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Worldwide Biological Control of Arthropods from a Pacific Perspective

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Worldwide Biological Control of Arthropods from a Pacific Perspective Worldwide Biological Control of Arthropods from a Pacific Perspective Ross H. Miller Western Pacific Tropical Research Center University of Guam Characteristics of Many Small Pacific Islands • Small in area • Tropical or subtropical climate • Relatively low plant & animal species richness • Highly vulnerable to invasive species • Fragile and moderately resilient ecosystems • Relatively low fresh water supplies - fresh water lens and/or runoff from high islands • Subject to frequent tropical storms and typhoons • Small farms: many < 5 ha • Low GDP & per capita income – limited or no internal funds for BC exploration, quarantine, follow-up • Limited or no BC quarantine facilities • Limited expertise or capacity for BC • Varying access to technical expertise, training, capacity building • Limited and expensive transportation – for people or BC agents • Island groups organized into coalitions or federations; Often associated with a dominant regional power • Major industry – varies: fishing, tourism, agriculture, military Guam’s Agricultural Community •Small family plots < 5 ha •Retirees – supplemental income •Subsistence farmers – immigrants •Relatively few commercial farmers - generally small scale compared to mainland •Golf courses – hotels/resorts •Small but vocal •Politically connected and very active •Very supportive of agriculture activities •Guardians of “traditional” cultural values E 90 120 Feb 60 DecJan Mar SE Nov Apr NE May Jun 150 30 Jul Oct Direction Degrees Direction Aug Sep S 180 0 N 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Wind Speed (m/s) Wind Speed (m/s) 60 40 Wind:Mean Rainfall Speed 1945-1997 and Direction Temperature 1945-1997 35 50 30 40 25 30 20 Rainfall (cm) Rainfall 15 20 C Temperature 10 10 5 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Fig. 5. Rainfall and temperature data for Guam. Probability: Tropical Cyclone Within 180 Miles of Guam Month Tropical Storm Typhoon January 1 every 15 years 1 every 15 years February 1 every 46 years 1 every 46 years March 1 every 46 years 1 every 46 years April 1 every 23 years 1 every 12 years May 1 every 23 years 1 every 9 years June 1 every 8 years 1 every 46 years July 1 every 4 years 1 every 23 years August 1 every 3 years 1 every 23 years September 1 every 2 years 1 every 8 years October 1 every 2 years 1 every 6 years November 1 every 2 years 1 every 7 years December 1 every 7 years 1 every 8 years Year 2.5 every 1 year 1 every 1 year Probability of a Significant Storm Striking the Western Pacific Increases During El Nino Year (ie. Now) Obstacles to Biological Control in Small Pacific Islands • Annual Typhoons and Tropical Storms • High Pesticide Use on Small-Area Farms • Farmer community unaware of Biological Control • BC Obstructionists – anti Biological Control individuals or agencies - “I’ll do what I want types” Opportunities for Biological Control in Small Pacific Islands • Insular environment • Relatively simple species complexes • Nearly all pest species are exotic invasive species • Streamlined local permitting process The World’s Least Wanted IUCN–The World Conservation Union recently released a list titled 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species. Among the invertebrates included are these 14 insects now in North America. Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) Big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala) Common malaria mosquito (Anopheles quadrimaculatus) Common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) Crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) Cypress aphid (Cinara cupressi) Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus shiraki) Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) CTAHR University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension Two Pacific BC Activities Based on Prior/Ongoing US BC Programs Aphid Biological Control – Guam, CNMI, Palau: Outgrowth of Russian wheat aphid BC in western US using aphidiids collected worldwide and released in US Papaya Mealybug Biological Control – Guam, Palau: Based on APHIS BC project for Florida and Caribbean using parasitoids obtained via APHIS from Puerto Rico Aphids Island surveys, quarantine introduction, mass rearing, release, follow-up Guam Releases: > 10 K aphidiids A. colemani A. gossypii (Chilean strain) T. citricida Recovered A. craccivora P. nigronervosa D. rapae A. gossypii (Washington state strain) T. citricida Recovered A. craccivora P. nigronervosa L. testaceipes A. gossypii (Oklahoma 1970’s) T. citricida Established on Guam A. craccivora P. nigronervosa A. gossypii A. colemani (introduced) Saipan A. craccivora D. rapae (introduced & recovered) P. nigronervosa L. testaceipes (introduced) T. citricida A. gossypii A. colemani (introduced) Tinian A. craccivora D. rapae (introduced) P. nigronervosa L. testaceipes (introduced) T. citricida A. gossypii A. colemani (introduced) Rota A. craccivora D. rapae (introduced) P. nigronervosa L. testaceipes (self introduced; T. Citricida established and spreading) •Aphis gossypii, P. nigronervosa, A. craccivora No parasitoids Palau •Guam reared L. testaceipes released against A. gossypii in Koror and Babeldaup •Follow-up surveys indicate it is not yet established To Date: no significant control of aphids by aphidiids in Micronesia Why??????? Micro-satellite and COx1 barcoding of aphid collections worldwide Based on primers developed for apple aphid in Canada – Aphis pomi Aphis gossypii – collection of distinct genotypes Pentalonia nigronervosa – 2 distinct species P. nigronervosa – banana, taro (rarely) P. caladii – elevation of forma “caladii” to full species status (ginger, taro, others) Canonical Discriminant Analysis Ordination of A. gossypii from Guam on three hosts Axis 2 contrasts between: Lengths of terminal process, tibia and siphunculus vs Lengths of rostrum, tarsus, and widths of appendages Scaevola cucumber Axis 2 Axis taro Axis1: contrasts between: Lengths of terminal process, setae, tibia and tarsus vs Lengths of siphunculus, rostrum, Axis 1 and antennal segment 5 1% COx1 Barcoding Data COx1 sequence divergence among A. gossypii samples much less than } among diverse Aphis species. Seq class 2 (on taro (+1 on melon)) } Seq class 8 (on Scaevola) } Other frangulae group species soybean aphid Musa | USA: Florida (CNC#HEM056689, CNC#HEM057951) Musa | Guam (CNC#HEM050440, CNC#HEM050586, CNC#HEM050454, CNC#HEM050645, CNC#HEM050588, CNC#HEM050597, CNC#HEM050645, Pentalonia nigronervosa CNC#HEM054616, CNC#HEM057382, CNC#HEM057383, CNC#HEM057384, CNC#HEM057385, CNC#HEM057386, CNC#HEM057387, CNC#HEM057390, Musa | CNMI: Tinian (CNC#HEM050482, CNC#HEM051909) Musa | Micronesia: Yap (CNC#HEM055095) Musa | Micronesia: Kosrae (CNC#HEM051969, CNC#HEM051972) Musa | Micronesia: Pohnpei (CNC#HEM057836, CNC#HEM057837, CNC#HEM057838) Heliconia | Guam (CNC#HEM057389 Zingiber | CNMI: Rota (CNC#HEM050476, CNC#HEM050476.2) Heliconia | Micronesia: Pohnpei (CNC#HEM057831) Cyrtosperma | Micronesia: .Pohnpei (CNC#HEM057827, CNC#HEM057828, , CNC#HEM057832, CNC#HEM057833) Colocasia esculenta | Micronesia: .Pohnpei (CNC#HEM057834) Alpinia | Micronesia.Pohnpei (CNC#HEM051824, CNC#HEM057825) Musa | Micronesia: Pohnpei (CNC#HEM057826) Zingiber | Micronesia: Pohnpei (CNC#HEM054529) Alpinia | Guam (CNC#HEM057388) Zingiber | Guam (CNC#HEM050456, CNC#HEM052080, CNC#HEM054584) Zingiber | CNMI: Rota (CNC#HEM050473) Hedychium | USA: Florida (CNC#HEM057500) Colocasia esculenta | Palau (CNC#HEM051902) Zingiber | Palau (CNC#HEM050519) Musa | Palau (CNC#HEM050520) Hedychium coronarium | USA: Hawai (CNC#HEM051881, CNC#HEM058112, CNC#HEM058125) Alpinia purpurata | USA: Hawai (CNC#HEM051823, CNC#HEM058113 Colcassia esculenta | USA: Hawai (CNC#HEM051862, CNC#HEM057377, CNC#HEM057379, CNC#HEM057381) Pentalonia caladii Zingiber | USA: Hawaii (CNC#HEM051859, CNC#HEM051894) Alpinia purpurata (USA: .Hawaii (CNC#HEM051823, CNC#HEM058113) Colocasia esculenta | USA: Hawaii (CNC#HEM058109) 1 % Papaya Mealybug - Paracoccus marginatus On Papaya On Plumeria On Hibiscus Papaya Mealybug (PPMB) •First described in 1992 from Florida & Caribbean •First reported in St. Martin 1995 •Spread to 13 Caribbean countries, 3 Central American countries, 3 South American countries, and Florida in US USDA & Mexico Collectors Apoanagyrus nr. californicus •Initially screened by USDA-ARS in Delaware Anagyrus loecki •Env. Impact Assmt. performed by USDA-APHIS Acerophagous papayae •Mass reared in Puerto Rico (collaboration between Pseudaphycus sp. USDA & PR Dept. Agric.) Pseudleptomastix mexicana •Released in Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Florida PPMB Established on Guam 2002, Palau 2003, Hawaii 2004 •Guam – Release of 46,200 BC agents, monthly for 5 months; pre & post Typhoon Chataan – 99% population reduction •Palau - Release of 24,568 BC agents; PPMB not detectable after 6 months •Pseudoleptomastix mexicana •Acerophagus papayae •Anagyrus sp. Has Become a Model for Transfer of Classical Biological Control Between Caribbean and Pacific Basins Meyerdirk et al. 2004 Red Imported Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta Photo; S. Porter •From Paraguay River drainage in South America (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay) •Sting produces pustule •Monogyne or polygyne colonies •Exotic in Southern US, Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan Potential World Distribution of Solenopsis invicta based on Temperature & Precipitation* Red = can survive White = unlikely Light green = sufficient rainfall Olive brown = insufficient rain Yellow = possible Location
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