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The Objective Assessment of Striking Force in Combat Sports Using Sport-Specific Measurement Devices – – a Review

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The Objective Assessment of Striking Force in Combat Sports Using Sport-Specific Measurement Devices – – a Review ORIGINAL ARTICLE The objective assessment of striking force in combat sports using sport-specific measurement devices – – a review Authors’ Contribution: Anna Akbaş1ABD, Anna Brachman1ABD, Bartłomiej Gzik2BD, Bogdan Bacik1AD A Study Design B Data Collection 1 Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland C Statistical Analysis 2 D Manuscript Preparation Students Scientific Circle ‘Biokreatywni’, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, E Funds Collection Poland Received: 14 June 2020; Accepted: 28 June 2021; Published online: 30 June 2021 AoBID: 14548 Abstract Background and Study Aim: Throughout the literature, numerous measurement systems have been designed aiming to provide a point of reference to scale the intrinsic performance of combat sports athletes. However, magnitude of force exerted by the athletes varied greatly between studies and it is difficult to find consistencies in research in this area. Thus, the purpose of this study was to review recent research regarding the striking (punching and kicking) forces and usefulness of sport-specific measurement devices exclusively dedicated for combat sports athletes. Material and Methods: The search of following databases: SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Springer were con- ducted using different combination of terms: (training simulator OR training device OR device) AND (combat sports OR martial arts OR judo OR karate OR taekwondo OR boxing OR mixed martial arts OR Thai chi). Results: The literature search retrieved a total of 4028 and 9 of them met inclusion criteria. The target-based measure- ment devices: punching bags, manikins and impact platform, as well as wireless in-glove systems were used. Most of the included studies showed significant influence of gender, level of expertise and the striking tech- nique on the impact forces associated with punching and kicking. Conclusions: There are plenty of valid, accurate and reliable devices which opens up new possibilities in enhancing combat sport training and performance. Unfortunately, because of the large methodological and technological diver- sity, the results obtained by different studies cannot be directly compared. The future research perspectives should include the evaluation of diverse groups of athletes across different force measurement devices. Key words: boxing manikin • force sensors • impact force • kicking • martial arts • punching • punching bag • strain gauge Copyright: © 2021, the Authors. Published by Archives of Budo Conflict of interest: Authors have declared that no competing interest exists Ethical approval: The study was approved by the local ethics committee Provenance & peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer-reviewed Source of support: Departmental sources Author’s address: Anna Akbaş, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Human Motor Behaviour, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 72a Mikołowska Str., 40-065 Katowice, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] © ARCHIVES OF BUDO | SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS 2021 | VOLUME 17 | 205 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. Original Article INTRODUCTION Straight punch – is also Considering all the above, the purpose of this known as „cross”, because dur- One of the fundamental aim in sport is to maxi- study was to review recent research regard- ing punch the blow crosses over the leading arm. This is mize athletes’ performance. Research and innova- ing the striking (punching and kicking) forces a punch thrown with the dom- tion technology provide an increasing number of and usefulness of sport-specific measurement inant hand the instant an op- ponent leads with his oppo- information about motor characteristics, technique, devices exclusively dedicated for combat sports site hand. tactics and psychological features of the athletes, athletes. Hook punch – typical box- supporting thereby physical training [1, 2]. ing punch, performed by turn- ing the core muscles and In the combat sports, such as boxing, karate, tae- back, thereby swinging the MATERIAL AND METHODS arm, which is bent at an an- kwondo, etc., results are determined by a number gle near or at 90 degrees, in Search strategy a horizontal arc into the oppo- of interrelated factors like strength, coordina- nent. A hook is usually aimed tion, speed and stamina [3-6]. Among various Publications search was time restricted from at the jaw. components the striking force is considered year 2000 to 2021. The search of following data- Front kick – in martial arts is a major determinant of a fighter’s victory [7-11]. bases: SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Google Scholar, a kick executed by lifting the Generally, striking aims to impose physical dam- PubMed and Springer were conducted using knee straight forward, while keeping the foot and shin ei- age, develop tactical advantage, and score points different combination of terms: (training simu- ther hanging freely or pulled to against an opponent [4, 9]. lator OR training device OR device) AND (com- the hip, and then straighten- ing the leg in front of the prac- bat sports OR martial arts OR judo OR karate titioner and striking the tar- Several authors have highlighted that the strik- OR taekwondo OR boxing OR mixed martial get area. ing forces can be measured and analysed to arts OR Thai chi). Furthermore, manual searches Apdolio – is a typical tae- provide diagnostic, programming and prognos- based on the references listed in the reviewed kwondo kick. Also known as tic information for talent identification or team articles were performed to complete the search. „fast kick”. During punch feet goes for 45’ down, knee is selection [4, 12, 11, 13]. Changes in striking Literature search was completed in March, 2021. raised higher than feet, then force, as one of the key indicators of perfor- Early screening of the articles based on the titles leg straightens. mance [7, 14, 15], may enhance designing of and abstracts was performed by two authors BG Dwit Chagi – is a typical tae- accurate strength and conditioning interven- and AB. Full-text articles were independently kwondo kick. From the stand- ing position, one lifts up the tions [16, 17, 15]. Furthermore, the measure- assessed by authors AA and BB. kicking leg and stretches it ment and analysis of striking forces can serve as backward to deliver a kick. The back is sole is used for an indicator for categorizing combat sport ath- Eligibility criteria the kick. letes according to their punching forces [11, 4]. Studies were chosen under following inclusion criteria: (1) full-text was available in English, Yop Chagi – is a typical tae- kwondo kick. One lifts up the Throughout the literature, numerous measure- (2) the publication was an full-length origi- kicking leg, folding the knee, ment systems have been designed aiming to pro- nal research, (3) at least one group of subjects and then stretches the fold- ed knee as he or she turns the vide a point of reference to scale the intrinsic were healthy combat sports or martial arts’ ath- body in the opposite direction performance of combat sports athletes. However, letes, (4) the study included device dedicated to to the target and kick the tar- get with the back sole of foot. magnitude of force exerted by the athletes var- measure strike force in combat sports, (5) arti- ied greatly between studies and it is difficult to cles were included, even if there was no control Bandal Chagui – is a typi- find consistencies in research in this area [16, 18, group. Studies were excluded if they (1) did not cal taekwondo kick. The fore sole or the foot back delivers 8, 14, 1, 5]. Several authors have raised the issue contain human participants, (2) training devices a kick by making a slant circle of discrepancy in reported values of observed were based on virtual reality technology, (3) the of movement. variables [14, 15, 5]. In the literature there are study type was a systematic review, meta-anal- Impact force – when one several reviews concerning striking force in com- ysis or other non-empirical article. thing is going to hit another one, the impact force interacts bat sports [19, 11, 13]. In most recent review [13], on them. authors highlighted that striking actions must be Measures evaluated in the context of a particular combat Three reviewers (AA, AB and BG) extracted the Calibration - is the method by which the voltage obtained in system. They reported, that the measurement following information independently from the the tensor amplifier, which is of upper limb strikes lacks unification in terms included studies: (1) characteristics of the partic- connected to the sensor, re- lates to the force that is acting of the methodology and equipment used. They ipants (including age, body mass and height, sport on the sensor, expressed in ki- also concluded that most of the reviewed studies discipline, sports level and training experience), los force or in Newtons. were using their measures without justification of (2) characteristics of the devices (conceptualiza- Piezoelectric sensor – is a de- evaluated parameters (indicators). Although this tion, design and construction), (3) characteristics vice that uses the piezoelec- tric effect to measure changes review contributed to systematizing the state of of the studies. Data were collected and organized in pressure, acceleration, tem- the art in this area, it analysed only upper limb in Tables 1, 2 and 3 . Due to the heterogeneity of perature, strain, or force by converting them to an electri- strike actions and it lacks detail analysis and variables, populations, and design the systematic cal charge. description of the measurement equipment. review and meta-analysis of data were not feasible. 206 | VOLUME 17 | 2021 www.archbudo.com Akbaş A et al. – The objective assessment of... RESULTS to simulate head and upper body of a boxer.
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