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An Ecological Reconnaissance of the Artemisia Steppe on the East Central Owyhee Uplands of Oregon

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An Ecological Reconnaissance of the Artemisia Steppe on the East Central Owyhee Uplands of Oregon AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ROGER NORMAN CULVER for the M. S. in Range Management (Name) (Degree) (Major Date thesis is presented May 13, 1964 Title AN ECOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF THE ARTEMISIA STEPPE ON THE EAST CENTRAL OWYHEE UPLANDS OF OREGON Abstract approved (Major o essor As the management of range lands is intensified or as improve- ment activity is increased, a critical need is seen to refine the understanding of the ecology of these lands. If soil surveys on range lands are to be meaningful and useful, the relationship between the fundamental ecological units and the taxonomic soil units must be clearly understood. This refined understanding of range resources is prerequisite to success in resource inventory (whether by range site, soils, or vegetation and soils mapping), in condition and trend measurement, and in wise location of range improvement projects. The urgent need for this knowledge of range ecology led to this study as a test of a simpler and faster ecological method for the accumulation of interpretable facts on the ecology of the Artemisia steppe vegetation. Using reconnaissance methods, vegetation and soils were studied together in the east central Owyhee Uplands near Jordan Valley, Oregon. Qualitative vegetation data, soil profile descrip- tions and information concerning other physical environmental fac- tors were recorded at each study location. Following the polyclimax and habitat -type concepts of ecology the vegetation of the study area was resolved into eight homogeneous vegetation units as phytometers of their respective environment as follows: Artemisia tridentata /Agropyron spicatum association, Artemisia tridentata /Agropyron spicatum association, Festuca idahoensis phase, Artemisia tridentata /Festuca idahoensis association, Artemisia tridentata /Elymus cinereus association, Artemisia tridentata - Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus /Stipa thurberiana associes, Artemisia rigida /Poa secunda association, Artemisia arbuscula /Festuca idahoensis association, Artemisia arbuscula / Agropyron spicatum association. A key to the field recognition of these habitat -types is presented. These plant communities are related to ten soil series which include soils of the Brown Great Soil Group, Minimal Brown soils, and one Lithosol. With the exception of one community, Artemisia tridentata /Elymus cinereus association, excellent relationships were found to exist between the independently developed vegetation and soils classification units. AN ECOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF THE ARTEMISIA STEPPE ON THE EAST CENTRAL OWYHEE UPLANDS OF OREGON by ROGER NORMAN CULVER A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 1964 APPROVED: Professor of Range- áólogy In C arge of Major Head ßf Department of Animal Science Head of Department of Farm Crops Dean of raduate School '111 7, Date thesis is presented ( a Typed by Bernice Caceres ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express especial thanks and appreciation to Dr. C. E. Poulton for his guidance during this study. Apprecia- tion is also extended to Dr. G. H. Simonson for his help in soils interpretation and to other members of my graduate committee- - Dr. C. T. Youngberg, Dr. D. W. Hedrick, and Dr. W. W. Chilcote. The writer is grateful for support in part by Western Regional Project W -25, The Ecology and Improvement of Brush- Infested Ranges. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 3 General 3 Geology 3 Topography 6 Climate 6 Vegetation 8 Soils 9 METHODS 13 General 13 Choosing the Sampling Location 13 Vegetation Data 14 Soils Data 16 Other Site Factors 16 Interpretation and Related Ecological Principles 17 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS 20 General 20 Artemisia tridentata Types 24 Artemisia tridentata /Agropyron spicatum Association 24 Typical Artemisia tridentata /Agropyron spicatum Association 24 Festuca idahoensis Phase, Artemisia tridentata / Agropyron spicatum Association 31 Artemisia tridentata /Festuca idahoensis Association 33 Artemisia tridentata- Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus /Stipa thurberiana Associes 36 Artemisia tridentata /Elymus cinereus Association 39 Artemisia rigida Type 42 Artemisia rigida /Poa secunda Association 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Artemisia arbuscula Types 45 Artemisia arbuscula /Festuca idahoensis Association 45 Artemisia arbuscula /Agropyron spicatum Association 49 An Artemisia arbuscula /Agropyron spicatum Variant 52 PRACTICAL APPLICATION 54 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY 63 APPENDIX 66 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Map showing the geographical location and land form of the study area. Notice the relatively smooth topography of the study area and the mountains surrounding its eastern half. 4 2 Hythergraph for the Danner, Oregon Weather Station, 1943 -1962 inclusive. 7 3 A typical representative Brown soil of the study area. 10 4 A stand characterized by Artemisia tridentata. The dominant grass is Agropyron spicatum. 21 5 A stand characterized by Artemisia rigida. The dominant grass is Poa secunda. 22 6. A stand characterized by Artemisia arbuscula. Agropyron spicatum is the dominant grass. 23 7 Histogram showing the relationship of percent stone cover and exposed ground on the soil surface in the eight plant communities. 44 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Important characteristics of Artemisia tridentata dominated associations. 25 2 Association table including stands repre- senting the Artemisia tridentata /Agropyron spicatum association and the Festuca idaho- ensis phase of this association. 27 3 Occurrence of the plant communities on specific soil series. 29 4 Summary of the important differentiating characteristics among the tentative soil series of the east central Owyhee Uplands of Oregon. 30 5 Important characteristics of the Artemisia arbuscula dominated associations 46 6 Summary of species restricted to stands domi- nated by either Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia rigida, or Artemisia tridentata 51 7 Key to eight environmental units in the east central Owyhee Uplands of Oregon ... 55 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table Page A A summary of physical environmental factors- vegetation unit relationships. 67 B The average and range of cover percent for shrubs, grasses and sedges of the eight plant communities of the east central Owyhee Uplands. 68 C The presence percentage and dominance index of the species which comprise eight plant communities of the east central Owyhee Uplands of Oregon. 69 D Categories for vegetation and site factor reconnaissance 78 E Soil profile descriptions. 81 F Species list. 98 AN ECOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF THE ARTEMISIA STEPPE ON THE EAST CENTRAL OWYHEE UPLANDS OF OREGON INTRODUCTION Expanding activity in range improvement near Jordan Valley, Oregon, precipitated recognition of the need for a better understand- ing of the range resource in this area. This ecological problem was approached with the purpose of defining the ecology of the landscape as a basis for this understanding and for management inventories. To accomplish this purpose, a study was begun in the summer of 1963 with methods designed to fulfill two primary objectives -- namely, (1) to obtain information from which natural vegetation units of the landscape could be hypothecated from observable characteristics inherent in the vegetation stands and, (2) to relate these vegetation classification units to specific soil units and other permanent site characteristics. Modern ecological interpretations have not previously been made in the immediate area of this study. Therefore, to facilitate adequate sampling of the more important ecological variations in the area, a reconnaissance level of investigation was followed. This level has the strong advantage of making possible sampling at many locations over a wide geographic area within a relatively short time. The obvious disadvantages of a reconnaissance technique are fully 2 compensated by the more adequate sampling of variation in presence and dominance throughout the area (20, p. 253). Using these and other criteria, phytosociological interpretations of vegetation data were made according to the polyclimax and the complementary habitat-type-1/concepts (26 and 7). This level of ecological interpretation is necessary as the first step in understanding the phytosociology of the resource. Con- firming, or rejecting and modifying these classification hypotheses will eventually be done as more quantitative, statistical investiga- tions are made as a second phase of phytosociological research in the study area (22). In the meantime, useful knowledge of range ecology will have been materially advanced. 1/ The habitat -type is the collective area which an association occupies or will come to occupy as succession advances (7). 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA General: The study area is located near the town of Jordan Valley in Malheur County, Oregon. The forty -third parallel north intersects longitude 117 degrees 20 minutes west near the center of this area. The western part of the study area is bordered by the Owyhee River with the exception of the southwest corner where Jordan Creek serves as a boundary (Figure 1). The eastern half is bordered by the slopes of Mahogany Mountain and the Owyhee Mountains. Jordan Creek, which drains into the Owyhee River, runs completely through the area. Its only important tributary within the study area is Cow Creek. Elevation ranges from 4,000 feet to 4,800 feet. Geology: The study area lies within the Columbia Plateau physiographic province (16). A further subdivision
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