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Detailed Table of Contents (PDF Download) CONTENTS Preface to the Third Edition xxix Preface to the Second Edition xxxiii Preface to the First Edition xxxix Acknowledgments xiv PART I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 THE IDEA OF INTERNATIONAL AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 3 A. What Are International and Transnational Criminal Law? 3 1. Transnational Criminal Law 3 2. International Crimes 4 3. Treaty-Based Domestic Crimes 5 B. What Is Criminal Law? 6 Henry M. Hart, Jr., The Aims of the Criminal Law 6 Notes and Questions 7 C. Crime and Punishment 9 Prosecutor v. Blaškic´ 14 Notes and Questions 14 D. The Need for Safeguards in the Criminal Law 14 1. The Risk of Overenforcement 15 John Hasnas, Once More Unto the Breach: The Inherent Liberalism of the Criminal Law and Liability for Attempting the Impossible 15 2. The Basic Protections in Criminal Law and Procedure 16 E. Is International Criminal Law Different? The Eichmann Trial 18 Prosecutor v. Eichmann 20 Mark Osiel, Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory, and the Law 21 Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil 23 Notes and Questions 23 xi xii Contents CHAPTER 2 INTERNATIONAL LAW PRELIMINARIES 29 A. The Classical Picture of International Law 29 1. Historical Overview 30 a. Westphalian Sovereignty 31 Island of Palmas (United States v. Netherlands) 32 Questions 33 b. Other Historical Sources of International Law 33 c. The Age of Imperialism 34 d. The Consequences of World War II 35 i. The End of European Dominance 35 ii. Decolonization 35 iii. The Trials of Major War Criminals 35 iv. Human Rights Law 36 v. The United Nations 37 (1) Basic Structure: General Assembly, Security Council, and Secretariat 38 (2) The International Court of Justice (ICJ) 39 Statute of the International Court of Justice 39 2. The Modified Classical Picture of International Law 41 B. The Sources of International Law 43 Statute of the International Court of Justice 43 Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 43 Notes and Questions 45 1. International Agreements (Treaties) 46 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 47 2. Customary International Law 47 3. General Principles 50 4. “Judicial Decisions and Teachings of the Most Highly Qualified Publicists” 51 5. “Peremptory Norms”(Jus Cogens) 51 C. Is International Law Real Law? 53 D. International Law in Domestic Legal Systems 56 1. Constitutional Division of Authority 56 2. Treaty Law in U.S. Law 58 a. Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Treaties 59 Medellín v. Texas 60 Notes and Questions 68 b. U.S. Treaty Law: Summary 70 3. Customary International Law in U.S. Law 71 Questions 74 CHAPTER 3 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS: FROM NUREMBERG TO THE HAGUE — AND BEYOND 75 A. The Nuremberg Tribunal 75 Contents xiii Charter of the International Military Tribunal (The “London Agreement” or “Nuremberg Charter”) 76 Notes and Questions 78 Opening Statement of Robert Jackson 80 Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals 83 Notes and Questions 86 B. The Subsequent Nazi Trials 87 C. The Tokyo Tribunal 88 D. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 89 1. Background: The Balkan Wars 90 2. The Tribunal 92 a. The ICTY Statute 92 b. Jurisdiction 93 c. The Work of the Tribunal 93 d. The Legality of the Tribunal 94 Prosecutor v. Tadic´ 95 Notes and Questions 97 e. Plea Bargaining 97 Notes and Questions 98 f. Controversies 99 3. The Bosnian War Crimes Chamber and the Specialist Chambers of Kosovo 100 E. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 103 1. Background on the Rwandan Genocide 103 2. The Tribunal 106 a. Founding 106 b. The Statute 108 c. Jurisdiction 108 d. The Work of the Tribunal 109 e. Plea Bargaining 110 F. The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) 111 David M. Crane, The Take Down: Case Studies Regarding “Lawfare” in International Criminal Justice: The West African Experience 114 Notes and Questions 119 G. Other International Tribunals 121 1. Cambodia 121 2. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon 123 3. Senegal/Chad: The Extraordinary African Chambers 125 a. Background 125 b. Legal Proceedings 126 c. The EAC 127 H. The Evolving Treatment of Sexual Violence 128 I. Criminal Responsibility and Organizations 129 xiv Contents PART II PROCEDURAL ISSUES IN TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICE 133 CHAPTER 4 COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND SENTENCING 135 A. Differences in the Criminal Process 138 1. The Common Law and Civil Law Systems: An Overview 138 Sybille Bedford, The Faces of Justice: A Traveller’s Report 143 Notes and Questions 144 2. Arrest and Detention 147 3. Habeas Corpus v. Recurso de Amparo 148 4. Pretrial Investigation 149 5. The Decision to Prosecute 150 6. Conduct of the Trial 150 7. Rights of Appeal 152 8. Victims’ Rights 153 9. Efforts to Establish Institutional Bridges 154 B. Perspectives 155 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 155 Sarel Kandell Kromer, The Rwandan Reconciliation 156 Notes and Questions 159 C. Sentencing Norms and Procedures 160 1. Problems for Discussion 160 2. National Sentencing Regimes 161 3. Sentencing in International Tribunals 163 Jens David Ohlin, Applying the Death Penalty to Crimes of Genocide 163 Notes and Questions 164 CHAPTER 5 JURISDICTION 173 A. Principles of Transnational Jurisdiction in International Law 173 1. Three Forms of Jurisdiction 173 Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 174 Notes and Questions 174 2. Jurisdiction to Prescribe: Basic Principles 175 3. Limitations and Conflicts 177 4. Prescriptive Comity 178 5. The Territorial Principle and the Effects Principle 179 Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 179 Contents xv Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 180 Report on Extraterritorial Crime and the Cutting Case 180 Notes and Questions: The Cutting Case 184 The Case of the S.S. Lotus (France v. Turkey) 185 Notes and Questions 189 United States v. Rojas 191 Notes and Questions 194 6. The “Active” Nationality Principle 198 Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 198 Problem 1 198 Research in International Law Under the Auspices of the Faculty of the Harvard Law School: II. Jurisdiction with Respect to Crime 199 Notes and Questions 199 United States v. Clark 202 Notes and Questions 205 7. The “Passive Personality” Principle 207 Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 207 Problem 2 208 Notes and Questions 209 8. The Protective Principle 210 Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 210 Problem 3 210 Notes and Questions 211 9. The Universality Principle and Universal Jurisdiction 213 Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 213 Notes and Questions 214 Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 216 Notes and Questions 224 B. Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Criminal Statutes 228 Problem 4 228 Statutory Interpretation 229 United States v. Belfast 231 Notes and Questions 232 Problem 5 237 2. Constitutional Authority 238 Problem 6 239 United States v. Clark 241 Notes and Questions 246 3. Principles of International Law, Comity, and Reasonableness 248 United States v. Ali Mohamed Ali 250 Notes and Comments 258 Flowchart 258 4. Special Jurisdiction Statutes: SMTJ, MEJA, Special Aircraft Jurisdiction 260 xvi Contents Problem 7 260 a. Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction 262 18 U.S.C. §7. Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction of the United States Defined 262 Notes and Questions 263 b. Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act 264 18 U.S.C. §3261. (Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act) 265 c. Special Aircraft Jurisdiction 266 CHAPTER 6 IMMUNITIES 269 A. Domestic Prosecutions 270 1. Diplomatic Immunity 270 United States v. Al Sharaf 272 2. Consular Immunity 275 Rana v. Islam 276 3. International Organizations 280 4. Heads of State and Other Visiting Officials 281 5. The ICJ’s Arrest Warrant Decision 282 Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 282 Notes and Questions 289 B. International Tribunals 292 1. The Charles Taylor Case 293 2. The Al-Bashir Case 294 Situation in Darfur, Sudan: In the Case of the Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir Pre-Trial Chamber II 295 C. Former Officials and Jus Cogens Violations 298 1. Pinochet 299 Regina v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No. 3) 300 Notes and Questions 308 CHAPTER 7 U.S. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS IN A TRANSNATIONAL CONTEXT 315 A. Fourth Amendment 316 United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez 316 Notes and Questions 327 B. Constitutional Habeas Writ and Suspension Clause 337 Boumediene v. Bush 338 Notes and Questions 349 C. Interrogations and the Fifth/Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause 350 D. Fifth Amendment Right Against Self-Incrimination 356 Contents xvii In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in East Africa (Fifth Amendment Challenges) United States of America v. Odeh et al. 356 Notes and Questions 365 E. Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel 374 United States v. Raven 376 Question 377 CHAPTER 8 OBTAINING EVIDENCE ABROAD 379 A. Hypothetical 380 B. Letters Rogatory 380 Super Vitaminas S.A., Applicant 381 Notes and Questions 384 C. Compulsory Process Under Domestic Law 387 In re Grand Jury Subpoena Dated August 9, 2000 387 Notes and Questions 392 D. Mutual Legal Assistance 397 1. Direct Cooperation 397 2. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties 398 Treaty Between the United States of America and Kazakhstan 400 Notes and Questions 407 3. Implementation in U.S. Law 411 E. Constitutional Constraints 413 Notes and Questions 414 F. Gathering Digital Evidence Abroad 414 Notes and Questions 417 CHAPTER 9 INTERNATIONAL EXTRADITION AND ITS ALTERNATIVES 419 A.
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