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The Frim/Iibc Control Programme for Malawi

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The Frim/Iibc Control Programme for Malawi Exotic aphid pest of conifers Produced by: Forestry Department Title: Exotic aphid pests of conifers... More details THE FRIM/IIBC CONTROL PROGRAMME FOR MALAWI By S.T. Murphy International Institute of Biological Control Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road Ascot, Berks SL5 7TA, UK INTRODUCTION The International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC) is a non-profit, fully international organization dedicated to providing a world service in biological control. IIBC is an institute of CAB International. It has its headquarters in the UK and African stations in Kenya and Benin. In March 1991, IIBC began a programme of biological control for the three conifer aphid pests in collaboration with the Forest research Institute of Malawi (FRIM). The project is supported by the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the UK Government. A substantial part of the project will support IIBC scientists, based in the UK, to undertake exploration, research and quarantine of biological control agents for the three aphid species. This work will be focused in Europe. In addition, IIBC scientists will provide a training course and bench training to FRIM scientists in relevant areas of biological control. FRIM scientists will undertake pre and post-release studies on the natural enemies and their impact. The project is for five years. The IIBC-FRIM project will generate information useful to other affected countries in the region. Assistance to those countries, however, will require expansion of the exploration programme and, of course, support for strengthening of their own national programmes. OBJECTIVES The principle objective of the proposed project is to achieve long-lasting control of the exotic aphid pests, Pineus pini , Eulachnus rileyi and Cinara cupressi in conifer plantations in Malawi. This objective will be achieved through a programme of classical biological control involving exploration for specific natural enemies into Malawi, and release and monitoring in forest plantations. A secondary objective of the project is to establish the capability of the Forest Department and Forest Research Institute in Malawi to carry out biological control by training local staff in biological control methods and establishing a local biological control facility. The project would be carried out through a collaborative programme by the International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC) of CAB International and the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM). http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/u4778e/U4778E07.htm Exotic aphid pest of conifers PHASE 1 NATURAL ENEMY SURVEYS AND SELECTION IN EUROPE AND ESTABLISHING BIOCONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE IN MALAWI EXPLORATION IN EUROPE - IIBC Surveys would be carried out in UK and Europe by entomologists based at IIBC's UK Station at Silwood Park, to determine the range of natural enemies associated with each of the three aphids. The surveys would not only determine the natural enemy complexes of the aphids but would also indicate the location of suitable field sites for the collection of specific natural enemy species for further investigation. EVALUATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES - IIBC The natural enemies collected during the surveys would be evaluated and reared using the facilities of the IIBC UK Station. Investigations of the biology of the natural enemies is an essential step in the selection of the most appropriate species for use in a release programme. The specificity of the natural enemies needs to be determined to ensure selection of species that will concentrate their action on the target pest. The synchronization of the natural enemies with their host is important in ensuring that their control potential is maximized. The environmental requirements of the natural enemies must be investigated to determine the most appropriate sites for their release. Finally, methods for the laboratory handling of the natural enemies are a prerequisite for the rearing of the selected species in sufficient numbers for field release. DEVELOPMENT OF REARING METHODOLOGY - IIBC Once suitable natural enemies have been selected for each of the target aphid pests, laboratory or insectary rearing can be developed by IIBC to ensure a sufficient supply of insects for local rearing and field release in Malawi. TRAINING OF MALAWI STAFF - IIBC/FRIM Additional local staff need to be taken on in Malawi in the middle of year 2 to start on the local rearing and monitoring. A 2 week training course, based at FRIM, would take place during the second half of year 2. The course would be taught by IIBC/FRIM to provide local technical staff with the skills required to ensure successful rearing, release and monitoring of the natural enemies in Malawi. MONITORING OF PEST ABUNDANCE - IIBC/FRIM Following provision of guidelines, training and advice by IIBC, monitoring of pest abundance would be undertaken by FRIM staff prior to release of the natural enemies to provide baseline data for assessing the effectiveness of the biocontrol programme. PHASE 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOCONTROL IN MALAWI QUARANTINE, SHIPMENTS AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF REARING METHODOLOGY - IIBC Following Phase 1, further developments in rearing techniques will be required in UK and selected http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/u4778e/U4778E07.htm Exotic aphid pest of conifers natural enemies would be processed for shipment in Malawi in years 3 and 4. One of the most important steps is the quarantining of natural enemies prior to shipment to ensure that the material does not harbour associated hyperparasitoids or pathogens, including plant pathogens. FIELD RELEASE IN MALAWI - FRIM Guidelines and advice would be provided by IIBC for rearing of natural enemies at FRIM and the selection of field sites for their release. FRIM staff would carry out large scale rearing and would be responsible for the rearing programme in Malawi. Successive releases of natural enemies would be carried out during years 3 to 5 of the project. MONITORING IMPACT OF NATURAL ENEMIES - FRIM Monitoring of pest and natural enemy abundance by FRIM staff will continue after release of the natural enemies. The monitoring of the release programme is a particularly important aspect of the project as it provides the necessary feedback for assessing the establishment and effectiveness of the natural enemies; this in turn permits evaluation of the success of the project in achieving its primary objective. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR KENYA By J. G. Mwangi Manager, National Cypress Aphid Project Kenya INTRODUCTION Integrated pest management (IPM) is defined as the optimization of pest control in an economically and ecologically sound manner (Apple 1979). It is a recipe of biological, cultural, genetic, mechanical and chemical tactics used individually or in combination to maintain pest damage below the economic injury level * while providing protection against hazards to humans, animals, plants and the environment. Components of the Kenyan IPM are enumerated as follows: 1. The extent of damage by Cinara cupressi will be shown. 2. The management units are emergency control, genetic control and biological control. 3. Development of appropriate technologies for the affore mentioned management units. 4. Development of reliable monitoring techniques. 5. Development of a descriptive and predictive model. 6. Establishment of economic thresholds. 7. Technology transfer is ongoing through extension seminars, local papers, radio and television. With the exception of item 1, these activities are yet to be carried out and that crystallizes the bulk of the Kenyan IPM as will be described in the subsequent text. EXTENT OF DAMAGE In Kenya, so far, the most severely affected tree is Cupressus lusitanica . Kenya, which has the largest area of industrial forest plantations of Cupressus lusitanica is planted on about 86,000 ha. Out of this, about 5,153 ha has been infested by the aphid to variable damage levels ranging from slight to severe. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/u4778e/U4778E07.htm Exotic aphid pest of conifers Damage levels for other members of the Cupressaceae, Juniperus procera , Thuja occidentalis and Callitris robusta has, in the first year of attack, been slight in most parts of Kenya. It is not known whether this will be the same after the second year of attack. Juniperus procera , which covers about 200,000 ha, mainly in water catchment areas, is currently a great source of national concern. EMERGENCY CONTROL The activities of this management objective comprise identification and survey of the infested areas, screening and application of pesticides and salvage. Ground surveys are ongoing but are inadequate because of the lack of adequate transport. Aerial survey, using low flying aircraft techniques is intended to begin in September 1991 through FAO funding. Both aerial and ground surveys for identification of infested areas is scheduled to be completed within eight months of the project. Screening of locally available pesticides has been carried out and relative toxicities (LC 90 ) determined ( Fig 1 ). These are categorized in the broad spectrum range and selective, environmentally friendly aphicides are yet to be screened. Chemicals are currently being used to control the aphid on people's hedges and nurseries. Plans are to also use chemicals in high value seed orchards and arboretums but not in conventional plantations because this would be prohibitively expensive and socially and environmentally unacceptable. Various modes of pesticides application have been tested at the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). Soil applications
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