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Equus Quagga Burchelli

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Equus Quagga Burchelli Clinical communication — Kliniese mededeling Putative clinical piroplasmosis in a Burchell’s zebra (Equus quagga burchelli) F Lampena*, R Bhoorab, N E Collinsb and B L Penzhornb 2008. His estimated weight was 350 kg. ABSTRACT From a distance, he appeared in good A 10-year-old tame zebra gelding was presented after suffering from lethargy,nervousness, condition, slightly irritable, with a dull reported anaemia and icterus as well as a decreased appetite. These symptoms were seen coat. He was still eating selected food over some months, with changing severity. The animal was immobilised, treated, and offered by the owner and could be led blood specimens were submitted for haematology and biochemistry. This report describes around a paddock wearing a harness. molecular characterisation of Theileria equi recovered from this animal, as well as the clinical The owner reported a history of lame- findings, treatment and historical relevance of piroplasmosis in zebra in southern Africa. ness, which had been examined years Keywords: Burchell’s zebra, Equus quagga burchelli, piroplasmosis, Theileria equi, treatment. previously. At that stage no treatment was Lampen F, Bhoora R, Collins N E, Penzhorn B L Putative clinical piroplasmosis in a given, other than his hooves being Burchell’s zebra (Equus quagga burchelli). Journal of the South African Veterinary Association trimmed. The animal managed to cope 80(4): 257–260 (En.). Sindisa Wildlife Clinic and Conservation Centre, PO Box 15718, East with the lameness, but chose to generally Lynn, 0039 South Africa. graze in the vicinity of the farm house. A farrier was standing by to cut the hooves again concurrently with the examination. INTRODUCTION characterisation7,13,22. This is especially To allow closer examination, treatment Piroplasms have been reported from true for the parasites which cause equine and blood collection, the animal was various wild ungulate species; frequently piroplasmosis. Recently 3 genetically dis- immobilised by pole syringe using 5 mg they are documentations of organisms tinct T. equi groups have been identified etorphine (M99®, Novartis South Africa; seen on blood smears randomly taken based on 18S rRNA sequence data; simi- 9.8 mg/m ), combined with 60 mg Azape- from clinically normal animals25. larly 2 B. caballi groups have been charac- rone (Stresnil®, Janssen Pharmaceutica; Equine piroplasmosis is caused by 2 terised4. 40 mg/m ). Induction was very good, with intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites, The only reported account of clinical sternal recumbancy reached within 3.5 Babesia caballi and Theileria equi (previ- piroplasmosis, attributed to Theileria equi, minutes. The heart rate was 60 beats/min- ously known as Babesia equi)4,11,21,31. These was in newly captured Grévy’s zebras in ute and respiratory rate 9 breaths/minute. parasites are tick-transmitted and infect Kenya9. A zebra owner and a trapper from Temperature was not taken. The mucous horses, mules, donkeys and zebras. Soon Uganda stated that they lost 20–25 % of membranes appeared normal and no after first being described from horses20,28, their animals to the disease, usually 2–3 other noticeable clinical abnormalities Theileria equi was reported from an East weeks after capture9. were found. Blood was collected from the African plains zebra (Equus quagga)in jugular vein into a 10 m serum (BD 190518. Inoculation of blood from this CASE HISTORY Vacutainer® CAT) and 6 m EDTA (BD zebra into horses caused high fever and The behaviour of a 10-year-old tame Vacutainer®, K2E) vacutainer tube and the appearance of piroplasms, leading to Burchell’s zebra (Equus quagga burchelli) the farrier commenced trimming the the conclusion that zebras are carriers gelding, from Cullinan, Gauteng, South hooves. 18 of the parasite . Piroplasms were also Africa, changed markedly over the course Treatment, by intramuscular injection, reported as an incidental finding from of a few months. The animal had recently consisted of 20 m long-acting penicillin plains zebras from Umfolozi in Kwa- been separated from a zebra mare and (Peni LA® , Virbac), 12 m sulpha- 23 Zulu-Natal, South Africa, in 1931 . Babesia foal due to uncharacteristic and severe diazine/trimethoprim (Norotrim 24®, spp. were reported from both plains and aggression, and now grazed with the Norbrook; Sulphadiazine 200 mg/m and Grévy’s zebras (Equus grevyi) from East local horses on a 100-ha farm. Grazing Trimethoprim 400 mg/m ), 10 m VitBCo 6 Africa . Theileria equi has also been reported consisted mostly of a mixture of sweet injection (Oberon Pharma) and 5 m from Cape mountain zebras (Equus zebra and sour veld grass, but the animal also non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug 30,32 zebra) in South Africa . received additional pelleted horse food. (Ketofen®, Merial; 0.1 g/m ). An anthel- In many cases, identification of piro- He was regularly treated for ticks and mintic (5 m Ivermectin, MDB Iver 1 %, plasms based on morphology in a blood none could be seen on the animal at the CEVA) was also administered. smear is no longer appropriate; more time of examination. The owner noticed In spite of the gelding having a normal specific definition requires molecular that he started behaving in an increas- mucous membrane colour, he was treated ingly abnormal and irritable manner and for piroplasmosis based on the history of aSindisa Wildlife Clinic and Conservation Centre, PO Box that his appetite gradually decreased. His grey and at times ‘orange’ mucous mem- 15718, East Lynn, 0039 South Africa. bDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of coat became very dull, and his gingivae branes, lethargy, decreased appetite, a Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag were orange-yellow, later turning grey- waxing and waning condition and other X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa. ish. He showed pronounced nervous- non-specific symptoms. Eight m imido- *Author for correspondence. ® E-mail: [email protected] ness, which was against his nature. carb dipropionate (Forray 65 , Schering- Received: May 2009. Accepted: October 2009. The animal was examined in November Plough Animal Health), which is a similar 0038-2809 Jl S.Afr.vet.Ass. (2009) 80(4): 257–260 257 dose as given to that for a horse of 400 kg, Table 1: Clinical chemistry and haematology readings for a Burchell’s zebra gelding, was administered intramuscularly. compared to normal values. The general anaesthetic was reversed Normal Mean* (SD)** Unit by administering 1.5 m diprenorphine ® hydrochloride (M5050 , Novartis South Clinical chemistry Africa; 12 mg/m ) intravenously. Recovery Urea 4.3 6.4261 (1.428) mmol/ was prolonged, and the gelding struggled Creatinine 126 167.96 (35.36) µmol/ to stand up. Even after half an hour he Total serum protein 75.3 64 (6) g/ appeared sedated, with his head hang- Albumin 34.7 31 (4) g/ ing. The owner reported that he looked Globulin 40.6 35 (3) g/ listless for the next 3 days, but then picked Albumin/globulin 0.85 up, and recovered well, until he appeared Aspartate aminotransferase 226 334 (88) U/ , 37°C to have returned to his normal demeanour Gamma-glutamyl transferase 51 53 (23) U/ , 37°C and appetite. Na+ 138.2 137 (3) mmol/ The blood samples were stored in a cooler K+ 3.81 3.9 (0.4) mmol/ ++ box after collection and, on completion of Ca (total) 2.78 2.65 (0.13) mmol/ + the procedure, were taken to the Clinical mg 0.72 0.66 (0.18) mmol/ – Pathology Laboratory, Department of Cl 103.1 97 (3) mmol/ Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Haematology Faculty of Veterinary Science, University Haemoglobin 148 150 (12) g/ of Pretoria, for further analysis. The labo- Red cell count 9.81 9.59 (1.15) 1012/ ratory prepared a blood smear stained Haematocrit 0.41 0.428 (0.059) / with a Diff-Quick Romanowsky stain. Mean corpuscular volume 42.2 44.6 (4.2) fl Intra-erythrocytic piroplasms were iden- Mean corpuscular haemoglobin 15.1 15.7 (1.7) g/d cells tified under the microscope. A full blood Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration 35.6 35.2 (3.5) g/d cells Red blood cell distribution width 16.9 % count and biochemistry analysis was also 9 performed (Table 1). The sample was then White cell count 9.73 7.8 2(2.6) x10 / Neutrophils (total)*** 7.59 x109/ sent on to the Department of Veterinary Neutrophils (mature)*** 7.59 5.19 (2.47) x109/ Tropical Diseases for molecular charac- Neutrophils (immature)*** 0 0.16 (0) x109/ terisation of the piroplasm. 9 Lymphocytes*** 1.95 2.37 (0.94) x10 / Haematology findings (Table 1) were Monocytes*** 0.19 0.276 (0.16) x109/ within the normal range (mean ± 1 stan- Eosinophils*** 0 0.22 (0.22) x109/ dard deviation) given for this species. Basophils*** 0 – x109/ Among clinical chemistry findings, urea, Platelet Count 219 256 (84) x109/ creatinine and AST levels were reduced, Anisocytosis 1+ while TSP and chloride levels were ele- Acanthocytes 1+ vated (Table 1). Three months after treatment the zebra *International Species Information System Physiological Data Reference Values 2002: Common zebra (Equus again started showing similar clinical signs. burchellii), male, 3–50 >20 year old, http://www.isis.org/cmsHome/ ** Standard deviation. The animal was once more treated with ***Absolute count. 8m imidocarb dipropionate, this time without requiring general anaesthesia. detection of B. caballi parasites, a recently were adjusted manually using BioEdit He made an uneventful recovery, and has developed TaqMan MGB real-time PCR (version 7.0.5.2)14. Searches of databases since then not shown any further clinical assay was used4. for homologous sequences were per- signs. A fragment of the parasite 18S rRNA formed using BLASTN3. gene was subsequently amplified using 3 The zebra sample tested negative for MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS different primer sets. Primers NBabesia1F the presence of parasite DNA when using Genomic DNA was extracted from and 18SRev-TB were used in a primary the RLB assay.
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