AS POSSIBILIDADES DA SEXUALIDADE FEMININA EM ORANGE IS the NEW BLACK Bárbara Camirim Almeida Lopes1 a Série Orange Is The

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AS POSSIBILIDADES DA SEXUALIDADE FEMININA EM ORANGE IS the NEW BLACK Bárbara Camirim Almeida Lopes1 a Série Orange Is The AS POSSIBILIDADES DA SEXUALIDADE FEMININA EM ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK Bárbara Camirim Almeida Lopes1 Resumo: A primeira sequência do piloto de Orange is the New Black (OITNB), lançada em 2013 pela Netflix, traz a protagonista Piper Chapman, em voz off, declarando que sempre amou tomar banho. Na tela, vemos a montagem de diversos banhos ao longo de sua vida. Em uma dessas imagens ela está acompanhada de uma mulher e em outra, de um homem. Desde o momento inicial, a série já indica que sua protagonista não segue o padrão de sexualidade heteronormativa. No decorrer da narrativa, que acompanha o cotidiano da Penitenciária Litchfield, a relação das personagens com a própria sexualidade é um tema frequentemente abordado. Além da questão das orientações sexuais (a série apresenta personagens lésbicas, bissexuais e heterossexuais), OITNB traz ainda a discussão sobre a fluidez entre estas categorias no contexto da privação de liberdade. O debate sobre a relação entre sexualidade e poder (tanto o exercido pelas mulheres quanto o exercido sobre elas) também está presente. Este trabalho se propõe a analisar, portanto, como a sexualidade feminina é tratada na obra: sua pluralidade, sua potencialidade e suas limitações. Para isto, recorreremos à literatura ligada à análise de narrativas audiovisuais, mas também à referente aos estudos de gênero e sexualidade. Acreditamos que a série é um frutífero objeto de estudos pela quantidade e diversidade de personagens femininas e pela atenção que a sexualidade recebe na obra. Palavras-chave: Ficção Seriada. Sexualidade Feminina. Análise Televisiva. Orange is the New Black. Estudos de Gênero. A série Orange is the New Black (OITNB), criada pela roteirista e produtora-executiva Jenji Kohan, estreou em 2013 na plataforma de streaming Netflix, tornando-se um grande sucesso de público.2 Livremente inspirada no livro de mesmo nome, escrito por Piper Kerman, a série já tem cinco temporadas disponíveis e mais duas contratadas. A história se passa na penitenciária ficcional Litchfield e acompanha o dia a dia das presidiárias do local. O ponto de partida da narrativa é a chegada da protagonista Piper Chapman à prisão. Sua adaptação ao ambiente é um dos temas principais da primeira temporada de OITNB, mas com o passar dos episódios, outras personagens também vão ganhando destaque e arcos narrativos próprios. O recurso do flashback, utilizado em quase todos os episódios, nos ajuda a conhecer melhor as personagens e suas vidas antes do encarceramento. A obra despertou interesse acadêmico, já tendo sido analisada por diferentes pontos de vista, como o da representação de mulheres idosas (Silverman; Ryalls, 2016), o da possibilidade de agência feminina (Fernández-Morales; Menéndez-Menéndez, 2016) e o da questão racial (Enck; Morrissey, 2015; Belcher, 2016). Millete (2015) abordou questões de etnia, gênero e sexualidade na 1 Mestranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura Contemporâneas da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Integrante do Laboratório de Análise de Teleficção (A-Tevê). Bolsista Fapesb. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. 2 http://variety.com/2016/tv/ratings/tv-ratings-orange-is-the-new-black-premiere-nielsen-1201805991/ último acesso: 05/07/2017 1 Seminário Internacional Fazendo Gênero 11 & 13th Women’s Worlds Congress (Anais Eletrônicos), Florianópolis, 2017, ISSN 2179-510X série. Para a autora, “[a] representação da sexualidade e gêneros fluidos são indiscutivelmente dois dos aspectos que mais chamam a atenção em Orange is the New Black”3 (Millete, 2015, p. 18, tradução nossa). Ela analisa as personagens Lorna Morello, Piper Chapman e Sophia Burset para entender como essas questões são trabalhadas pela série. Symes (2016) também examina a protagonista para entender como a série convoca o público feminino heterossexual a se engajar com a sexualidade lésbica. No presente artigo, pretende-se ampliar a discussão sobre a forma como a sexualidade feminina é tratada na série. Devido ao grande número de personagens e arcos narrativos, selecionamos aqueles que suscitam as discussões mais interessantes a respeito da sexualidade na série. Primeiramente, investiga-se a relação entre a detenta Dayanara Diaz e o guarda John Bennett, que convoca discussões acerca do desequilíbrio de poder em um romance entre uma presidiária e um carcereiro. Em seguida, analisa-se comparativamente as personagens Piper Chapman, Lorna Morello e Brook Soso, para entender as diferentes manifestações da bissexualidade neste mundo ficcional. Por fim, examinamos os flashbacks dos episódios You also have a pizza (02x06) e Finger in the Dyke (03x04) para entender as relações familiares de duas personagens lésbicas: Big Boo e Poussey Washington. Para efetuar esta investigação, torna-se produtiva a compreensão acerca da personagem ficcional. De acordo com Eder, Jannidis e Schneider (2010): Em contraste com os objetos, os personagens possuem estados mentais, como percepções, pensamentos, sentimentos e objetivos. Consequentemente, os personagens têm uma aparência externa e um estado interno da psique que não é visível do lado de fora. (...) A relação entre um personagem e seu ambiente pode pressupor corpo e mente, mas outras qualidades particulares emergem da interação social, por exemplo, papéis sociais. Nas três áreas da estrutura geral dos personagens - corporeidade, psique e socialidade - as características que são atribuídas aos personagens podem ser estáveis (estáticas) ou variáveis (dinâmicas). (EDER; JANNIDIS; SCHNEIDER, 2010, p.13, tradução nossa)4 3 No original: “The portrayal of fluid sexuality and genders is arguably two the most attention-grabbing aspects of Orange Is the New Black.” 4 No original: “In contrast to objects, characters have mental states, such as perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and aims. Accordingly, characters have both an outer appearance and an inner state of the psyche that is not visible from the outside. (…) The relationship between a character and its environment may presuppose body and mind, but further particular qualities emerge from social interaction, e.g., social roles. In all three areas of the general structure of characters – corporeality, psyche, and sociality – the features that characters are ascribed can be either stable (static) or changeable (dynamic).” 2 Seminário Internacional Fazendo Gênero 11 & 13th Women’s Worlds Congress (Anais Eletrônicos), Florianópolis, 2017, ISSN 2179-510X Admitindo esta definição como base, analisaremos características ligadas a corporalidade, a psique e a sociabilidade das personagens selecionadas, na medida em que sejam necessárias para entender como a narrativa de OITNB convoca as questões ligadas a sexualidade. Ao discorrer sobre o que seria a identidade do sujeito “mulheres”, Butler (2003), diz que: O próprio sujeito das mulheres não é mais compreendido em termos estáveis ou permanentes. É significativa a quantidade de material ensaístico que não só questiona a viabilidade do “sujeito” como candidato último à representação, ou mesmo à libertação, como indica que é muito pequena, afinal, a concordância quanto ao que constitui, ou deveria constituir, a categoria das mulheres. (BUTLER, 2003, p. 18) Com este artigo, busca-se entender que construções de sujeitos mulheres, com olhar interessado principalmente na questão da sexualidade, são oferecidas pela obra. É importante ressaltar que, concordando com o proposto por Butler, não se pretende dizer que estas são as únicas possibilidades existentes e nem avaliar se são boas ou más representações. Entendemos que existe uma pluralidade de formas de entender o sujeito mulher e a sexualidade feminina e buscamos investigar como algumas destas estão expressas em OITNB. Romance e desequilíbrio de poder na prisão Um dos arcos narrativos de maior relevância nas primeiras temporadas de OITNB é o que envolve o romance entre a detenta Dayanara Diaz, apelidada de Daya, e o guarda John Bennett. Daya é mostrada como uma jovem hispânica, sonhadora e romântica, que gosta de desenhar e que tem uma relação conturbada com a mãe, a também detenta Aleida Diaz. Sua primeira interação com Bennett acontece no segundo episódio da série, quando ela lhe pede um chiclete e ele explica que não é permitido. No final do episódio, ela encontra um chiclete escondido embaixo de sua roupa de cama. Nas interações seguintes, eles parecem se dar bem e encontros que eram espontâneos passam a ser combinados. Antes de terem a primeira relação sexual, Bennett questiona se a relação entre eles não é inapropriada, mas ambos declaram seus sentimentos um pelo outro. O romance se complica quando Daya descobre que está grávida. Sua primeira reação é querer abortar, mas depois assume que quer ter o filho sem envolver Bennett em problemas, já que, legalmente, a relação sexual entre os dois é considerada estupro. A primeira reação de Bennett também é sugerir o aborto, com medo das consequências de ter se envolvido com uma detenta, o que deixa Daya chateada. Estabelecida a decisão de manter a gravidez, Daya e outras detentas armam para o guarda George Mendez, 3 Seminário Internacional Fazendo Gênero 11 & 13th Women’s Worlds Congress (Anais Eletrônicos), Florianópolis, 2017, ISSN 2179-510X corrupto e autoritário, ser responsabilizado: Daya o seduz e ele é pego em flagrante pela administração do presídio. Na segunda temporada, acompanhamos a gestação de Daya. As detentas que sabem sobre a verdadeira paternidade do bebê passam a chantagear Bennett, exigindo itens contrabandeados. Quando ele finalmente reage, usa sua prerrogativa de guarda para distribuir advertências
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