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Shoreface Mapping and Sand Resource Inventory: North Topsail Beach and Surf City, North Carolina

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Shoreface Mapping and Sand Resource Inventory: North Topsail Beach and Surf City, North Carolina SHOREFACE MAPPING AND SAND RESOURCE INVENTORY: NORTH TOPSAIL BEACH AND SURF CITY, NORTH CAROLINA Kenneth T. Willson A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geography and Geology University of North Carolina Wilmington 2009 Approved by Advisory Committee James A. Dockal Paul A. Thayer William J. Cleary Chair Accepted by Dean, Graduate School This thesis has been prepared in a style and format consistent with The Journal of Coastal Research ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 Study Area ....................................................................................................................................3 North Topsail Beach ............................................................................................................9 Surf City .............................................................................................................................10 Previous Work ............................................................................................................................11 METHODS ....................................................................................................................................15 Subbottom Profile and Seismic Surveys ....................................................................................15 Sidescan Sonar Surveys .............................................................................................................16 SCUBA Diver Ground Truthing Surveys ..................................................................................20 Vibracore Survey ........................................................................................................................20 Additional Methods ....................................................................................................................22 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................25 Seafloor Characteristics ..............................................................................................................25 Subsurface Analysis ...................................................................................................................33 iii Vibracores ..........................................................................................................................33 Chirp Seismic Analysis ......................................................................................................58 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................71 Area 1 .........................................................................................................................................78 Area 2 .........................................................................................................................................83 Area 3 .........................................................................................................................................87 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................97 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................................99 iv ABSTRACT North Topsail Beach and Surf City, located along the north and central portions of Topsail Island, North Carolina respectively, are two of the most vulnerable coastal communities in the State in regard to beach erosion and storm impacts. This is primarily due to the relatively low topography of Topsail Island and the lack of sand available on the shoreface to nourish the beaches. Over the past decade a profusion of data has been collected offshore Topsail Island in an attempt to locate beach quality sand for beach nourishment projects along the Island. This study compiled and utilized these data to map the shoreface off North Topsail Beach and Surf City with respect to surficial and subsurface geomorphology. The data utilized in this study includes vibracores, sidescan sonar data, subbottom profile data, and SCUBA diver ground truthing data and grab samples. A number of Oligocene age units associated with the River Bend Formation were identified throughout the course of the study which crop out on the seafloor surface and compose the underlying strata of the shoreface. None of the units mapped as Oligocene age show potential for being a viable source of beach quality sand due to a combination of fine grain material, high silt content, and/or high carbonate percent. Despite the underlying units composing the shoreface exhibiting little potential for sand resources, three channel like features that were incised into the Oligocene units where identified due to the density of data throughout the survey area. These three areas suggest that isolated deposits of beach quality sand may exist on the shoreface off Topsail Island. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my genuine thanks and appreciation to all those who have assisted me in countless ways to complete this work. A heartfelt appreciation to my wonderfully encouraging and understanding wife Ali and my son Jack who have sacrificed much while I have juggled a career and the completion of this manuscript. I express my thanks to my parents Walter and Sylvia Willson who have been a constant encouragement and motivation. I wish to recognize my brothers Walt and Stephen for their love and support throughout this endeavor. It has truly been a pleasure to work under the tutelage of Dr. William J. Cleary as he prepared me for a career in coastal geology. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Paul A. Thayer and Dr. James A. Dockal for their encouragement, support, and guidance throughout this process. Countless students, faculty, and staff of UNCW and the Center for Marine Science have played a vital part in this work. A debt of gratitude to my fellow SCUBA divers who assisted in the collection of data including, Adam Knierim, John Welsh, Jay Styron, Jason Souza, Andy Mcleod, Mark Rauscher, Osku “Jonny” Backstrom, Glenn Taylor, Sharon Kessling, and Ken Johns. Also I would like to thank the staff of the research vessels, who made this study possible including Capt. Dan, Capt. Gerry, Capt. Mike, and Capt. Ron. My sincere thanks and appreciation go out to my colleagues and friends in the Coastal Geology Lab that made my time in the lab so enjoyable including, Ben McGinnis, C.J. Jackson, Adam Knierim, John Welsh, Dave Doughty, and Leighanne Budde. I am indebted to all of the professors who have played a role in both my graduate and undergraduate education at UNCW especially Dr. Michael Smith and Dr. William Harris. I also wish to thank my colleagues and supervisors at Coastal Planning & Engineering for their support, assistance, and understanding in affording me the opportunity to complete this vi thesis especially: Mr. Jeff Andrews, Mr. Tom Jarrett, Mr. Tom Campbell, Mr. Beau Suthard, Mrs. Melany Larenas, Mrs. Dawn York, and Dr. Charles Finkl. Finally thanks to the UNCW Geography and Geology Department, the Center for Marine Science, the National Undersea Research Center, and HDR Engineering for providing assistance in the completion of this study. vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Sieves used in grain size analysis conducted by CPE on vibracore samples and native beach samples. ........................................................................................................24 2. Results of insoluble residue analysis .................................................................................51 3. Percentage of major compositional elements of thin section modal analysis for selected samples inside the study area ..............................................................................54 4. Percentage of major compositional elements of thin section modal analysis after JOHNSTON (1998) ...............................................................................................................56 5. Cumulative results of insoluble residue analysis conducted on three partially unconsolidated, sandy units interpreted to be Oligocene in age that underlie and crop out on the seafloor in the study area ..........................................................................75 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Onslow Bay region of southeastern North Carolina illustrating the continental shelf geology (After Snyder et al. 1994), and the tracks of landfalling hurricanes (1996 - 1999)....................................................................................................................4 2. Location map of Topsail Island and the study area .........................................................6
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