Conversion of Calcium Sulfite to Calcium Sulfate. Will Be Able to Work

Home , Calcium sulfite

precipitate out so severely in your actual scrub-

bing system so there is -- there are soma reasons

why it worked out better, And one of the main

reasons is in that they get a much more effective

conversion of calcium sulfite to calcium sulfate.

And there you can actually separate out the excess

calcium sulfate quicker and not carry as much in

excess.

Is it therefore your opinion that scrubbers on

low sulfur coal work better than scrubbers on

high sulfur coal?

It appears that the limestone-lime slurry scrubbers

will be able to work better or will be able to

work at a greater reliability than a -- on a low

sulfur coal than a high sulfur coal. You would be

getting into a more problematic operation with the

higher sulfur coal.

MR, FRAWXIEY:

Thank you, that is all,

COMMISSIONER DOWNIE:

May 1 ask a question? Doctor Vickers, tell me j i I misunderstood you but I understood and I think in refere me to Item Three of your prepared testhciny and

1 may be rrong on that, in your answer you indicated to me I 1 that it w s totally jmpractical to tq to identifl the

4 percentag of pollution emitted by individual industries,

paper mil s or power plants or any other.industry?

rn WIrnSS:

I There are emission studies that have

c been done you know, there have been studies of how much,

1 how many ounds have been emitted and there are, ycu can

E get pies ike they do on the tax dollars how much cf this

5 type indu try is responsible for and how much power genera-

I( tion and 0: forth but these are roughly figure and for any

11 specific rea you really have to have -- the Pollution

Ii Control C ,mission 3: understand has done this emission on

12 le emissi In in an article and puts out why but to say where

14 it goes a .d who is responsible for what particular damage

1s once it i done, that becomes a problem of allocating it

?E and then dentifying why your paint on the house has to be

17 redone gu cker instead of five years it has to be done every

IE three yea s and who is responsible for it or why. There

1s are a who e bunch of things happening, but high levels of

2c pollution tends to cause deterioration on paint and other 21 things an it is just hard to pin it on anybody. SQ whoever

22 I 1 owns the tem that is damaged, pays the cost. Whoever owns I 23 1 the plant that is damaged, will pay the cost. They cantt 24 1 court and prove definitively that someone put 25 i go into a 3242 out poll ition that has caused the paint to go bad. It would

be a ver r diEficult job.

COMMISSIONER WWNIE:

Well, assuming, Doctor Vickers, that

you can .denti@ the souxce of a possible pollution emission

that WOK .d damage the quality of air that we breathe, is it

your opi kion that steps could be taken to prevent €urther

po 1lu t i c t or should you go and just permit it and let it

contribu ,e to the deterioration of the quality of the air?

THE WITNESS: 1 You are -- well, when you get into

1 health a :fects and I think we should strive to do what is

1 best ava lable, best that we can do and even accept some

1 problems on trying to keep the levels low, Now whqt we

1 know abo t sulfur oxides is -- the fate of what happens to I

I 1 .ot very clear and it indicates that they could do i emi is 1 ' or would do quite a bit of damage and therefore, it would

1 in my ow philosophy would be that we should take an extra

1 little m asure and try to reduce the amount and what really

2 concerns me more than anything else, is that if we continue 2 to go to tall stacks and law sulfur coal and if we continue 2 t to have great use of power we are giving our grandchildren I 2 I or our c ildren a tremendous headache in twenty yegrs, 2 e won't have a local pollution problem -- that we 2 i Because 3243 1

through the region. Some information says that s;zlfur

sulfates -- they take sulfates but the actual forrr. of sul-

fate, thsy are not saying it is all sulfates but yet it might

be a spezific sulfate problem but they don't know. And that';

where it is you know so it comes down to a point they Eind.

the damage and they find that it is related to certain

3244 comes ou as a sulfate. It is pretty well that it: fs going

I gets I to come dut in sane form of sulfate. Well how it there

is not tl at well known. There are various oxidation rates,

it is really not well defined and the atmosphere fis vexy

complex and no one really has a good handle on it,

COMMISSIONEX DOWNIE:

Thank you for that long and ltmgthy

and learred discourse but is the answer to my queskion "yes" or l'no''?

THE WImss:

what is the question, I think I have

forgotter. it at this point? 1 am sorry.

COMMISSIONER DOWNIE:

Where you identify a Lsource of emission

I in our air in your judgment, should you before

goes into effect take steps to sae that

are not made or should you let

THE WITNESS:

I I .thidc past history says if you want

I to preve t damage or if you want to get control of damage I the most 1effective way of doing it is to prevent the emission. COMMISSIONER DOWNfE:

Thank you,

3245 CHAIRMAN Mom:

The hearing will be in recess for

ten minu e9.

(whereup n, a short recess was taken after which the

hearing as resumed and testimony given as follows.)

4 3246 I I c i I I !

I i 1 i CHA RMAN MOM: 1 I A Let the hearing come to order, please. I Mr. Fur, do you have any questions?

d MR. FURR: i I ! I No questions, Mr. Chairman. ! t CHAIRMAN MORAN:

1 will be e cused. Thank you.

I (WITNESS EXCUSED)

11 CHAIRMAN MOW:

1 Mr. Goodloe, do you have another Witness?

1 MR, GOODLOE:

1 Yes, I have one Witness and I have some

1 additione . testimony that I believe by agreement there is n

1 cros s-ex: xination and I wish to submit the testimony of Mr. I 1 Brian Thr npsonmncerning the land-use map which I will intro- 1 duce too lihich is the preparation of the land-use map and the ! 1 land-use :lassification system, the number of acres for each 1 individu; L land-use as obtained from the U.S.G.S., the abstract

4 from the 1970 Census data of the twenty-five mile zadius of

4 White 311 €E and the existing pollution levels as obtained from

4 the Arka: sa6 Department of Pollution Control. There is one

correctk n that needs to be made on the sheet: *ich is stating

the poll tion levels from the pollution control. xt is the

next to he last, third from the back sheet which is on Arkansi

3247 I

Ecology c mter stationary wherein it lists sulfur dioxide level;

for Pine Iluff on mrch 24 for stations one, two, and three

and says 10.1 milograms and at the time I prepared this 1

thought n .crogram was mg and it should be ug for micrograms

and so tk ! 30.1 should be micrograms per cubic meter for

station c le, station two at 78.3 micrograms per cuhic meter

and statj m three 89.5 micrograms per cubic meter. I submit

this and :he land-use map, -----

(REPORTEE : NOTE: The following pages are the direct testimony

of Mr. Br .an Thompson and so forth given the reporter to be copied ir :o the record as if given orally:)

I I 51 I

i -

DIRECT TI 3TIMONY OF MR. BRIAN THOMPSON BEFORE THE ARKANSAS PUBLIC SI WICE COMMISSION ON JUNE 17, 1974.

My name : : Brian Thompson and 1 am employed by the Arkansas I

Ecology ( ?nter, 1919 West 7th Street, Little Rock, Arkansas.

I: The purpc 3e of my testiaony is to present the chain of

prepara t: >n of the pine tree samples obtained for the Dept.

of Plann: ig and the preparation of the land-use map. -De tc ils of Pine Tree samples taken by the Arktinsas Ecology C inter at the request of the Dept. of Planning

I On E :iday, May 3rd, 1974, at rhe request of the Dept.

1 of Plannj ig, Ted Goodloe, Tom Foti, and Brian Thompson

I (staff m~ ibers of the Arkansas Ecology Center) collected

1 three pir ! tree limb samples from separece trees on the Whil-e

1 Bluff sit ! (AP&L's weather station), one pine tree limb sample

1 from a tr !e approximately 3 miles N/NE of the site, and

1 three pin ! tree limb samples from separate trees on the 1 per het ex of the Weyerhauser kraft paper mi11 on the outskirts

1 of Pine B uff, approximately 15 miles S/SE of the Fuhite Bluff

L site.

r 1 All amples were taken between the hours of 12 noon aod

I d 3 p.m. on the May, The day was sunny, with light - 3rd of 1974. L cloud cov r, the temperature was 85 degrees F, humidity around ! i 65-70%, v ry little wind.

2 I All amples were taken from the most mature pine trees I

3249 I

i I available All samples taken from Loblolly Pines.

All amples were sealed on the spot in double air-tight plastic b gs and double labelled,

All ample trees were marked with red tape and photographs we 'e taken of all sample Lrees.

Sample 1 100 yards E. of AP&L' s on-site weathei 1a0-1I L)L lri

tower. 40 fee; high Cree, :I.A..~Z-C- :.t' I2.i c

-ree 1 inches Limb sample :a-s::i Ira.?; . 4, <>rt '-3;:

Sample 2 100 yards k of monitoring cower. (Tree and limb

sample as with Sample 1)

Sample 3 300 yards S. of monitoring tower. 50 feet tal1

tree. Diameter at base of tree 8 inches. Limb sample taken from 30 feet up,

Sample 4 3 miles N/NE of monitoring tower. 90 year old

pine tree located on land of Buddy Hardimg. 100

feel tall tree. Diameter at base 3 feet. Limb

sample taken from 40 feet up. Sample A 300 yards E. of Weyerhauser paper mill. 40 feet

tall Cree. Diameter ar: base 7 inches, Limb samplc

taken from 10 feet up.

Sample B 50 feet from Sample A. Same tree size and Sample

he€ght as Sample A.

Sample C 300 yards W. of paper mill. 45 feet ta1.1 tree.

Diameter at base 7 inches. Limb sample taken from 15 feet up.

32% I ! Samp es handed to Ranoy Cullorn of Department of Planning i

I *l at 8 a.m. Monday May 6th, 1974, by Ted Goodloem* I i Preparation of Land-Use Map

The rkansas Ecology Center obtained a mylar sepia

transpare cy of this land-use map from the Ozarks Regional

commissio . This transparency was taken to Gamer and Garver Engineeri g where an ammonia process blue-line print was

prepared. This map was printed on black-line paper rather

than blue line paper. This black line print was colored in by

1 reference to the United States Geological Suwey 'Laad-use

1 c lass if ic tion system (See U.S.G.S. Circular 671), The Ozarks

1 Regional ommiss ion obtained their mylar transparency from the

1 map's orl ;inator-- Office of the Chief Geographer, Dept.

1 of Interi ir, United States Geological Suntey, Reston, Virginia

I Contact : George Loelkes, project engineer, Tel 703-860-7717.

1 The iethod of photo-interpretation by which the high 1 a 1t 11 tude ircraf tlsatellite photographs are delinia ted into

1 land-use laps by the U.S.G.S. is Classified Information,

1 However, I. S G. S . circular 67 1--"A Land-Use Class if :Lca t ion

L System fa Use With Remote Sensor Data" (a copy of which is

A submitted as an exhibit) does explain the nature of the land-

L use class .ficatioo system used here, and does contaLo

d definitia IS of both Level I and Level 11 land-use catagoxies. I j 1 In c

A as possib

3251 Y

p -+oposea !I c catagorie , except chat for 04 ForestlanJ I went to Level I1

in order o differentiate between deciduous, evergreen

(conifera IS), and mixed forestland.

The I.S.G.S. prepared this land use map from aerial.

*2 photograp IS taken io 1972.*

Brian Thompson

1 c

e 1

t 4 I

4 3252 ADDIT: LNAL TESTIMONY OF MR. BRUIN THOMPSON OF 'PI= ARKANSAS

ECOLOl t CENTER; SUPPIEMEWARY DATA RELATING TO !FEE LAND

USE M ? OBTAINED FROM THE OZARKS REGIONAL COMMISSION.

I I May 31, 1974, Mr. George Loelkes, project

enginl ?r, Office of the Chief Geographer, Dept. of Interior

unite States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, using

the s ;e location of the proposed White Bluff Power

Plant (34 degrees 26 minutes Latitude and 92 degrees 7* ! minut, ; Longitude), provided the Arkansas Ecology Center II 1 (via ; e. Bobby McCullough of the Ozarks Regional Com- 1 missi 1) the computerized information contained in Table i 1 A-1. rhe infomation constitutes the total nunher of I

1 acres €or Level I1 land use for a 20 and 25 mile radius i I 1 of wh te Bluff. (See Uses: Circular 671) i I 1 I 1 I r I 1 I 1 I I i c 1 I A _- ! I

I d

1 3253 2

TABLE A1

-. . .. c.l - Went; Mile Radius Twenty Five Mile Radius CATAGORIES *acres 'sdkm *acres J _. . I - 53 4 I: I: I I 1 13 9 10 7 1,72917 20 16 22 h . . . 17 rt0 n i.860 a I 65 t -. .. I8 1 247.1 I 4 19 4 98844 14 I 23. 1592 393 t 383.2 2,293

I 22 7 1 f 7290 7 11 I 23 0 0 0 . I 24 0 0 25 6,177.5 1 I 41 397 98,09807 738 42 122 30 ,146 2 240 r 43 955 -361,260 2 I 51 52 I 11 I 53 I 54 0 0 55 z 968.4 1 61 39 m I 16,555 7 I 62 6 1,482,6 I Is 2 ,718 1 1 !r square kilometer,

3254 TABLE A2 - COMPILATION

- Cornpila, ion Area within Area within "1 I LEVEL 20 mile radius 25 mile radius I I I Ol--Urbaj and 39,041.8 acres I 79,319,l acres i 1 built up land J (red on r LP 1 !

21 22 02- -agric .Itral 23 395,112.9 acres I 24 iand (tan on map) ----- 41 (bright r F green on 98,098.7 acres 42 (dark gref 04 on map) 30,146.2 acres 59,304.0 acres Forest, and 43 (pastel gr 235,980.5 acres I on map)

51 52 53 05 Wa* i 54 55 and 06 N( 56,338.8 acres 61 Forested lletland 62 (blue on

72 (beaches) 07 Be 'ren 11976.8 acres land (y !ll.OW on map) P

,!CAI. SUXVEY CiRCULAR 671

3256 6 7

. ------I--. -+ + --- .- 9 -

Stairs and thin vanability mutt dro LK .- .. . -.. recogniml; fidd iizt deprnds on topography, 'Ihw opwmrionr have lqcmiindl Impularruiu Stat- Alaska. ' Lnyout and drvrfopmtnt by blockr. Southcarkin and 1011 ryprr, sizes ot fmn, kinds of cmpi urd restrictd to rrlatwely sniall wras The rcdt 1s a The Lpvrl I1 calegurier of Rangeland nrr: ! DLtiiiguLhing brtwern A@clillural and Urban concentrpliun of waste Inewrid that u at1 bnd Builbup Lands should ordiiiarl[)- be pouiblr psturn, capital invntmmt, lahor svrulnbility Grw. Savannas (Palmrtm Priner). Chrpyrd. wid other condition,. land in thr tnvLro n mtntal coiicern Ihc wastcd tnporal ~d Dwrt Shrub. on the baris of urban activity indicators and the ltrigrted K,.rtcrn Stam is twily mogpirrd in contrart to pmblrms justify a wpratr rubcaiPgory tor thme oaocimied concentratigir 01 population. 7hc rrlativrly small pJcm Fding Operations have a number of building complcscr is smaller md the Rangrlmd, but in the Earlmm Stat-, itrigdhn by ure ourhead spriirinklcn cannot dwayn be builr-up apprarancr. chiefly cornpod of drnvty ot LhP rod and highway network u of detPctal Irum irnapry unlc~sdirrinctiw circulu buildrngr, much tcncing, LE- paths, and much lowr in Apiuultunl Iandr htmin Urban ptterns uc creatd. Drainage or water conk01 *rrrtedlupowl Y*~J.%me arr tncatrd ncw M and BuiIi-up Iand. Some crlwn land uws. such urbn nrm to tab 3dVmmgf of UansprwtIon W on land wd for cropld aid psturf may ab u poria wd Iaqe cerneteritr. howucr, may bc facililirr and proxrniity 10 pmcming plana. N mirukrn lor Agricu1~umlLand, rrplcklly whrn 4 rrcopnizable patem Lh4t may rid iii idriitikstioo Ihc lmd we. In arru of UI tbcy wcw vn thr prrrphcry ot Ihr urban arra8. of Frdmg oprritioni in conjunction with co The anmrlam OIApicullunl hdwith quick-growinB rmp a firld may nppw tn ba In WIDUI~larm rnterprw LFE not included. Ah non.gricultufa1 unlru tht lrmprpry nthrr crtrpritr 01 land UY may ionwtimes k a uv nihrc aicludrd arc hipping cotralr nnd other trPnrilion zone In Ir-hich there u an inttrmiwtuw of tho inacliviky in rrcopid. krnpomry holdmg Iacdw&.Comr larrni and of land UYI at tirri and second Iwdr of zoos do DL meet the animd-population categorization. \I'htre luming acriwiticr are dmuties u) be pLcrd rn rhu ruktegory. lirnitrd by wctncy, Ihc exact boudary mu ob0 br dilhult to locatt. mnd Agrlculturd Land Ql-Q4. OMt hGlKCIAIWU LAW may grdt into swamp Forcrt hnd, Nonlorzstrd ll'etlmd. or Water. Inactive agricultural land u ;yl imparhnt The krl11 categdcs of WulturJ hnd mrnwnmt of tbi rubcatqory. Such lad haa ut: Cropland md Putm; OrdraFdr. Grwn, no phyricrl Indication of prewnt WkulturaI use Vlnrynnir, Burh Fruitr. urd Hortieultd AWU; Md no n4aP1 covrr. ~uchu bnuh. which Feedims 0pentlonr;ud Oh-. would cwtafl il. ndy UIC lor &cultum. The Pslmttlo Pmin in mutb-wnA $wmite8dr, Including holdini mu for Ptoda, north. west, and muthwnt of Lakc 10 11

.- .- ... +

1 Thlr utqory includes Cplifomu chapd, the rrrub oak ot Bianery, and the mouiitah bNB lYpCr.

Vqetation in this mnr bneludn hecrmsak burh, ~s#et~t1131,grc4pwd. and oLhw JtIprt rhrubr Bottom land1 and mob& flab are oftm t characterizd by den= rtmdr of merqwte, and whm dkdi u higha drrn ~ltb~shdarninah wide arm

01. Iw*rtIwd

Foorul lands uc lands inmi M PI I**- pcrcont uacktd hy vcp. mpbk of producing timber or othhrr wod pmducu hat cxrrt M innurncr on the climte or warn ngime. Forest Imd can generally be idrntilicd nthcr &ly from high.altit4r irnagcry, elrhoqh Lha boundary lxtwtm it and other clurrrof land may be dilfirult 10 dtlincrtr prfdsdy. W bdrlrom which trrcr have kcn rrmovcd ' h) to 1- than 10 pcrcrnr rtockig but which haw no; beeti dmhd for other um mm olro ' includcd. For rxarnplc. tandr on which them ir fcrtort r(rmt8on. involving clter-aMing ind block planring. ut pn of Fomt Lid.On ruch ldi. whm tmrs reach markerable size, which for putpwd rhc SouUteartwn United Slam in os-os. mw may occur in two Lo thm decades. thhmc *ill k tup wraa hrhave btlk w M visible h~st pnwth. The pttrrn can mmclirnrr b! idenMd by the prrrpnm of cutling operahonr in the midst of J lugs fxppnsr of ?ottzI. Udra there U ddma of urhpr uoc, iueh urns of little or no foreit mowth should be included In the Forest Land catrgory. Lands bhrt meet the rquircmtnu for Porrsh Land .nd afro for a higher ur ~VtgofyJlould b phcrd in ths hibn catqory. A: kc111. F'dLpnd wUl ba divided inb thm carcporiei: Dtddww, Euerptsn, ad la 19

I . *.

. -A-

-- , I d

IJAI USE CLASS1 :IrATION SYSTEM FOR USE WITH-REMOTE SENSOR DATA

1 Level I .. Level I1

01 1 Urban and Wilt-up Land 11 Residential 12. Commercial and Services 13. Industrial 14. Extractive 15. Transportation, Communications, and Utilities 16. Institutional 3.7 Strip and Clustered Settlement 18 i Mixed 19. Open and Other 02 Agricultur,11 Land 21, Cropland and Pasture 22 . OrchaKds, Groves, Bush Fruits, Vineyards, and Horticultural Areas 23. Feeding Operations 24. Other i 03 Rangeland 31. Gxass 32 i Savannas (Palmetto Prairies) 33. Chaparral 34 . Desert Shrub 04. Forestland 41. Deciduous 42. Evergreen (Coniferous and Other) 43. Xixed 05, Water 51. Streams and Waterways 52. Lakes 53 Reservoirs 54 Bays and I Estuaries 55. Other 06. Non-Forestc d Wetland 61. Vegetated 62. 3are 07. Barren LanC 71. Salt Flats *. 72. 3eaches 73. Sand other than Beaches 74. Bare Exposed Rock 75. Other 08. Tundra 81. Tundra 09, Permanent S now and Ice Fields 91. Permanent Snow and Ice Fields

TABLE 1

3262

I Ownership Codes- Private On ership 01 National F rest 02 National P rk Service and National emetery 03 National W Id Life Refuge 04 National F sh Hatchery 05 National PInal Institution 06 Army Reser ation 07 Navy Reser 3tion 08 Air Force : mervation 09 Corps of E1 gineers 10 National 11 lian Reservation 11 Bureau of 3 and Management 12 National R: Ters (Wild and Scenic) 13 State ParkE 30 . State Wild ,ife Refuge 31 State Schoc .s 32 State Indie I Reservation . 33 State Insti :utions 34 State Reser roirs 35

TABLE 5

3263

. *;

I ,,. 1: I'

1. 1 all da a obtained: rom Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ec logy and pri sented by the Arkansas Ecology Center

3264

I I I . 49ZE

I 1-

& I 99ZE

I 1

i i ': I !I

I .'.

r I Y U

1; I I 1: u : r I c I I I r I 8 I t I I I 1 1 I I' I I 1 I t I I 1 1 I I c I I . I I 1 '1 1 I I- 1 li Y t: r+ ?- I 1 t L I I 1 I 1 I t : I I t 8, I: I c ,I .Ijt ,.

0 c. N 9 +r( d

s 1- z t 1 : 0 t w 1 m t- -2 s 1 t r P 1 L I 1 P I t P P I I 1 I. I 1: t I I 2

- 7.. f ! t L 89ZE # t 3 e h 1 .r I d I ? I I 1 r t 1 i I t I I L 1. c yr 9 ?-I > E 3 In. I t P 4 f t I I GG J 0 t '4 I 1 L I C t c 0 .c ;I .3 t d 4 t s 'ru ' M' !I E 4 1 ** I P P R r 9 L Ec I t. 6 c E h .. u r a- m .f =r N '0 f -4 0 t E' c I' 9 9 -I =r r- a. f. r 0 u. c .. c. ' r- N tc N c N rn Pl t e: p. I L ? F P I U I r t r I 2 f I a t t t 0 t '0 Q Q 1 0 0 0 1. 4zl 4 .-I rl 1 I L I t L I t 1 5 *-r L

I 288, ? OLZE

I I S 1 I I c f I I e 1 I s " C . I f

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a- c tcr =.4

u m

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, .. Y a m h .-. . ..

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h .. P rn M

b h vi- In

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e :- Y 'd 13 E 3 7- E

I I 1 r I i :

I I I I

1 I.

i! i ! I t r ! ! !

I I ,* ! !D .

I r: . I. I *_.__..:. ! I-.--.- ' i i

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.. 9LZE

*- ,-.. - I -!.

. .. .- 1, I

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i d .c -!i! 1. -1 i tr ! I i

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I 0

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I tI ! L...- 1

4 l 'I- ,-.

...... - -

---.- -

-- A- ._- LEVELS FOR PINS 3LUFF AXiGPISAS station station 2 station 3 2-28-74 0 0 0 3-6 0 0 0 3-12 0 II 0 0 3-1 8 0 ll 0 0 3-24 78.3 mg/m3 89 1; 111g/1~3 3-30 0 0 0 #- 4-5 0 0 0 4-11 are not recordcd or reported) 4-17 0 0 4-23 0 0 4-29 0 0 5-5 0 0 0 5-11 0 0 0 I 5-17 . 0 0 0 5-23 0 0 0 5-29 0 0 0

taincd from I@, Ed b'hite from Arkansas Dc.parf;ment d Zcology. They have opened 3 stations i;? Pille has not been.pblished in that the s.i;atiol?s have the above sh'l;es. The above daea is avai:!able or coxputer programe$, This on b¶ay 20, 19T4,

f I' I 1 I i ! I 1 -, .-- -. ."* _-.-. .-...... , ...... I ...... *r . . c .I i I i i ..... 1 .. - -.

...e ...... I . ,---- .... .:..._.

1 I ;/ I SllZIHE COUNTY Population Population over age 65 Otter 2,200 93.56 Bryant 2,751 195 3: Bauxite 593 48.03 Smith 289 23,12 Hurricane 709 51 04 Banner 1,465 106.94

Jefferson County Barraquo 90.64 Jefferson 79.9 Washineton 386.45 Spring 77.52 Talledega 32.97 Whitevillo 751 36 Niven 837.38 Vaugine 6068.25 Pastor ia 6.73 Boliva- 7.78 Victoria 20,i Plum B~you 224.88 Cudley Lake 138.09 Roberts 72.87 Dunnington 126.48 GRANT COUNTY Sinpson 822 74.80 Franklin 153 14.07 Werry Green 4,175 53 10 Washington 329 350 06 Darysaw 459 66,09 Itadison 64.15 Calvert 37270 76.73 LONOKE Gun Woods 9,432 499.61 Indian 3ayou 836 80,25 Crooked Creek 1,227 127.60 F1 e tcher 37 8 32.M ?Yalls 11 5 28.98 W illan s 2 76 38.08 Dortch 266 22-67 R ichwoods 414 40.16 Pettus 676 Lafaye tte 457 9.81

total pop, 282,531 28,498.77 pop over we 65

ISTRACTED PROM woARKANSAS CENSUS BOOK, 25 M~ERADIU:; IEPARED BY ARKANSAS ECOLOGY CENTEft

3282 I

MR. GOODLOE:

I call Mr. Foti. I understand also that ther my be qP estions from Mr. -ti concerning the pine tree sample that werg taken. i (WITNESS SWORN) mereupoh,

THOMAS FOTI I

1 Arkansas Pollution and Control Department, and testified as i 1 follows :j I 1 DIRECT EXAMINATION

1 BY MR. GVDMIE: I 1 Q I State your name, pleaee.

1 A i 1 am Thomas Foti.

1 i And your address? Q I 1 A I 2414% Arch Street. I 1 Q Mr. Foti, is there a correction or an addition you

2 wish to add in the bibliography which is the begin-

2 ning part of your direct testimony as it relates

2 to the additional testimony?

2 A I think that the only thing that is significant 2 there is that I am presently working, revising a 1943 2 book called “Arkansas Natural Resources , Their Con-

3283 servation and Use" and some of the testimony that I submitted as additional testimony I qathEred while i doing the research for the revising and editing job.

Q Is your direct testimony submitted on June 17th and your additional testhony submitted I believe on

July the 5th, true and correct to the best of your

knowledge?

A On the direct testimony 1 believe there are no major

corrections there, I would like to point out that

+ that we have presented here from the Natural 1

Division paper that 1 have referred to are from 1

a preliminarydraft of that study and that some of

the things have been changed in the final draft but ~ I

I think nothing that is significant to this hearing. '

I In the additional testimony there is one typographi-i i tal error that f think is fairly significant and !

that is in the first paragraph of the additional

I testimony it says production and use of minerals I I which may be used as produced in the sulEur scrubbing ! ! process and I originally wrote that may be used for I produced in the sulfur scrubbing process. I Q So that sentence should read to amend the second I i paragraph minerals which may be used in the addition i should be or produced? 1R No thatis in the first paragraph, 3284 I I

Q ! The first paragraph you wish to strike? I

A I Serike, 't'as produced'! 1 ! Q And add" art$ I

A I ! t I ! t what page is that? 1

TIE WIrnSS:

Only one page to that additional testimony. i I BY MR, GOODLOE: i I Q So that the first paragraph should read testimony of %omas Foti concerning Arkansas Production and 1 Use of Minerals which may be used or produced in ! the sulfur scrubber process?

A That is right. Q Other than those corrections this testimony is true

and correct to the best of your knowledge?

A Yes.

I MR, GOODLOE:

I tender Mr. Foti for cross-examination.

REPORTER'S NOTE : I The folqowing transcript pages contain the direct testimony

to be cqpied into the record as if given orally:) I

3285 DIRECT TESTIMONY i)F THOMAS FOTZ BEFORE THE PUBLIC SERVICE -I COMMISSION ON JUNE 17, 1974. ~

1 am Thomas Fotlt, Research Coordinator of the Arkansas Ecology Center, 1919 West 7th Street, Little Rock, Arkansas.

X have a Master of Science degree in Botany from the Uoiver- sity of Arkansas (1970) with a field of specialization in ecology, I have worked for an additional year toward a Ph.D. in Zoology. During parts of the past two years I have worked as a consultant to the Arkansas Department of Planning on its inventory of the natural areas of Arkansas. As a part of that project, 1 wrote a report entitled "Natural Divisions of

Arkansas". The purpose of that study was stated in its preface :

This study presents a classification of the natural environments of Arkansas based on biotic and phys€cal factors, especially

vegetation, topography, and surface geology, but including fauna, soil, and surface hydrology as well as other features and

proceeses that contribute to the distinctive-

ness of the divisions recognized, In this description of the area surrounding the White

Bluff site, I will quote relevant parts of that report. Permission of the Department of Planning to quote the report

3286 1 prior to its publication is gratefully acknowledged.

2 The location of the White Bluff site €8 superimposed !I j I 3 on the map of the natural divisions which is reproduced on I 4 the following page. 5 The site itself is located in the Coastal Plotin Division

6 but it its adjacetit to the Delta Div€s€on. Descriptions of *1 7 these Divisions follow:* 8 Bokh the Coastal Plain and the Delta have, irr their 9 geological history, been inundated by the Gulf of Mexico and 0 because of this their topography is flat to relatively rolling 1 and their bedrock is deeply covered with sedbeats so that,

2 generitlly, the surface i8 clay, sand, or gravel.. 3 The Coastal Plain and the Delta are treated here as 4 separate div€sions because of their very different

5 physical and biotic characteristics. Physically, the

6 sur€ace geology of the Coastal Plain division is 7 typical of that of most of the rest of the entire

8 Gulf Coastal Plain. Its surface is rolling ].and except 9 in xiverbottoms, and the surface deposits are of 0 ocern-bed origin, dating from the Cretaceous and

I Eocene perltods of 135 million to 70 million years

2 ago. It has moderately to rapidly permeable soils. 3 The general forest type is a Loblolly Piae-hardwood 4 mixture of relatively uniform composition.

5 The Delta is quite different, Here the work of large

3207 88ZE n 4 w5 .-a

w z 0 II

-2

3 z2

n W

n tn I- t

1 ’! I rivers has been dominate in forming the character I ! 1 L of the land. The Arkansas River, the;;,#hits, Lhe I i 3 St, Francis, the Mississippi, even the Ohio aE one I ! time, have flowed through thfs reg$on, cutting away 1 i older deposits and bu€lding up depostts of sand, i 5 gravel, and clay that they have tmmported from

I slopes as distant as tho~eof the Rockies and the

3 Appalachians. Most of the typical Coastal Plain

9 formations of Cretaceous and Eocene age have been 3 replaced by deposits of Pleistocene and Recent age,

I from a million years old to the present. And the 2 alluvial deposition of sediments is a process that

3 continues even now. In contrast to the Coastal 4 Plain, the Delta is flat. Elevations vary only i about 150 feet in the entire 250-mile length af 5 thfs division (from Missouri on the north co I 7 Louisiana on the south.) Streams are meandcyins

3 and entrJoched, Soil ir deep but o ;ce;- almst

2 imgemeable: i zinag.: :.s consequentLy lour, :hk:

3 wgetatioo of this div:.sioa is very diIT%i eit ic,.., Ij I The Loblolly Piae, uoiveisally present in .;hz i 2 CoasLel Plaltn, is a ISS I; from most Delta foresks,

3 which are composed of a variety of bottomland hard- ! ! 4 wouds adapted to the wet, poorly drained soils. I 5 Inspection map will miles of the reveal that within 30 1

3289 I I ',

I 1 I

I !

I of the White Bluff site is a section of the Delta the Grand I

Prairie, from the rest the ! which differs significantly of L

division. briefly i It is described: 1 I The Grand Prairie was a large grassland located in i Loaoke, Prairie, Monroe, and Arkansas counties. It I I was the largest: of the many prairies that occurred

in Arkansas at tQe time of settlement, but most of I

its native vegetation has since been destroyed. It I is recognized here as a separate section prfmar,ly because the dominant vegetation (grasses) of this I relatively large area is a different life-form easily I

distinguished from the life-form (trees) which dominates

in other portions of this division. Recognition of I the Grand Prairie as a distinct section is intended 1 to draw attention to the problem of why such an area i 1 *2 should have existed in this otherwise forested region.* 1 Within 20 miles of the site (near Little Rock) another 1 1' major natural division, the Ouachita Mountains, exists. li The Ouachita Mountains, in contrast, display much folding and faultltng, uplift representing only a miqor circumstance in their formation. Though erosion haq played its part, the basic shape of the Ouacbitas

is due to the pronounced folding which bas produced

a mountain system that is baskally a series of east- west-running ridges, only the soutbrnmost part of

3290 I

i I I

the Ouachitss being simply an uplifted plateau. I I ! I The plant communities of the two mountain systems I further distinguish between them, The Ouschftas ‘i are covered primarily wfth a mixed Shortleaf Pine- upland hardwood type of forest while the Ozarlts,

although Shortleaf Pine is present (particularly near their southern lbits), are covered primtirily

with an upland hardwood forest. In €act, the

oak-hickory type of forest is best developed and 1 most continuous in this area of the country (Ztrauo, 1 p. 162) and the nations largest areas of oak-hickory

1 forest lacking pine sre in Southern Missouri md 1 northern Arkansas (Shelford p.59).

1 Two of its subdivisions, the Fourche Mountainti and the 1 Central Ouachita Mountains exist in this area and the descrip- 1 tions of;them follow: i 1 The .Fourche Mountain subdivision lies south of the I i 1 Arkansas River Valley subdivision. It occupies a i 1 1 belt about 25 miles wide, extending sUghtly north

A of east from the Oklahoma state line to near Searcy. I L Its northern boundary has already been defined as r L the south boundary of the Arkansas Valley, and it is i bounded on the south by the novaculite uplift of the I # i 4 central Ouachita Mountains i

4 The Fourche Mountains are characteristically parallel

3291

I ridges with maximum elevations and local topographic reZ5!ef toward their western end. The ridges have ST, narrow crests and tend to be very rugged. It 'is gnteresting to note that these mountains acxally

cross the PrI-Ca;isas kear fooway. At this poiac the

ridges aye C-i LL.: 6 d1i "*#its-.:;LL lollow the S8'Dt

-1 patw - . 1, -, ' 3t-i.. 6;. I?-., 1 est:: zil -mi iter?arts.

mete is eviai.-.c.P 3,:c that the Aransas River has

at 1' e ti.w :.z :RCI r -:J i,e i'c€ferent from its $resent

one, Eaecause ol Lhcir generally east-west: orientation

and steep slopes, the temperature and humidity of the

mountain slopes vary greatly, north slopes being I cooler and moister than south slopes with resulting variation io vegetation type. North slopes are

typically covered with a mesic (moist) forest of uplqnd oaks and hickories while south-facing slopes are occupied by a more "xeric" (dry) forest dominated by Shortleaf Pine. Although this phenomenon occurs I throughout the Highlands, the regularity of tbe parallel ridge-and-valley pattern of the Fourche Mountains makes the corresponding vegetation pattern especially clear. The rocks of these Mountains are

sandstone and sbale similar to those of the Arkansas

River Valley to the north. The shppe of the Central Ouachita Mountains is very I 3292 complex although basically spindle-shaped; its boundaries, however, wh€le geographically difEicult to describe, are geologically quite distinct, since

it Is bounded almost entirely by outcrops of novacultte,

the h€gh-quality whetstone known variously as "Arkansas

*3 Stone'' and Ouachita Stone''. One* range known as the

Cross Mountains, though a part of this subdivisim, 5s disconnected from the main mass of the Central

Ouachitas and extends westward from it into Oklahoma.

Mithin the complex mass of mountains known as the

central Ouachitas arc at least six major named mountair.

ranges surrounding four major basins. These may be

seen on the 1930 Arkansas Geological Survey Map, The Central Ouachita Mountains is the most complex of the

subdivisions presented here, whether considered in terms

of topography, geology, or vegetation. The rocks of this subdivision are a combination of igneous rind sedbentary rock of novaculite, sandstone, and shale,

encompassing several geologic ages; its togogrerphy , while still of basically the east-west: ridge-and-valley

pattern typical of the Ouachitas tn general,, 1s quite varied; and its vegetation is a complex combination of Shortleaf Pine and upland hardwoods, vmying simultaneously with slope, exposure, and geological substrate. The highest elevations are in the

3293 I ! !

,I Cossatot Mountains (2300 feet) and the lowest in i ..I

the Saline Basin (300 feet). In contrast with the I

impressive rock outcrops of the Cossatot Hountaios,

some of the land near the larger streams in the

Saline Basin is quite swampy. Summaries of the characteristics of these div:Lsions, subdivisions and sections are included: Ouachita Mountain Division

General Vegetation Type: Shortleaf Pine-Upland Hardwood

Others: Bottomland Hardwood (along Arkansas River) Uplan

Prairie

Surface Geology: Paleozoic sandstone, shale, chert (Penh

sylvanllan , Mississippian, Silurian, Ordoviciao) ,

Pleistocene and Recent Quaternary alluvium.

Toppgraphy: Level to mountainous with cuestat;, hogbacks,

buttes, folded hills. Aquatic Environments: Stream, river, spring

Special Features: Igneous intrusion (Magnet Cove-Hot

Spring County) Hot Springs (Garland '

County) , novaculite exposures, oephe-

line syenite crystal exposures, northern E lora in north-facing ravines 4 I southwestern flora. I

3294 Fourche Mountains 'Subdivision

General Vegetation type: Shortleaf Pine-Upland Hardwood Others: Cedar glade

Surface Geology: Pennsylvanian sandstone and shale Topography:, Hilly to mountainous with folded hills Aqdatic Environments: Stream, river, spring Special Features: Northern E lora €n north-facing ravines * Central Ouachita Mountains Subdivision Generd Vegetation Type: Shortleaf Pltne-Upland Hardwood Others: Cedar glades Topbgraphy: Mountainous with folded mountains and novaculite ridges Aquatic environments: Stream, river, sprhg Special Features: Hot springs, novaculite exposures,

igneous intrusions, northern flora.

West Gulf Coastal Plain Division General Vegetation Type: Lublolly Pine - Bottomland I Hardwood

Others: Lowland prairie, Blackland prairie, Cypress

Tupelo swamp

Surface Geology: Eocene sand, clay, quartkite, and lignite, Pleistocene loess, Pleistocene and Recent Quaternary alluvium Topography: Level-to-rolling bottomlands, terraces, hill;

and cuestas t 3295 Aquatic environments: Stream, river, bayou, slough, meander scar lake

Special Features: Macon Ridge (similar to Crowley's

Rid6e-Chicot Couucy) , SEA; ilills

(with high shrut rliveisl. ;:) a

Nhsissippi Alluvial ?lain Plaid Division

General vegetation type: Bottomland Hardwood Others: Lowland Prairie, Cypress-Tupelo Swamp and Shortleaf Pine Forest

Surface Geology: Pleistocene and Recent Quaternary alluv€urn and loess.

Topography: Level-to slightly-rolling bottomlands

and terraces. Aquatic Environments: Stream, river, bayou, meander

scar lake, slough Grand Prairie Section

General Vegetation type: Lowland Prairie Others: ash-Persimmon-locust thicket succeeding to

Overcup Oak type Pin Oak Flats Surface Geology: Impervious clay subsoil Topography: Level to slightly rolling *5 Aquatic Environments: Stream, river*

A somewhat more detailed description of the forest types

referred to in the dgscussian of the divisions is Lncluded I

I 3296 I 1 I I* i i I

in a separate section which is repraduced below: THE MAJOR VEG3TATION TYPES OF ARKANSAS

Thel purpose of this section is to describe the variety

of plant: communities found in the state by presenting a few of the most extensive and representativc varia- tions and considering them as "vegetation typtzs". It

however, that cmes 7 should be understood, in most :- these I'types'@exist in great variety and merge gradually

from one to another rather than existing as discrete

units. Nevertheless, within the continuum of plant I communities there are some rather general asnociations

that are recognizable and may be placed into ti rea- sonably systematic order. Such ordering is worthwhile

because it makes the variation of plant cornunities more easily understandable. In this description, plant communities are defined and characterized by their dominant plant species,

Y usu3hlly trees. Their physical cnvixonmnts are I characterized by their water relationsh€ps and soil

fertility, with occasional references to important

secondary factors, such as fire.*

3297 I

ydri c Semi -Aquatic , Cypress-Tupel o Swamp Early Success1onal Wi1 low-Cottonwood PI oneer

Late Successional Types Water Hickory-Overcup Oak Huttall Oak-Sweelgm-WI1 low Oak Red Maple-BI rch-krj can Elm-Sycamore Mesic Wimax typett Red Oak-tlhite Oak-Shagbark Hickory

1 *Beech-Maple Cave Forest Forest I i 81 ack Oak431 ack Hi ckory 1 I Post Oak-Black jack Oak-Winged Elm-B1 ack Hickory 1 kric Red Cedar

2 I I 2 I I 3298 I I I I I Semi-Aquat ic Bald-Cypress - Tupelo Swamp Found an sites where water stands most of che year or pemanently, Bald Cypresses (Taxodium distichum)- generally do not reproduce in their own shade and may be

replaced by Tupelo (Nysaa aquatica) ox, in drier situations, by Sugarberry (Celtis 1aevllp;ot.a). Willow-Cottonwood Shelford (1973, pp. 94-103) gives this successional

sequence: Willow growing 5 feet above mean low water ' causes sediment buildup to 15 feet, at which height

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) occupies the best-drained areas. Silt deposition continues to a height of 30 feet above mean low water, at which point invasion

by Boxelder (Acer negundo), Red Maple (Acer rubrum) and Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), occurs, which

are eventually replaced by oaks, hickories, Sweetgum

(Lhuidambar styraciflua), and others eventually to J form a late-successional, bottomland hardwood forest.

Major late-successional forest types

Adapted from Bedinger (1911) and Tumer (19313a) €n order from wettest to driest:

P ,b- Water Hickory-Overcup Oak

Found in areas of long gubmergence caused by either

3299 8 obstacle, or in the Lowest bottoms of White arid Ouachita 'L Rivers, two rivers which, because of ;their geological origin, have similar extreme E loodiag rcgirnenrr. This is because these rivers drain areas dth low rriIt yield and are tributary to rivers.with high sediment: loads, As a result, sedimentation by the trunk streams is much

greater and their of channel cutting €8 Leas,

h -. %. resulting in a deeper channel with lower bankrr in the tributary streams which flood more easily and for a

longer period of t€me (Veatch and Eiedinger), The kat^,:

Hickory (Carya aquatica) - Overcup Oak (Que;.:iE lyzaca; cypo is found in areas flooded 2S-'~0%of the time, I The most common associates are Sugarberry, Pezsiwon

1 (Diospyros virgfnfana) , Water Locust (G1editsj.a aquatica) 1 Water Elm (Planera aquatica) , Green Ash (Fraxhus penn- 1 sylvanica), Bald Cypress and Water Tupelo, which together 1 mag totally comprise this forest of relatively low 1 diversity. 1 Nuttall Oak-Sweetgum-Willow Oak

1 Found on sites with shorter periods of submergence

r 4 (10-2lX) this forest type is more extensive than the

m d preceedhg type, occupying the major river bottoms i io the Delta and stretching almost without interruption 1 acrass the Northeastern Arkansas section. This forest i is also more diverse than the major species of that type

3300 as well as Water Oak (Quercus nigex), ash, Honey Locust

(GLadits-la triacanthos) Pecan (Carya illinoeosis) , hawthorns, Persimmon, and many others in lower abundance.

On high but flat and poorly drained sites, Pin Oak (Quercus palustria) may increase in this association;

they are then called "Pin Oak flats" or ''flatwoods". On lighter soils, generally on the Coastal Plain, Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) my be present in small amounts, and

*7 type may be termed ''pine flatwoods".*

Red Map le -B irch-Amr ica n E Im-Sycamore4 o t tonwood This type occur8 in larger stream valleys of the uplands, which commonly are relatively narrow and well drained

I and not subject to prolonged submergence. Similar

1 communities nay be found on natural levees or other

1 high ridges in the lowland floodplains,

1 Red Oak- White Oak- Shagbark Hickory

1 Fouad on the best sites in both the uplands and the

1 lowlands, this is probably the climax type over most 1 of the state as it is €n much of the oak-hickory forest

2 region, wh€ch is centered on the Interior Highlands. 2 The red oak component is usually Southern Red Oak 2 (Quercus falcata) in the Lowlands and lower quality 2 upland sites and Northern Red Oak (Q. rubra) on the 2 moist, highest-quality upland sites. Loblolly Pine is 2 found associated with this type on intermediat e-quality

3301 sites of th? Coastal Plain, and Shortleaf Pine (Pinus I I echinata) and Post Oak {srellara)may be present I in this type on drier sites in the uplands anti Coastal Plain. In the lowlands, the presence of :lackjack

Oak (Quercus marilaadica) in this forest indicates the lack of flooding. In the lowlands this type is found most commonly on high, well-drained terraces cind in the uplands usually on north, east, and west slopes of moderate-to-high moisture and fertility. Common associates in the uplands are Mockernut Hickory (Cava tomentosa) , Black H€ckory (C. texana) , Black Oak (Quercus vslutiaa), Chinkapin Oak (Quercus prin,oidea) and Sugar

Maple (Acer saccharum). In the lowlands American Elm

(Ulmus americana), Water Oak, Sweetgum, and Swamp Chestnut Oak (Quercus michauxii) may be found in this forest type. On Crowley's Ridge, Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is a minor but consistent component of the type

Beech-Maple Cove Forest This type occurs on superior soil in very cool, moist north-facing ravines LKI the uplands. The type is a relic1 of a former more wide-spread forest now confined to more northern localities, Its existence in Arkansas probabl:; i is associated with Pleistocene glaciation, and it is I1

I confined now to the coolest moist ravines in tine

3302 Ozarks and Ouachitas. Associated with the doniinant

trees, other species with simLlar requirements may be found, such as White Oak (Quercus alba), Northern Red Oak, and bbrella Magnolia (Magnolh acuminata) . Black Oak - Black Hickom This type is found on dry east and west slopea inter- mediate in moisture and fertility between them. Short- * leaf Pine occurs in this type in the Ouachitas and the Coa~talPlain, 1 Post Oak-Blackjack Oak-Winged Elm-Black Hickory

1 This type is found on thfn-soiled dry south sfmopesand

1 ridgetops.

1 The tm increases in extent when fxequent burning occurs

1 and fomed extensive Oak-H€ckary savannas in the mounmi.n 1 and upper Arkansas River Valley at the time of settle- 1 ment, Under these circumstances the type may sometimes 1 be replaced by prairie, I 1 Black Oak associates with this type and, under favorable

1' circumgtances , probably replaces it. Shortleaf Pine 2 also associates with and replaces this type, notab11

2 lu arCas with vzr, i-ggscd clpgra?hj, ;,c the CLaC-hLLab,

2 and vhe: ii is :.J:eL_l'e: ":.; a& 2 OfLe ilhAs fOKeEG Ls AI L'La;: ridgeG alld through l.eachiagA

2 develops a nardpan. Under these conditions it may be

2 called Post Oak Flats.

3303 1 Red Cedar

2 This type ia found on bluffs, h%lls,barrens, bald

3 knobs, and rocky glades, The greatest: prominence of 4 the type is near the White River in the central Ozarks 5 and Ouachitas.

6 Other Vegetation Types 7 Wet Prairie

a Thh type is dominated by Big Bluestem (Andropogon- . 9 perardi) , Xndh~gxass(Sorghastrum nutans) , Switchgrass 1 0 (Pan€cum virgatum) :.and Little Bluestem (Andropogon- 1 scoparius). It is found on terraces in the lowland 5. 2 region that are undexluin by bpewhus subsoil (clay- 3 pan) and poorly dissected by streams, resulting in 4 extremes of wetness and dryness especially in the growing

5 season. It requires frequent burning to resist invasion 6 by trees, The principal area of occurrence is the

7 Grand Prairie section; but it occurs also on other 8 terraces notably in Ashley County, 9 Blackland Prairie

.O This type is Ifmited fn its distribution in the state, -1 occurring on Cretaceous formations in Southwestern 2 Arkansas and representing extensions of the Blackland

3 Prairies of Texas. The type is undescribed in Arkansas 4 and has virtually disappeared, 5

3304

! I 1 Upland Prairie i

2 Like the prairie in the lowland region, the upland

3 prairies occur on areas with claypans or shallow rocky

4 soils resulting in moisture resources that are subnormal 5 for tree growth, Such areas are concentrated in the

6 northwestern Ozarks and Upper Arkansas River Valley

7 but occur elsewhere in the uplands. Dominant grasses

8 are essentially the same as those of the lowland

9 prairies but the two types of prairie differ somewhat

3 in the composition of their communities,

1 Aquatic Environments

2 Arkansas, with a relatively humid climate, is abundantly 3 supplied with surface water, having about 2700 miles of t major streams and rivers and many ponds, lakes, and j springs. These environments provide habitat for 5 distinctive comun it ies of aquatic and s emi-a qua tic

I plants and animals and modify and create many terrestrial

$ types. The natures of the aquatic eav€ronmentg vary 3 with the character of the natural division in which 1 they are located. In the Delta and Coastal Plgin, streams and rivers have a small gradient and qsaoder

! freely in the flat alluvial bottoms. Here are located

I most of the natural lakes in the state, forme4 when

3305 I

possibly thousands, of years. In the open water of such lakes may be found submerged and floating cormnunities of plants, sometimes with epiphytic communities developing on floating logs. Nearer the edgea of a

*9 lake emergent* plants are found around the roots on which soil and detritus accumulate, gradually f illPng

in the lake,

Io the Ozarks and Ouachitas, however, streams take on a different character, Tbe gradient is steep; rind the streams flow rapidly, carving bluffs, canyons, and waterfalls as they go. The early travelers through what is now Arkansas often remark on the size and clarity of these streams, the Journal of the Long Expedition in 1819 and 1820 even going so far as to suppose that these streams must be fed by an underground river from 1i 1 9 the Rocky Mountains. Plants and animals of these 1 I 2B streams are relatively Eew and often are specialized I 2' for existence in swift water.

2;. In addition to having a general knowledge of the natural 1 divisions of Arkansas, I am familiar with the area shown on

the map entitled "Land Use Map of Area ir! Central Arkansas ! 25 Surrounding Proposed White Bluff Power Plant." As I have

3306 I stated, three of the Natural Divisions of Arkansas exist 2 withh this area. - The northern and eastern part of the 3 area colored basically yellow on the map, 5s Delta, the 4 southern and western part, colored generally dark green is ! 5 Coastal Plain, the northern and western part of the area, 6 from about: Bryant north, also colored generally dark green 7 is Ouachita Mountains. 3 Io the Delta portion of the area, the inclusions of light 3 green indicate areas of bottomland hardwood forest.

1 In the Coastal Plain area, that part colored dark green I 1 indicates loblolly pine-bottomland hardwood forest the 1 gray 2 areas are loblolly pine forest, and the light greert areas an 3 bottomland hardwood forest along the Saline River and two of

4 its tributaries, Hurricane Creek and Derrisaux Creek, The i

5 Northern part of this area is, however, a transitic~ozone 5 between the loblolly pine typical of the Coastal Plain and

7 the shortleaf pine typical. of the Ouachitas.

I 3 The areas colored dark green in the Ouachita Nountains Division are basically shortleaf pine-upland hardwood forest,

the gray areas are shortleaf pine forest with some'bottomland hardwood forest along streams.

Each of these forest types has been previously describci.'

Thomas Foti

3307 1

ADDITIONZIL TESTIMONY OF AEtKANSAS ECOLOGY CENTER

Testimony of.Thomas Foti concerning Arkansas

production and use of minerals which may be used as produced

in the sulfur-scrubbing process.

The minerals which may be used in the su.LEur-

scrubbing process are Lime and Limestone,

The following information is from the Bureau of

Mines 1972 Minerals Yearbook: LIMESTONE--Arkansas produced

7.1 million tons of Limestone in 1971, with a value of

11.3 million dollars. Arkansas production is mostly in

the northern part of the state and chief uses are cment,

roadbase stone, flux and aggregate. LIME--Wo companies,

Ranjaire Carp. and Reynolds Metals Corp. produced 150,000

tons of lime in 1971 valued at about $2.5 million signi-

ficantly less than the record 1966 production of 207,000

tons (Bulletin 645 of the USDI Bureau of Mines “Mineral

Resources and Xndustries of Wkansasl’). Chief uses are

pulp and paper production, soil stabilization and processing

of bauxite to alumina,

GYPSUM- Production by Dulh Bauxite Co. was

127,000 tons in 1972. Production by Weyerhauser ccr, is

company confidential, but is significant, Uses include

manufacture of cement and wallboard, both of which are

produced in Arkansas.

THOMAS FOTT

3308 IU j 1

CHAIRMAN MORAN:

Mr. Jewel1 or Mr. Lyon. I I MR. LYON: !

We have no questions. I

CHAImm Mow: I MY, Frawley. i I MR. mm2: I ! We have no questions.

CHAIRMAN MORAN:

1 Mr. Smith.

1 MR, SMITH:

1 No questions,

1 CHAIRMAN MOM:

1 Mr. Furr. 1 MR. FtsRR: 1:

1 No questions,

1 CHAIRMAN Mom: 1 i If there arentt any questions by anyone of 1 this wit less, the witness will be excused, thank yc~u, m. a Foti. 2 (WITNESS EXCUSED) 2 CHAIRM?iN MORAN: I 2 I Let me Mr. one see now, Goodloe you have I ! 2 other wj mess that will not be here until 9:30 in the morning? I 2

3309 I I

MR. GOODLOE: I 1 Yes, Chapman could not be here this I Dr. I

afternoon he is out in the field with some 4-H students and I i there was no phone where we could reach him. He is scheduled i to be here tomorrow at 9:30 and he left around noon Monday. I I CHAIRMAN MOW: j

Well, 1 don't know of anything we =an do I I about that. f am surprieed we haven't run into this type 1

I situation before now in these hearings.

1 Since Dr. Chapman is unable to appaar at

1 this time we will stand in recess until 9:30 tomorraw morning.

Mr. FUrr, you look like you wanted to say

something before f said that. i MR. m: I I was just wondering if we could hear any- 1 I I thing from Counsel as to rebuttal that they may have in mind I I I I 1 and prepare for it. 1 mentioned talking to Mr. Lyon casually

I~UXC I= kxz ic looks like we will 5;n;s::: *JF sornE=l:m twmljrs'~~.

1 CHAfRMAN MORAN:

2 l well, f don't mind asking him. Mr. Lyon,

2 or Mr. Sewell, do you know at this time whether you plan to I 2 present any rebuttal? 2 MR JEWELL: 2 We do plan to present one witness :or sure 2 and possibly two and they will both be very short.

I 3310 CrnIRMAN MOM:

well, 1 assume you have them lined up to come nn.

MR, JEWELL:

They will be here at 9:30 in the morning.

CHAIRMAN MORAPS:

Okay.

I don't know -- Mr. mrr is anything else that you want in the record specifically about the rebuttal?

MR. m:

Well, as 3 understand it one of the witnesses will be from Main Engineering. Is that correct?

MR, JEWELL:

That is correct,

MR. FURR:

Is that the one that is for sure?

MR. lfEWELL:

That is correct.

MR. mm:

And the other one may be Mr. Phillips?

MR. mu:

That is a possibility, yes.

MR, FURR:

It wotld probably helpful to us if we had some idea of the scope. 1 don't know whether Counsel is pre-

331.1 Y

I I i i pared to date that but we would like to prepare for cross-

examination.

CHAIRMAN MOM:

Well, I assume -- is the rebuttal testimony

prepared tes t imony ?

I MR,, JEWEX&: I 1 I No sir it is not. As I: said we don't even

know right now whether or not we are going to put Mr. Phillips

I on the stand much less what he will testify to and it will be I I very brief if he does testify. I I COMMISSIONER JACKSON: I I assume the Charles T. Main testimony would

1 be to hat we have been talking about for two weeks so €ar t i as the emission data is concerned. 1 I MR. JEWELL: Yes sir. And that is all of it. That is

I! all of the Main td5ntony.

CHAIRMAN MOW:

Well, Mr. FUrr, it seems to me like the

rebuttal which they say they don't know for sure they are

going to have yet and which they say is going to be vexy

short if they do have it it doesn't sound like they are going

to any great detail and I am going to suggest that all Counsel I I here have already demonstrated they have the ability to

prepare their cross-examination while they are listening to 1

4 333.2

I I I/ I I

I the dire ;t -- I never got anytime to prepare a'ny cross-examinam

I tion I e @r did the first ten years I: practiced law and that I is why I have these problems with adminiatrative regulatory I I law or p bceeding, but -- sa the hearing will be in recess I until 9: D in the morning. I (Whereupo k the hearing was adjourned until the following day, I Wednesdq i July 31, 1974 at 9:30 a.m.) I

I I I

I I

I I I I ! I I I I

3313 1 C E RT f F I CA TE IIIcC-d-I-c

2 THIS TS TO CERTIFY that the foregoing pages numbered 3 3041 th ough 3313 is a true and correct copy of the 4 proceedi gs, VOLUME XITI, in the hearing before the Arkansas 5 public S !mice Commission in its Hearing Room, Justice 6 Building Capitol Grounds, Little Rock, Arkansas on Tuesday, 7 July 30, 1974 beginning at 9:30 a.m. in Docket U-2488, 8

11 (Mrs.) Mattie L. Stotts RF,PORTER 12 AmSAS PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

13 My COmj ision expires: 14 January 10, 1978.

3314