DOCSLIB.ORG

Utilization of Low-Quality Desulfurized Ash from Semi-Dry Flue Gas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Utilization of Low-Quality Desulfurized Ash from Semi-Dry Flue Gas Fuel 255 (2019) 115783 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fuel journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fuel Full Length Article Utilization of low-quality desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas desulfurization by mixing with hemihydrate gypsum T Haoxin Lia,b, Hui Zhanga,b, Lin Lia,b, Qiang Rena,b, Xiaojie Yanga,b, Zhengwu Jianga,b, ⁎ Zhenlei Zhanga,b, a Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China b School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This work aimed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing the low-quality desulfurization ash from semi-dry flue Desulfurized ash gas desulfurization by mixing with α-hemihydrate gypsum, and then the environmental issues resulted from low- Hemihydrate gypsum quality desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas desulfurization can be resolved, and both economic and eco- Strength logical benefits are brought to the related industries. Thus various contents of low-quality desulfurization ash Hydration property were mixed into the α-hemihydrate gypsum and these pastes with desulfurization ash were prepared, and then Microstructure the water requirements for the normal consistency, Zeta electrical potentials, setting times and strengths of the pastes with desulfurization ash were evaluated, also hydration products and microstructures of these mixtures were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively in this work. The results indicate that desulfurized ash increases the water requirement for the normal consistency, and it decreases Zeta electrical potential and strengths, and it prolongs the setting times. Higher water requirement for the normal consistency, lower absolute value of Zeta electrical potential, longer setting times and lower strengths will be found as more desulfurized ash is mixed into the paste. But the strengths of the pastes with 24% desulfurized ash still meet the requirement for the building. Lower absolute values of Zeta electrical potentials imply the reaction appearance of calcium oxide to calcium hydroxide. FT-IR and XRD results indicate that dihydrate gypsum is the main hydration product, and calcium sulfite, calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide are also appeared in the hardened pastes with desulfurized ash and they do not participate in the reaction and there is not any new phase in the hardened pastes with desulfurized ash. SEM observation shows that desulfurized ash alters the dihydrate gypsum morphology and increases the pores in the hardened pastes. The crystal becomes thicker and more pores can be found in the hardened pastes as more desulfurized ash is mixed. These results will provide a reference for the desulfurized ash application into the hemihydrate gypsum and contribute to the sustainable management of low-quality desulfurized ash and find an approach for its application with a large scale. 1. Introduction various ways to prevent the harmful gases into the air. Semi-dry flue gas desulfurization, as a popular technology, is selected by these industries In recent years, sustainable development has been the global con- for its advantages such as low investment, rapid reaction speed, high cern and various industries have made their efforts to integrate these desulfurization efficiency, as well as no wastewater discharge [5,7–9]. issues into their policies [1–3]. It is not any exception for coal-fired However, it is similar to other conventional flue gas desulfurization power industry, industrial boiler and sintering plant and they consume processes such as the wet and dry ones that waste, namely desulfurized a great deal of fossil fuels every year, and meanwhile lots of sulfur ash, is always produced and becomes the greatest concern. In 2010, oxides are emitted [4–6]. Sulfur oxide can pose a considerable threat to about 10 million tons of desulfurized ash was produced, making it the ecosystems, building materials, agricultures, as well as human health. third largest solid waste in China, only after fly ash and desulfurized In particular, SO2 pollution is a very serious environmental problem in gypsum [10–12]. The annual production of desulfurized ash from newly large and mid-sized cities of China. Thus these industries have to take added by-products in China is approximately 15 million tons, and it will ⁎ Corresponding author at: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Zhang). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115783 Received 17 February 2019; Received in revised form 28 April 2019; Accepted 7 July 2019 0016-2361/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. H. Li, et al. Fuel 255 (2019) 115783 Table 1 Chemical components of desulfurized ash and hemihydrate gypsum (wt%). Oxides SO3 CaO SiO2 Fe2O3 Na2O MgO Al2O3 K2O MnO TiO2 others Hemihydrate gypsum 48.8 33.1 0.63 0.03 ––––––18.05 Desulfurized ash 34.8 47.8 0.92 1.02 0.35 1.08 0.33 0.32 0.03 0.03 13.32 5 Low-quality desulfurized ash Alpha Hemihydrate gypsum A a B Desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas desulfurization Alpha-hemihydrate gypsum 4 a Alpha-hemihydrate gypsum b Dihydrate gypsum a c Calcium hydroxide d Calcium carbonate ) 3 e Hemihydrate calcium sulfite % ( a 2 Volume 1 e e a a c b d a e d c d c b b 0 1 10 100 1000 5 10152025303540455055606570 Particle diameter (um ) 2 Theta Fig. 1. Particle size distributions and XRD patterns of hemihydrate gypsum and desulfurized ash. accumulatively reach several billion tons by 2020 approximately applied as a admixture into the hemihydrate gypsum based material, [13–15]. It usually contains calcium sulfite, dihydrate gypsum, calcium meanwhile the setting times of this material can be modulated to the carbonate and unreacted calcium hydroxide [7]. If it is not managed in ideal one. Therefore, the desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas de- an economically feasible and environmentally friendly manner, it will sulfurization was mixed into the α-hemihydrate gypsum, and the water not only occupy a large amount of land, and due to its large solubility, it requirements for the normal consistency, Zeta electrical potentials, also may infiltrate the soil and cause secondary pollution to soil and setting times, compressive and flexural strengths of pastes with de- groundwater resources through washing and leaching during landfill sulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas desulfurization were evaluated, and piling [16–18]. As a result, the serious environmental problems and also the crystalline phases of the hardened pastes were analyzed by may be caused. It was reported that soot materials can be made by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scan- desulfurized gypsum, fly ash and lime, producing strength in the pro- ning electron microscope (SEM) in this work, and then the mechanism cess of consolidation reaction, which are used as pavement sub-base or responsible for the alternation of mechanical property was explored. land leveling sand [19–21]. Besides, it can be also used for cement The feasibility of using desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas de- production in a similar way to naturally-occurring gypsum for the fact sulfurization in the production of hemihydrate gypsum based material that it contains more than 90% gypsum [10,22–24]. The ash from cir- was assessed. The results from this work will provide a reference for the culating fluidized bed combustion can be applied as an admixture into resource of low-quality desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas de- blended cement for appearance of activated component with a high sulfurization, and then the expected sustainable development of the content [6,25–27]. However, desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas industries related to desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas desulfur- desulfurization appears in a multicomponent manner, and the calcium ization will be acquired. sulfite, calcium carbonate and unreacted calcium hydroxide also pre- sent with the high contents except for the calcium sulfate. Besides, there 2. Materials and experimental methods is not any activated component such as SiO2 in it. So it can not be used fi as an admixture or modi ed components in the cement based materials. 2.1. Materials Currently, it is treated as solid waste by landfill disposal. Although it was reported that it can be resourced as a reductant to remove chro- Desulfurized ash from semi-dry flue gas desulfurization and α- mium and vanadium from vanadium industrial wastewater [7], the hemihydrate gypsum were collected from Baotian New Building waste with heavy metals is produced in the terminal and it has to be Materials Co.,Ltd. Their chemical components are shown in Table 1. ff disposed in a safe way. Therefore, it is urgent to seek a cost e ective, Desulfurized ash contains about 21.33% hemihydrate calcium sulfite, reliable and environmentally friendly resource utilization technology 18.11% calcium carbonate, 28.55% dihydrate gypsum, 25.81% calcium fl for desulfurized ash from semi-dry ue gas desulfurization. hydroxide, 1.85% calcium oxide. Particle size distributions of hemi- α Hemihydrate gypsum, especially the -hemihydrate one, has a high hydrate gypsum and desulfurized ash are given in Fig. 1 A. The specific strength as compared with others. However, it usually set quickly, surface areas of desulfurized ash and hemihydrate gypsum are 351 and leading to a short operable time of several minutes. Therefore, various 328 m2/Kg respectively. And the XRD patterns of desulfurized ash and retarders have to be used to modulate the setting time of hemihydrate α- hemihydrate gypsum are shown in Fig. 1B. gypsum based material, so as the enough operable time is ensured. Usually, alkaline phosphates, organic acids, proteins and their soluble salts are selected [28–30].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Record of Decision; JEA Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor Project
    76614 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 236 / Thursday, December 7, 2000 / Notices Recordkeeping burden. OMB invites would be cost-shared by DOE and JEA specific to the proposals under public comment. (formerly the Jacksonville Electric consideration. Dated: December 1, 2000. Authority) under DOE's Clean Coal The DOE strategy has three principal elements. The first element involved John Tressler, Technology (CCT) Program. The project would demonstrate circulating fluidized preparation of a comprehensive Leader Regulatory Information Management, Programmatic EIS for the CCT Program Office of the Chief Information Officer. bed (CFB) combustion technology at JEA's existing Northside Generating (DOE/EIS±0146, November 1989) to Office of Educational Research and Station in Jacksonville, Florida. After address the potential environmental Improvement careful consideration of the potential consequences of widespread commercialization of each of 22 Type of Review: New. environmental impacts, along with successfully demonstrated clean coal Title: Education Longitudinal Study program goals and objectives, DOE has technologies. of 2002 (ELS 2002). decided that it will provide approximately $73 million in federal The second element involved Frequency: Annually. preparation of a pre-selection, project- Affected Public: Not-for-profit funding support (about 24% of the total cost of approximately $309 million) to specific environmental review of institutions; State, Local, or Tribal proposed CCT projects based on project- Gov't, SEAs or LEAs. design, construct, and demonstrate the CFB technology proposed by JEA. specific environmental data and Reporting and Recordkeeping Hour analyses in accordance with DOE NEPA Burden: Responses: 51,597. Burden FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: To regulations (10 CFR 1021.216). For the Hours: 59,497.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiphase Oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on Caco3 Particles 2 Defeng Zhao*, Xiaojuan Song*, Tong Zhu, Zefeng Zhang, Yingjun Liu
    1 Multiphase Oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on CaCO3 Particles 2 Defeng Zhao*, Xiaojuan Song*, Tong Zhu, Zefeng Zhang, Yingjun Liu 3 BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China 4 *These authors contributed equally to this work. 5 Correspondence to: Tong Zhu ([email protected]) 6 Abstract. Heterogeneous/multiphase oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on solid or aqueous particles is thought to be a 7 potentially important source of sulfate in the atmosphere, for example, during heavily polluted episodes (haze), 8 but the reaction mechanism and rate are uncertain. In this study, in order to assess the importance of the direct 9 oxidation of SO2 by NO2 we investigated the heterogeneous/multiphase reaction of SO2 with NO2 on individual 10 CaCO3 particles in N2 using Micro-Raman spectroscopy. In the SO2/NO2/H2O/N2 gas mixture, the CaCO3 solid 11 particle was first converted to the Ca(NO3)2 droplet by the reaction with NO2 and the deliquescence of Ca(NO3)2, 12 and then NO2 oxidized SO2 in the Ca(NO3)2 droplet forming CaSO4, which appeared as needle-shaped crystals. 13 Sulfate was mainly formed after the complete conversion of CaCO3 to Ca(NO3)2, that is, during the multiphase 14 oxidation of SO2 by NO2. The precipitation of CaSO4 from the droplet solution promoted sulfate formation. The -8 15 reactive uptake coefficient of SO2 for sulfate formation is on the order of 10 , and RH enhanced the uptake 16 coefficient. We estimate that the direct multiphase oxidation of SO2 by NO2 is not an important source of sulfate 17 in the ambient atmosphere compared with the SO2 oxidation by OH in the gas phase and is not as important as 18 other aqueous phase pathways, such as the reactions of SO2 with H2O2, O3, and O2, with or without transition 19 metals.
    [Show full text]
  • Fgd) By-Products
    CHARACTERIZATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN DRY FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION (FGD) BY-PRODUCTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Panuwat Taerakul, B.ENG., M.B.A., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Harold Walker, Adviser Professor Linda Weavers Dr. Tarunjit Butalia Adviser Professor Yu-Ping Chin Civil Engineering Graduate Program ABSTRACT This study investigates the amount, distribution, variation and fate of trace elements in FGD by-product. Dry FGD by-product including lime spray dryer (LSD) ash have possible uses in agricultural and construction applications. However, the variability in the chemical properties, especially levels of trace elements, of LSD ash is a concern due to the possible release to the environment. Changes in levels of inorganic constituents in LSD ash collected from the McCracken Power Plant were measured. Variability of elemental composition in leachate and bulk chemical properties (i.e. available lime index (ALI), calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), and total neutralization potential (TNP)) were also examined. Little variability over different time periods (e.g., daily to yearly) and little variability between samples collected from different particle collection hoppers were observed. Trace elements including As, Se, and Hg in LSD ash and in the leachate did not surpass limits for land application (EPA 503 Rule) or RCRA. Therefore, LSD ash is a consistent material which can be beneficially re-used in an environmentally sound manner. ii Further study of LSD ash samples was conducted to examine the distribution of trace elements in different fractions.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidation of FGD-Caso3 and Effect on Soil Chemical Properties When Applied to the Soil Surface
    2007 World of Coal Ash (WOCA), May 7-10, 2007, Covington, Kentucky, USA Home Oxidation of FGD-CaSO3 and Effect on Soil Chemical Properties When Applied to the Soil Surface Liming Chen1, Cliff Ramsier2, Jerry Bigham3, Brian Slater3, David Kost1, Yong Bok Lee3, and Warren A. Dick1 1School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University/The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA. 2Ag Spectrum Company, Dewitt, IA, USA. 3School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. KEYWORDS: FGD-sulfite, FGD-sulfate, soil quality, gypsum, coal combustion products ABSTRACT The use of high-sulfur coal for power generation in the United States requires the removal of sulfur dioxide (SO2) produced during burning in order to meet clean air regulations. If SO2 is removed from the flue gas using a wet scrubber without forced air 2- oxidation, much of the S product created will be sulfite (SO3 ). Plants only take up S in 2- 2- the form of sulfate (SO4 ), and SO3 is toxic to plants and may cause damage to plant 2- roots. For agricultural uses, SO3 in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) products must 2- oxidize to SO4 in soils before crops are planted. However, there is little information 2- 2- about the oxidation of SO3 in FGD product to SO4 under field conditions. An FGD- CaSO3 obtained from American Electric Power Company was applied at rates of 0, 1.12 and 3.36 Mg ha-1 to the surface of an agricultural soil (Wooster silt loam, Oxyaquic 2- Fragiudalf). The SO4 in the surface soil (0-10 cm) was analyzed on days 3, 7, 17, 45, 2- and 61.
    [Show full text]
  • A Great Tool for Flue Gas Desulfurization Solids Analysis
    Thermogravimetry: A Great Tool for Flue Gas Desulfurization Solids Analysis Brad Buecker Kansas City Power & Light Company, La Cygne, KS, USA and Roger Blaine*, Ph.D. TA Instruments, 109 Lukens Drive, New Castle, DE 19720, USA INTRODUCTION Over 50 percent of the electricity generated in the United States comes from coal- fired power plants. Perhaps a hundred or so utility boilers are already equipped with flue gas scrubbers. Anticipated tightening of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions regulations will require other existing and new plants to also install scrubbers. A popular design has been and will be the wet-limestone type, where finely ground, slurried limestone is sprayed onto the flue gas to remove SO2. Reliable monitoring of scrubber solids chemistry is critical for proper operation of scrubbing systems. Thermogravimetry is an excellent tool for these analyses. A Brief Overview of Scrubber Chemistry Flue-gas scrubbing is a step-wise chemistry process, where the overall reaction is a classic example of aqueous acid-base chemistry applied on an industrial scale. Alkaline limestone slurry (composed primarily of calcium carbonate, CaCO3) reacts with acidic sulfur dioxide, as represented in Equation 1. + -2 +2 -2 CaCO3 + 2H + SO3 → Ca + SO3 + H2O + CO2↑ (1) In the absence of any other reactants, calcium and sulfite ions will precipitate as a hemihydrate, where water is actually included in the crystal lattice of the scrubber byproduct. +2 -2 Ca + SO3 + ½H2O → CaSO3·½H2O↓ (2) Proper operation of a scrubber is dependent upon the efficiency of the above- listed reactions. Control of pH via reagent feed is very important. Many wet-limestone scrubbers operate at a solution pH of around 5.6 to 5.8.
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium Bisulfite Oxidation Rate in the Wet Limestone-Gypsum Flue Gas
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 1931-1935 results. It has been shown that liquid-phase composition Calcium Bisulfite Oxidation Rate in (sulfite concentration, dissolved oxygen, pH), temperature, - and the presence, even in traces, of catalysts (Co2+,Cu2+, the Wet Limestone Gypsum Flue Mn2+) and inhibitors (alcohols, phenols, hydroquinone) Gas Desulfurization Process strongly affect the reaction rate. Sulfite oxidation was studied both in homogeneous ,² conditions, obtained by contacting a sulfite solution with an AMEDEO LANCIA* AND oxygen saturated solution, and in heterogeneous conditions, DINO MUSMARRA³ obtained by contacting a sulfurous solution with an oxygen Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, containing gas phase. Results for homogeneous conditions UniversitaÁ di Napoli ªFederico IIº, p.le Tecchio 80, 80125 are relatively consistent. Working with high sulfite concen- Napoli, Italy, and Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, trations Yagi and Inoue (2) and Srivastva et al. (3) found a CNR, p.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy first-order kinetic equation with respect to both oxygen and sulfite. On the other hand, results obtained with lower 3 concentrations, indicate a /2-order dependence from sulfite In this paper oxidation of calcium bisulfite in aqueous and a zero-order dependence from oxygen, both in the absence and in the presence of such catalysts as copper, solutions was studied, in connection with the limestone- manganese, and cobalt (4-9). The dependence of the reaction gypsum flue gas desulfurization process. Experimental rate on the catalyst concentration is more uncertain; while measurements of the oxidation rate were carried out in a the reaction rate is proportional to the square root of the laboratory scale stirred reactor with continuous feeding concentration of Co2+ or Mn2+, the description of the catalytic of both gas and liquid phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Document: AP-42 Section 1.3 Fuel Oil Combustion
    REPORT ON REVISIONS TO 5TH EDITION AP-42 Section 1.3 Fuel Oil Combustion Prepared for: Contract No. EPA 68-D7-0068, WA-005 EPA Work Assignment Officer: Roy Huntley Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Office of Air And Radiation U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 Prepared by: Eastern Research Group Post Office Box 2010 Morrisville, North Carolina 27560 September 1998 7997\92\04\Suplemnt.B\Reports\Chptr01\01-03.002 (6-26-3) Table of Contents Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1-1 2.0 REVISIONS.......................................................... 2-1 2.1 General Text Changes............................................ 2-1 2.2 Sulfur Oxides, SOx ............................................... 2-1 2.3 Sulfur Trioxide, SO3 ............................................. 2-1 2.4 Nitrogen Oxides, Nox ............................................. 2-1 2.4.1 Mid-Sized Fuel Oil Fired Boilers ............................. 2-2 2.4.2 Utility Boilers ............................................ 2-4 2.5 Carbon Monoxide, CO ............................................ 2-6 2.6 Filterable Particulate Matter, PM ................................... 2-6 2.7 Condensable Particulate Matter, CPM ................................ 2-8 2.7.1 Description of Documents Evaluated .......................... 2-8 2.7.2 Emission Factor Development ................................ 2-9 2.8 Total Organic Compounds (TOC) and Non-Methane TOC (NMTOC) ..... 2-12 2.9 Particle Size
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemical and Preservative Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solution for Brining Fruit
    The Chemical and Preservative Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solution for Brining Fruit Circular of Information 629 June 1969 Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis The Chemical and Preservative Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solution for Brining Fruit C. H. PAYNE, D. V. BEAVERS, and R. F. CAIN Department of Food Science and Technology Sweet cherries and other fruits are preserved in sul- control are given in papers by Waiters et al. (1963) and fur dioxide solutions for manufacture into maraschino, Yang et al. (1966). cocktail, and glace fruit. The sulfur dioxide solution, Sulfur dioxide and calcium are directly related to commonly called brine, may be prepared from liquid brined cherry quality. Improper use of these chemicals sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, or sodium metabisulfite may result in cherries that are soft, poorly bleached, or using alkali or acid to control pH. Calcium salts such as spoiled due to fermentation. It is the purpose of this calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and calcium chlo- circular to show how the basic chemical and preservative ride are added to the brine to prevent cracking and pro- components of brine solutions are afifected during prep- mote firming of the fruit tissue through interaction with aration, storage, and use. pectic materials. Directions for brine preparation and Chemical Properties of Sulfur Dioxide Solutions When sulfur dioxide or materials containing sulfur range of sulfur dioxide concentrations, the relative dis- dioxide (bisulfite or metabisulfite) are dissolved in tribution of the sulfur dioxide ionic forms is constant. water, three types of chemical substances are formed: Within the initial pH range used for brining cher- sulfurous acid (H2SO3),1 bisulfite (HSO3"), and sulfite ries, there is a predominance of calcium bisulfite (SO~).
    [Show full text]
  • Open Phd Dissertation-Mona Zahedi.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School EVALUATING THE USE OF FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION FLY ASH AS CONCRETE POZZOLAN A Dissertation in Civil Engineering by Mona Zahedi © 2019 Mona Zahedi Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2019 The dissertation of Mona Zahedi was reviewed and approved* by the following: Farshad Rajabipour Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Shelley M. Stoffels Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tong Qiu Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Aly Said Associate Professor of Architectural Engineering Patrick J. Fox Head of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are a key ingredient of today’s concrete and can vastly improve the durability and sustainability of concrete mixtures. While the demand for fly ash and other suitable pozzolans continues to escalate, the supply of high-quality and economically available fly ash has been shrinking. To maintain and expand the market share of concrete products, it is critical that high-quality, long-lasting and cost-competitive concrete is widely available; this requires a stable and abundant supply of cheap fly ash. Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ash is an alternative source of fly ash that is widely available, but currently not used in concrete. This is due to the lack of guidelines and protocols to evaluate the quality/performance of FBC fly ash and identify necessary beneficiation procedures before it can be incorporated into concrete mixtures. The FBC process is a cheaper and more efficient way of burning waste coal compared to conventional pulverized coal combustion (PCC).
    [Show full text]
  • 220 Calcium Sulfite COMPONENTS: ORIGINAL MEASUREMENTS: 1
    220 Calcium Sulfite COMPONENTS: ORIGINAL MEASUREMENTS: 1. Calcium sulfite; CaS03; [10257-55-3] 2. Calcium sulfate; CaS04; [7778-18-9] Van der Linden, T. 3. Glucose; C6H1206; [50-99-7] 4. Sucrose; C12Hn Oll ; [50-99-7] Arch. Suikerlnd.Ned.-Indie 1916, 24, 5. Water; H20; [7732-18-5] 1113-28; Dtsch. Zuckerlnd. 1916, 41, 815; J. Soc. Chem. Ind., London 1917, 36, 96. VARIABLES: PREPARED BY: Temperature: 303 - 373 K H.D. Lutz, B. Engelen EXPERIMENTAL VALUES: The author reports the solubility of CaS03.2H20 [10035-03-7] in water, various aqueous solutions of glucose and sucrose, and in all these solvents saturated wIth gypsum. Content of saccharose (suc) and 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100°C glucose (glu) (mass %) and of CaS04 (saturated solution) CaS03· 2H20 mg/kg soln pure water 64 63 57 61 45 31 27 II 15% suc 103 83 73 80 59 41 36 41 15% suc and 1.5% glu 104 81 85 71 60 47 40 29 CaS04 (sat.) 31 29 25 19 12 9 8 6 CaS04 (sat. ) and 15% suc 35 32 22 19 21 17 20 21 CaS04 (sat.), 15% suc, and 1.5% glu 32 27 22 20 19 19 19 23 (continued on next page) AUXILIARY INFORHATlON METHOD M'PARATUS/PROCEDURE: SOURCI:. AND PURITY OF HATERIALS: Equilibrium was established by stirring the Calcium sulfite was precipitated from solvents with excess of solid calcium calcium chloride or calcium acetate sulfite under nitrogen in a thermostatically solutions with a freshly prepared solution controlled vessel for 10 - 36 hr.
    [Show full text]
  • Fertilizer Laws and Regulations
    TABLE OF CONTENTS FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL CODE Article 1. General Provisions [Sections 14501 – 14505] .................................................. 1 Article 2. Definitions [Sections 14511 – 14564] ............................................................... 2 Article 3. Fertilizer Inspection Advisory Board [Sections 14581 – 14586] ........................... 8 Article 4. Licensing [Sections 14591 – 14593] ................................................................. 9 Article 5. Registration [Sections 14601 – 14603] ............................................................. 9 Article 6. Inspection Fees [Sections 14611 – 14613] ..................................................... 11 Article 7. Tonnage Reports [Sections 14621 – 14623] .................................................. 12 Article 8. Labels [Sections 14631 – 14631] ................................................................... 12 Article 9. Inspection, Sampling and Analysis [Sections 14641 – 14650] ........................ 12 Article 10. Violations [Sections 14651 – 14661] ................................................................ 15 Article 11. Procedure for Prosecution [Sections 14671 – 14672] ................................... 18 Article 12. Misbranding and Adulteration [Sections 14681 – 14682] .............................. 19 CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS ARTICLE 1. STANDARDS AND LABELING ................................................................ 20 § 2300. Fertilizing Materials - General Provisions ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Handling and Use of Fgd Material
    REVIEW OF HANDLING AND USE OF FGD MATERIAL CARRC Topical Report Prepared for: Mr. Robert Patton U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory 626 Cochrans Mill Road PO Box 10940, MS 922-273C Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940 U.S. Department of Energy Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-98FT40321 Prepared by: Tera D. Berland Debra F. Pflughoeft-Hassett Bruce A. Dockter Kurt E. Eylands David J. Hassett Loreal V. Heebink Energy & Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota PO Box 9018 Grand Forks, ND 58202-9018 April 2003 REVIEW OF HANDLING AND USE OF FGD MATERIAL CARRC Final Report Prepared for: Mr. James Roewer Utility Solid Waste Activities Group 701 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest Fifth Floor Washington, DC 20004-2696 CARRC Members U.S. Department of Energy Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-98FT40321 Prepared by: Tera D. Berland Debra F. Pflughoeft-Hassett Bruce A. Dockter Kurt E. Eylands David J. Hassett Loreal V. Heebink Energy & Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota PO Box 9018 Grand Forks, ND 58202-9018 2003-EERC-04-04 April 2003 DOE DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]