 -0.01 -0.28 0.08 -0.10 -0.27 -0.06 -0.01 -0.53 0.00 Other Kharif Crops 0.21 0.02 0.02 -0.19 0.13 0.35 -0.27 -0.29 0.69 -0.08 0.21 -0.97 0.31 0.01 0.06 -0.16 0.37 -0.14 -0.25 -0.18 -0.20 Other Rabi Crops 1.28 0.43 -1.74 -1.67 -0.03 -1.28 -0.37 0.23 0.58 0.38 -0.15 -2.03 -0.61 -1.81 0.32 0.02 -0.10 -0.04 -4.01 -1.50 -3.19 Jayad 0.57 0.51 0.80 0.91 0.21 -0.14 0.37 0.24 1.53 1.83 0.26 0.68 0.99 0.45 0.39 2.72 0.17 0.65 0.47 0.17 -0.08 Year 2035 Rice kharif 1.20 -2.82 7.40 0.02 -2.90 11.41 -12.32 1.76 -0.34 1.58 3.58 -13.02 -8.54 -1.96 -6.22 -16.94 -17.16 -10.86 11.22 12.00 2.74 Wheat 1.24 3.32 8.10 -2.68 3.62 15.86 -1.78 11.28 6.76 -1.68 5.16 -11.18 -2.14 6.62 1.62 -18.88 1.28 -2.52 19.38 5.66 2.28

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District-wise % increase/Decrease in crop area with respect to cultivable area of 2014-15

Crop Mau Mau Basti Ballia Ballia Deoria Deoria Gonda Pilibhit Pilibhit Sitapur Bahraich Faizabad Shrawasti Azamgarh Barabanki Balrampur Gorakhpur Kushinagar Mahrajganj Shahjahanpur Siddharthnagar Lakhimpur Keri Ambedkar Nagar Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Kabir Nagar Barley -0.44 -0.66 -0.28 -2.74 -0.18 -0.16 -0.04 -0.28 0.02 -0.40 -0.92 -0.08 -0.04 -0.08 -0.40 0.00 -0.02 -0.24 0.04 -0.06 -0.94 Jwar -0.46 0.00 -0.04 -0.10 -0.02 -1.68 -0.02 -0.02 -0.88 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 0.00 -0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.52 -0.24 -0.02 -1.96 Bajra -0.02 -0.04 -0.02 0.08 -0.10 -0.30 -0.04 -0.10 -0.02 -0.04 -0.10 -0.08 -0.02 0.00 -0.06 0.00 -0.02 0.04 0.00 -0.06 -1.20 Maize kharif -0.22 -1.10 -18.62 2.60 -4.22 -1.98 -1.66 -0.34 -0.56 -21.88 -0.88 -2.00 -0.46 -0.10 -0.20 -0.08 0.22 -1.12 -26.22 -0.30 -3.90 Gram -0.34 -0.58 -0.18 -1.64 0.16 -0.10 -1.40 0.00 -0.02 -2.12 -0.34 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.04 0.00 0.00 -0.06 -0.04 -0.10 -0.46 Pea -1.50 -1.30 -0.24 -1.44 -0.24 -0.48 -3.40 -0.48 -0.42 -0.22 -0.80 0.00 -0.10 -0.70 -0.64 0.02 -1.06 -0.14 0.36 -1.20 -0.32 Arhar -0.30 -1.38 -1.06 -1.04 0.44 -1.98 -4.36 -4.10 -1.14 -2.82 -3.50 -0.36 -0.22 -0.60 -0.12 -0.06 -0.72 -0.10 -2.92 -2.58 -2.56 Sugarcane 3.64 0.48 9.19 -2.54 -8.90 -1.92 3.88 -2.90 1.18 11.58 -0.68 0.00 3.02 -2.68 -1.66 4.31 -2.54 7.03 4.78 -2.04 15.02 Potato -0.38 -0.48 -0.12 -0.60 0.38 2.00 -0.82 -0.36 -0.08 -0.22 -0.44 0.00 -0.02 -0.56 0.16 -0.20 -0.54 -0.12 -0.02 -1.06 0.00 Other Kharif Crops 0.42 0.04 0.04 -0.38 0.26 0.70 -0.54 -0.58 1.38 -0.16 0.42 -1.94 0.62 0.02 0.12 -0.32 0.74 -0.28 -0.50 -0.36 -0.40 Other Rabi Crops 2.56 0.86 -3.48 -3.34 -0.06 -2.56 -0.74 0.46 1.16 0.76 -0.30 -4.06 -1.22 -3.62 0.64 0.04 -0.20 -0.08 -8.02 -3.00 -6.38 Jayad 1.14 1.02 1.60 1.82 0.42 -0.28 0.74 0.48 3.06 3.66 0.52 1.36 1.98 0.90 0.78 5.44 0.34 1.30 0.94 0.34 -0.16 Year 2045 Rice kharif 1.80 -4.23 7.40 0.03 -4.35 11.41 -18.48 2.64 -0.51 2.37 5.37 -19.53 -12.81 -2.94 -9.33 -25.41 -25.74 -16.29 16.83 18.00 4.11 Wheat 1.86 4.98 8.10 -4.02 5.43 23.79 -2.67 16.92 10.14 -2.52 7.74 -16.77 -3.21 9.93 2.43 -28.32 1.92 -3.78 29.07 8.49 3.42 Barley -0.66 -0.99 -0.42 -4.11 -0.27 -0.24 -0.06 -0.42 0.03 -0.60 -1.38 -0.12 -0.06 -0.12 -0.60 0.00 -0.03 -0.36 0.06 -0.09 -1.41 Jwar -0.69 0.00 -0.06 -0.15 -0.03 -2.52 -0.03 -0.03 -1.32 0.00 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.00 -0.78 -0.36 -0.03 -2.94 Bajra -0.03 -0.06 -0.03 0.12 -0.15 -0.45 -0.06 -0.15 -0.03 -0.06 -0.15 -0.12 -0.03 0.00 -0.09 0.00 -0.03 0.06 0.00 -0.09 -1.80 Maize kharif -0.33 -1.65 -27.93 3.90 -6.33 -2.97 -2.49 -0.51 -0.84 -32.82 -1.32 -3.00 -0.69 -0.15 -0.30 -0.12 0.33 -1.68 -39.33 -0.45 -5.85

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District-wise % increase/Decrease in crop area with respect to cultivable area of 2014-15

Crop Mau Mau Basti Ballia Ballia Deoria Deoria Gonda Pilibhit Pilibhit Sitapur Bahraich Faizabad Shrawasti Azamgarh Barabanki Balrampur Gorakhpur Kushinagar Mahrajganj Shahjahanpur Siddharthnagar Lakhimpur Keri Ambedkar Nagar Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Kabir Nagar Gram -0.51 -0.87 -0.27 -2.46 0.24 -0.15 -2.10 0.00 -0.03 -3.18 -0.51 0.00 0.00 -0.12 0.06 0.00 0.00 -0.09 -0.06 -0.15 -0.69 Pea -2.25 -1.95 -0.36 -2.16 -0.36 -0.72 -5.10 -0.72 -0.63 -0.33 -1.20 0.00 -0.15 -1.05 -0.96 0.03 -1.59 -0.21 0.54 -1.80 -0.48 Arhar -0.45 -2.07 -1.59 -1.56 0.66 -2.97 -6.54 -6.15 -1.71 -4.23 -5.25 -0.54 -0.33 -0.90 -0.18 -0.09 -1.08 -0.15 -4.38 -3.87 -3.84 Sugarcane 5.46 0.72 9.19 -3.81 -13.35 -2.88 5.82 -4.35 1.77 13.03 -1.02 0.00 4.53 -4.02 -2.49 4.31 -3.81 7.03 7.17 -3.06 16.90 Potato -0.57 -0.72 -0.18 -0.90 0.57 3.00 -1.23 -0.54 -0.12 -0.33 -0.66 0.00 -0.03 -0.84 0.24 -0.30 -0.81 -0.18 -0.03 -1.59 0.00 Other Kharif Crops 0.63 0.06 0.06 -0.57 0.39 1.05 -0.81 -0.87 2.07 -0.24 0.63 -2.91 0.93 0.03 0.18 -0.48 1.11 -0.42 -0.75 -0.54 -0.60 Other Rabi Crops 3.84 1.29 -5.22 -5.01 -0.09 -3.84 -1.11 0.69 1.74 1.14 -0.45 -6.09 -1.83 -5.43 0.96 0.06 -0.30 -0.12 -12.03 -4.50 -9.57 Jayad 1.71 1.53 2.40 2.73 0.63 -0.42 1.11 0.72 4.59 5.49 0.78 2.04 2.97 1.35 1.17 8.16 0.51 1.95 1.41 0.51 -0.24

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Table 5.16 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2025

2025 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Rice kharif 84090 215132 157818 260533 64296 108430 57976 216866 1165143 25.23 Wheat 97748 243565 179222 299092 73424 109408 61203 224418 1288080 26.34 Barley 0 196 43 1020 0 7 2 38 1306 17.04 Jwar 11 0 0 916 31 0 0 180 1138 11.43 Bajra 32 0 75 1087 0 0 0 0 1195 16.28 Maize kharif 0 2237 3897 17642 31 8840 1852 8844 43343 15.43 Gram 48 374 70 1501 31 10 2 334 2369 5.09 Pea 466 2428 590 2911 231 634 824 1539 9624 8.67 Arhar 0 2338 192 5095 0 332 69 464 8490 6.20 Sugarcane 83237 90807 47206 27200 101813 43814 31514 141533 567124 640.00 Potato 2957 2886 1685 6956 504 1070 734 6035 22826 223.31 Other Kharif 9894 3861 3088 4965 5002 2545 1067 11758 42179 10.05 Crops Other Rabi 14253 28462 9980 18371 14071 22210 11094 42039 160480 6.89 Crops Jayad 2276 8158 3804 9145 6633 3723 3732 9587 47058 5.37 Total 295013 600444 407670 656433 266067 301022 170070 663636 3360355 Culturable 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Area Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 89 74 81 78 88 83 85 91 85 Rabi 100 86 92 88 97 90 97 100 96 Jayad 43 23 20 9 55 24 32 36 29 Total 232 183 192 176 240 197 214 228 210

Table 5.17 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2035

2035 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Rice kharif 82285 201277 152797 257115 51078 109178 58798 209174 1121701 27.94 Wheat 98294 242737 184909 303727 61228 110235 60754 222705 1284589 29.71 Barley 0 193 0 611 0 9 3 40 856 18.59 Jwar / Sorghum 6 0 0 601 16 0 0 39 661 12.47 Bajra / Millet 32 0 13 1104 0 0 0 0 1149 17.76 Maize kharif 0 713 3434 18414 15 0 0 20 22597 16.84 Gram 35 399 70 1162 31 7 1 302 2007 5.56 Pea 179 1897 287 1358 209 439 700 1038 6108 9.46

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2035 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Arhar / Pigeon Pea 0 2183 51 3734 0 0 0 0 5968 6.77 Sugarcane 93449 101184 47111 28356 103026 45744 36485 147464 602819 677.93 Potato 3217 1852 1371 6056 488 974 623 6469 21050 243.61 Other Crops 9168 3475 3200 5050 3394 2536 999 10769 38590 10.97 Other Crops Rabi 8352 27490 8638 18213 10396 19418 10781 35002 138289 7.51 Jayad 2518 11891 5507 12083 8735 5465 5537 12869 64604 5.86 Total 297534 595291 407389 657583 238616 294004 174680 645891 3310987 Culturable Area 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 91 72 79 78 81 80 88 89 84 Rabi 100 88 93 89 90 89 100 100 96 Jayad 47 26 20 10 57 26 38 39 31 Total 238 187 192 176 227 195 226 228 211

Table 5.18 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2045

2045 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Rice kharif 80480 187422 147777 253697 37859 109926 59619 201481 1078260 30.64 Wheat 98839 241910 190596 308362 49032 111062 60305 220991 1281097 33.09 Barley 0 189 0 487 0 11 3 43 733 20.14 Jwar / Sorghum 0 0 0 523 0 0 0 0 523 13.51 Bajra / Millet 33 0 0 1147 0 0 0 0 1180 19.24 Maize kharif 0 749 2970 19353 0 0 0 0 23071 18.24 Gram 21 424 70 857 31 4 1 270 1678 6.02 Pea 60 1432 64 312 206 272 581 621 3549 10.24 Arhar / Pigeon 0 2083 0 2493 0 0 0 0 4576 7.33 Pea Sugarcane 95817 105531 47505 30042 103330 46373 37778 148655 615031 715.86 Potato 3476 1583 1057 5233 488 878 511 6903 20129 263.91 Other Crops 8442 3284 3313 5332 1786 2529 931 9779 35397 11.88 Other Crops Rabi 3900 26633 7295 18054 6888 16626 10469 28441 118306 8.14 Jayad 2759 15624 7210 15021 10837 7207 7342 16150 82150 6.34 Total 293829 586862 407857 660912 210458 294887 177540 633335 3265680 Culturable Area 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 91 70 77 77 73 80 90 89 82

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2045 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Rabi 100 88 94 90 82 89 100 100 95 Jayad 49 28 21 11 58 27 41 41 33 Total 240 187 193 178 213 196 231 229 210

Agr.Sc-2: Projected Crop Areas as per the prevailing Trend limited to Cultivable Area along with crop diversification, implementation of conjuncrtive use management, equitable distribution of water and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area

In this scenario future cropping pattern for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045 has been considered same as Agr.Sc-1 along with crop diversification, implementation of conjunctive use management, equitable distribution of water and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area. A shift in Rice area from traditional method to SRI method by 20%, 30% and 40% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively has been considered. For modelling purposes, crop periods and sowing dates, has been taken different for all the agroclimatic zones.

Table 5.19 to Table 5.21 shows the proposed crop areas, crop yields and cropping intensity for Ghaghra Basin and its sub-basins for Agr.Sc-2. For anticipated crop yield, for year 2025 the maximum yield achieved in last 10 years has been considered for all the crops. Further, for year 2035 and 2045, 20% increase per decade i.e. 2% increase per year (over 2025 values) in yield of wheat and rice has been considered while for others crops 10% increase per decade i.e. 1% increase per year (over 2025 values) has been considered. For Rice (SRI) the yield has been considered as 1.5 times that of traditional rice cultivation. Still these anticipated crop yields are very much on conservative side as some of the States of India have achieved these crop yields in present scenario only and the potential yield for the main crops of Rice and Wheat of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India is much higher (see Appendix 30). Increased cropping intensity is based on assumption that with implementation of conjunctive use and various land resource development and management programs, more water resource will be available and soil health will improve, resulting more seasonal fallow into crop area, giving an ultimate cropping intensity of 211%.

Table 5.19 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2025

2025 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Rice kharif 67280 172118 130970 208790 51440 86745 46383 173499 937224 30.49 Wheat 97748 243565 180592 299203 73424 109408 61203 224418 1289562 38.90 Barley 0 196 73 1022 0 7 2 38 1338 32.45 Jwar 11 0 0 916 31 0 0 180 1138 17.50 Bajra 32 0 88 1088 0 0 0 0 1208 46.35 Maize kharif 0 2237 4205 17666 31 8840 1852 8844 43674 27.75 Gram 48 374 74 1501 31 10 2 334 2374 16.45 Pea 466 2428 803 2916 231 634 824 1539 9841 21.58 Arhar 0 2338 385 5106 0 332 69 464 8695 15.12 Sugarcane 83237 90807 47791 27200 101813 43814 31514 141533 567709 694.40

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2025 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Potato 2957 2886 1820 6957 504 1070 734 6035 22962 330.33 Other Kharif 9894 3861 3088 4965 5002 2545 1067 11758 42179 20.47 Crops Other Rabi 14253 28462 11552 18434 14071 22210 11094 42039 162115 14.10 Crops Rice (SRI) 16811 43014 32744 52188 12856 21685 11593 43367 234259 45.74 Jayad 2276 8158 3804 9145 6633 3723 3732 9587 47058 10.22 Total 295013 600444 417988 657097 266067 301022 170070 663636 3371337 Culturable 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Area Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 89 74 84 79 88 83 85 91 86 Rabi 100 86 93 88 97 90 97 100 96 Jayad 43 23 20 9 55 24 32 36 29 Total 232 183 197 176 240 197 214 228 210

Table 5.20 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in AGP-2, 2035

2035 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Rice kharif 57599 140891 115213 180609 35747 76432 41160 146421 794072 36.59 Wheat 98294 242737 187650 303949 61228 110235 60754 222705 1287552 46.68 Barley 0 193 43 614 0 9 3 40 901 35.70 Jwar / 6 0 0 601 16 0 0 39 661 19.25 Sorghum Bajra / 32 0 38 1106 0 0 0 0 1176 50.99 Millet Maize kharif 0 713 4036 18462 15 0 0 20 23247 30.53 Gram 35 399 74 1162 31 7 1 302 2011 18.10 Pea 179 1897 564 1369 209 439 700 1038 6394 23.74 Arhar / 0 2183 385 3757 0 0 0 0 6325 16.63 Pigeon Pea Sugarcane 93449 101184 48282 28356 103026 45744 36485 147464 603990 763.84 Potato 3217 1852 1641 6058 488 974 623 6469 21322 363.36 Other Crops 9168 3475 3200 5050 3394 2536 999 10769 38590 22.52 Other Crops 8352 27490 11781 18339 10396 19418 10781 35002 141559 15.51 Rabi Rice (SRI) 24686 60386 49376 77394 15330 32746 17638 62753 340310 54.88 Jayad 2518 11891 5507 12083 8735 5465 5537 12869 64604 11.24 Total 297534 595291 427790 658909 238616 294004 174680 645891 3332715 Culturable 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Area Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 91 72 85 78 81 80 88 89 84 Rabi 100 88 96 89 90 89 100 100 96 Jayad 47 26 21 10 57 26 38 39 31 Total 238 187 201 177 227 195 226 228 212

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Table 5.21 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in AGP-2, 2045

2045 Crop Crop Little Lower Upper Ghaghra Yield, Chauka Kuwano Sarda Sarju Tehri Gandak Ghaghra Ghaghra Basin Qtl. /ha Rice kharif 48292 112445 99280 153012 22710 65954 35768 120885 658347 43.91 Wheat 98839 241910 193262 308696 49032 111062 60305 220991 1284096 56.02 Barley 0 189 43 490 0 11 3 43 779 39.26 Jwar / 0 0 0 523 0 0 0 0 523 21.18 Sorghum Bajra / 33 0 38 1150 0 0 0 0 1221 56.08 Millet Maize kharif 0 749 3867 19425 0 0 0 0 24040 33.58 Gram 21 424 74 857 31 4 1 270 1682 19.90 Pea 60 1432 405 327 206 272 581 621 3905 26.11 Arhar / 0 2083 385 2520 0 0 0 0 4988 18.30 Pigeon Pea Sugarcane 95817 105531 49260 30042 103330 46373 37778 148655 616786 840.22 Potato 3476 1583 1462 5236 488 878 511 6903 20538 399.70 Other Crops 8442 3284 3313 5332 1786 2529 931 9779 35397 24.77 Other Crops 3900 26633 12010 18244 6888 16626 10469 28441 123211 17.06 Rabi Rice (SRI) 32187 74977 66185 102017 15149 43972 23851 80595 438934 65.86 Jayad 2759 15624 7210 15021 10837 7207 7342 16150 82150 12.37 Total 293829 586862 436794 662892 210458 294887 177540 633335 3296598 Culturable 209941 456670 271097 445098 203901 216375 121326 393959 2318367 Area Cropping Intensity, % w.r.t 2015 Kharif 91 70 85 78 73 80 90 89 83 Rabi 100 88 98 90 82 89 100 100 96 Jayad 49 28 22 11 58 27 41 41 33 Total 240 187 205 179 213 196 231 229 211

5.2.4 Irrigation Water Demand

Using the Irrigation Demand Model (IDM) developed as a part of BAPS under this assignment, the irrigation water requirement has been calculated for both current (2015) and anticipated scenarios (2025, 2035 and 2045) for the various Agriculture Growth Scenarios. While calculating the irrigation water demand for Agr.Sc-2, crop diversification and conversion of 10% area to micro irrigation has also been considered.

It can be seen that in Agr.Sc-1 (BAU) the overall irrigation water demand will slightly increase by 1.2% in Ghaghra Basin from current 5994.75 MCM to 6067.10 MCM in 2045 (see Table 5.22) as against the cropping intensity increase of about 9.7% from current 165% to 181%. In case of Agr.Sc- 2, the overall irrigation water demand will reduce by (-)8.1% in Ghaghra Basin from current 5994.75 MCM to 5507.91 MCM in 2045 (see). Although cropping intensity increases by about 9.7%% from current 165% to 181%. This is because increase in cropping intensity is achieved more by increasing less water consuming crops/methods.

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Table 5.22 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-1 (BAU)

Irrigation Irrigation Total Irrigation Scenario Sub-basin Demand in CCA, Demand Outside Demand, MCM MCM CCA, MCM Sarda 657.11 832.56 1489.67 Chauka 481.72 936.18 1417.90 Sarju 470.01 688.34 1158.34 Tehri 174.54 431.89 606.42 Current Upper Ghaghra 841.25 1626.09 2467.34 2015 Kuwano 1332.25 1029.50 2361.75 Little Gandak 1086.04 417.26 1503.30 Lower Ghaghra 1365.60 1252.50 2618.10 Ghaghra Total 6408.52 7214.31 13622.83 Sarda 616.28 814.77 1431.05 Chauka 499.80 1004.69 1504.49 Sarju 575.70 822.07 1397.77 Tehri 207.73 482.58 690.31 2025 Upper Ghaghra 874.55 1787.41 2661.96 Kuwano 1375.11 1052.51 2427.62 Little Gandak 1097.00 425.56 1522.56 Lower Ghaghra 1375.91 1255.17 2631.07 Ghaghra Total 6622.07 7644.77 14266.84 Sarda 575.50 785.82 1361.32 Chauka 513.91 1067.82 1581.72 Sarju 577.76 840.77 1418.53 Tehri 213.54 520.53 734.06 2035 Upper Ghaghra 872.51 1822.45 2694.96 Kuwano 1398.08 1076.42 2474.50 Little Gandak 1108.51 434.13 1542.64 Lower Ghaghra 1393.49 1266.51 2660.00 Ghaghra Total 6653.30 7814.43 14467.73 Sarda 534.73 746.19 1280.92 Chauka 511.44 1081.35 1592.78 Sarju 579.82 848.89 1428.71 Tehri 216.37 533.94 750.31 2045 Upper Ghaghra 870.51 1818.44 2688.94 Kuwano 1396.88 1082.30 2479.18 Little Gandak 1121.99 445.12 1567.11 Lower Ghaghra 1414.76 1281.85 2696.60 Ghaghra Total 6646.49 7838.07 14484.57

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Table 5.23 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-2

Irrigation Irrigation Total Irrigation Scenario Sub-basin Demand in Demand Outside Demand, MCM CCA, MCM CCA, MCM Sarda 657.11 832.56 1489.67 Chauka 481.72 936.18 1417.9 Sarju 470.01 688.34 1158.34 Tehri 174.54 431.89 606.42 Current Upper Ghaghra 841.25 1626.09 2467.34 2015 Kuwano 1332.25 1029.5 2361.75 Little Gandak 1086.04 417.26 1503.3 Lower Ghaghra 1365.6 1252.5 2618.1 Ghaghra Total 6408.52 7214.31 13622.83 Sarda 585.23 770.90 1356.13 Chauka 465.72 938.45 1404.17 Sarju 529.35 763.59 1292.94 Tehri 192.04 455.20 647.24 2025 Upper Ghaghra 805.76 1670.42 2476.18 Kuwano 1283.49 988.00 2271.49 Little Gandak 1057.31 397.76 1455.07 Lower Ghaghra 1255.06 1150.25 2405.31 Ghaghra Total 6173.96 7134.57 13308.53 Sarda 544.93 737.49 1282.42 Chauka 472.12 982.22 1454.34 Sarju 518.20 764.57 1282.77 Tehri 193.30 484.87 678.17 2035 Upper Ghaghra 787.84 1675.04 2462.88 Kuwano 1287.60 998.99 2286.59 Little Gandak 1075.43 399.73 1475.16 Lower Ghaghra 1238.87 1131.61 2370.48 Ghaghra Total 6118.30 7174.52 13292.82 Sarda 507.54 696.71 1204.25 Chauka 463.07 977.75 1440.82 Sarju 506.89 754.99 1261.88 Tehri 191.58 490.39 681.97 2045 Upper Ghaghra 771.48 1642.98 2414.46 Kuwano 1270.97 995.22 2266.19 Little Gandak 1089.54 402.60 1492.14 Lower Ghaghra 1226.79 1117.67 2344.46 Ghaghra Total 6027.84 7078.31 13106.15

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5.3 Non-Agricultural Water Demand

5.3.1 Urban Expansion and Water Demand

As per the population projections presented in Section 5.1.1, the urban population will increase by 19.8%, 38.2% and 54.1% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 population. Further, the present (year 2015) norms for domestic water supply in urban areas are:

150 lpcd in mega towns having a population of more than 10,00,000 135 lpcd in towns having a population of more than 1,00,000 70 lpcd in all other towns

While for future years 2025, 2035 and 2045 the following norms of domestic water supply in urban areas are applicable:

150 lpcd in mega towns having a population of more than 10,00,000 135 lpcd in towns having a population of more than 20,000 100 lpcd in all other towns

Considering the above norms and the distribution losses (see Section 5.3.5), the gross urban domestic demand has been estimated and presented in Table 5.24 the administrative level details are given in Appendix 29. It can be seen that there is an increase by 52.6 %, 69.4 % and 83.5 % in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 demand.

Table 5.24 : Annual Urban Domestic Water Demand, MCM

Sub Basin 2015 2025 2035 2045 Chauka 20.88 33.22 36.68 39.78 Kuwano 11.36 14.33 16.03 17.21 Little Gandak 12.10 22.04 25.21 27.41 Lower Ghaghra 21.11 34.91 38.18 41.72 Sarda 2.26 5.01 5.48 5.88 Sarju 13.34 19.95 22.17 23.80 Tehri 16.37 20.25 22.51 24.16 Upper Ghaghra 16.56 24.23 26.86 29.16 Basin Total 113.98 173.93 193.12 209.11

5.3.2 Rural Water Demand

As per the population projections presented in Section 5.1.1, the rural population will increase by 15.9%, 31.5% and 46.2% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 population. Further, the present (year 2015) norms for domestic water supply in rural areas is 40 lpcd, while for future years it has been considered as 55 lpcd for 2025 and; 70 lpcd for year 2035 and 2045.

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Considering the above norms and the distribution losses (see Section 5.3.5), the gross rural domestic demand has been estimated and presented in Table 5.25, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 32. It can be seen that there is an increase by 60.58 %, 132.80 % and 158.90 % in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 demand. Although the population increase is only 46.2% by 2045 but the increase is demand is 158.90 % mainly due to change in supply norms from 40 lpcd to 70 lpcd.

Table 5.25 : Annual Rural Domestic Water Demand, MCM

Sub Basin 2015 2025 2035 2045

Chauka 31.30 50.26 72.87 81.04 Kuwano 86.83 139.44 202.15 224.82 Little Gandak 66.50 106.78 154.80 172.16 Lower Ghaghra 92.76 148.96 215.95 240.16 Sarda 25.67 41.23 59.77 66.47 Sarju 34.07 54.71 79.31 88.20 Tehri 20.98 33.69 48.84 54.31 Upper Ghaghra 55.92 89.81 130.20 144.79 Basin Total 414.03 664.88 963.88 1,071.94

5.3.3 Livestock Water Demand

The adopted norms of daily water consumption by different animals are:

Livestock Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Horse Asses Camel Pigs Ducks Rabit Dog Elefent Polutry Norm, 65 65 6 5 60 60 65 17 3 0.30 5 150 0.25 lpcd

Considering these norms, and the livestock population projections presented in Section 5.1.3, the Livestock Water Demand is estimated and given in Table 5.26, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 33.

Table 5.26 : Annual Livestock Water Demand, MCM

Sub Basin 2015 2025 2035 2045 Chauka 11.80 12.96 14.19 15.42 Kuwano 29.67 33.28 0.00 0.00 Little Gandak 0.00 15.40 17.78 20.16 Lower Ghaghra 0.00 0.00 34.67 38.23 Sarda 10.02 10.93 11.88 12.82 Sarju 14.67 15.59 16.62 0.00 Tehri 7.89 8.60 9.34 10.09 Upper Ghaghra 22.69 24.65 0.00 28.81 Basin Total 96.74 121.42 104.48 125.53

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5.3.4 Industrial Water Demand

Considering the data on industrial areas developed in different districts, the Industrial demand has been estimated adopting norm for industrial water demand on the basis of industrial area developed i.e. 4.54 m3 per acre per day (or 11.22 m3 per ha per day) of industrial area developed. For the industries outside industrial area it has been assumed that there is an equivalent demand outside industrial areas. The projections have been made for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045. It is anticipated that, due to globalization there would be rapid expansion of industries which will result increase in water demand also. Based on the district industrial profile reports the annual growth rate has been adopted as shown in Appendix 29. The present and projected Industrial Water Demand of Ghaghra Basin is given in Table 5.27, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 34.

Table 5.27 : Annual Industrial Water Demand, MCM

Sub Basin 2015 2025 2035 2045 Chauka 0.19 0.28 0.37 0.46 Kuwano 0.28 0.39 0.50 0.61 Little Gandak 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 Lower Ghaghra 0.32 0.47 0.63 0.78 Sarju 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.08 Tehri 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 Basin Total 0.95 1.36 1.77 2.19

5.3.5 Power Plants Water Demand

The water demand of power plants in Ghaghra Basin for present and future is shown in Table 5.28.

Table 5.28 : Power Plants Water Demand in Ghaghra Basin

Installed Water S. Sub Source of Plant Name Agency Capacity, Demand, Year No. Basin Water MW MCM 1 Kuwano Kundarkhi Bajaj Energy Ltd. 90 Groundwater 4.05 Present 2 Lower Tanda Power Plant NTPC 440 Tanda Pump 19.80 Present Ghaghra Canal 3 Lower Tanda Extension NTPC 1320 Tanda Pump 38.10 2024-25 Ghaghra (Ongoing) Canal 4 Sarda Khambarkhera Bajaj Energy Ltd. 90 Groundwater 4.05 Present

5.3.6 Improvement of Public Supply System

At present 30% distribution losses have been considered in urban areas and 10% in rural areas and accordingly the net domestic water demand of urban and rural areas has been increased to arrive at the gross domestic water demand. For future, it has been considered that the distribution losses in urban areas will reduce to 20% in year 2045 (linearly) while the losses in rural areas have been kept same as present.

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5.4 Flood Management

5.4.1 Identification of Flood-prone Areas

The geographical area of Uttar Pradesh is approximately 240.93 Lac Hectares. The flood prone rivers in the state are mainly Ganga, Yamuna, Ramganga, Sharda, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak, Tons, etc. These rivers bring prosperity in the state as well as cause havoc in rainy season destroying human life and wealth on other hand.

The flood affected area is approximately 73.06 lac hectare in the state of U.P. against national total of 346.16 lac hectares. Out of this 58.72 lac hectare can be protected from flood by adopting different flood control measure. On an average approximately 26.89 lack hectares land is affected by flood every year and there is a total loss of Rs. 432.20 crores in U.P. due to loss of human life, cattle and crops every year.

In general, entire U.P is affected by flood but Gorakhpur Deoria, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Siddharth Nagar, Mau, Maharajganj, Kushinagar, Azamgarh, Ballia, Gonda, Bahraich districts in eastern region; and Mathura, Agra, Bulandshahar in western region and Lucknow, Sitapur, Hardoi, Barabanki and Raebarely in Central region of the state are the most affected areas where the problem of flood and water logging is more acute and grim.

In the year 1978 the flood was the most severe, affecting 52 out of the total 56 districts of U.P. The flood and heavy rainfall affected 73.06 lakh hectares land causing loss of approximately Rs. 688.44 crores. It damaged crops in 42.62 lakh hect. Area and affected a population of 2.51 crores in 45666 villages. The situation in the flood of 1980 was also very severe which affected 58.57 lakh hectares of 46 districts.

Each year, a substantial amount of lives and properties are damaged by flood in UP in spite of all mitigation measures being taken and warning sytems put into place by respective departments. A substantial loss of lives in recent years highlights the necessity of more to be done for flood defense and this must be priority of the Government development programs.

Although UP has faced several severe floods in recent times, year 1978 has been the worst. The flood levels at most gauge sites in the Ghaghra and Rapti Rivers remained above danger level marks for more than two months.

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Figure 5.10 : Flood-Prone Areas in Ghaghra Basin

5.4.2 Damage Statistics

Each year, a substantial amount of lives and properties are damaged by flood in UP in spite of all mitigation measures being taken and warning systems put into place by respective departments. Given below in Table 5.29 are details of flood damages in UP from 1973 to 2016 based on records of UP Revenue Department.

Table 5.29 : Details of Flood Damages in UP from 1973 to 2016

No. of No. of Total Flood Total Flood No. of Life Total Affected Life Lost S. Flood Flood Affected Affected Damaged Lost Estimated Year Population (No. of No. Affected Affected Area (Lac Agricultural Houses (No. of Loss (Lac) Animals) Districts Villages ha) Land (Lac ha) (Lacs) Man) (Rs. Cores) 1 1973 40 141.50 30004 35 22.23 2.98 163 375 296.84 2 1974 39 73.90 14948 19.86 12.24 2.03 72 160 173.16 3 1975 35 92.14 18629 23.65 14.21 2.01 181 892 192.44 4 1976 36 131.95 32962 33.49 18.49 2.05 240 1434 234.79

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No. of No. of Total Flood Total Flood No. of Life Total Affected Life Lost S. Flood Flood Affected Affected Damaged Lost Estimated Year Population (No. of No. Affected Affected Area (Lac Agricultural Houses (No. of Loss (Lac) Animals) Districts Villages ha) Land (Lac ha) (Lacs) Man) (Rs. Cores) 5 1977 31 37.00 7536 12.87 6.42 0.51 157 887 77.04 6 1978 55 225.87 48889 72.5 38.82 11.98 739 7430 688.44 7 1979 16 21.05 3913 7.03 5.18 0.23 77 220 57.57 8 1980 46 303.47 44629 58.57 30.94 19.23 1309 5244 790.67 9 1981 33 146.27 20706 29.91 16.35 4.91 427 1356 286.38 10 1982 44 232.91 32459 55.38 33.09 10.18 562 2517 585.65 11 1983 56 155.34 24731 38.6 24.99 5.19 519 2101 754.03 12 1984 39 65.75 11600 16.68 10.31 0.83 209 432 262.15 13 1985 55 195.59 27113 40.28 24.19 6.2 804 3808 1216.26 14 1986 45 59.19 8925 10.34 6.45 0.51 233 725 278.64 15 1987 9 38.24 5807 5.81 3.16 1.8 163 990 186.14 16 1988 46 182.04 24721 31.76 17.14 3.71 765 3102 834.6 17 1989 25 48.62 8281 10.03 6.52 0.78 168 516 --- 18 1990 51 85.34 15524 22.03 10.64 1.32 471 2889 --- 19 1991 29 24.19 3372 8.1 2.1 0.78 214 369 --- 20 1992 20 29.24 4254 5.91 3.34 0.34 140 979 --- 21 1993 34 75.05 11765 15.11 7.91 1.37 314 2088 --- 22 1994 45 39.07 9627 9.86 5.98 0.66 317 4855 --- 23 1995 51 36.91 8874 12.79 7.98 0.88 321 1257 --- 24 1996 44 72.20 8827 11.24 6.78 0.09 313 1232 --- 25 1997 29 10.21 2284 3.49 1.55 0.03 102 144 --- 26 1998 55 121.91 156118 25.23 14.15 3.84 1356 3384 --- 27 1999 11 1.83 299000 5.39 4.069 0.005 17 9 --- 28 2000 40 63.86 5882 7.84 4.72 0.083 453 977 --- 29 2001 21 27.15 3819 4.63 2.89 0.09 201 251 --- 30 2002 14 3.86 770 1.1 0.62 0.006 33 36 --- 31 2003 54 134.80 17011 23.6 15.03 0.35 964 3201 --- 32 2004 2 14.36 865 2.44 ------88 217 --- 33 2005 35 24.51 3652 3.59 3.835 0.77 203 259 --- 34 2006 12 4.53 678 ------253 588 --- 35 2007 20 26.03 2634 5.95 4.33 0.343 272 170 3981.27 36 2008 25 41.75 6287 4.98 4.586 1210 2059 838.73 37 2010 33 35.06 5845 6.70 7.00 0.357 413 324 2174.73 38 2011 36 23.06 3587 5.26 3.96 0.229 692 268 1470.77 39 2013 40 35.44 5785 7.97 7.97 0.796 380 550 3210.21 40 2016 31 22.34 3078 5.96 4.21 0.468 82 287 812.53 Source: UP Revenue Department

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A total of 923 km of embankments benefitting 2,69,880 ha area have been constructed in Ghaghra Basin. The district-wise details of these flood embankments are given in Appendix 35.

5.4.3 Development of Flood-prone Areas

Flood prone areas are generally highly productive agricultural areas. Continued use of these lands for agriculture is desirable; however, crops should be selected that are tolerant to inundation, if possible. Where depth or duration of inundation is likely to destroy crops in some years, measures should be in place to provide financial insurance to farmers or to encourage them to spread their risk by having some land that is not flood prone, or to save surpluses from non-flood years to support themselves in flood years.

Development of inhabitats and other infrastructure in zones with high flood risk should be discouraged. Flood zone maps that have been ground-truthed with villagers can be valuable as an aid in discouraging development in flood prone areas, or designing structures appropriately to minimise flood damage. o Timely availability of vital information regarding rainfall in upper catchment areas, its magnitude, special distribution along with advance forecasts of river flows etc is most essential to the field officers concerned in the flood management. The major parts of the catchment areas of the Himalayan rivers are contributing to the devastating floods every year in Eastern UP and North Bihar lie in Nepal. Therefore, it is essential that the information of rain fall etc in these upper catchments in Nepal should be made available to UP and Bihar Engineers on regular and systematic basis. In this direction it is to be mentioned that a scheme namely “Flood forecasting and warning system on rivers common to India and Nepal” which includes 42 Hydro Meteorological Stations in Nepal had been in operation since 1989. The data collected is helpful for formulating the flood forcasts and issue warnings in the lower ctchments. o Timely availability of daily river gauge and rainfall data from CWC on Internet Daily river gauges and rainfall data for 8.00 a.m. for U.P and Uttarakhand are issued by CWC Office after 12.00 hours and made available through messenger to the Central Flood Control Room UPID, Lucknow. Accordingly, the Flood forecasting and flood warning messages are issued by the Central Flood Control Room UPID, Lucknow in the afternoon of the day which is neither delayed. Effort should be made to issue daily rivers Ganges including forecast data and rainfall bulletin from CWC office Lucknow by 10.00am along with little availability of data on Internet throughout the state. This will improve transfer of flood messages and accordingly the evacuation process etc. o Modernization of Flood forecasting system The Central Water Commission which is responsible for flood forecasting and flood warning System in UP and Bihar should make efforts to expand and modernize the Flood Forecasting system for increasing the time lag of flood warnings for giving more time to the civil authorities for effective and requisite relief and remedial measures. Similar efforts for extending the network under the catchments in Nepal through the existing programme should also be pursued. o Provision of Separate Network for flood management At present wireless at 92 places (reservoir sites and sensitive flood embankment sites) are established during flood seasons and maintained and run through Police Wireless Network. All the Sensitive Flood

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5.4.4 Flood Mitigation Measures

The alternate flood mitigation measures consist of structural and non-structural options. The structural option considered is the construction of large flood storage dams in the upper basins. The construction of reservoir in the upstream catchment of Ghaghra at karnali in Nepal will certainly regulate the high flood periods water resources. It is unlikely that any major storage in the upper basin will be commissioned within 20-25 years.

Non-structural options include flood forecasting and warning systems, flood evacuation planning and implementation, provision of flood relief (temporary accommodation, food, fuel, and drinking water), rehabilitation of damaged property and provision of food, seed, fertiliser and fuel to replace those lost and damaged. Prevalent practices of flood management in Uttar Pradesh are given in Appendix 36.

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A query based real time GIS based, Flood Management Information System (FMIS) using the rainfall, GDSQ, topography, river morphology, Imageries, embankments, human interventions and other relevant data has to be developed for entire Ghaghra Basin to provide information at various levels viz; district, block and village to facilitate the authority for planning of relief, mitigation measures and to flood affected population.

5.5 Drought Management

Drought is a long period with no or much less rainfall than normal for a given area. Meteorologically drought is defined as situation when the annual rainfall over any area is less than 75% of the normal. It is termed as moderate if rainfall deficit is between 25 to 50% and severe if it is more than 50%. Area where frequency of drought is above 20% of the years examined is classified as drought area and areas having drought conditions for more than 40% of the years represent chronically drought affected area. In Uttar Pradesh, Vindhya & Bundelkhand region have been identified as the chronic drought prone area, with an average annual rainfall of about 700 mm.

In Ghaghra Basin, agriculture and food sufficiency is highly dependent on reliable supply of water to the crops, from rainfall, surface water and ground water. Shortages of water for even a week or so can cause significant reductions in crop yield if they occur at critical phases of crop growth. The farmers should be empowered with knowledge of water management techniques, drought resistant crops and varieties, and conservation of ground water.

During drought, in case of irrigated agriculture, the following situations may happen.

1. Delayed release of water in canals due to low rainfall; 2. Limited release of water in canals due to low rainfall; 3. Lack of inflows into tanks due to insufficient/delayed onset of rainfall; and 4. Insufficient groundwater recharge due to low rainfall.

The fourth situation is often not applicable in Gangetic plains. In drought situation, change in crop/cropping pattern from normal practices is suggested as given in Table 5.30.

Table 5.30 : Crop/Cropping Pattern in Drought Situation

Normal Crop Change in crop/cropping system Agronomic measures Paddy/Rice SRI and Short duration rice varieties- Direct seeding in small beds. NDR 97, Ratna, Narendra 118, Narendra 97, Pant Use of micro irrigation-sprinkler dhan IR50, HUR 105 Maize Sowing of maize on ridges- Maize Hybrids Use of dust/straw mulches Ganga 2, Ganga 11, Shaktiman 2, etc. (4 t/ha)

5.6 Waste Water Generation

5.6.1 Present and Anticipated Waste Load

Based on the present and projected domestic water demand and considering 80% as waste water generation from the net demand, the present and anticipated waste water generation has been

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Table 5.31 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Areas, MCM

Sub Basin 2015 2025 2035 2045 Chauka 11.69 19.40 22.60 25.46 Kuwano 6.36 8.37 9.88 11.01 Little Gandak 6.78 12.87 15.53 17.54 Lower Ghaghra 11.82 20.39 23.52 26.70 Sarda 1.27 2.92 3.37 3.76 Sarju 7.47 11.65 13.65 15.23 Tehri 9.16 11.83 13.87 15.47 Upper Ghaghra 9.27 14.15 16.54 18.66 Basin Total 63.83 101.58 118.96 133.83

5.6.2 Preventive/Remedial Measures

At present there are only one Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in Ghaghra Basin as per details given in Table 5.32. There is need for additional STPs in others towns of Ghaghra Basin. The Town-wise STP requirement in Ghaghra Basin is shown in Appendix 38.

Table 5.32 : Sewage Treatment Plants in Ghaghra Basin

Sub Basin Name Town Name Capacity mld Operated

Lower Ghaghra Ramghat Ayodhya (NPP) 12.00 Yes Source: UP Jal Nigam

5.7 Minimum Environmental Flow Requirements

A minimum quality, quantity and distribution of water are required to maintain the components, functions and processes of aquatic ecosystems thriving in the river. Due to heavy abstraction of surface and groundwater in the catchment area of the rivers, the rivers and their many tributaries remain dry for considerable period in a year. This has resulted in heavy losses of biological resources. In order to maintain the environmental flows in these rivers, it is important that water resources are optimally managed and augmented to the extent necessary in the entire basin, including groundwater recharging, village ponds, water conservation, recycling of wastewater and economy in water use.

Most of the new projects are being planned for an Environmental Flow equal to 10% of the observed minimum flow in the lean season. Currently, at most major diversions from the rivers such as Saryu Barrage, Rapti Barrage and Gandak Barrage hardly any consideration is given for environmental flow. As per the norms of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, a hydrological year has been segregated as below:

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• Season I: This season is considered as high flow season influenced by monsoons. It covers the months from July to September. • Season II: This season is considered as average flow period. It covers the month of October and November and this period is the transitional period between the wet and dry period. • Season III: This season is considered as low or lean or dry flow season. It covers the months from December to June.

The recommended Environmental Flows as per the norms of MoEF are given in Table 5.33. The Environmental Flows are considered for 90% dependable year in hydroelectric project and 75% dependable year in irrigation projects.

Table 5.33 : Recommended Environmental Flows as per the norms of MoEF

Season Months Percentage of flow Season-I July to September 30% of average discharge for period from July to September 25% of average discharge for period from October to Season-II October to November November Season-III December to June 20% of average discharge for period from December to June Source: MoEF

In water balance for Ghaghra Basin minimum environmental flows at river outflow point on each sub- basin has been estimated as per MoEF norms.

Based on the above recommendations, the tabulated flows and e flow required to be maintained in the Saryu, Gandak and Rapti rivers at different gauging sites (see Table 5.34) during different time span should be maintained.

Table 5.34 : Periodic Average Discharge and e flow requirement in Cumec of Saryu, Gandak, and Rapti, Kuwano, Sharda and Ghaghra River

Flows in Cumec River Location July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June Barrage 131.05 207.33 152.91 49.73 18.94 14.52 12.77 9.90 6.98 4.10 3.35 27.78 SARYU e flow 49.13 8.58 2.27 Barrage 4003.16 4599.59 3836.83 1921.20 1067.90 622.54 373.16 345.66 192.12 456.41 663.12 1453.43 GANDAK e flow 1243.96 373.64 117.33 Barrage 650.94 952.71 829.69 257.56 43.95 27.23 24.21 23.59 19.23 15.98 17.01 155.86 RAPTI e flow 243.33 37.69 8.09 Basti 55.29 70.95 104.17 50.33 18.28 14.58 13.20 13.70 12.36 9.85 8.55 14.53 Kuwano e flow 16.59 12.58 2.92 Paliakala 1403.89 1860.05 1334.92 633.16 338.12 151.72 107.62 85.86 69.18 68.72 144.25 398.60 Sharda e flow 421.17 158.29 30.34 Elgin 4623.35 7786.12 5719.68 2360.33 1089.98 508.18 349.06 261.20 226.12 379.90 713.33 1351.36 Ghaghra e flow 1387.01 590.08 101.64

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Flows in Cumec River Location July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June Ayodhya 4963.92 8718.69 5926.96 2361.59 979.80 457.08 311.91 241.12 210.01 394.17 743.85 1389.05 Ghaghra e flow 1489.18 590.40 91.42 Turtipar 4502.04 7510.75 6921.01 3452.59 1421.16 756.52 453.03 360.99 302.11 384.27 645.86 1120.22 Ghaghra e flow 1350.61 863.15 151.30 Source: Analysis of CWC data

So, in Ghaghra basin, at CWC/UPID observatory locations, the monthly average flow for the months are fulfilling the environmental flow requirements. This can be maintained by limiting the diversions or either by stoppage of minor lift schemes for that period.

5.8 Fisheries

5.8.1 Demand and Market

In year 2014-15, the State produced 4.94 lakh MT of inland fish while West Bengal produced 14.78 MT and Andhra Pradesh 14.11 MT. Based on assumption that 40% of the State’s population is fish eating (UP State Fisheries Department), per capita consumption of fish in the State was only 5.67 kg/annum whereas Indian Council of Medical Research has estimated an ideal per capita per annum consumption level of 13.9 kg. The productivity level of fish production in the State in 2014-15 was 4140 kg/ha/annum against the target of 4200 kg/ha/annum while the same was 1566 kg/ha/annum in Ghaghra Basin. Thus, there is tremendous scope for increased demand of fish in the State and in Ghaghra Basin. This would still be below the productivity level achieved in Punjab and other States. It can be safely concluded that production of freshwater fish can be raised significantly with a clear policy of utilising water bodies and wetlands and increasing productivity.

Aquaculture products, including fish and plants, are marketed widely in the state, through formal and informal markets. It is expected that increased production will be easily accommodated through existing marketing structures.

5.8.2 River and Reservoir Environment for Fish Production

In Uttar Pradesh sixty reservoirs, with an area of 1,18,103 ha, are distributed among 15 districts. The four large reservoirs viz., Rihand, Matatila, Kalagarh and Sardasagar occupy 71,196 ha. Sonebhadra district with 52,000 ha has the largest area under reservoirs on account of the imposing presence of Rihand reservoir. Uttar Pradesh is one of the prominent zones of wetland resources of the country. River borne and river fed wetlands are concentrated mostly in riverine and flood prone belt whereas the man-made wetlands are scattered in the southern plateau region of the state. Natural wetlands are ox-bow lakes, deep pools, water logged depressions, marshes and swamps. These wetlands are extremely diversified in their size, shape, River and Reservoir Environment for Fish Production depth, gaseous contents, nutrient status, biotic diversity, aquatic weed infestation and production status. Total pond area in Uttar Pradesh is about 1.61 lakh ha. These ponds are scattered all over the state in the interior regions. Fish farming in these ponds has shown very impressive growth as a result of financial, technical and extension support by FFDAs.

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The details of ponds and fish production in Ghaghra basin is already presented in Section 4.4.1.

Increases in fish production in Ghaghra Basin are likely to come almost entirely from the development of pond, wetland and river aquaculture, associated with wetlands and marshy lands in most instances. Ghaghra Basin has approximately 38,042 ha area of wetland. These ponds will generally utilise monsoon runoff and drainage water, which would otherwise pass as excess flows during the monsoon, or would evaporate from the wetlands and marshy lands during summer. The aquaculture ponds will not compete with irrigated crops for water resources

5.9 Summary of Present and Future Water Demand for Ghaghra Basin

For the modelling purpose the hydrological year has been considered (June to May), hence the various demands considered for model runs of Present (2015) and Future Water Demand for Ghaghra Basin are given in Table 5.35.

Table 5.35 : Summary of Demands used in Model Runs for Ghaghra Basin, MCM/yr

Model Run Year Water Demand 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Urban Domestic 112.71 169.85 193.16 208.02 % 0.79% 1.18% 1.32% 1.42% Rural Domestic 409.17 639.83 936.61 1050.21 % 2.86% 4.46% 6.39% 7.18% Livestock 136.85 151.66 167.33 183.00 % 0.96% 1.06% 1.14% 1.25% Industrial 5.08 7.73 10.39 13.04 % 0.04% 0.05% 0.07% 0.09% Power Plants 27.90 66.00 66.00 66.00 % 0.19% 0.46% 0.45% 0.45% Agriculture Agr.Sc-1 13622.83 14266.84 14467.73 14484.57 Agr.Sc-2 13622.83 13308.53 13292.82 13106.15 % 95.17% 92.78% 90.64% 89.61% Total (Agr.Sc-1) 14314.54 15301.91 15841.22 16004.84 Total (Agr.Sc-2) 14314.54 14343.60 14666.31 14626.42 NOTE: % (percentage) calculated w.r.t. Total (Agr.Sc-2)

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6 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN GHAGHRA BASIN

There are numerous issues related to water resource development and management (WRDM) in Ghaghra Basin that preclude farmers to minimise gap between actual achieved and potential production and productivity. Effort has been made here to enlist major outstanding issues that need to be addressed the earliest possible in order to maximise land and water productivity through effective integrated water resource management and thereby alleviate socio-economic status of people in the shortest possible time span.

In Uttar Pradesh from many rivers irrigation canals which were constructed a few centuries ago to support livelihood and provide supplemental irrigation are still in use. Later on, these canals were converted into all season canals by making permanent barrages. These canals were largely constructed to provide protection to crops from famines and droughts. The concepts in irrigated agriculture have changed since then to meet the food/fibre production needs of the ever-increasing population and from sustenance to intensive agriculture. Heavy dependence on groundwater resource for intensive cultivation, together with increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to its over- exploitation and consequent water table decline at an alarming rate. Response of high yielding varieties is better with chemical fertilizers requiring more and frequent water application.

Moreover, water use for agriculture cannot be considered in isolation of other uses. This requires an integrated approach for sustainable water resources planning, management and operation under a river basin framework. Due to competition from increasing demands for agriculture, domestic, power, industrial, environmental and other uses, allocation of water to different stakeholders in appropriate quantity and quality has become increasingly difficult. Freely spatial availability, of ground water has increased its use very rapidly. Further it is more easily available on as and when required basis, without requiring any distribution system just like canal network. There is a real need to manage ground water reservoir in the region more effectively to ensure a sustainable dynamic balance between its annual replenishment and draft to sustain agriculture, and other demands for today and future. In Uttar Pradesh, Ghaghra basin is having a geographical area of 33.80 lac ha and cultivable area of 23.18 lac ha. Gaps in Saryu system are being completed under Saryu Nahar Pariyojana.With the completion of canal network and creation of running potential, the irrigation facilities are going to increase, as conceived.

In this created potential also, water-logging and consequent soil salinity-sodicity has increased in head and middle reaches of canal command areas due to unauthorized and excessive use of cheap and easily available canal water vice versa groundwater depletion is occurring in tail reach areas, resulting in reduced productivity both ways. Adoption of paddy and other high-water guzzling crops has further increased gap between potential created and potential utilized through canal irrigation.

The dynamic ground water resource assessment report of March 2017 by CGWB & UP GWD shows that stage of ground water extraction has reached to 60.38 % at the present cropping intensity of about 154.96 % and out of 157 blocks (81 fully and 76 partially) in Ghaghra basin all are under safe category.

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Irrigation is the largest user of water in the basin. Smaller uses such as drinking water supplies for humans and animals, and water for ecosystems, has also been considered in planning as the socio- economic benefit.

6.1 Water Resources Development and Management Issues

There are numerous issues related to water resource development and management in the basin that preclude farmers to minimise gap between actual achieved and potential production and productivity. Effort had been made widely in the previous report of Ghaghra Basin and here further with additional major outstanding issues that need to be addressed the earliest possible in order to maximise land and water productivity through effective integrated water resource management and thereby alleviate socio-economic status of people in the shortest possible time span.

6.1.1 Inadequate Surface Water for meeting the Ecological, Environmental and irrigation Requirements

In Ghaghra Basin irrigation is being provided from canals of four major surface irrigation systems, namely the Sharda System, the Sharda-Sahayak System, the Saryu-Rapti System and the West Gandak canal System along with small and medium pump canals. Sharda Canal system at Banbasa was constructed during late nineteen twenties (1928) and Sharda Sahayak System at Sharda Nagar constructed during nineteen sixties (1967). Presently, there is sufficient water at different cwc, GD sites to fulfill the minimum environmental flow requirement.

With the development of Saryu and Rapti system in Ghaghra basin, the available supplies at Girija Barrage needs to be distributed more rationally between Sharda Sahayak, Saryu and Rapti systems. So, the coming time is going to be more critical. However, with the development of storage in Nepal on Ghaghra and Sharda rivers, the lean supplies are bound to increase and a better control on floods will be seen, but it is going to take decades in start of construction and completion of these storages.

6.1.2 Inequitable Distribution of Canal Water

Canal rosters are designed each year based on past 10 years water availability to distribute canal water equitably over the canal command area. However, in reality, actual delivery particularly in tail often deviate from the design due to unauthorised use of canal and uncontrolled direct outlets from main canals, distributaries and minors. Cultivators prefer cheap and easily available canal water as compared to ground water. Effective Water Users Associations, promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation, crop diversification, use of less water requiring crops and promotion of osrabandi and DUAL roster can help in equitable distribution.

The unreliability of irrigation supply is considered by many irrigators to be a problem. The irrigation systems are essentially run-of-river. During Kharif, river flows at diversion points are generally much higher than canal capacities, so that the supply at the headworks is quite reliable. Even so, the canal system was designed to provide protective irrigation only, so that the canals are not able to provide full irrigation in the event of delayed start to the monsoon or failure of the monsoon. This is especially a problem during the establishment of the paddy crop, when water requirements are very high. It is unlikely to be economical to upgrade the entire irrigation canal system to meet full irrigation requirements during Kharif. Therefore, the irrigation system needs to be as efficient as possible in

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There are three main requirements for the irrigation system to operate efficiently in order to reduce flows to escapes and drains:

 Information needs to be provided to irrigation system operators on actual crop water requirements, rainfall and soil moisture in the command areas  Management Systems need to be in place to enable operators to plan and implement the opening and closing of canal gates to direct water to locations of greatest need in accordance with agreed rules on water sharing  Irrigators need to know when they will receive the next watering, and how much so that they can mobilize workers to manage the irrigation, and coordinate their use of surface and ground water.

During Rabi and Zaid the river flows are generally less than canal capacities, so that rostering of canals to share the scarce resource is required. During these seasons, rainfall is negligible, so that irrigation rosters can be planned at the start of the season and will need to be varied during the season only if river flows at diversion points are substantially different from assumed flows. During Rabi and Zaid, however, river flows change quite slowly so that it should be possible to plan canal operations well in advance of delivery times, and advise irrigators of those changes.

Large storage system will enhance temporal distribution of surface water availability. Most rivers in UP flow down to the Ganges from the Himalayas and offer plenty of scope for such development. The development of large storage system in the upper basin will not only improve availability of more water but also add the reliability of water availability in the system.

6.1.3 Waterlogging and Soil Salinity & Sodicity

Prolonged use of cheap and easily available canal water and inadequate application of costly groundwater in head and middle reaches of canals has caused groundwater table to rise significantly, resulting in loss of productivity and soil degradation due to increasing soil salinity and sodicity. On the other hand, tail reaches and non-command areas show excessive groundwater extraction, resulting in depleted groundwater table. Orchards have disappeared in waterlogged areas and settlements are at risk at many places. Fertile land is being converted to fallow as cultivation is not economical in such degraded and waterlogged land.

Restriction on construction of State Tube wells in canal command should be removed and ground water use should be promoted in areas being more vulnerable to water logging, to avoid conversion of land to sodic lands. Further sodic land reclamation is effective only with ground water use, otherwise reclaimed area will again convert to sodic lands.

6.1.4 Poor Drainage and Canal Infrastructures

Mostly drains create water logging issues mainly in the tail portions, from where it starts, due to excessive rains particularly in monsoon season. Drains require regular cleaning for effective drainage

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On the other hand, cheap and easily available canal water prompts the cultivators to use it excessively, especially during paddy irrigation by cutting or by putting an extra outlet and that enhance the problem of waterlogging and create hurdle in equitable distribution of water. Most canal infrastructures are in poor conditions due to lack of maintenance.

These infrastructures require immediate rehabilitation and fitted with adequate mechanism to regulate water distribution, along with effective implementation of PIM.

6.1.5 Removal of Transported Silt from Canals

Due to ever growing population and heavy deforestation in hilly catchments of the Ghaghra Basin rivers in Nepal and India, from where water is transferred to basin through Sharda, Ghaghra, Saryu and Gandak rivers, silt load in flood water is often excessive. Canal regulation is to be stopped due to heavy silt contents. Canal siltation, on the other hand, reduces the canal discharge capacity and further it puts an extra burden to carry out desilting activities.

6.1.6 Marginal Land holdings

About 80% of land holding is marginal i.e. less than 1 ha, dominated by Rice-Wheat crop cycle. These cultivators are dependent on rice wheat cycle to meet their own livelihood requirements. Further they cannot think easily for crop intensification and diversification, as they have no cushion in worst case. Unless efficient and reliable marketing mechanism is developed, it will be difficult to convince farmers to adopt a more diversified agriculture based on conjunctive irrigation management.

An effective WUA and thereby establishment of co-operative can be instrumental and effect of economy of a smaller scale can be minimised. Further crop intensification and diversification programs need to be promoted initially with farmers having big land holdings as they have capacity to bear the worst case themselves.

6.1.7 Under-Utilised Lift Schemes

7 major lift schemes have been developed in Ghaghra basin in order to utilise river flow available. Most of these schemes are operated at much reduced capacities and operation is also quite irregular because of unavailability of assured and adequate water and electricity. As a result, these lift schemes are under-utilised. Against the total installed capacity of 3150 cusec, running discharge capacity of lift schemes is about 50% to cover CCA of 206893 ha (see Table 3.6).

6.1.8 Delay in Construction of Major Water Storages in Ghaghra Basin

Absence of storage dams in the basin leads to flows far in excess of demands during Kharif and far less than demands during Rabi and Jayad. Multi-purpose projects such as Chisapani and West Seti in the Nepal section of the Ghaghra River catchment (known as the Karnali River in Nepal) have been proposed for a number of years but have not been implemented so far due to various reasons.

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Construction of large storage reservoirs in Nepal will certainly increase the lean flows, that will support rabi crop as well as flood peaks will be regulated and damages in eastern Uttar Pradesh will reduce with additional generation of power. But it is going to take decades for implementation and completion of such projects.

6.1.9 Water Shortages and Eroded Lands near Nalas and Rivers

The canal irrigation system is located along ridgelines to maximise the area served by gravity. As a result, the areas adjacent to nalas and rivers is generally at the tail end of the irrigation system or is outside the command area altogether. This results in water shortages. The depth to ground water is generally large in these areas due to drainage of ground water to the rivers that are typically incised into the plain, but also due to high usage of ground water for irrigation and other uses. These areas also suffer from erosion due to steeper slopes and low vegetative cover.

The physical issues in these areas are best addressed by adopting an Integrated Watershed Management approach that includes erosion control, rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge through increased infiltration.

6.1.10 Frequent Floods

The worst flood affected area in U.P. lies in Ghaghra and Rapti Basins. The river Ghaghra, Saryu, Gandak and its tributaries lying in the districts of Bahraich, Gonda, Balrampur, Maharajganj, Shrawasti, Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and SantKabirNagar inundate vast areas frequently. Recurring floods in these areas cause huge loss of crops, property, human and cattle life. A total of 18.73 lac ha of area was affected by floods in the districts due to Ghaghra and Rapti rivers during one of the severest floods in 1973. It has also been observed that Ghaghra River crosses danger level very frequently during monsoons.

6.1.11 Poor Jayad Crop Intensity

Canals are generally kept closed during jayad cultivation periods to carry out canal closure works, except to run it for a short period for filling tanks and talabs to meet out the drinking water requirement of animals. Around 85% small land holding cultivators have limited themselves to rice wheat cycle. Jayad cultivation is very less in area. However large/capable land holding farmers can go easily for jayad cultivation and horticulture supported by drip and sprinkler system under different government supported schemes, as they are more capable of facing the worst circumstances.

6.1.12 High Cost of Groundwater Irrigation

The cost of canal irrigation is highly subsidised in UP. The canal irrigation fee is usually charged on crop basis. The cost of canal irrigation for a crop varies from Rs. 385 (Green Manuring) to Rs. 2,307 (Sugarcane) per ha whereas the same amount of irrigation using private shallow tubewell costs about 6 to 7 times higher. This disparity between two costs discourages farmers to use more groundwater. Currently, groundwater irrigation through private shallow tubewell is used more or less like protective irrigation either in case of prolonged drought or where canal water is not available. This is likely to be when canals are closed for some reasons or if the area is out of canal command.

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6.1.13 Water Quality

Water quality in shallow groundwater is good for irrigation and generally suitable for drinking, although in some areas there are high levels of fluoride, arsenic and iron, and waters close to the surface may be contaminated by nutrients, micro-toxins (e.g. pesticides, herbicides) and coliforms; so, may be risky for drinking.

Agricultural drainage is likely to be contaminated by nutrients, herbicides, pesticides and coliforms, so is risky for ecosystems and for human usage.

Point sources of pollution from sewage and industrial outflows are likely to have high nutrient levels and BOD, as well as coliforms, and may also have other toxic pollutants including heavy metals. Most of the towns have either only primary treatment facilities or none at all and rivers act as carriers of this untreated or partially treated waste. Most rivers downstream the urban centres such as Lucknow and Jaunpur exhibit more than permissible values of BOD, DO and Coliforms.

6.1.14 Vertical Development of Surface Water and Ground Water Managing Departments

There is no linkage between the different water user departments even at planning stage. This is the biggest hurdle in managing the water resources. The major departments are Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Resources, Jal Nigam, Minor Irrigation, Rural and Urban Development, Industries, etc.

6.1.15 Unplanned Development of Deep Borings

There is no control on the development of deep tube wells/borings for agriculture, industrial or drinking purposes. Ground water is being withdrawn from Static source. Till now no proper assessment has been made of Static source of ground water. Only the assessment of dynamic source is being made on administrative boundaries every consecutive year.

6.1.16 Development of Concentrated Urban Hubs

Development of multi-storeyed complexes and uncontrolled withdrawal of drinking water from deeper and deeper strata, has over-exploited groundwater badly and may pose a safety threat in the near future, as the soils are totally alluvium. Harvesting and recycling of used water needs to be given a due consideration by the authorities.

6.1.17 Reduction in Small Ponds Area

Small natural ponds, and depressed areas which were providing a good source of recharge from automatic stored rain water are being abolished day by day by human interventions. Authorities needs to give a proper thought on it.

6.1.18 Flood Plain Encroachment

There is no demarcation of flood plains. Flood plains, which were providing a good source of ground water recharge are being encroached with even permanent structures, and causing a great threat to

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6.1.19 Data Availability

Data are scattered all over UP in various departments and field offices and generally available in hard format. Most of them are not quality checked. Inter-department data sharing is also a problem. Sometimes, it involves long process of high-level communication. Some important data are restricted for access and usually involves long procedural delay.

6.1.20 Other Issues

There are issues such as non-existent or ineffective WUAs, lack of communication across various departments and field offices.

6.2 Water Resources Development and Management Options

The basin uses waters of Ghaghra, Sarda, Saryu and Gandak rivers. These rivers originate from neighbouring Nepal. Dam projects have been conceptualised in Nepal which can supplement water to existing canal systems in the Basin.

Recently, an international treaty with Nepal government has been entered into and has been termed as Mahakali treaty for construction of Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project. Mahakali is the name of Sarda River in Nepal.

The different interlinking projects from proposed construction on Ghaghra and Sharda has already been discussed in Gomti Basin plan.

6.2.1 Ground Water Development

For future ground water development, the areas falling under ‘SAFE’ category units/blocks are the best suited. A unit is categorised as ‘SAFE’ if one of the following two criteria is fulfilled: -

a) The stage of ground water extraction is less than or equal to 70%, and the water table during at least one of the two intervals (either pre-monsoon or post-monsoon) does not show a falling trend.

b) The stage of ground water extraction is greater than 70% but less than or equal to 90%, and the water table during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon intervals does not show a falling trend.

If the unit/block gets categorised as ‘SAFE’ on the basis of the criterion mentioned in ‘b’ above, it is to be noted that, caution has to be exercised, while deciding the actual quantum of additional ground water withdrawal to be made in future.

Hence, the areas falling in ‘SAFE’ category blocks/units are best suitable for future ground water development. The ground water development in such areas has been considered during water balance modelling and recommendations.

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6.2.2 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water

The need of conjunctive use of water was well recognized and emphasized by Irrigation Commission (1972) and National Commission on Agriculture (1976) and has been made part of the National Water Policy in 1987. The National Policy States that conjunctive use should be envisaged right from project planning stage and should form an essential part of the project.

Conjunctive use of water can have one or a combination of the following aims and objectives as defined in the guidelines for conjunctive use proposed by CWC (1995):

 Meeting Crop Water Requirement Surface Water Irrigation Schemes not backed by storages depend on stream flow availability which at times does not provide timely irrigation to crops. Groundwater pumping can meet the water requirement deficit during such critical periods. In absence of surface storages that are less likely to be feasible in UP, groundwater storage is technically feasible and economically viable option. This is an option that can be implemented without delay without much complexity in comparison to development of large storages in Nepal and elsewhere.

 Anti Water Logging Measure Surface Irrigation Schemes without adequate surface drainage and ground water development result in water logging in command areas. Ground water pumping in such areas will act as Vertical Drainage and prevent water logging.

 Checking Lowering of Water Table Excessive withdrawal of ground water lowers the water table. Conjunctive use of surface water in such areas through storages or inter basins transfers can remedy the situation.

 Use of Saline Water In areas where ground water is saline and cannot be used directly for irrigation, conjunctive use with surface water, i.e. mixing the two waters, can reduce salinity to tolerable limits of crops.

 Augmenting Canal Supplies In some areas with adequate ground water, a battery of augmentation tube wells can augment canal supplies.

To achieve the above aims CWC has suggested the following strategies which may be implemented singly or in combination:

Strategy 1: Allocating area of land permanently to a particular use Under this strategy separate areas of the command are permanently allocated for surface water or ground water use. Separate distribution network for ground water has to be provided, which is likely to be small. Such separate allocation would depend on topographical and geohydrologic features of the command. In general, this is effective in alluvial plains. This has been implemented by UP Irrigation Department in Gangetic Plains since 1940’s and tube wells were government controlled.

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Strategy 2: Integrating Surface water and Groundwater in time Under this Strategy Surface and Groundwater is allocated in different times in same area. In a particular season say in monsoon only Surface water is allocated and in non-monsoon only Ground water is used. In this strategy same field Channel can be used to carry surface as well as ground water. The ground water development may be through private tube wells and in that case field Channels have to be allowed to be used or through augmentation tube wells under government control.

Strategy 3: Combination of Strategies 1 and 2 There is both space and time integration under this strategy:  Some area is permanently allocated to surface water.  Some area is permanently allocated to the ground water.  Some area is supplied with surface water in one season and ground water in the other season.

For areas in which both surface and ground water are used the seasonal regime of uses can vary from year to year to take advantage of the stable regime of the groundwater. The main economic advantages of utilising groundwater in conjunction with surface water are that a) an aquifer is a more reliable source of water than a river, thus enabling higher cropping intensity, more Kharif crops and economic benefits; b) much higher irrigation efficiencies (and better crop yields) can be attained in areas supplied from wells.

The full impact of conjunctive utilisation of surface and ground water can be attained mainly where a sufficient aquifer storage can be exploited so as to enable annual withdrawal to be increased in years of low surface water availability, and reduced in years of abundant surface water.

In many parts of Uttar Pradesh there is already a growing need to increase groundwater abstraction within the command area of irrigation projects because of the threat of waterlogging resulting from the accumulation of irrigation return flows. This danger is especially severe where groundwater level is less than 10 m below the surface, and is showing a rising trend.

Thus, in view of the advantages, and sometimes need, of increasing groundwater abstraction within irrigation project areas, the Consultants recommend that, wherever there is a sizeable aquifer storage and well yields are relatively good, and, on the other hand, wherever waterlogging is an imminent danger, or is already manifested, that under such circumstances conjunctive water use be encouraged, say by incentives to land holders, and be carefully planned and controlled by the authorities.

As per data of pre-monsoon 2015, the waterlogged areas have been identified where water table is less than 2 m below ground as shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 : Waterlogged Areas and Corresponding Blocks in Ghaghra Basin

District Block Area, (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) sq.km. Ambedkar Nagar* Ramnagar 10.99 Deoria* Salempur 25.15 Kheri* Phoolbehar 17.81 Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data, 2015

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Only conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water can support agriculture intensification and diversification in Ghaghra Basin with better productivity. In line with this recommendation, the Consultants, have considered groundwater and irrigation return flows as utilisable for irrigation in conjunction with surface water within the command areas, after allowing for the supply of groundwater to domestic consumers, livestock etc. within the command area. The costs incurred by incorporating additional groundwater in the supply of irrigation water in the command area of surface water projects must, of course, be taken into account.

6.2.3 Intensification and Diversification of Crops

The aim of intensification and diversification of crops is to improve the incomes of cultivators in Ghaghra Basin. It may be possible to achieve this by changing the crop mix and moving to higher value crops, or by improving the reliability of irrigation supply so that cultivators can confidently invest more in inputs. Increased cost of groundwater irrigation, when conjunctive management policy is adopted, can only be justified by crop intensification with enhanced productivity and diversification with higher value crops. There is option for both crop intensification and diversification in Ghaghra Basin and this has been taken care of in anticipated agriculture plan.

6.2.4 Improved Delivery of Surface Water

Irrigation water must be delivered to the root zone of the plants at the right time and in the right quantity to maximise the benefits. Improved delivery of surface water may result in increased income for the cultivator using the same quantity of irrigation water, or possibly using less irrigation water. This may be achieved by improvements in canals or water control structures, or by use of improved data collection, management information systems and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems.

Given that the irrigation systems in Ghaghra Basin are essentially run-of-river systems, the aims of any improvements to the systems will be to distribute the available water to the locations where it adds most value to cropping, and to minimise losses from the system. These aims must be balanced by considerations of equity in the delivery of government services to all cultivators. Options for improving the delivery of surface water include canal automation, increased use of rainfall and soil moisture measurement, improved forecasting of river flows, and improved application of irrigation such as replacing flood irrigation by furrow, sprinkler or drip systems.

It should be noted that:

 It may be more economical to use shallow tubewells to follow crop water requirements rather than attempting to make the surface water system more flexible and effective, and

 Systems that reduce the amount of seepage from canals and percolation from fields will help to reduce water logging, but the ground water system provides a potentially enormous storage for over-season and over-year carry-over. This requires the seepage to recharge groundwater and pumping from ground water to irrigate crops to prevent waterlogging.

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6.2.5 Integrated Watershed Development

There is a significant amount of Ghaghra Basin areas adjacent to rivers and nallas, affected by soil erosion and depleting groundwater level. These areas can be improved through effective integrated watershed development programs.

Following are the civil engineering measures for conservation of soil and water:

 Construction of contour bunds.  Construction of field bunds.  Construction of submergence bunds.  Gully plugging.  Check dam construction.  Construction of diversion drain.  Field to field drain outlets.  Farm ponds construction.  Dug out well construction.  Water harvesting structures.  Water conservation / recharge bunds.

Following are the vegetative measures for conservation of soil and water:

 Vegetative contour bund.  Vegetative drain control.  Vegetative check dams.  Nala / River bank control by vegetative measures.  Three tier vegetation on steep slope area.  Pasture development with grasses and bushes.  Agro Horticulture programme.  Agro forestry programme.  Afforestation on barren land.  Vegetative measures in combination with mechanical measures.

Following are the agronomical measures for conservation of soil and water:

 Insitu moisture conservation.  Proper crop rotation.  Growing of high canopy crops during rainy season.  Reduce the impact of rain drops through interception and to reduce the splash erosion by canopy.  Ridge and furrow method of cultivation across the slope.  Contour ploughing across the slope.  Raising vegetative buffer strip on steep slope.  Growing crop of high density and high canopy.  Mulching of the crop residue during rainy season.  Adding of organic manure in the soil.

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Practices currently being followed for Water Conservation and Ground water Recharge by different organizations are given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Current Practices for Water Conservation and Ground Water Recharge

S. Works for Water Conservation Organization Schemes No. and Ground Water Recharge 1 Agriculture -On farm harvesting / water -Departmental Department conservation structure Schemes -Farm ponds -RKVY -Construction of check dams -Bundelkhand Package -Sprinkler / Distribution of seeds -PMKSY having less water requirement 2 Rural Development -Renovation of ponds MGNREGA Department 3 U.P. Jal Nigam -Construction of check dams National Drinking Water Programme 4 Minor Irrigation -Construction of check dams - National Drinking Department - Renovation of ponds Water Programme -RKVY / PMKSY -Bundelkhand Package 5 Forest Department -Construction of ponds -Departmental Scheme -Construction of check dams -MGNREGA -Bundhi

6 Horticulture -Drip & Sprinkler Irrigation System -PMKSY Department (Per Drop More Crop) 7 Irrigation & Water -Renovation of ponds / RRR Resources Department Reconstruction 8 Parti Bhumi Vikas -Water Conservation Structure IWMP Department 9 Housing & Urban Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Departmental Schemes Planning Department on: and other Agencies -Private & Govt. Buildings -Govt. Buildings Source: Concerned Departments / Organizations

The impact of water conservation and groundwater recharge is still not clearly assessed. GEC-2017 has recommended the norms for assessment of recharge due to tanks & ponds and water conservation structures. A provision to assess expected outcome from water conservation / recharge works has been done in the Concept Note of “State Ground Water Conservation Mission”, which will give the real picture of impact resulting in successfulness of the scheme.

It is recommended that the provisions of “State Policy for Ground Water management, Rain Water Harvesting and Ground Water recharge in Uttar Pradesh” and the “State Ground Water Conservation Mission” are required to be followed by all the organizations engaged in Water Conservation and Ground Water Recharge activities.

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6.2.6 Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS)

Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS) developed for the basin planning provides an efficient tool to evaluate different management scenarios. This tool has been used to assess water resource availability and requirement and socio-economic benefits in present and anticipated conditions and presented in succeeding sections. This can be used to evaluate similar options involving critical decisions. It forms the main computational framework for complex data analysis and evaluation of management scenario. Due to complex interaction of different sources of water such as rain, canal and groundwater, it is not possible to accurately evaluate a given scenario involving agriculture, water allocation to different stakeholders, equitable distribution of surface water, various socio-economic parameters and so on without such computational tool.

6.2.7 Better Water Management

Water is a renewable resource and is essentially required for economic development and environment protection. But water availability is not consistent and many large river systems in many parts of the world have been identified as being in a state of serious water stress. There is growing concern for better water management. The use of water as a resource should best support (i) Social equity (ii) Economic development and (iii) Environmental sustainability.

The integrated water resource management (IWRM) approach reflects this concern in that it seeks to achieve an optimum balance among the ‘three Es’: efficiency, equity and environment.  economic efficiency – to make scarce water resources go as far as possible and to allocate water strategically to different economic sectors and uses;  social equity – to ensure equitable access to water, and to the benefits from water use, between women and men, rich people and poor, across different social and economic groups both within and across countries, which involves issues of entitlement, access and control;  environmental sustainability – to protect the water resources base and related aquatic ecosystems, and more broadly to help address global environmental issues such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable energy and sustainable food security.

Economic efficiency can be increased substantially via increase in the water prices, coupled with public awareness efforts. By including consideration of the high cost of procurement costs, it is possible to argue for price increases to reduce water demand and thereby the need for costly water supply expansions and groundwater protection interventions. Equity can be achieved through provision of a safe and reliable water supply for all at an affordable water price. And thirdly, environmental sustainability can be addressed by advanced methods to map and model the linked processes of the water resources and their reactions to human activities.

The objective of the National Water Policy is to take cognizance of the existing situation, to propose a framework for creation of a system of laws and institutions and for a plan of action with a unified national perspective.

For conservation and efficient use of water, National & State Water Policy has been issued to provide guide lines for management of water resource. The National water policy (2012) insists to incorporate a participatory approach, by involving not only the various governmental agencies but also the users’ and other stakeholders, in an effective and decisive manner, in various aspects of planning, design,

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan development and management of the water resources schemes. Water Users Association and local bodies such as municipalities and Gram-Panchayats should particularly be involved in the operation, maintenance and management of water infrastructures/facilities at appropriate levels progressively, with a view to eventually transfer the management of such facilities to the user groups/ local bodies. Further Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has enacted Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission (UPWaMReC) to regulate and recommend the tariff for water used for agriculture, industrial, drinking, power and other purposes and also for levying cess on land benefitted by flood protection and drainage works to assist the State for making policies and execution of water resources within the State, facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and optimal utilization of water resources for ensuring sustainable development of the State. UPWaMReC Act has come into force from March, 04, 2014 and UPWaMReC has been established on May 19, 2014.

Further for better management of canal system through participatory approach, State Government enacted “Participatory Irrigation Management Act of 2009”.

The Associations at different levels are expected to be actively involved in: (i) maintenance of irrigation system in their area of operation; (ii) distribution of irrigation water to the beneficiary farmers as per the warabandi schedule; (iii) assisting the irrigation department in the preparation of water demand and collection of water charges; (iv) resolve disputes among the members and WUA; (v) monitoring flow of water in the irrigation system etc.

As per recommendations of CWC, for 13th finance commission, the maintenance charges for major and medium irrigation schemes are to be kept Rs. 1,500 per ha for utilisable potential of gravity schemes and Rs. 3,000 per ha for utilisable potential of lift schemes. Further these norms may be kept 50% for unutilised potential.

Public policies on water resources need to be governed by certain basic principles, so that there is some commonality in approaches in dealing with planning, development and management of water resources. These basic principles are:

(i) Planning, development and management of water resources need to be governed by common integrated perspective considering local, regional, state and national context, having an environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the human, social and economic needs. (ii) Principle of equity and social justice must inform, use and allocation of water. (iii) Good governance through transparent informed decision making is crucial to the objectives of equity, social justice and sustainability. Meaningful intensive participation, transparency and accountability should guide decision making and regulation of water resources. (iv) Water needs to be managed as a common pool community resource held, by the state, under public trust doctrine to achieve food security, support livelihood, and ensure equitable and sustainable development for all. (v) Water is essential for sustenance of eco-system, and therefore, minimum ecological needs should be given due consideration. (vi) Safe Water for drinking and sanitation should be considered as pre-emptive needs, followed by high priority allocation for other basic domestic needs (including needs of animals), achieving food security, supporting sustenance agriculture and minimum eco-system needs. Available water, after

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan meeting the above needs, should be allocated in a manner to promote its conservation and efficient use. (vii) All the elements of the water cycle, i.e., evapo-transpiration, precipitation, runoff, river, lakes, soil moisture, and ground water, sea, etc., are interdependent and the basic hydrological unit is the river basin, which should be considered as the basic hydrological unit for planning. (viii) Given the limits on enhancing the availability of utilizable water resources and increased variability in supplies due to climate change, meeting the future needs will depend more on demand management, and hence, this needs to be given priority, especially through (a) evolving an agricultural system which economizes on water use and maximizes value from water, and (b) bringing in maximum efficiency in use of water and avoiding wastages. (ix) Water quality and quantity are interlinked and need to be managed in an integrated manner, consistent with broader environmental management approaches inter-alia including the use of economic incentives and penalties to reduce pollution and wastage. (x) The impact of climate change on water resources availability must be factored into water management related decisions. Water using activities need to be regulated keeping in mind the local geo climatic and hydrological situation.

There is a need to evolve a National Framework Law as an umbrella statement of general principles governing the exercise of legislative and/or executive (or devolved) powers by the Centre, the States and the local governing bodies. This should lead the way for essential legislation on water governance in every State of the Union and devolution of necessary authority to the lower tiers of government to deal with the local water situation. Local governing bodies like Panchayats, Municipalities, Corporations, etc., and Water Users Associations, wherever applicable, should be involved in planning of the projects. The unique needs and aspirations of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes, women and other weaker sections of the society should be given due consideration.

Pricing of water should ensure its efficient use and reward conservation. Equitable access to water for all and its fair pricing, for drinking and other uses such as sanitation, agricultural and industrial, should be arrived at through independent statutory Water Regulatory Authority, after wide ranging consultation with all stakeholders. The principle of differential pricing may be retained for the pre- emptive uses of water for drinking and sanitation; and high priority allocation for ensuring food security and supporting livelihood for the poor. Available water, after meeting the above needs, should increasingly be subjected to allocation and pricing on economic principles so that water is not wasted in unnecessary uses and could be utilized more gainfully. In order to meet equity, efficiency and economic principles, the water charges should preferably / as a rule be determined on volumetric basis. Such charges should be reviewed periodically.

Recycle and reuse of water, after treatment to specified standards, should also be incentivized through a properly planned tariff system.

Water Users Associations (WUAs) should be given statutory powers to collect and retain a portion of water charges, manage the volumetric quantum of water allotted to them and maintain the distribution system in their jurisdiction.

The over-drawal of groundwater should be minimized by regulating the use of electricity for its extraction.

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7 FORMULATION OF WATER RESOURCES MASTER PLAN

7.1 Long-term Objectives and Developmental Targets/Criteria

7.1.1 Socio-economic Scenarios and Constraints of Development

Socio-economically, Ghaghra basin is an agriculture-based society, with a relatively large percentage of the population living below poverty line (BPL). Although the climate and soils are able to support intensive agriculture up to three crops per year, with high crop production, but there are physical and socio-economic constraints on achieving this potential. It is mostly cultivated by small or marginal landholders.

All these farmers grow crops primarily for consumption by their own family members or to supply within a short distance of their fields. This has several consequences:

 The range of crops is limited to those that are traditionally eaten. Particularly they opt rice, wheat cycle.  Farmers cannot take significant risks with new crop varieties, or new practices, because crop failure could mean severe malnutrition if not starvation.  Farmers do not have easy access to new crop varieties, good quality seeds, and efficient marketing systems that give adequate financial rewards for their crops.  Availability of canal irrigation is limited due to canal systems not reaching all areas, and canals having insufficient capacity to fully irrigate water-intensive crops, particularly paddy.  The timing of delivery of canal irrigation is unreliable in many areas so that farmers cannot plan their irrigation cycles, including the conjunctive use of ground water and canal water. Changes to canal rosters may be required during the season due to uneven rainfall in the command area, or shortage of water at canal offtakes, but the impacts of changes could be minimised by good communications with irrigators.  Irrigation from shallow ground water is possible in most areas, but canal water is highly subsidised/ free and is much cheaper than shallow ground water from diesel pump sets, so that canal water is used in preference to ground water in head reaches leading to sub-surface water- logging. As a result, there is inadequate canal water available in tail reaches of canal systems, leading to over-use of ground water and resulting ground water depletion.  Some soils tend to develop salinity-sodicity, generally as a result of a number of factors including sub-surface water-logging that results in salts moving up into the root zone, especially during summer when soil temperatures and evaporation rates are high.  Sub-surface water logging and associated soil salinity-sodicity prevents cultivation of deep- rooted vegetation, such as fruit trees, and pulses, resulting in poor nutritional balance in villages although calorie intakes may be adequate.  A seasonal pattern of temperatures that limits particular crops to particular times of the year, for example, wheat needs cold weather early in its growth cycle and suffers yield reductions if weather is too hot close to harvesting, so ideally is planted early winter (say, November) and is harvested before the hottest months (say, Feb-Mar), while rice prefers warm weather, especially for germination, so needs special arrangements (such as irrigation with ground water during germination) to be grown in Jayad season.

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 Low slopes in many areas limit the effectiveness of surface drains to remove excess water during the monsoon.

Timely input of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water may increase the production, but small land holding cultivators wait for subsidised availability of inputs due to shortage of funds. Further they are also not well aware of impact of timely inputs of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water.

7.1.2 Planning Objectives

The planning objectives for the basin in relation to water resource development and management focus on additional income generation by maximization of land and water productivity through crop intensification and diversification of irrigated agriculture, and thereby improve socio-economic status of population through improved land and water resources management.

Secondary objectives include promoting poverty reduction by ensuring that people who are currently BPL are beneficiaries through focussing assistance on small and marginal farmers and creating increased employment opportunities in agriculture-related activities.

In achieving these objectives, due attention should be given to the objectives of improving human health through reducing waterlogged areas, ensuring safe water is available for drinking and hygiene purposes, and improving water dependent ecosystems including those dependent on ground water.

7.1.3 Relationship to National Planning Objectives

The basin planning objectives align well with following national planning objectives. The National water policy clearly emphasis that the sustainable and integrated water resource management treating water as single unitary resource in a holistic manner, ensuring multipurpose use of the water resource and maintaining ecological & environmental flows under river basin frame work is the only sustainable solution.

 Inclusion of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in water resource development and management projects along with strengthening water users’ associations and implementation of participatory irrigation management.  Increased production of cereals and other food crops to minimise existing gap between demand and supply of food grains.  Agriculture diversification and intensification in irrigated areas into higher value cash crops where markets exist, and poverty reduction, along with promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation especially of vegetables and horticulture in collaboration with government subsidised schemes.

7.1.4 Water Use Priorities

Man uses water for a multitude of purposes. The important uses of water are: irrigation, hydropower generation, domestic and industrial use, inland navigation, fish and wild life preservation, and recreation. Flood management, though not a water use in the strict sense, also may be added to this, since it involves regulation of water and hence affects the availability for other uses. The estimation

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan of future water demand by the various user sectors in the basin is an important aspect of master plan preparation. According to the National Water Policy, safe water for drinking and sanitation should be considered as pre-emptive needs, followed by high priority allocation for other basic domestic needs (including needs of animals), achieving food security, supporting sustenance agriculture and minimum eco-system needs. Available water, after meeting the above needs, should be allocated in a manner to promote its conservation and efficient use. As per UP State Water Policy, the water allocation priorities should be broadly as: (i) Drinking water, (ii) Irrigation, (iii) Hydro & Thermal Power, (iv) Agro- industries and non-agricultural industries, and (v) Navigation and other uses. However, these priorities might be modified if necessary, in particular region with reference to area specific considerations. In water balance modelling the same water allocation priorities have been adopted except for industries, which has been given higher priority to irrigation according to Industrial Investment Policy of 2004 of the State and as it forms less than 1% of the total demand.

7.2 Water Balance Scenarios for Present and Future

The availability of surface water and ground water and its quality have been discussed in Section 4 and the present and future demands have been discussed in Section 5. Considering the demand and water availability, Water Balance study has been carried out using BAPS models for the base year 2015 as well as over time for 2025, 2035 and 2045. Hydrological year, starting from previous year’s June 1st to mentioned year’s May 31st has been taken. The Node-Link model setup for Ghaghra Basin and data related to model run for various scenarios is given in Appendix 39. The scenarios were chosen for assessing the current water availability, requirement and distribution, and social and economic aspects in Ghaghra Basin under the current water management and agricultural practices. We broadly classify the Scenario Development selected as below, based on the experience of different model runs for Ghaghra basin: -

 Base Scenario, Present (2014-15) Water Balance with existing infrastructure for ground water use and no restriction on stage of groundwater extraction, BAU (Business As Usual); RUN-1  Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, if BAU with crop intensification and diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1); RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4  Future Water Balance Scenario for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area; RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7  Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area with Climate change scenario; RUN-8

The water balance in BAPS models is carried out for each SBBE (the smallest unit) as well as for each town. The time step is fortnightly. The different scenarios analysed for present (Base year 2014-15) and future planning stages of years 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, all at 75% dependability with corresponding Model RUN No. are as follows (see Table 7.1).

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Table 7.1 : Water Balance Scenarios Considered

Minimum Micro- Infra- Constraint Agri- Environ- Climate Model irrigation Crop structure on Stage of culture mental Change RUN Year in 10% Diversi- for GW GW Growth Flow Scenario No. area fication Use Extraction Scenario given 1st considered considered priority RUN-1 2014-15 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - - RUN-2 2024-25 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - - RUN-3 2034-35 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - - RUN-4 2044-45 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - - RUN-5 2024-25 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes - Yes 20% RUN-6 2034-35 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes - Yes 30% RUN-7 2044-45 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes - Yes 40% RUN-8 2044-45 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes Yes Yes 40%

7.2.1 Base Scenario, Present (2014-15) Water Balance with existing infrastructure for ground water use and no restriction on stage of groundwater extraction, BAU (Business As Usual); RUN-1

Based on the crop statistics for the year 2014-15, the crop plan considered for the modelling purposes has been summarised in fourteen groups and given in Section 5.2.3.2, for “Business As Usual” (BAU) scenario. The present cropping intensity works out to 156.55%.

Summary of annual water balance for Ghaghra Basin for hydrological year 2014-15, which were obtained from WBM, is shown in Table 7.2. Model run shows that for the present cropped area and cropping intensity, the stage of ground water extraction works out to 48.9% for Ghaghra basin as a whole, while it is 78.7% for Sarda sub basin, 75.4% for Chauka sub-basin, 39.1% for Sarju sub- basin,63.2% for Tehri sub basin,46.5% for Upper Ghaghra sub basin,43.7% for Kuwano sub basin,23.2% for Little Gandak sub basin and 44.5% for Lower Ghaghra sub-basin. There is no shortage in canal commands except for Saryu sub basin 1.3 % and Upper Ghaghra sub basin 3.4 %.However, for outside commands, the shortage in Ghaghra basin as a whole comes out to 48.9%, while the shortage in Sarda,Chauka,Sarju,Tehri,Upper Ghaghra,Kuwano,Little Gandak and Lower Ghaghra comes to 65.7%,52.2%,70.7%,55.2%,67.4%,47.2%,44.0% and 54.6% respectively.

Table 7.2 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-1

BAU 2014‐15 Demand in MCM / Upper Little Lower Ghaghra Sub Basin Sarda Chauka Sarju Tehri Kuwano Ghaghra Gandak Ghaghra Total Urban Demand 2.24 20.65 13.20 16.18 16.37 11.23 11.96 20.88 112.71 Unmet Urban Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Urban GW supply 2.24 20.65 13.20 16.18 15.07 11.23 11.96 19.99 110.52 Urban SW supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.89 2.19 WW production 1.25 11.56 7.39 9.06 9.17 6.29 6.70 11.69 63.12 Rural Domestic 25.37 30.93 33.67 20.73 55.27 85.81 65.71 91.67 409.17 Demand

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BAU 2014‐15 Demand in MCM / Upper Little Lower Ghaghra Sub Basin Sarda Chauka Sarju Tehri Kuwano Ghaghra Gandak Ghaghra Total Unmet Rural Domestic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Demand Livestock Demand 9.97 11.74 14.61 7.85 22.58 29.47 13.00 27.63 136.85 Unmet Livestock 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Demand Industry Demand 1.60 0.41 0.18 0.42 0.00 1.68 0.42 0.37 5.08 Unmet Industry 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Demand Power Plants Demand 4.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.00 19.80 27.90 Unmet Power Plants 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 Demand Total Rural demand 40.99 43.08 48.47 29.01 77.85 121.01 79.14 139.46 579.00 Total Rural GW Supply 40.99 43.08 48.47 29.01 77.85 121.01 79.14 119.65 559.18 Total Rural SW Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.52 19.52 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in 657.11 481.72 470.01 174.54 841.25 1332.25 1086.04 1365.60 6408.52 CCA SW Supply in CCA 100.27 211.00 388.59 107.54 479.15 1052.94 1035.18 1106.18 4480.85 GW Supply in CCA 556.84 270.72 75.11 67.00 333.54 279.09 50.85 259.43 1892.58 Unmet Irrigation 0.00 0.00 6.31 0.00 28.56 0.22 0.00 0.00 35.09 Demand in CCA Irrigation shortage in 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 3.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% CCA Irrigation Demand 832.56 936.18 688.34 431.89 1626.09 1029.50 417.26 1252.50 7214.31 Outside CCA GW Supply Outside 277.15 433.12 186.56 172.96 464.26 454.07 171.68 484.47 2644.28 CCA SWMin Supply Outside 8.71 14.11 15.12 20.33 66.21 89.20 61.80 83.74 359.23 CCA Unmet Irrigation 546.70 488.96 486.65 238.60 1095.61 486.22 183.79 684.28 4210.80 Demand Outside CCA Irrigation shortage 65.7% 52.2% 70.7% 55.2% 67.4% 47.2% 44.0% 54.6% 58.4% Outside CCA GW Recharge from 663.63 525.87 500.16 294.87 1272.12 1165.35 762.58 1058.78 6243.37 Normal Rain GW Recharge from 450.32 491.86 327.82 156.40 645.28 816.72 587.22 927.91 4403.54 Other Sources Total GW Availability 1113.95 1017.73 827.98 451.27 1917.41 1982.06 1349.80 1986.70 10646.91 GW pumping 877.21 767.56 323.34 285.14 890.74 865.40 313.63 883.53 5206.55 Stage of GW Extraction 78.7% 75.4% 39.1% 63.2% 46.5% 43.7% 23.2% 44.5% 48.9% Total Demand 1532.90 1481.63 1220.00 651.61 2561.56 2493.99 1594.40 2778.44 14314.53 Total GW Supply 877.21 767.56 323.34 285.14 890.74 865.40 313.63 883.53 5206.55 Total SW Supply 100.27 211.00 388.59 107.54 480.44 1052.94 1035.18 1126.58 4502.56 Total SWMin Supply 8.71 14.11 15.12 20.33 66.21 89.20 61.80 83.74 359.23 Total Unmet Demand 546.70 488.96 492.96 238.60 1124.17 486.44 183.79 684.58 4246.19 Total Shortage in % 35.7% 33.0% 40.4% 36.6% 43.9% 19.5% 11.5% 24.6% 29.7% Stage of GW Extraction:

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SBBEs with stage of GW extraction, from WBM results, are shown in Appendix 39 for RUN-1. As mentioned above, in present scenario, there is no restriction on any type of users, whether, it is use for drinking, irrigation or for any other purposes. The stage of GW extraction for Ghaghra Basin in this run is 48.9%.

Urban Demand: The total urban demand comes out to be 112.71 MCM for the Ghaghra basin as a whole, while it is 2.24 MCM in Sarda sub basin, 20.65 MCM in Chauka sub basin, 13.02MCM in Saryu sub basin,16.18 MCM in Tehri sub basin,16.37 MCM in Upper Ghaghra sub basin,11.23 MCM in Kuwano sub basin,11.96 MCM in Little gandak sub basin and 20.88 MCM in Lower Ghaghra sub basin. No deficit is there in Urban domestic water requirement as it is supplied from GW and there is no control on installation of wells.

Urban Waste Water: About 63.12 MCM of WW is produced in Ghaghra Basin from urban water uses, with maximum of 11.69 MCM from Lower Ghaghra sub basin. However, for the model run purposes, treated water has not been considered, presently, but is available as a source of water for reuse in future.

Rural Demand: Rural domestic demand from all the blocks area of Ghaghra basin comes out to be 409.17 MCM, with maximum of 91.67 MCM from Lower Ghaghra sub-basin. All the rural domestic water requirement is considered to be met from GW as there is no control on installation of wells in rural areas.

7.2.2 Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, if BAU with crop intensification and diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1); RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4

Considering the decadal crop growth as per prevailing trend, as per historical data analysis, as conceived and tabulated in Section 5.2.3.3 as Agriculture Growth Scenario (Agr.Sc-1), for the future years of 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45. The Agriculture Growth Scenario (Agr.Sc-1) considers that in future the crop areas and crop yields will increase/decrease as per prevailing trend with constraint of available cultivable area in districts.

The model was run and detailed results are enclosed in Appendix 39 as RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4. The sectoral demand, supplies and shortages are shown in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4

BAU 2014‐15 BAU 2024‐25 BAU 2034‐35 BAU 2044‐45 Demand in MCM Ghaghra Total Ghaghra Total Ghaghra Total Ghaghra Total Population in millions 27.70 32.20 36.59 40.67 Urban Demand 112.71 169.85 193.16 208.02 Unmet Urban Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Urban GW supply 110.52 165.62 188.70 203.42 Urban SW supply 2.19 4.23 4.46 4.59

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BAU 2014‐15 BAU 2024‐25 BAU 2034‐35 BAU 2044‐45 Demand in MCM Ghaghra Total Ghaghra Total Ghaghra Total Ghaghra Total WW production 63.12 99.19 118.12 133.13 Rural Domestic Demand 409.17 639.83 936.61 1050.21 Unmet Rural Domestic Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Livestock Demand 136.85 151.66 167.33 183.00 Unmet Livestock Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Industry Demand 5.08 7.73 10.39 13.04 Unmet Industry Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Power Plants Demand 27.90 66.00 66.00 66.00 Unmet Power Plants Demand 0.30 0.84 0.84 0.84 Total Rural demand 579.00 865.22 1180.33 1312.25 Total Rural GW Supply 559.18 806.42 1121.53 1253.46 Total Rural SW Supply 19.52 57.96 57.96 57.96 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in CCA 6408.52 6622.07 6653.30 6646.49 SW Supply in CCA 4480.85 4603.93 4512.91 4496.85 GW Supply in CCA 1892.58 1971.54 2087.34 2094.42 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 35.09 46.60 53.05 55.22 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.5% 0.7% 0.8% 0.8% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 7214.31 7644.77 7814.43 7838.07 GW Supply Outside CCA 2644.28 2642.61 2631.10 2611.31 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 359.23 357.49 356.26 353.95 Unmet Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 4210.80 4644.67 4827.07 4872.81 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 58.4% 60.8% 61.8% 62.2% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 6243.37 6243.37 6243.37 6243.37 GW Recharge from Other Sources 4403.54 4500.79 4359.78 4344.82 Total GW Availability 10646.91 10744.16 10603.15 10588.19 GW pumping 5206.55 5586.19 6028.68 6162.61 Stage of GW Extraction 48.9% 52.0% 56.9% 58.2% Total Demand 14314.53 15301.91 15841.22 16004.84 Total GW Supply 5206.55 5586.19 6028.68 6162.61 Total SW Supply 4502.56 4666.12 4575.32 4559.40 Total SWMin Supply 359.23 357.49 356.26 353.95 Total Unmet Demand 4246.19 4692.11 4880.95 4928.88 Total Shortage in % 29.7% 30.7% 30.8% 30.8% Food Grain Production in kg/person 208 200 192 188 Gross margin in Rs/ha 15271 21889 28152 34002

Urban domestic water requirement will increase from 112.71 MCM to 208.02 MCM in 2044-45 while rural domestic water requirement will increase from 409.17 MCM to 1050.21 MCM and the total rural demand will increase to 1312.25 MCM in 2044-45 against579.00 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 14314.53 MCM in 2014-15 to 16004.84 MCM in 2044-45.

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The overall ground water development in Ghaghra basin will increase to 58.2% in 2044-45, as compared to present development of 48.9 % and the overall shortages will increase to 30.8%, as compared to present 29.7%.

7.2.3 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area; RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7

Considering the decadal crop growth as per prevailing trend, as per historical data analysis, as conceived and tabulated in Section 5.2.3.3 and improved crop yields due to conjunctive water management and better irrigation practices as Agriculture Growth Scenario-2 (Agr.Sc-2), for the future years of 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45.

The model was run and detailed results are enclosed in Appendix 39 as RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7. The sectoral demand, supplies and shortages have been shown in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7

BAU Management Demand in MCM 2014‐15 2024‐25 2034‐35 2044‐45 Population in millions 27.70 32.20 36.59 40.67 Urban Demand 112.71 169.85 193.16 208.02 Unmet Urban Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Urban GW supply 110.52 165.43 188.30 203.01 Urban SW supply 2.19 4.42 4.86 5.01 WW production 63.12 99.19 118.12 133.13 Rural Domestic Demand 409.17 639.83 936.61 1050.21 Unmet Rural Domestic Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Livestock Demand 136.85 151.66 167.33 183.00 Unmet Livestock Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Industry Demand 5.08 7.73 10.39 13.04 Unmet Industry Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Power Plants Demand 27.90 66.00 66.00 66.00 Unmet Power Plants Demand 0.30 0.84 0.84 0.84 Total Rural demand 579.00 865.22 1180.33 1312.25 Total Rural GW Supply 559.18 806.68 1121.79 1253.71 Total Rural SW Supply 19.52 57.70 57.70 57.70 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in CCA 6408.52 6173.96 6118.30 6027.84 SW Supply in CCA 4480.85 4853.55 4697.75 4531.60 GW Supply in CCA 1892.58 1320.41 1420.55 1496.25 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 35.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

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BAU Management Demand in MCM 2014‐15 2024‐25 2034‐35 2044‐45 Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 7214.31 7134.57 7174.52 7078.31 GW Supply Outside CCA 2644.28 4877.32 4648.27 4483.03 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 359.23 348.41 346.59 343.71 Unmet Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 4210.80 1908.83 2179.66 2251.58 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 58.4% 26.8% 30.4% 31.8% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 6243.37 6243.37 6243.37 6243.37 GW Recharge from Other Sources 4403.54 5043.35 4870.15 4689.28 Total GW Availability 10646.91 11286.72 11113.52 10932.65 GW pumping 5206.55 7169.85 7378.91 7436.00 Stage of GW Extraction 48.9% 63.5% 66.4% 68.0% Total Demand 14314.53 14343.60 14666.31 14626.43 Total GW Supply 5206.55 7169.85 7378.91 7436.00 Total SW Supply 4502.56 4915.67 4760.31 4594.31 Total SWMin Supply 359.23 348.41 346.59 343.71 Total Unmet Demand 4246.19 1909.67 2180.50 2252.42 Total Shortage in % 29.7% 13.3% 14.9% 15.4% Food Grain Production in kg/person 208 285 300 324 Gross margin in Rs/ha 15271 39301 52790 68256

With the implementation of conjunctive use, the irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil. The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to31.8% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 58.4%. The overall shortage will reduce to 15.4 %, in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 29.7%.

However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 48.9% to 63.5% in the year 2024-25, 66.4% in the year 2034-35 and 68.00% in the year 2044-45.

The sub basin wise model results are given in Table 7.5 corresponding to RUN-5 for the future year 2024-25 and in Table 7.6 corresponding to RUN-7 for the future year 2044-45.

Table 7.5 : Sub-basin wise Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-5

Upper Little Lower Ghaghra Demand in MCM / Sub Basin Sarda Chauka Sarju Tehri Kuwano Ghaghra Gandak Ghaghra Total Irrigation Demand in CCA 585.23 465.72 529.35 192.04 805.76 1283.49 1057.31 1255.06 6173.96 SW Supply in CCA 114.31 298.02 488.33 189.58 463.47 1193.16 1012.32 1094.37 4853.55 GW Supply in CCA 470.92 167.70 41.02 2.47 342.29 90.34 44.99 160.69 1320.41 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 770.90 938.45 763.59 455.20 1670.42 988.00 397.76 1150.25 7134.57 GW Supply Outside CCA 450.71 571.85 569.08 304.33 1114.57 794.10 245.44 827.24 4877.32 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 8.61 13.45 15.20 20.35 66.03 81.63 60.82 82.32 348.41 Unmet Irrigation Demand 311.58 353.15 179.31 130.52 489.83 112.27 91.49 240.68 1908.83 Outside CCA Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 40.4% 37.6% 23.5% 28.7% 29.3% 11.4% 23.0% 20.9% 26.8%

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Upper Little Lower Ghaghra Demand in MCM / Sub Basin Sarda Chauka Sarju Tehri Kuwano Ghaghra Gandak Ghaghra Total GW Recharge from Normal Rain 663.63 525.87 500.16 294.87 1272.12 1165.35 762.58 1058.78 6243.37 GW Recharge from Other Sources 472.08 529.88 503.66 215.79 884.25 929.39 570.13 938.16 5043.35 Total GW Availability 1135.71 1055.75 1003.82 510.67 2156.37 2094.73 1332.71 1996.95 11286.72 GW pumping 983.44 833.77 698.05 368.39 1588.89 1072.66 430.38 1194.27 7169.85 Stage of GW Extraction 86.6% 79.0% 69.5% 72.1% 73.7% 51.2% 32.3% 59.8% 63.5% Total Demand 1417.93 1498.39 1380.88 708.84 2610.84 2459.71 1595.02 2671.98 14343.60 Total GW Supply 983.44 833.77 698.05 368.39 1588.89 1072.66 430.38 1194.27 7169.85 Total SW Supply 114.31 298.02 488.33 189.58 466.09 1193.16 1012.32 1153.87 4915.67 Total SWMin Supply 8.61 13.45 15.20 20.35 66.03 81.63 60.82 82.32 348.41 Total Unmet Demand 311.58 353.15 179.31 130.52 489.83 112.27 91.49 241.52 1909.67 Total Shortage in % 22.0% 23.6% 13.0% 18.4% 18.8% 4.6% 5.7% 9.0% 13.3%

Table 7.6 : Sub-basin wise Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-7

Upper Little Lower Ghaghra Demand in MCM / Sub Basin Sarda Chauka Sarju Tehri Kuwano Ghaghra Gandak Ghaghra Total Irrigation Demand in CCA 507.54 463.07 506.89 191.58 771.48 1270.97 1089.54 1226.79 6027.84 SW Supply in CCA 72.38 312.58 409.90 179.22 446.82 1141.36 1036.19 933.15 4531.60 GW Supply in CCA 435.16 150.49 96.99 12.35 324.66 129.61 53.35 293.63 1496.25 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 696.71 977.75 754.99 490.39 1642.98 995.22 402.60 1117.67 7078.31 GW Supply Outside CCA 393.15 530.91 527.62 280.65 1041.58 739.42 222.40 747.30 4483.03 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 8.43 12.03 15.22 20.35 64.95 81.08 59.52 82.13 343.71 Unmet Irrigation Demand 295.13 434.82 212.14 189.39 536.46 174.72 120.68 288.24 2251.58 Outside CCA Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 42.4% 44.5% 28.1% 38.6% 32.7% 17.6% 30.0% 25.8% 31.8% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 663.63 525.87 500.16 294.87 1272.12 1165.35 762.58 1058.78 6243.37 GW Recharge from Other Sources 419.87 513.40 457.70 205.07 797.09 871.10 568.72 856.33 4689.28 Total GW Availability 1083.50 1039.27 957.86 499.94 2069.22 2036.45 1331.30 1915.11 10932.65 GW pumping 920.05 816.62 752.75 381.34 1562.82 1155.89 492.52 1353.99 7436.00 Stage of GW Extraction 84.9% 78.6% 78.6% 76.3% 75.5% 56.8% 37.0% 70.7% 68.0% Total Demand 1295.98 1576.05 1390.01 770.30 2614.02 2553.04 1708.91 2718.10 14626.43 Total GW Supply 920.05 816.62 752.75 381.34 1562.82 1155.89 492.52 1353.99 7436.00 Total SW Supply 72.38 312.58 409.90 179.22 449.79 1141.36 1036.19 992.89 4594.31 Total SWMin Supply 8.43 12.03 15.22 20.35 64.95 81.08 59.52 82.13 343.71 Total Unmet Demand 295.13 434.82 212.14 189.39 536.46 174.72 120.68 289.08 2252.42 Total Shortage in % 22.8% 27.6% 15.3% 24.6% 20.5% 6.8% 7.1% 10.6% 15.4%

Sarda Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has reduced from 585.23 MCM to 507.54 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has reduced from 770.90 MCM to 696.71 MCM, but Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 40.4% to 42.4%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has reduced from 1135.71 MCM to 1083.50 MCM,

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Chauka Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has reduced from 465.72 MCM to 463.07 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has increased from 938.45 MCM to 977.75 MCM and Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 37.6% to 44.5%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has reduced from 1055.75 MCM to 1039.27 MCM, i.e. by 16.48 MCM. The ground water extraction has reduced to 78.6% (2044-45) from 79.0% (2024- 25) and total shortage has increased from 23.6% to 27.6%.

Sarju Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has reduced from 529.35 MCM to 506.89 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has reduced from 763.59 MCM to 754.99 MCM, but Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 23.5% to 28.1%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has reduced from 1003.82 MCM to 957.86 MCM, i.e. by 45.96 MCM. The ground water extraction has increased to 78.6% (2044-45) from 69.5% (2024- 25) and total shortage has increased from 13.0% to 15.3%.

Tehri Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has reduced from 192.04 MCM to 191.58 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has increased from 455.20 MCM to 490.39 MCM and Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 28.7% to 38.6%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has reduced from 510.67 MCM to 499.94 MCM, i.e. by 10.73 MCM. The ground water extraction has increased to 76.3% (2044-45) from 72.1% (2024- 25) and total shortage has increased from 18.4% to 24.6%.

Upper Ghaghra Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has reduced from 805.76 MCM to 771.48 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has reduced from 1670.42 MCM to 1642.98 MCM, but Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 29.3% to 32.7%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has reduced from 2156.37 MCM to 2069.22 MCM, i.e. by 87.15 MCM. The ground water extraction has increased to 75.5% (2044-45) from 73.7% (2024- 25) and total shortage has increased from 18.8% to 20.5%.

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Kuwano Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has reduced from 1283.49 MCM to 1270.97 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has increased from 988.00 MCM to 995.22 MCM and Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 11.4% to 17.6%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has reduced from 2094.73 MCM to 2036.45 MCM, i.e. by 58.28 MCM. The ground water extraction has increased to 56.8% (2044-45) from 51.2% (2024- 25) and total shortage has increased from 4.6% to 6.8%.

Little Gandak Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has increased from 1057.31 MCM to 1089.54 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has increased from 397.76 MCM to 402.60 MCM and Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 23.0% to 30.0%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has reduced from 1332.71 MCM to 1331.30 MCM, i.e. by 1.41 MCM. The ground water extraction has increased to 37.0% (2044-45) from 32.3% (2024- 25) and total shortage has increased from 5.7% to 7.1%.

Lower Ghaghra Sub Basin: The irrigation demand within CCA has reduced from 1255.06 MCM to 1226.79 MCM, and Irrigation shortage in CCA is nil in both cases, while outside CCA irrigation demand has increased from 1150.25 MCM to 1117.67 MCM and Irrigation shortage Outside CCA increased from 20.9% to 25.8%. By opting micro irrigation in 10% area total irrigation, practicing Conjunctive Use of water resources in CCA and having Agr.Sc-2, irrigation demand although has reduced however due to reduction of return flows, the total dynamic ground water availability has decreased from 1996.95 MCM to 1915.11 MCM, i.e. by 81.84 MCM. The ground water extraction has increased to 70.7% (2044-45) from 59.8% (2024-25) and total shortage has increased from 9.0% to 10.6%.

7.2.4 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per Agr.Sc-2, with Climate change scenario; RUN-8

To see the impact of Climate change in future (2044-45) on water balance, sectoral allocation and shortages, the changed scenarios can be seen by reduction in rainfall and increase in evaporation and evapotranspiration, which will affect mainly the surface water availability, groundwater recharge from rain and irrigation requirement.

The model run is given in Appendix 39 as RUN-8, by considering 10% decrease in rainfall, 2% increase in evaporation and 5% increase in evapotranspiration and the results are summarized in Table 7.7.

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Table 7.7 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-8

Management Management with Climate hange Demand in MCM 2044‐45 2044‐45 Urban Demand 208.02 208.02 Unmet Urban Demand 0.00 0.00 Urban GW supply 203.01 203.01 Urban SW supply 5.01 5.01 WW production 133.13 133.13 Rural Domestic Demand 1050.21 1050.21 Unmet Rural Domestic Demand 0.00 0.00 Livestock Demand 183.00 183.00 Unmet Livestock Demand 0.00 0.00 Industry Demand 13.04 13.04 Unmet Industry Demand 0.00 0.00 Power Plants Demand 66.00 66.00 Unmet Power Plants Demand 0.84 0.84 Total Rural demand 1312.25 1312.25 Total Rural GW Supply 1253.71 1253.84 Total Rural SW Supply 57.70 57.57 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in CCA 6027.84 7497.65 SW Supply in CCA 4531.60 5620.19 GW Supply in CCA 1496.25 1795.53 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 0.00 81.94 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.0% 1.1% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 7078.31 8339.53 GW Supply Outside CCA 4483.03 4843.79 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 343.71 359.99 Unmet Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 2251.58 3135.75 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 31.8% 37.6% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 6243.37 5057.13 GW Recharge from Other Sources 4689.28 5939.07 Total GW Availability 10932.65 10996.20 GW pumping 7436.00 8096.17 Stage of GW Extraction 68.0% 73.6% Total Demand 14626.43 17357.45 Total GW Supply 7436.00 8096.17 Total SW Supply 4594.31 5682.77 Total SWMin Supply 343.71 359.99 Total Unmet Demand 2252.42 3218.53 Total Shortage in % 15.4% 18.5%

It can be seen that there is not much impact of climate change on Ghaghra Basin as its average annual rainfall is about 1000.3 mm and the total irrigation demand shows increase from 13106.15 MCM to

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15837.18 MCM (20.83% increase). This additional demand is completely met outside command from surface water and groundwater while the deficit increases from 15.4% to 18.5% in non-command areas. The groundwater recharge from normal rain shows decrease from 6243.37 MCM to 5057.13 MCM, but the total groundwater availability increases slightly from 10932.65 MCM to 10996.20 MCM due increase in GW recharge from other sources, still the stage of groundwater extraction shows increase from 68.0 % to 73.6 %. The overall shortage increases from 15.4% to 18.5%.

7.2.5 Summary of Present and Future Water Balance

Present (2014-15) Water Balance: Under the existing irrigation practises, with cropping intensity of 156.55%, the irrigation demand in canal command is 6408.52 MCM with a shortage of 0.50%, while irrigation demand in non-command is 7214.31 MCM, with a shortage of 58.4%. The urban demand remains 112.71 MCM and total rural demand 579.00 MCM. The overall demand will be 14314.53 MCM, with a shortage of 29.7% and ground water development of 48.9%. Based on present BAU scenario model run, issues specific to districts falling in Ghaghra basin have been presented in Appendix 40.

Future Water Balance: Under BAU scenario, Urban domestic water requirement will increase from 112.71 MCM to 208.02 MCM in 2044-45 while rural domestic water requirement will increase from 409.17 MCM to 1050.21 MCM and the total rural demand will increase to 1312.25 MCM in 2044-45 against 579.00 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 14314.53 MCM in 2014-15 to 160084.84 MCM in 2044- 45. The overall ground water development in Ghaghra basin will increase to 58.2% in 2044-45, as compared to present development of 48.9 % and the overall shortages will increase to 30.8%, as compared to present 29.7%.

However, if we opt for full conjunctive use, with 10% micro irrigation, maintain environmental flows and opt crop intensification and diversification as per proposed crop plan the irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 0.5%. The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 31.8% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 58.4%. The overall shortage will reduce to 15.4%, as against the present shortage of 29.7%.

However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 48.9% to 63.5% in the year 2024-25 to 66.4% in the year 2034-35 and 68.00% in the year 2044-45.

Gross Margins: The average gross margin for Ghaghra Basin in the present scenario works out to Rs. 15271 per ha. In future strategies for Ghaghra Basin, the aim of water management will be to reduce the agriculture production shortages and thereby increase the gross margins. To calculate anticipated gross margin, the potential productivity of rice, wheat and other crops is taken as the maximum productivity attained in last 10 years. In most cases, these values are assumed to be achievable through appropriate land and water resource management and have been found to be lower than the productivity in pilot farm studies. The cost of cultivation and agriculture inputs are kept the same as current uses for all analyses. The overall gross margin for Ghaghra Basin is expected to increase from Rs. 15271 to Rs. 39301 per ha in 2025, Rs. 52790 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 68256 per ha in 2045 through appropriate land and water resource management.

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Food Grain Production: Considering the potential productivity of cereals and pulses (maximum productivity observed in last 10 years), anticipated agriculture plan with conjunctive use and additional shallow tubewells, with implementation of crop diversification and intensification and increase in population, the food grain production for year 2025, 2035 and 2045 (corresponding to model run RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7) works out to 285, 300 and 324 kg/person, respectively which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 Kg/person as per the State Water Policy. Total food grain production will increase from 5.762 million metric tonnes in base year to 13.177 million metric tonnes in the year 2045 with desirable plan.

7.3 Alternate Development Scenarios

7.3.1 Various Measures for Water Conservation and Distribution

There is very little scope for surface water conservation due to topography of the basin. However, for non-command areas, where the ground water depletion is more due to excessive withdrawal, a series of small check dams could be constructed to store the drained water especially during rainy seasons.

In areas where canal irrigation is absent or unreliable, ground water recharge using water harvesting structures will augment rainfall recharge and improve the reliability of irrigation, and productivity of crops. In some areas, fine soils are also restricting the ground water use.

The development of ground water will require installation of additional shallow tube-wells, and use of additional energy (diesel or electric) to pump the groundwater. Distribution of the ground water from shallow tube-wells is relatively simple and inexpensive using channels or flexible hoses. The efficiency of this stored water could further be increased by addition of sprinkler/drip irrigation system.

7.3.2 Possibility of Integrating Various Uses of Water

Uses of water that are consumptive do not generally allow for integration of the various uses. However, where some uses are consumptive and others non-consumptive, then integrated use is possible.

Consumptive uses of water in Ghaghra basin area for irrigated agriculture, evaporation from aquaculture ponds, drinking water for humans and animals and potentially for cooling of industrial plant. Other uses are non-consumptive. These include hydro-electric power generation, environmental flows for rivers and nallahs, and water for human bathing and buffalo wallows etc.

Environmental and ecological flow requirements in rivers/drains of Ghaghra basin will be a big challenge after development and running of distribution system. Further encroachment in river zone, is imposing a great threat to the environment. The quality of river water downstream of Gorakhpur has gone, below standards.

It will be a great challenge for integrating requirements of drinking, environmental and agriculture spatially, especially for non-monsoon periods. Frequent decisions may be required to be taken by competent authorities for inter sectoral allocations.

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7.3.3 Possibility of Integrating Various Reservoir Systems

The large dams planned in Ghaghra basin for the rivers upstream of the river diversion structures will need to be operated in an integrated way to ensure that the benefits of the dams are maximised. It will not be necessary to integrate the storages further through integrated operations.

Sharing of resources between Sharda, Ghaghra, Saryu and Rapti will be a great challenge after completion of Saryu and Rapti canal networks.

7.3.4 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water

Conjunctive use of surface and ground water will maximise the benefits available from the water resources of the Basin, for irrigated agriculture as well as for other consumptive and non-consumptive uses. However, this may require additional investment in shallow tube-wells and pump sets, as well as improved management of the total resource, through water users’ associations. Additional area specific requirement, if any may be met with more running hrs, as power condition is being improving day-by-day or through additional shallow borings. Additional borings required are being proposed for implementation of full conjunctive use, to utilise the replenishable resources at block level.

Implementation of canal water equity through PIM and water users’ association control will reduce the water logging area in head and middle reaches of canal, vice versa reduction in depletion of ground water levels at tail ends. This will increase the crop yield both ways, as well as energy cost in lifting the water will be reduced.

7.3.5 Integration of Environmental/Ecological Consideration

The environment of the Basin has been highly modified over the past centuries to provide food, clothing, shelter and transportation for the high population density. These modified ecosystems need to be maintained and, where possible, improved. The projects proposed are expected to have the following benefits on the environment and ecosystems:

 Reducing the areas subject to sub-surface water logging by provision of horizontal or vertical drainage. Vertical drainage will augment canal irrigation through conjunctive use of surface and ground water. This will improve crop yields and diversity thus improving nutritional conditions, assist land holders who have been impoverished by land degradation, and support a greater diversity of flora and fauna that will provide non-food resources and assist in pest management.  Reducing the areas subject to ground water depletion by construction of water harvesting structures, growing crops with lower water requirements and installing drip or sprinkler irrigation where economically viable. This will improve crop yields in the affected areas, assist land holders who have been affected by ground water depletion, and support ground water dependent ecosystems.  Reducing the areas subject to surface water logging by improving drainage and, where appropriate, converting marshy lands to aquaculture. This will improve crop yields in affected areas, assist land holders who have been affected by land degradation associated with surface water logging, and reduce the occurrence of mosquito breeding grounds.

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 Improving the water quality in drains, nallahs and rivers by reducing the areas of saline-sodic soils thus reducing saline drainage flows, reducing waste loads on rivers by treating waste streams and, where appropriate, providing flushing flows to dilute waste streams and improve dissolved oxygen levels.

7.3.6 Inter-state/International Agreements and Tribunal Awards

Ghaghra basin is indirectly affected by an international agreement with Nepal, as water to other basins will be transferred through Sharda link channel, Saryu link channel and Rapti link channel, through diversions on Ghaghra and Saryu rivers of Ghaghra basin. This agreement will affect the allocation of water from the development of large dams either wholly or partially in Nepal. This includes the planned Pancheshwar, West Seti and Chisapani Dams. Rapti, Gomti, as well as Ghaghra basins are also affected by tribunal awards in relation to river flows from Uttar Pradesh into Bihar and beyond.

7.3.7 Inter-basin Transfer of Water, Recycling, Recharging for Augmenting

Water to Rapti basin is to be transferred from Ghaghra basin and there is no surplus water available for transfer to Rapti basin specially in lean periods. However, with the construction of dams in Nepal on rivers in Ghaghra basin, the non-monsoon availability will be increased and regulated.

There is negligible potential for recycling because there is only a relatively small amount of waste water that could be treated and recycled, and this is suitable for reuse after dilution with other flows.

Recharging of ground water is already recommended in ground water depleted areas at the tail ends of canals and in broken ground near rivers and nallahs.

However, for domestic use, roof top harvesting and use of grey water needs to be promoted at large scale.

7.3.8 Water Use Efficiency

The National Water Mission (NWM) was identified as one of eight key areas requiring strategic interventions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The main objective of the NWM is “conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its more equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management”.

In its guiding document, the NWM has identified various strategies leading towards integrated planning for sustainable development and efficient management of the nation’s water resources with the active participation of stakeholders. The Mission’s concern is that climate change and changes in land use will affect the quantity and quality of the available water resources, with the most vulnerable areas being: (i) drought prone areas, (ii) flood prone areas, (iii) the coastal regions, (iv) the region with deficient rainfall, (v) areas with over-exploited, critical and semi-critical stage of ground water extraction, (vi) water quality affected areas, and (vii) snow-fed river basins.

This concern has led to the development of a strategy for mitigation and management with five identified goals:

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(i) creation of a comprehensive water data base in the public domain and assessment of the impact of climate change on water resources; (ii) promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation, augmentation and preservation; (iii) focused attention on vulnerable areas including over-exploited areas; (iv) increasing water use efficiency (WUE) by 20%, and (v) promotion of basin level integrated water resources management

For the purposes of achieving the 12th Five Year Plan and National Water Mission Goal IV of increasing water use efficiency by 20 percent focus on Major and Medium Irrigation (MMI) was considered. Water use efficiency for Major and Medium Irrigation (MMI) schemes relates to the efficiency of delivering water from the intake of the irrigation system to the crop root zone for the purpose of beneficial crop evapotranspiration, taking account of any use or reuse of seepage or other conveyance, distribution or application losses as conventionally describe that might subsequently be used by farmers within the boundaries of the irrigation scheme. The term thus relates to the fraction of irrigation water used for productive crop evapotranspiration within the boundaries of the scheme compared to the total volume of water diverted at the intake to the irrigation system. For the purpose of clarification, the use or reuse of conveyance, distribution or conveyance losses may relate to pumping from groundwater, direct use of seepage water, or other form of beneficial reuse within the boundaries of the scheme.

From the actions detailed in the Main Report and Annexures to the Comprehensive Mission Document (CMD) the following key points in relation to improving the WUE on MMI schemes are noted: (i) There is seen to be an important role for Water Regulatory Authorities for ensuring equitable water distribution and rational charges to cover the costs of service provision; (ii) For MMI schemes, even those with storage facilities, there can be significant annual variations in the water supply available. This can have a significant impact on the efficiency of water use, with efficiencies generally being higher when water is scarce; (iii) A comprehensive water resources information system (WIS) needs to be established; (iv) Measurement processes and procedures need to be updated using modern technology, including remote sensing, GIS and MIS; (v) In general, there needs to be a far more “scientific” approach to irrigation water management, at all levels from the main system down to the crop root zone; (vi) Empowerment and involvement of Panchayati Raj institutions, Water Users Associations and NGOs in water resources and irrigation management is important. Promotion of participatory irrigation management is seen as particularly important; (vii) A better understanding of groundwater aquifers and resources is required, coupled with improved procedures for conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies. (viii) Groundwater recharge needs to be considered in relevant cases; (ix) A better understanding of groundwater aquifers and resources can usefully be linked to improved community engagement in aquifer management; (x) There are significant opportunities for improving water use efficiency and productivity at the on-farm level, as has been demonstrated by the Farmers’ Participatory Action Research Programme (FPARP); (xi) Further research is required into measures to improve water use efficiency, and to measure the relative benefits of different measures;

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(xii) For each MMI system a complete water assessment and water audit, benchmarking and performance evaluation needs to be carried out (and published) periodically, taking account of all sources of water available to farmers; (xiii) Management of the main system needs to be improved through the use of modern approaches, including computer-aided scheduling systems, automated control systems, improved demand estimation, etc.; (xiv) Drainage water needs to be assessed and reused before it reaches saline “sinks”; (xv) Canal lining as a method of seepage control should be used with care as seepage water is often reused; (xvi) Improvements in water use efficiency should include both “hard” and “soft” measures. Hard measures might include installing proportional distribution structures, lining of canals, land levelling, piped distribution, sprinkler and drip irrigation, etc. Soft measures might include introducing rotational supply, awareness raising of water saving measures, participatory management, etc.

Based on the model output results for present (2014-15) scenario, the water use efficiency in Ghaghra basin is shown in Table 7.8.

Table 7.8 : Water Use Efficiency for Present (2014-15) Scenario

On farm application efficiency, Conveyance Water use efficiency Sub-basin % efficiency, % within CCA, % within CCA Outside CCA Chauka 54 64 68 35 Kuwano 84 66 68 56 Little Gandak 88 66 68 58 Lower Ghaghra 83 62 66 52 Sarda 48 62 67 30 Sarju 79 65 69 51 Tehri 77 64 69 49 Upper Ghaghra 68 69 68 47 Ghaghra Basin 79 65 68 51

In model preparation, standard parameters of field application losses, canal seepage losses and recharge through rainfall and return flows are considered as per Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC) latest norms. Canal water equity is considered and ground water availability has been calculated as per Groundwater Estimation committee methodology/guidelines.

Model runs shows that at present efficiency of 51.0% is achieved. Further with investment in lining, conveyance efficiency can be increased, but it will reduce the ground water availability due to reduction in canal water seepage share to ground water. So, the overall impact is not positive.

With promotion of micro irrigation, the irrigation demand will also reduce. Hence as per Government policy micro irrigation in 10% area is proposed to be promoted as with this productivity of crops will increase.

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As per the CWC guidelines for improving water use efficiency (Nov 2014), the typical irrigation efficiencies for various facilities for water utilization under different methods of application are indicated in Table 7.9.

Table 7.9 : Efficiencies for Various Facilities for Water Utilization

Water Use and Methods Efficiency Irrigation Efficiencies  Conveyance  Through unlined canal for surface water 55-60%  Through lined canal for surface water 70-75%  Application for both surface and ground water  Flood Irrigation 65%  Furrow Irrigation 80%  Sprinkler 85%  Drip 90%  Overall efficiency for surface water system 30-65%  Overall efficiency for ground water system 65-75%

The achievable efficiency for unlined system with furrow irrigation works out to 48.0%. The existing efficiency of 51% can be further improved in Ghaghra Basin by combination of conjunctive use, by rectifying the canal system deficiencies and on-farm development works and bringing 10% of area under micro irrigation as per government policy as shown in Table 7.10.

Table 7.10 : Improvement in Water Use Efficiency of Ghaghra Basin

On farm application Water use Conveyance efficiency Scenario efficiency efficiency within Outside within CCA CCA CCA Base Scenario 79.0% 65.0% 68.0% 51.0% Considering system deficiency =79.0+5 =65.0+5 =68.0+5 59.0% improvement and OFD =84.0% =70.0% =73.0% Considering 10% of area under 84.0% =70.0+2 =73.0+2 60.5% micro irrigation =72.0% =75.0%

Ground water recharge either from canal water seepage or from field water application, should not be termed as loss, as it provides an appreciable quantum storage for reuse and accounted in ground water resource assessment. Considering this definition, the water use efficiency of Ghaghra Basin is shown in Table 7.11.

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Table 7.11 : Water Use Efficiency of Ghaghra Basin considering Reuse of Canal Seepage and Field Application Losses

On farm application Water use Conveyance efficiency Scenario efficiency efficiency within Outside within CCA CCA CCA Base Scenario 89.0% 82.0% 86.0% 73.0% Considering system deficiency =89.0+5 =82.0+5 =86.0+5 82.0% improvement and OFD =94.0% =87.0% =91.0% Considering 10% of area under 94.0% =87.0+2 =91.0+2 84.0% micro irrigation =89.0% =93.0%

7.3.9 Selection of Most Promising Alternative

Based on different model run results, it is quite clear that even for the present cropped area, cropping pattern and cropping intensity of 155.65%, there is agriculture shortage of 29.7 % and that will increase to 30.8 % in 2044-45 and the food requirement will not be fulfilled with present irrigation practices.

Different Model runs results shows that the best and sustainable option for future will be that along with the present agriculture trend, application of Conjunctive use with maintaining environmental flows, crop diversification upto 20% in the year 2024-25, 30% in the year 2034-35 and 40% in the year 2044-45, and promotion of micro irrigation in 10% area will keep the agriculture demand sustainable for future. This will result in food grain production of 285, 300 and 324 kg/person in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively against requirement of 233 kg/person.

Cost of the various options and interventions considered above are given in Section 7.4.

7.3.10 Monitoring and Evaluation

Overall the Basin Plan aims to achieve a ‘healthy, working Basin’. Under that, the desired outcomes can be described under three key themes:  Healthy and resilient rivers, wetlands and floodplains (environmental)  Productive and resilient industries, and confident communities (social and economic)  Better decisions made at the right level (governance).

Things we might expect to see if the Basin Plan is implemented properly would include:

 for the community: greater certainty over the security of water supplies for the long-term; more water-efficient production; water that is fit-for-purpose; minimised transaction costs of water trade and economic activity.  for the environment: improved floodplain health; increased water bird numbers; sustainable native fish populations; and maintenance of good water quality  for governance: what we learn as we put the Basin Plan to work leading to better management; risks to the Basin’s water resources minimised; local solutions being put in place and confidence in a sustainable future.

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Framework for historical and current database related to land and water use are already in place in BAPS model. Hurdles in data sharing policy, especially for flow data needs to be removed and real time web base data sharing facility on portal in public domain should be made functional.

UP WaMReC should be made fully functional with members and team of experts. Water users’ associations should be made functional and strengthened as early as possible.

For conjunctive use and sustainability of resources, resource assessment, crop plan, crop rotation, canal rosters and osrabandi should be implemented. CADWM activities, micro irrigation, other water saving devices, crop diversification, water harvesting and use of recycled water needs to be promoted fast.

The suggested monitoring indicators are as follows: An indicative list of possible contextual information that we may draw on includes:

 Rainfall including seasonal weather conditions.  Surface water and ground water availability, utilisation and trend.  input costs including commodity price changes  Area irrigated and output by crop type, Patterns of water trading, Water used by irrigated agriculture, Measures of production and productivity  Per capita production and net returns per ha and technology.  Employment (total and by industry)  Environmental/Ecological flow requirement and availability and its impact.  Surface Water quality parameters (TDS, DO, BOD, Coliform etc.,) downstream of cities.  Arsenic, Fluoride and other ground water quality parameters in sensitive areas.  Impact of harvesting through roof top, wetland, check dams etc.

Regarding water quality, environmental and ecological flow issues, it can be linked to Swach Bharat Mission agenda of Central government.

7.4 The Development Programme

7.4.1 Components of Program

The assessment of management scenarios as discussed earlier showed that substantial improvements in the socio-economic status of people in Ghaghra basin can be achieved by a combination of the following components:

 Canal rehabilitation including de-silting, drainage improvement and limited canal lining  Implementation of conjunctive use of surface and ground water coupled with intensification and diversification of agriculture  Integrated watershed development in areas of soil erosion or groundwater depletion, and  Reclamation of saline/sodic soils and wetland development  Waste water treatment  Roof top harvesting in already overstressed Urban spots  Flood control and mitigation

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All the components are being implemented by the line departments, separately. All the information regarding, what is to be done and what has already been done and its impact etc. should be placed under common platform and all the activities needs to be integrated. The project should be constructed on integrated guidelines.

7.4.2 Formation of WUAs, Agricultural Extension, Capacity Building in Agencies

There are necessary preparatory activities that are required in order to support the planned investments in engineering works. Key activities include:  Formation and capacity building of WUAs  Provision of agricultural extension services to support crop intensification and diversification  Building capacity in the government agencies

The Water Users Associations at different levels are expected to be actively involved in: (i) maintenance of irrigation system in their area of operation; (ii) distribution of irrigation water to the beneficiary farmers as per the warabandi schedule; (iii) assisting the irrigation department in the preparation of water demand and collection of water charges; (iv) resolve disputes among the members and WUA; (v) monitoring flow of water in the irrigation system etc.

The Water Users Associations, should actively be involved and strengthened by 1) Participatory Irrigation Rehabilitation Works 1.1 Rehabilitation of Irrigation Facilities 1.2 Promotion of Micro Irrigation 1.3 Construction of Water Users Association (WUA) Facilities 2) Fostering and Capacity Enhancement of Water Users Organizations 2.1 Establishment of WUA Support Mechanism 2.2 Capacity Building of WUA Management 2.3 Improvement of Agriculture Linkage 2.4 Provision of Corpus Fund 3) Improvement of Agriculture Practices and Marketing Capacity 3.1 Irrigated Agriculture Intensification and Diversification 3.1.1 Training of Trainers for Agriculture 3.1.2 Exposure Visit for Agriculture Trainers 3.1.3 Improvement of Agriculture Support System 3.1.4 Agriculture Farmers’ training 3.1.5 Agriculture Demonstration farm 3.2 Agro-processing, Marketing, and Promotion of High Value Agriculture Produces 3.2.1 Farmers Interest Group (FIG) formulation for cooperative activities 3.2.2 Connecting with large-size consumers (Matching meeting) 3.2.3 Connecting with small-size consumers (exotic vegetables) 3.2.4 Brand building for high-value agro produces 4) Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture and Water Sector 4.1 Supporting the institutionalization of gender mainstreaming in water management 4.2 Enhancement of women’s capability and participation in WUA 4.3 Capacity building on agricultural technologies through SHGs 4.4 Support to Women Friendly Activities

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These activities have already been started during 1st phase of UPWSRP since 2006. Proper strengthening of Water user’s association and regular and effective monitoring is required. The costs of these preparatory activities have already been added in the UPWSRP phase 2 project for the entire Uttar Pradesh area, based on the pilot study area of Jaunpur branch sub-basin in Phase 1.

Number of water users’ associations to be formed in Ghaghra Basin based on number of canal tails is 2839. Activity for formation and strengthening of Water users’ associations is to be completed before ending of UPWSRP phase 2, in October 2020.

A provision for onetime functional grant for registered/ elected WUAs is being made at Rs. 1200/ha and Infrastructure grant expenditure of (Rs. 3.00 lac per WUA), is being made as per Revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan 2015. The expected investment is given in Table 7.12.

Table 7.12 : Cost of Formation and Strengthening of WUAs

Canal command Cost in S. No. Item No. area in Ha Cr. Rs. Functional expenditure for 1 1045508 125.46 Water Users’ Association Infrastructure grant for 2 2839 85.17 Water user’s association Total 210.63

An expenditure of 210.63 Cr. Rs. will be required for making functional the Water users’ associations of Ghaghra basin.

7.4.3 Correction of Canal System Deficiencies

Canal maintenance and rehabilitation is a regular process. These activities should be performed with an objective of equity of presently available resources for the present cropping intensity and cropped area developed. Proper book keeping of damaged pucca works needs to be repaired on priority basis. Canal rosters need to be relooked and made operational on equity basis for available surface water and ground water resources. Osrabandi needs to be implemented.

In Ghaghra basin total length of canals is 4282.08 km. Desilting and restoration works are not to be initiated on main canal and branches. However, in distributaries and minors, canal maintenance and restoration works are carried out by the department on regular basis as per norms. But to remove system deficiencies for present availability of resources an additional amount will be required, as systems could not be maintained, properly due to shortage of funds, not being provided as per recommended CWC norms.

In Ghaghra basin Canal system having CCA of 1045508 ha, has been created. So, as per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015, for correction of system deficiencies, an amount of Rs. 8,000/- per ha for an area of 1045508 ha, costing to Rs. 1045508*8000=Rs. 836.41 Cr. will be required.

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7.4.4 Drainage Improvement

The drains below escape structures on Distributaries are often used for irrigating so that operation of escapes on these canals is avoided and rain-rejection flows through Minors to tail escapes or through fields to drains. Impeded drainages also cause local inundation during monsoon period at various places. Such impeded drainages, particularly in canal head and middle reaches, should be rehabilitated on priority to prevent monsoon inundation. The work on drainage improvement programme is being done by different line departments on regular basis. This needs a proper integrated planning and book keeping.

Scope regarding possible pond submergence levels, population development, cropped area and type of crop, ground water levels variation, suitability of check dams etc. needs to be considered in planning stage for proposing any further activity in drainage network by the line departments. The available funds with different line departments need to be managed accordingly for investment. UP Bhoomi Sudhar Nigam is already working on drainage improvement work under sodic land reclamation projects funded by World Bank for the last 25 years.

However as per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015, a provision for construction of field, intermediate and link drains at Rs. 6000/per ha for the entire command area of 3150300 ha for Ghaghra basin is being made. The amount required will be 1890.02 Cr.

7.4.5 Canal Lining

Model run results show that canal lining will improve the water use efficiency of canal water and vice versa the ground water availability will be reduced, as recharge to ground water from canal seepage will be reduced. So, canal lining is not advisable except in the heavy filling patches, where canal seepage is more that the ground water use and the seepage water is converting the adjacent land to sodic lands. The unit cost analysis of canal lining is given in Appendix 41. It is always advisable to restrict the cultivators for canal water use in such an area and they should be promoted to use ground water and an incentive for ground water use, may be given in the form of free electricity for extracting ground water. Special provisions for lining activity are made by the Irrigation department, as and when required. So, no provision for lining is being made for Ghaghra basin.

7.4.6 Shallow Tube-wells Installation

Diesel driven shallow tube wells has already been installed in large numbers by Minor irrigation department with government subsidy during the last two decades. These can be further installed, if required or the running hours could be increased. However, in command area, cultivators are using it on borrow basis also. As the running cost of diesel driven pump-set is much more than canal water or electric driven ground water use, so the cultivators use these sets in the case of emergency or where no other alternative is available. Sufficient provision is made every year with minor irrigation department.

For implementation of full conjunctive use, an additional water 716 shallow tube wells in canal command and 35221 in non-command areas, will be required to lift water for the present cropped area

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For withdrawal of 2753.31 MCM of additional water for application of full conjunctive use, with an average pump capacity of 40 m3 per hr for an average 8 hr per day and 240 days running in a year, total 35937 additional number of borings till 2044-45 will be required, for Ghaghra basin. The block- wise details of these additional number of borings alongwith site-specific cost is given in Appendix 42.

The cost for additional number of borings will be 484.93 Cr. Rs., which needs to be implemented in Ghaghra basin for effective implementation of conjunctive use.

7.4.7 Integrated Watershed Development

Areas affected by soil erosion are mainly along rivers and caused mainly by river actions. Moreover, these areas are not suitable to conventional irrigation due to undulating land at places and mostly out of canal command or under tail reach of canal. For these reasons, these areas are also under moisture stress and affected by sheet, rill and gully erosion. These areas are required to be protected from soil erosion and depleting GW level needs to be restored and stabilised. Provisions are already made each year with soil conservation and agriculture departments and they are performing these activities on regular basis.

As per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015, an additional 2% of rainfall recharge factor may be used in such areas or part of the areas where watershed development with associated soil conservation measures are implemented. This additional factor is subjective and is separate from the contribution due to the water conservation structures such as check dams, nalla bunds, percolation tanks etc.

The category of areas of Ghaghra basin lying under moderate to gentle sloping, as tabulated below can be considered for watershed development to check soil erosion and excessive depletion of ground water levels.

Table 7.13 : Area of Ghaghra Basin under Different Slope Classes

Slope Class Slope Percentage Area(km)2 Area (%) Level to nearly level 0-1 8,075.95 25.7 Very gently sloping 1-3 23,049.47 73.5 Gently sloping 3-8 249.69 0.8 Moderately sloping 8-15 - - Moderately steep slopping 15-30 - - Steeply sloping 30-50 - - Source: Analysis of NBSS & LUP data

Cost for integrated watershed development may be taken as 50,000/ha, as per guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015. So, an area of 249.69 sq.km can be considered for watershed development program, costing to Rs. 249.69*100*50000=124.845 Cr. Rs. Watershed

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The area with gentle slope and moderate slope suitable for check dams on natural drains is demarcated on GIS map enclosed as Map 13.

7.4.8 Sodic Land Reclamation

The productivity under such areas is decreasing gradually if the preventive measures are not taken. Such area will be reclaimed over years if the conjunctive management policy is implemented. However, the areas that are already out of cultivation due to sodicity and salinity need to be reclaimed through soil health improvement measures in conjunction with the conjunctive management practice. UP Bhoomi Sudhar Nigam is already working on sodic land reclamation projects under World Bank funding for the last 25 years.

Against the total drainage network of 49010 km in Uttar Pradesh, UP Bhoomi Sudhar Nigam has worked for reclamation of 65000 ha sodic land in 16 districts, by restoration of 2988 km drains in Phase I (June 1993 to March 2001). Further in Phase 2 (April 1999 to September 2007), reclamation of 1,50,000 ha sodic land in 20 districts by restoration of 7620 km drains was completed. Again, under sodic land reclamation phase III (September 2009 to December 2017), work in 27 districts for reclamation of 1,30,000 ha sodic land by restoration of 2683.50 km drains is carried out.

As most reclamation is reversible in absence of maintenance of effective drainage and conjunctive water management, it is recommended that the sodic land reclamation measures be implemented only after adoption of conjunctive management practice in the basin.

Cost for reclamation of sodic land areas may be taken as 50,000/ha, as per guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015. Poorly drained area of 8.78% in Ghaghra can be considered for sodic land reclamation for planning purposes. In a command area of 3150300 ha, the sodic land will be 3150300*.0878=276596 ha, and the cost for sodic land reclamation will be 276596*50000=1382.98 Cr. Rs.

7.4.9 Wetland Development

Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems and play crucial role in hydrological cycle. Utility wise, wetlands directly and indirectly support millions of people in providing services such as storm and flood control, clean water supply, food, fibre and raw materials, scenic beauty, educational and recreational benefits. However, the very existence of these unique resources is under threat due to developmental activities, and population pressure.

Water reservoirs are never impounded for fisheries per se but increased fish production is often promoted as an important secondary benefit – a provisioning service – of reservoirs created for hydropower, irrigation or water supply.

The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), established in 2006, is an autonomous organization under the administrative control of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and

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Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India. It was set up to realize the untapped potential of fisheries sector in inland and marine fish capture and culture, processing and marketing of fish, and accelerate the overall growth of fisheries sector with the application of modern technology backed by research & development. In the 12 years of its existence, NFDB has taken up numerous and multifarious developmental activities which have undoubtedly brought visible positive changes in production and productivity as well as post-harvest operations of the fisheries sector. Nevertheless, the primary role of NFDB, till recently, has been to channelize Govt. of India funds through activities such as identifying the needs of implementing agencies, providing technical guidance, monitoring physical and financial progress of projects, impact assessment, etc., that have remained as integral components.

The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is promoting inland water fishing in reservoirs, wetlands and rivers in the country, including rural areas, by providing financial assistance for stocking of fish fingerlings, river ranching, procurement of craft and gear, construction of landing centres, conducting training & demonstration to farmers under the schemes on Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture and the National Fisheries Development Board. For promoting aquaculture activities, the Department is also providing assistance for installation of cages in reservoirs, construction and renovation of fish ponds & tanks, construction of fish hatcheries, fish seed rearing farms, raceways etc.

The Government has recently approved a restructured scheme on ‘Blue Revolution: Integrated Development and Management of Fisheries’ by merging and integrating the existing schemes of fisheries of the Department, for integrated & holistic development of fisheries and aquaculture. Fish touch our lives in countless ways in terms of providing food, nutrition, recreation, livelihood, employment, and many more. It comes mainly from two modes of production systems: Capture Fisheries (capturing wild fish from marine and freshwater) and Culture Fisheries (farming fish, also known as aquaculture). India is the second largest fish producing country in the world with production of 11.41 million metric tonnes in 2016-17.

Most of the water bodies are now permanent features of the canal command area, routinely inundated during monsoon and waterlogged throughout the year. These areas are otherwise wastelands. However, in the recent years, numerous pilot studies have been conducted in India (Punjab, Andhra Pradesh etc.) to develop such lands for environmental and socio-economic benefits. In some cases, these lands are found to be even more productive than a normal agriculture land.

UPIWRD has also initiated a few pilot projects for integrated development of such wetlands in JBS pilot area such as Itawa Tal in Sultanpur district. A detailed cost estimate of development of 52 ha Itawa Tal, worked out by the Executive Engineer, SSK-51, for the construction of cluster of ponds including construction of inlet gates, tube wells, electrifications, fisheries etc., was Rs. 248 lakh i.e. Rs. 4.77 lakh per ha, may be taken 1.54 times at 6 percent escalation amounting to Rs. 7.44 lac per ha. Details of wetlands in Ghaghra basin is given in Appendix 43.

It has been presumed that 50% of waterlogged areas, will remain permanently waterlogged, and wetland development activities will be possible in 38042/2=19021 Ha area. The total investment will be about 1415.16 Cr. Rs., which will provide a recharge of (on 60% area @1.4 mm/day for 200 days in a year=38042*10000*0.6*200*1.4/ (1000*1000000)) 63.91 MCM annually, as per GEC norms.

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A detailed feasibility assessment of each development work will be required from competent professionals before proceeding for the construction of such development infrastructures.

It is recommended that UPIWRD conduct detailed feasibility studies of these wetlands based on either district, block or division level whichever convenient, prioritise the works based on benefit-cost ratio and develop infrastructure development plan according to the availability of fund.

7.4.10 Waste Water Treatment

The details of existing STPs, ongoing STPs and future requirement are given in Appendix 38. For treatment of waste water of major towns having population of 20,000 or more, the existing treatment capacity is 12 mld. STPs for rest waste water treatment of about 315.05 mld in Ghaghra basin are to be constructed by Jal Nigam department under Clean Ganga Mission or under any other scheme to meet out the present requirement only.

The approximate present cost of STPs for additional treatment requirement will be =315.05*3.03=954.60 Cr. Rs. @ 3.03 Cr. Rs. per mld, based on the cost of sewerage treatment plant at Salori, district Allahabad, amounting to Rs. 42.4 Cr. for 14 mld treatment plant.

7.4.11 Roof Top Harvesting in already Overstressed Urban Spots

As per guide lines of RWH & GWR issued by Ground Water Department., the cities Bahraich, Basti, Faizabad, Gonda and Kheri of Ghaghra Basin are required to be taken up for RWH & GWR specially to install Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting systems.

As per the project report on “Demonstrative Artificial Recharge to Augment Ground Water Resources in Lucknow City” prepared by GWD under technical guidance of CGWB, the average rate for construction of RTRWH in year 2010 works out to Rs. 400/sq.m of roof top area. Considering 6% yearly escalation in rates, the rate for 2017 has been taken as Rs. 600/sq.m.

The available rain water, which will be recharged in ground water and the cost of construction of the system in urban areas in Ghaghra Basin is given in Table 7.14.

Table 7.14 : Cost of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System

Area of residential, Roof top area Average Expected Cost of Urban commercial, which may be annual recharge RTRWH S. City/ Area in Industrial and office available for monsoon potential in system @Rs. No. District sq.km use (36% of col.3) RTRWH (10% Rainfall (MCM) 600/sq.m Sq. Km of col.4) sq.km (mtrs.) (5*6*0.80) (in Cr. Rs.) 1. Bahraich 31.3 11.27 1.12 0.923 1.03 97.2 2. Basti 26 9.36 0.93 0.857 0.79 55.80 3. Faizabad 62.12 22.36 2.23 0.827 1.84 133.80 4. Gonda 51 18.36 1.83 0.874 1.59 109.80 5. Kheri 36.15 13.01 1.30 0.948 1.23 78.00 Total 74.36 7.41 6.48 474.60

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This investment of Rs.476.60 Cr. Rs. in urban spots of 5 districts will provide an additional recharge of 6.48 MCM.

Urban spots with more than 100% groundwater development in the present scenario need to be considered for immediate attention by the authorities. There is an urgent need to make rooftop harvesting compulsory for a part recoupment of ground water.

7.4.12 Micro Irrigation

Water Balance Scenario, run with impact of micro irrigation on 10% area with Conjunctive use shows that total demand reduces, but the ground water availability also reduces due to reduction in return flows, that increases overall ground water development and shortages.

However, as per Government policy, presently, it is being promoted in horticulture for flowers, fruits and vegetables, due to much better productivity and returns.

As per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015, Construction of infrastructure for micro-irrigation (MI), including Cost of Infrastructure (grid power/solar power & pump, HDPE pipelines, sump etc.), will be 50000/-per Ha.

For replacement of OFD works, with micro irrigation in 10% cultivable area of Ghaghra basin, about 2318367*0.10=231836.7 ha will require an investment of Rs. 1091.83 Cr. (=231836.7*0.50 lac). The proposed area may be from major /medium or small irrigation projects for schemes of diversion/lift/tubewells.

7.4.13 CAD&WM Activities

Command Area Development (CAD) works through CADWM Programme of Government of India are in implementation since 1974-75. The program has now been brought under the umbrella scheme Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna (PMKSY) - Har Khet Ko Pani from 2015-16 onwards. The main objective of taking up CAD works is to enhance utilisation of irrigation potential created, bring overall efficiency in water utilisation and improve agriculture production on a sustainable basis through Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). In order to promote water use efficiency in irrigation, the CADWM program has also been targeting development of micro-irrigation infrastructure for facilitating use of sprinkler/drip irrigation systems.

This requires,  Creation of field channel/ pipe network below the outlets of distribution network  Structural Interventions  Land levelling and realignment of field boundaries  Improvement in farm drainage system  Reclamation of waterlogged farm areas  Construction of farm roads

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To complete the gap between irrigation potential created and utilised, the areas, where CADWM activities are not complete needs to be taken on priority, whether from major/medium or small irrigation projects for schemes of diversion/lift/tubewells.

Tentative balance 10% cultivable area of Ghaghra basin, about 2318367 ha will require an investment of 1091.83 Cr. Rs. (=231836.7*0.50 lac) for CADWM works.

7.4.14 Flood Control and Mitigation

The worst flood affected areas in U.P. lies in Ghaghra Basin also. The river Ghaghra and its tributaries lying in the districts of Bahraich, Gonda, Balrampur, Maharajganj, Shrawasti, Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and SantKabir Nagar inundate vast areas frequently. Recurring floods in these areas cause huge loss of crops, property, human and cattle life. A total of 18.73 lac ha of area was affected by floods in the districts due to Ghaghra and Rapti rivers during one of the severest floods in 1973.

Notwithstanding the fact that the long-term objective for mitigation of flood problem shall not be only implementation of planned cost intensive structural and/or non-structural interventions but also to develop and set-up a comprehensive modern flood management information system for the state. A total of 923 km of embankments benefitting 2,69,880 ha area have been constructed in Ghaghra Basin. The district-wise details of these flood embankments are given in Appendix 35.

7.4.15 Ghaghra Basin Investment Summary

No surplus water will be left after completion of Saryu nahar pariyojana in the basin for which any additional plan is required to be given. Management of resourced through Ghaghra, Saryu and Rapti barrages including Sharda and downstream releases will be a challenging issue for future. It requires proper management with some policy constraint to keep the resources sustainable.

Effective efforts should be made for, Formation and capacity building of WUAs, to implement osrabandi and equity of sustainable water resources.

All the concern line departments should stop, the vertical development of their activities. Area specific, detailed execution plan on integrated approach needs to be prepared under National water policy. Only after preparation of execution plan on integrated approach, the concern line departments should go for its execution.

For overstressed urban areas, there is an urgent need to make a compulsory provision of harvesting for private/government buildings and offices along with common utility spaces. Use of recycled water in multi-storeyed colonies and offices may also be considered.

Total cost for Ghaghra Basin to be invested for the development of different infrastructures and institutions is summarised in Table 7.15.

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Table 7.15 : Summary of Development Costs in Ghaghra Basin

S. Cost, in Components No. Cr. Rs. 1 Formation and Strengthening of WUAs 210.63 2 Removing canal system deficiencies 836.41 3 Removing drainage system deficiencies 1890.02 4 Shallow Tubewell Installations 484.93 5 Watershed Development 124.845 6 Sodic Land Reclamation 1382.98 7 Wetland Development 1415.16 8 Waste water treatment 954.60 9 Roof Top Harvesting 476.6 10 Micro Irrigation 1091.83 11 CAD&WM works 1091.83 12 Preparatory Activities @ 5% 497.99 Total Basin Development Cost 10457.83

7.4.16 Anticipated Benefits

The anticipated benefits and the Benefit-Cost ratio has been given in Table 7.16. For estimation of annual benefits, the benefits of 30 years i.e. from present to 2045 have been averaged. Similarly, the estimated cost has been escalated to 15 years considering 4% increase per year. Using these, the Benefit-Cost ratio has been worked out. There are other indirect benefits like river rejuvenation, reduction in groundwater pumping, improvement of water quality and hygiene, etc

Table 7.16 : Annual Benefits and Benefit-Cost Ratio

S. Particulars 2015 2025 2035 2045 No. Annual Benefits 1 Crop Total Production, With Project 36.50 49.66 58.18 66.13 Production million tonnes Without Project 36.50 43.40 48.57 52.35 Benefits Net Income, Cr. Rs. With Project 5163.07 13249.71 17593.44 22501.11 Without Project 5163.07 7355.64 9320.97 11104.07 Difference 0.00 5894.07 8272.47 11397.04 Average Annual 6390.90 Additional Benefits, Cr. Rs. 2 Reuse of mld 153.23 247.35 289.41 325.14 treated water MCM 55.93 90.28 105.63 118.68 from STP Average Annual 92.63 Availability, MCM Average Annual @ Rs. 12.1 per 112.11 Benefits, Cr. Rs. m3

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S. Particulars 2015 2025 2035 2045 No. 3 Total Annual 6503.01 Benefits, Cr. Rs. Annual Cost 4 Annual Cost, Total Cost, Cr. Rs. Considering 18833.96 Cr. Rs. 4% escalation over 10457.83 Cr. Rs. for 15 years Interest/depreciation 12.5% of 2354.25 @ 12.5%, as per Saryu 18833.96 Cr. project Rs. Benefit Cost Ratio 5 B/C Ratio 2.76

7.5 Limitations

 Formation of UPWaMReC For effective implementation of sustainable basin plans, water allocation to different water sectors as per National water policy and solving the tariff issues for equity etc., UPWaMReC has not been made fully functional so far under the Act of 2014.

 Water Users’ Association Where majority of farmers hold less than a hectare of land, sharing resources for effective land and water resources management in the basin, is a big challenge. Process for formation of Water users’ association and its strengthening is very slow. PIM act 2010, has not been implemented so far completely in Phase 1 area of Jaunpur branch canal system. It has to be implemented in the entire State under the Phase II project till October 2020.

 Current Irrigation Policy Current irrigation policy is restrictive in relation to use of groundwater in canal command. Farmers within the canal command are not entitled to get the Tubewell installation and operation subsidy that farmers in non-command areas are entitled to. Entitlement to such subsidy for farmers within command will encourage them to use more groundwater in the canal command.

 Tubewells Installation and Operation Costs Cost of GW irrigation by means of diesel driven shallow Tubewells is 6-7 times higher than the cost of irrigation from canals. Moreover, diesel-driven shallow Tubewells cost more to farmers compared with electric ones. Electricity supply where it exists is unreliable and inadequate, so farmers in most areas prefer diesel pumps to electric.

 Inadequate and Unreliable Electricity Electric-driven STWs are more economical than diesel operated ones. Due to inadequate and unreliable electricity, most State-operated lift schemes are not being operated at designed capacities. Moreover, it is expected that adequate and reliable electricity supply will provide a greater leverage to the government for implementation of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater based on the principle of integrated water resource development and management.

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8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From the data and its analysis and different model run scenarios the following can be concluded:

 The projected population for Ghaghra basin will increase from 27.70 million in base year 2015 to 32.20 million in 2025; 36.59 million in 2035 and 40.67 million in the year 2045 (i.e. 1.47 times).  The Urban domestic demand will increase from 112.71 MCM in base year 2014-15, to 208.02 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.84 times). The rural domestic demand will increase from 409.17 MCM to 1050.21 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 2.57 times). Livestock demand will increase from the base year demand of 136.85 MCM to 183.00 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.34 times). Industrial demand will increase from 5.08 MCM to 13.04 MCM (i.e. 2.57 times), Power plant demand will increase from 27.90 MCM in the base year 2014-15 to 66.00 MCM in the year 2044- 45(i.e 2.36 times).  With cropping intensity of 156.55%, the present irrigation demand in canal command is 6408.52 MCM with a shortage of 0.50%, while irrigation demand in non-command is 7214.31 MCM, with a shortage of 58.4%. The urban demand remains 112.71 MCM and the total rural demand is 579.00 MCM. The overall demand will be 14314.53 MCM, with a shortage of 29.7% and ground water development of 48.9%.  Under BAU scenario, Urban domestic water requirement will increase from 112.71 MCM to 208.02 MCM in 2044-45 while rural domestic water requirement will increase from 409.17 MCM to 1050.21 MCM and the total rural demand will increase to 1312.25 MCM in 2044-45 against 579.00 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 14314.53 MCM in 2014-15 to 16004.84 MCM in 2044-45. The overall ground water development in Ghaghra basin will increase to 58.2% in 2044-45, as compared to present development of 48.9 % and the overall shortages will increase to 30.8%, as compared to present 29.7%.  If we opt for conjunctive use, with 10% micro irrigation, maintain environmental flows and opt crop intensification and diversification as per proposed crop plan. The irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 0.50% The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 31.8% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 58.4%. The overall shortage will reduce to 15.4%, as against the present shortage of 29.7%. However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 48.9% to 63.50% in the year 2024-25, to 66.4% in the year 2034-35 and 68.00% in the year 2044-45.  Generated waste water production of 172.93 mld (63.12 MCM) for base year and 364.73 mld (133.13 MCM) for the year 2045 with an additional expenditure of 954.60 Cr. Rs. for construction of remaining STPs will provide additional water to be considered for irrigation purposes and 75.38 MCM additional water will be available with an expenditure of 2016.605 Cr. Rs. on Watershed development, Wetland development and Roof top harvesting activities. This generated volume of water yearly will reduce the shortages to 14.0%, with area specific additional expenditure.  The average gross margin for Ghaghra Basin in the present scenario works out to Rs. 15271 per ha. The gross margin for Ghaghra Basin is expected to increase from Rs. 15271 to Rs. 39301 per ha in 2025, Rs. 52790 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 68256 per ha in 2045 through appropriate land and water resource management. The food grain production for year 2025, 2035 and 2045 works out to 285, 300 and 324 kg/person, respectively, which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 kg/person as per the State Water Policy.

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 Implementation of conjunctive use and all other intervention measures as detailed is required. Only supply management is not a holistic and sustainable solution for future. In addition of supply and allocation management we have to start working on demand management. Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors is to be achieved. It will be required to promote use of recycled water in all the sectors. Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane along with crop diversification is to be done.  Implementation of recommended action plan, as enclosed is the only sustainable solution with optimisation of land and water resources and maintaining environmental flows under a river basin framework and elevating the socio-economic status.

Based on detailed analyses of availability and requirement of land, water and other resources, administrative, socio-economic and other issues in Ghaghra Basin, the following action plan in order of priority, given in Table 8.1 appear to be realistic in order to enhance socio-economic level of people by maximisation of productivity of land and water resources through integrated water resource management. Other General Recommendations are given in Table 8.2.

Water resources management refers to a whole range of different activities: resource assessment, demand management, modelling, design of measures and strategies, resource development, operation and maintenance, implementation of policy, monitoring, and evaluation. It also covers supportive activities such as institutional reform. For permanent and sustainable solution all the recommended actions are required to be taken simultaneously.

Road map of activities proposed for a. Better governance b. Better source / supply management c. Better demand management / improved Water Use Efficiency d. Water Quality e. Water Economics and Financing f. Sustainable Water budgeting and agencies responsible for each task/activity.

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Table 8.1 : Recommended Action Plan

Estimated Cost, Cr. S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Rs. (at 2017 price Responsibility No. Value Addition level) SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Domestic water requirement of Urban domestic water supply to major towns should be Will arrest the fast depletion UP Jal Nigam, Urban spots made surface water based. rate of ground water levels. UPIWRD, Urban Energy cost for lifting will Development Deptt. come down, however agriculture shortage may increase. That can be managed by promotion of micro irrigation or other water saving methods. 2 Treatment of Waste Water Treatment of waste water in 36 towns of Ghaghra 954.6 Will maintain water quality Namami Gange, UP Basin, additional STP requirement is 315.05 MLD. within permissible limits. The Jal Nigam, Urban environmental and ecological Development Deptt., issues will be resolved. Industries Deptt. Treated water will be available for reuse. 3 Establishment and 1- Completing registration process and elect water 210.63 Capacity building and power UPIWRD strengthening of water users’ user’s association members as per PIM act 2010 transfer to WUAs as per PIM association 2- Capacity building and power transfer to water users’ act, for their role in associations as per PIM act. optimisation of land and water resources. 4 Implementation of conjunctive 1- Correction of system deficiencies for equity of canal 836.41 Land and water resources will UPIWRD use water by restoring the canal/drain section for present 1890.02 be optimised. availability of rainwater, surface water, ground water, existing cropped area, cropping intensity and its future possible trend. 2- Additional 35937 shallow borings for fully utilising 484.93 Use of available water MI Deptt. the replenishable ground water resources. To be resources will be optimized implemented in a phased manner. and productivity will increase. 3- Sodic land can be reclaimed after implementation of 1382.98 An area of 276596 ha will UPIWRD, Rural Conjunctive use provide additional production. Development Deptt., Agriculture Deptt.

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Estimated Cost, Cr. S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Rs. (at 2017 price Responsibility No. Value Addition level) 5 Increasing water use efficiency 1- Promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation 1091.83 Promotion of micro irrigation UPIWRD, MI Deptt., in 231836.7 ha area will Agriculture Deptt. increase water use efficiency by saving water. 2- CADWM Works 1091.83 UPIWRD, CADWM Deptt. 6 Water harvesting 1- Roof top rain water harvesting should be made 476.60 Rooftop area of 7.41 sq.km in Urban and Rural compulsory in urban spots. 5 urban spots will provide an Development Deptt. additional recharge of 6.48 MCM. 2- Integrated watershed development with emphasis on 124.845 Watershed development UPIWRD, Rural soil and water conservation. activity in 24969 ha area will Development Deptt., provide an additional recharge Agriculture Deptt. of 4.99 MCM. 3- Wetland development for recharge and 1415.16 Wetland development activity UPIWRD, Rural environmental & socio-economic benefits such as in 38042 ha area will provide Development Deptt., drinking, fisheries, recreation etc. an additional recharge of Fisheries Deptt., 63.91 MCM. Agriculture Deptt. 10457.83 (including 497.99 Total for preparatory activities)

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Table 8.2 : Other General Recommendations

Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition A. PLANNING 1 Keeping and updation of water 1- Remove hurdles in data sharing policy. Users’ participation in UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., related data base on common 2- Web base data sharing and updation facility on optimisation of land and water Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, platform in public domain GIS/prescribed formats in public domain should be made resources. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., functional as early as possible. Animal Husbandry, Industries Deptt., Forest Deptt. and other Stakeholders 2 Holistic approach in water 1- The project planning and management should be on Optimise land and water UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., resources planning and holistic approach from expert’s wing at basin levels and the resources Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, management execution should be done separately by each concern Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., department. Animal Husbandry, Industries Deptt., 2- Water allocation to different sectors as per State water Forest Deptt. and other Stakeholders policy and its review as per basin plan, after every 5 years is to be done by experts at basin level and supervised by Regulatory commission. 3 Proper assessment of ground 1- Proper assessment of static and dynamic ground water Will help in proper assessment UPGWD, CGWB water source is to be done on basin/sub-basin levels. and sustainable management 2- Ground water replenishable resource utilised for of resources for future. pumping, converted in baseflow or utilised in charging the adjacent basin/sub-basins needs to be assessed properly. 3- Bore log details, aquifer parameters and pump test results-based aquifer mapping are required at large scales for more sensitive/vulnerable areas, especially urban spots. B. REGULATORY 4 Strengthening of water 1- Appointment of Members Optimise land and water GoUP, UPIWRD regulatory authority 2- Strengthening SWaRA and SWARDAC with resources appointment of experts 3- Establish separate permanent cadre of experts at Basin levels, as already proposed in SWaRA and SWARDAC 5 Ground water regulation bill 1- Commercial, Industrial and Bulk users need to get prior Will help in regulation of UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., approval before abstracting ground water ground water Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural Development Deptt. 6 Maintaining environmental/ 1- Barrage/Canal regulation orders to be issued weekly by Healthy eco and GoUP, UPIWRD ecological flows the concerned Chief engineer, and he should fix minimum environmental system will

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition recommended downstream releases, required from create healthy atmosphere for ecological, environmental or bathing point of view. mankind and livelihood. 2- Unauthorised sand mining should be restricted, so that it does not disturb river ecosystem. 7 Climate change 1- Proper forecast will certainly alert the cultivators for Timely forecast will minimise GoUP, UPIWRD, MI Deptt., crop diversification as reduction in rainfall or change in the impact of climate change. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, weather parameters may increase the agriculture shortages, Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., which will affect the crop productivity. Real time web- Animal Husbandry, Industries Deptt., based climate and flow data should be shared in public Forest Deptt. and other Stakeholders domain. 8 Flood forecasting 1- A real time GIS based, Flood Management Information Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD System (FMIS) using the rainfall, GDSQ, topography, river persons and livestock morphology, Imageries, embankments, human including loss of movable interventions and other relevant data should be developed property will be minimised. for entire U.P, to provide information at various levels viz. district, block and village to facilitate the authority for planning of relief, mitigation measures and to flood affected population. 9 River zone demarcation 1- Through government orders, permanent/temporary flood Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD zones need to be demarcated, after detailed field survey. No persons and livestock kaccha/pucca structures are to be allowed in permanent including loss of movable flood zone areas and no pucca structures are to be allowed property will be minimised. in temporary flood zone areas. 10 Use of recycled water 1- Promote grey water management at HH level and Will increase water resource GoUP, UPIWRD, UP Jal Nigam, Urban community level through construction of simple structures, and reduce the demand of Development Deptt., Industries Deptt. in and around homes and public places specifically around fresh water. water sources. (Grey water includes water that comes out from after bathing, kitchen use, laundry etc. devoid of feco- urine contamination.) 2- Incentive for use of recycled water in house hold/multi- storeyed complexes. 3- Incentive for use of treated waste water through STP. 4- Pilot Study on use of treated waste water through STP for irrigation. 5- Incentive for use of recycled water in industries. 6- Use rate of recycled/treated water should be kept low from that of fresh water.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 11 Demand management 1- Only supply management is not a holistic and Future sustainability of land GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., sustainable solution for future. and water resources. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, 2- Implementation of conjunctive use and all other Industries Deptt. intervention measures as detailed above will only retard the process of depletion of our resources. Ultimately in long run, most blocks will be overstressed. So, in addition of supply and allocation management we have to start working seriously on demand management. 3- Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors. 4- Promoting use of recycled water in all the sectors. 5- Development and promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. 6- Minimise losses/wastages in drinking, industrial and agriculture sectors. C. EXECUTION 12 Implementation of conjunctive 1- Based on the availability of surface water and ground Land and water resources will UPWaMReC, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI use water conjunctive use plan should be implemented at be optimised. Deptt., Agriculture Deptt. minor/outlet levels. 2- Water tariff issues in implementation of conjunctive use are to be resolved by Regulatory commission. 3- Tubewells should be permitted in canal command areas along main canals and feeder, where excessive use of canal water is converting the land into sodic land. Ground water use in such areas should be promoted. 4- Canal roster should be developed for equitable distribution of water to increase water use efficiency and osrabandi should be strictly implemented at water user’s association levels. 13 Crop intensification and 1- Diversification to less water consuming crops Optimise land and water Agriculture Deptt. diversification 2- Crop plans need to be implemented agro-climatic zone resources wise, based on soil health card to achieve best returns. 3- Demo size should be increased, as the marginal land holding cultivators are not capable of facing the worst situation created due to non-availability of timely inputs of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 14 Increasing water use efficiency 1- Equity of canal water and osrabandi. Land and water resources will UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., 2- Lining of canal, where seepage is more than ground be optimised. Agriculture Deptt. water admissible use 3- Promote crop diversification for less water consuming crops, crops of lesser duration and horticulture. 4- Adopt suitable water conservation procedures, involve the minimizing of water losses, prevention of water wastage, etc., with promotion of CADA and micro irrigation. 15 Use of surplus monsoon flows 1- If the ppm is within permissible limits, surplus available Will provide additional UPIWRD, UPGWD monsoon flows should be utilised to maximum through recharge to ground water. existing infrastructure of canal diversion or lift schemes to provide irrigation/additional recharge to ground water. 2- Feasibility Study for utilization of surplus monsoon flows at Dams and Barrages. 16 Water harvesting 1- Surrounding and adjacent areas to complexes and roads Will provide additional GoUP, UPIWRD, Urban and Rural in urban areas should be kept grassed to provide surplus resource for use. Development Deptt., Forest Deptt. and recharge. other Stakeholders 2- Tanks, Ponds and water bodies providing good source of recharge, should not be encroached and additional structures need to be developed for additional recharge. 3- Dense forestation along canals, roads, drains and barren spaces will provide additional recharge to ground water and control the temperature, thereby reduce the crop ET requirement. 17 Reclamation of sodic 1- Implementation of conjunctive use will help in Will provide additional area UPIWRD, Rural Development Deptt. land/water-logged sustainability of reclaimed sodic land. for cropping and will increase Agriculture Deptt. areas/drainage network 2- Drainage line, should account for topography, soil, slope returns. factor, water bodies and cropped area. Only surplus water should be drained out, as water in drains also provide a good source of recharge to ground water. 18 Integrated watershed 1- Integrated use, regulation and development of water and Watershed development UPIWRD, Rural Development Deptt. development land resources of each watershed with emphasis on soil and activity will provide an Agriculture Deptt. water conservation by construction of contour bunds. additional recharge 2- After detailed survey, if topography permits, series of check dams in head reaches of drains, need to be proposed to prevent soil erosion and increase recharge.

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 19 For overexploited and critical Only supply management is not a holistic and sustainable Will arrest the fast depletion GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., blocks solution for future. rate of ground water levels. Agriculture Deptt. 1- Implementation of conjunctive use 2- Wetland development 3- Roof top harvesting 4- Watershed management 5- Promotion of micro irrigation 6- Demand management.  Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors  Promoting use of recycled water with incentive in all the sectors.  Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane is need of the day to save future. D. MONITORING 20 Water quality monitoring 1- Surface water quality, especially down stream of urban Will sound environmental and UP Jal Nigam, CGWB, UPGWD, UP spots should be kept within permissible limits. ecological flows. PCB, CPCB, CWC 2- Treated waste water disposal and industrial waste should be within permissible limits. 3- Area specific ground water issues of arsenic and fluoride needs regular watch and control measures. 21 Economic growth verses 1- We are concerned with the economic growth as well as Doubling the income of small GoUP, Agriculture Deptt. Agriculture growth agriculture growth, especially for 85% small land holding land holding cultivators cultivators. 2- Government need to fix MSP, for diversified crops, at least double the input cost and make arrangement for lifting produce from cultivator’s doorstep. 22 Public awareness 1- All the Gram Panchayats and Sarpanchs should be Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., trained and motivated regarding forestation, water sustainability of resources Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, conservation, quality and economic use. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., 2- Students at school and College levels should be made Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural aware of water crises in future. Development Deptt. 3- Forestation, water harvesting, reuse of grey water and economic use should be promoted in Urban and rural populated areas on priority.

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Ghaghra Basin Plan

Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 23 Monitoring and Evaluation to 1- Regular monitoring and evaluation is must for all the Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., Ensure availability and recommended actions. sustainability of resources. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, sustainable management of 2- Regarding water quality, environmental and ecological Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Water for all with possible flow issues, it can be linked to present Swach Bharat Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural indicators for Mission agenda of Central government. Development Deptt. 1-Water Measurement The parameters further to be reviewed may be: 2-Water Conservation 3- Proportion of population having access to safe drinking 3-Water Demand Management water. 4-Water Productivity 4- Proportion of wastewater (domestic and industrial) being 5-Water Quality recycled and reused. 6-Participatory Water 5- Percentage Ground Water withdrawal against Management availability. 7-Water Economics 6- Per capita availability of water (m3/person). 7- Percentage of River basins brought under Integrated Water Resources Management. 8- Area under overexploited blocks. 9- Number of overexploited blocks. 10- Percentage sewage load treated in major rivers. 11- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area brought under WUAs. 12- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area managed by WUAs.

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