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Drought Impact on Ground Beetle Assemblages

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Drought Impact on Ground Beetle Assemblages J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 65, 2017, 4, 333–342 DOI: 10.1515/johh-2017-0048 Drought impact on ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in Norway spruce forests with different management after windstorm damage – a case study from Tatra Mts. (Slovakia) Zbyšek Šustek1*, Jaroslav Vido2, Jana Škvareninová3, Jaroslav Škvarenina2, Peter Šurda4 1 Institute of Zoology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK–845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia. 2 Department of Natural Environment, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, SK–960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, SK–960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia. 4 Institute of Hydrology SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia. E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +421 2 59 30 26 17. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: After the windstorm of November 2004, the ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) differentiat- ed after the windstorm into four groups reflecting degree of damaging and forestry management (intact stand, fallen timber in situ, extracted timber, fire). The stand with fallen timber reduced abundances of original species. Removal of timber eliminated sensitive forest species and favored tolerant species, whereas the fire allowed invasions of field spe- cies. Later, the assemblages on burned sites converged to those in the unburned sites. Their restoration has a sigmoid-like course. Independently on the above differentiation and course assemblage succession, episodes of severe drought resulted with a 1–2-years delay in sudden decline of number of individuals and species. Their numbers were restoring after longer humid periods. Because these extremes occur with a considerable regularity, the observed extremes of fluctuations of number of species and individuals represent the variability limits of the Carabid assemblages in such conditions. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index was shown, using the cross-correlation of SPEI and number of indi- viduals and species of Carabids, as a suitable means to explain and predict such changes for the period of 1–2 years. Keywords: Drought; Ground beetle; Windstorm; Forest management; Norway spruce. INTRODUCTION artificial restoration of the ecosystem (Šustek, 2009, 2013; Šustek and Čejka, 2009; Šustek and Vido, 2013). The second The Tatra Mountains – the highest mountain range of the type of changes was common as for the assemblages in intact West Carpathians have a specific climatic, orographic and stands as for those in differently damaged and restoring stands. ecological character. Because of this, unique fauna and flora They included simultaneous declines or increases in number of have been formed there. However, because of the mountain individuals, species and biomass in one-year samples. The orography, damaging downslope wind called as Bora occurs eight-year investigation indicated that they have periodical periodically (Fleischer et al., 2009). This winds cause severe character correlated with the occurrence of short termed damages on forest ecosystems repeatedly on the same places drought episodes (Šustek and Vido, 2013). In addition there and influence structure of the biocoenoses. For the first time was observed a slight trend of spreading species with occur- they were described and mapped by Mrkos (in Gregor, 1929). rence optimum in lower altitudes and increase of representation The last Bora downslope wind occurred in November 2004. of species having the lower limit of altitudinal distribution in This was a huge devastating catastrophe that damaged almost lowlands (Lővei, 2008). 25% of the Norway spruce forests on southern slopes of High The aims of this paper are: (1) to describe the periodic and Tatra. In addition, in 2005 a considerable part of this area was non-periodic changes in mountain Carabid assemblages linked affected by a wide-spread forest fire. It had a profound impact to different forestry management and, first of all, occurrence of on the biota (Mezei et al., 2014a, 2014b; Renčo et al., 2015; short-term drought episodes and; (2) to compare the suitability Šustek and Vido, 2013; Urbanovičová et al., 2013). The ecosys- of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index for tems disturbed in this way are more prone to hydro- 6 and 12 months, using the cross-correlation, to explain or even meteorological hazards, in particular to drought (Ježík et al., predict changes in Carabid assemblages for about 1–2 years. 2015; Kurjak et al., 2012). Because of the wide concept of ecosystem, it is necessary to study impacts of drought using MATERIAL AND METHODS proper bioindicators. The Carabids (ground beetles) are espe- Study area cially suitable for this purpose because of their enormous eco- logical differentiation, high sensitivity to humidity changes and The investigations were carried out in six study plots repre- limited mobility (Lővei, 2008). senting an intact Norway spruce stand and a habitat wit fallen The Carabid assemblages in mountain forests ecosystems of timber in situ, two habitats with extracted timber and two habi- High Tatra damaged in November 2004 by the wind catastro- tats with extracted timber additionally damaged by large scale phe showed two types of changes. The first type of changes was fire in July and August 2005. The plots were selected by the staff connected with destruction of the stands, the subsequent human of the Investigation Station of the High Tatra National Park activities in the damaged area and with the spontaneous or (Fleischer, 2008) to coordinate the international investigations 333 Zbyšek Šustek, Jaroslav Vido, Jana Škvareninová, Jaroslav Škvarenina, Peter Šurda Table 1. Survey of study plots in the area affected by the windstorm in High Tatra on 19 November 2004. Locality Vyšné Hágy Tatranská Tatranská Nový Tatranské Tatranské reference plot Lomnica, Jamy, Polianka, Smokovec, Zruby Zruby Danielov dom Vodný les lower plot upper plot Locality REF NEXT EXTd EXTl FIRl FIRh abbreviations Geographical 49°07′17.5″N 49°09'33.7"N, 49°07′15.3″N 49°08'07.6"N, 49°07′49.3″N 49°08′02.7″N coordinates 20°06′15.0″E 20°15'07.9" E 20°09′46.0″E 20°12'24.8" E 20°11′49.1″E 20°11′30.1″E Altitude [m] 1233 1062 1060 1022 1015 1095 Vegetation zone Spruce Spruce Spruce Spruce Spruce Spruce Trophical series Acidophilou Acidophilou Acidophilou Acidophilou Acidophilou Acidophilou mesophilous mesophilous mesophilous mesophilous mesophilous mesophilous Forest type Sorbi Sorbi Sorbi Sorbi Sorbi Sorbi Piceeta Piceeta Piceeta Piceeta Piceeta Piceeta Degree of Intact Timber Timber Timber Timber Timber damaging mature in situ extracted, extracted, extracted, extracted, spruce forest unburned unburned burned burned started after the windstorm. In this stuffy, the sites (Table 1) are Methods described according to the Zlatník´s phytocoenological system of forests ecosystems (Raušer and Zlatník, 1966; Zlatník, Occurrence of drought episodes are characterized by The 1976). Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) Mountain climate of spruce vegetation zone is characterized (Hayes et al., 1999; Vincente-Serrano, 2010) calculated for the by a short growing season (from 70 to 100 days) and excess period 1960–2014 based on the data from the meteorological precipitation (Hlavatá et al., 2011). According to the measure- station Tatranská Lomnica. SPEI is logically based on calcula- ments at the stations of the Slovak Hydro–Meteorological Insti- tion principle of the Standardized Precipitation Index (McKee tute (SHMI), mean annual precipitation total fluctuates between et al., 1993). However the main advantage comparing to the 870 and 965 mm, and from 550 to 575 mm in the growing SPI is that the SPEI calculates balance between precipitation season (April to September). Mean annual totals of potential and potential evapotranspiration. In 99%, the SPEI values move evapotranspiration are in the range from 420 to 445 mm. Mean within the limits –3 and +3 and basing on the cumulative prob- annual air temperature is from 3.6 to 4.6°C, and from 9.0 to ability distribution the concrete values can be interpreted by 10.4°C in the growing season. January is the coldest month means of the Table 2. Thus this interpretation indicates signifi- (–5.3°C), and July is the warmest month (13.8°C). The ampli- cance of the drought episode that means a period with continu- tude of air temperature (19.1°C) indicates the interior, montane ous occurrence of negative values of SPEI. continentality. Snow cover lasts for about 110 to 155 days, and its average height is between 88 and 180 cm. Climatically, the Table 2. Cumulative probability distribution of the SPEI. studied region is classified as a humid cool climatic region, and a cool mountainous subregion (Hlavatá et al., 2011; Lapin et Values Character Number of occurrence al., 2002). of SPEI of deviation of situations within 100 years Natural montane Norway spruce (Picea abies) vegetation ≥ 2.0 Extremely humid 2.5 zone is a typical example of the extrazonal occurrence of the 1.5 to 1.99 Very humid 5 boreal taiga biome in the nemoral zone of the European moun- 1.0 to 1.49 Medium humid 10 tains (Plesník, 2004; Škvarenina et al., 2004). A forest type of –0.99 to 0.99 Close to normal 66 –1.0 to –1.49 Medium dry 10 Sorbi Piceeta represents communities where spruce is a domi- –1.5 to –1.99 Very dry 5 nant tree species. Admixed tree species are European larch ≤ –2.0 Extremely dry 2.5 (Larix decidua), and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra). Both larch and Swiss pine are more abundant on rocky soils, where For purposes of our study we calculated continuous SPEI for spruce cannot compete with them. Larch as a relatively short- 12 months (further SPEI-12). The SPEI-12 has been also used living (successional) tree species occurs also on deeper, loamy to uncover the influence of winter precipitation regime on soils, in particular at sites with frequent wind-throws.
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