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Logistics • Kilo = 103 • Milli- = 10-3 • Joseph R

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Logistics • Kilo = 103 • Milli- = 10-3 • Joseph R Units (Mineralogy is quantitative) GEOL 3010 Mineralogy • Distance: meter -10 Fall, 2017 – km, cm, mm, m, nm, Å (10 m) • Mass: gram – kg, mg, Introduction • Time: second, year • Energy: joule (kg m2 s-2) • Temperature: K (0K = -273ºC) Metric Prefixes Logistics • Kilo = 103 • Milli- = 10-3 • Joseph R. Smyth • Mega = 106 •Micro-= 10-6 • Office: 340 Benson • Giga = 109 • Nano- = 10-9 • Office Hours 10 – 11 Mon-Wed • Tera = 1012 • Pico- = 10-12 – (or after class) • Peta = 1015 • Femto- = 10-15 • http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/ • Exa = 1018 • Atto- = 10-18 syl3010.html • http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/ Home.html Prerequisites Why Study Minerals? • Math - First semester calculus or equivalent • Minerals are the way atoms are x – ln, e , sin, cos, tan, etc. arranged in rocks. • Chemistry - First semester • Atomic environments in rock are – Periodic Table, elements, formulas, homogeneous from the mm scale to balancing reactions, isotopes, the Å scale (7 orders of magnitude). valence, electro-neutrality. – 1Å = 10-10 m = 10-7mm • Computers • Mineralogy is solid-state – MSWord, Excel, or equivalents geochemistry. • [GEOL 2005 Earth Materials]? • Minerals can tell you how rocks form. 1 Rocks are aggregates of minerals. Why Study Minerals? • Minerals are fundamental to Earth Sciences. – Environmental sciences – Geochemistry – Geophysics • Mineralogy is a mature science. • Mineralogy is primarily a tool for understanding the Earth What is the difference between Rocks are aggregates of minerals. granite and obsidian? They have the same composition and form from a magma. a. Cooling rate b. Temperature c. Pressure d. Water e. Composition What is the difference between Rocks are aggregates of minerals. granite and obsidian? They have the same composition and form from a magma. a. Cooling rate b. Temperature c. Pressure d. Water e. Composition 1 mm 2 Minerals are homogeneous down to atomic scale. New Minerals TEM Image of beryl • Earth’s most abundant mineral structure. finally gets a mineral name. Homogeneous from 1 cm to 10-7 cm • MgSiO3 in perovskite structure makes ~ 45% of Earth’s mass. • It is bridgmanite! Definition of a Mineral Minerals are homogeneous • A mineral is a naturally occurring, • homogeneous solid with a • Minerals are chemically • definite, but not fixed, composition, homogeneous down to the and atomic scale. • an ordered atomic arrangement that is • formed by inorganic processes. • A mineral is a natural, crystalline phase. Definite, but not fixed, Minerals are Naturally Occurring composition. • In order to be a mineral, a chemical • Minerals have chemical formulas compound must occur naturally determined by the atomic somewhere and be stable enough structures. to study in the lab. • Symmetry requires atoms to occur • We can make many compounds in in simple, specific, integer ratios. the lab that are not minerals unless • But, for a given mineral, they are found in nature. substitutions of similar elements are possible. 3 Ordered atomic arrangement Inorganic Processes • Minerals are crystals (crystalline • The mineral must have at least one solids). occurrence where it is formed by • Crystals are periodic arrays of atoms. inorganic processes. • Atoms achieve their lowest energy by • Calcite may be formed by organisms having each different type of atom to form shells, but it also occurs in (element) in an identical environment. igneous and metamorphic environments. Ordered atomic arrangement These are Minerals • Gold, silver, diamond, graphite • Pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite • Salt (halite), fluorite, calcite, apatite • Olivine, garnet, zircon • Pyroxene, amphibole, mica • Quartz, feldspar, zeolite Halite (NaCl) Fluorite (CaF2) Ordered atomic arrangement These natural solids are NOT Minerals • Granite, basalt, limestone – (These are rocks, composed of minerals) • Wood, coal – (organic, non-crystalline solids) • Opal, obsidian, pumice – (glass, non-crystalline solids) (amorphous) Halite (NaCl) Fluorite (CaF2) 4 Polymorphs and Isomorphs Mineral vs Component • Rocks are analyzed as weight percents of oxides. (components) • Polymorph: • SiO2, MgO, CaO, Al2O3, etc same composition, different structure • The rock itself is composed of • Isomorph: minerals (quartz, feldspar, etc) same structure, different composition • Basalt is ~ 45% SiO2 but contains no quartz. • Granite is 70% SiO2 but only ~ 20% quartz. Polymorphs Mineralogy Today • Two minerals with the same • Mineralogy is a mature science composition, but different structures – 10 to 20 new species each year are different minerals. – About 4000 total species • Diamond and graphite are both pure carbon, but are different minerals • Mineralogy is primarily a tool for • Quartz-tridymite-cristobalite-coesite- understanding the Earth. stishovite: all polymorphs of SiO2. • Calcite and aragonite are both CaCO3. • I use mineralogy to understand the • This is why we use mineral names role of water in planetary interiors. rather than chemical formulas. Isomorphs Mineralogy Today • Minerals with the same structure • Mineralogy is the study of natural and different compositions are crystalline solids. isomorphs. – Forsterite (Mg2SiO4)- fayalite (Fe2SiO4) • Geophysics – Halite (NaCl) - sylvite (KCl), periclase – Mineral Physics (MgO), galena (PbS) • Geochemistry – Gold (Au) - silver (Ag) – Igneous, sedimentary, Metamorphic – Quartz (SiO2) - berlinite (AlPO4) – Ore deposits – Muscovite-Biotite – Environmental • Sometimes there’s crystalline – Biogeochemistry solution, sometimes not. 5 Text Book Important Dates • Dyar, Gunter, Tasa • Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy • October 10 Test 1 • Optional • November 14 Test 2 • Paper version $67.50 + $~15 ship. • November 16 Paper Due – Non-member $105. • December 16 Final Exam • Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, – (Saturday) 16, 17, 20, 23. • Available on ibooks (Apple store) – Search ‘Dyar Gunter’ – $3.99 or 4.99 per chapter. Introduction • Course Logistics • Prerequisites • Mineral definition • Polymorphism • Isomorphism – Environmental – Biogeochemistry Paper • Yes there is a research paper • It counts as one in-class test • Due before fall break • Outline on website • http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/ syl3010.html 6.
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