Bevaring Av Biodiversitet - Fra Gener Til Landskap Sluttrapport

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Bevaring Av Biodiversitet - Fra Gener Til Landskap Sluttrapport Bevaring av biodiversitet - fra gener til landskap Sluttrapport NINA Temahefte 17 Norsk institutt for naturforskning NINAs strategiske instituttprogrammer 1996-2000 Bevaring av biodiversitet - fra gener til landskap Sluttrapport NINA Temahefte 17 Norsk institutt for naturforskning nina temahefte 17 NINAs strategiske instituttprogrammer 1996-2000: Bevaring av biodiversitet - fra gener til landskap. Sluttrapport. - NINA Temahefte 17: 1-125. Trondheim,oktober 2001 ISSN 0804-421X ISBN 82-426-1176-9 Forvaltningsområde: Bevaringsbiologi Conservation biology Rettighetshaver ©: NINA•NIKU Stiftelsen for naturforskning og kulturminneforskning Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivelse Redaksjon: Kjetil Hindar Bror Jonsson NINA•NIKU Design, layout og redigering: Eva Marie Schjetne Kari Sivertsen Tegnekontoret NINA•NIKU Trykk:Trykkerihuset Skipnes Opplag: 600 Trykt på miljøpapir Kontaktadresse: NINA•NIKU Tungasletta 2 7485 Trondheim Tel: 73 80 14 00 Fax 73 80 14 01 http://www.ninaniku.no Omslagsfoto: 1 1: Torgeir Nygård 2 2: Dag H. Karlsen 3 3: Gunn Paulsen 4 4: Dag H. Karlsen 5: Christina Skarpe 6 6: Bjørn Ove Johnsen 5 2 nina temahefte 17 NINAs strategiske instituttprogrammer 1996-2000 I perioden 1996-2000 har NINA gjennomført tre instituttprogrammer. Programmene, som har bestått av langsiktig og målrettet forskning, framkom gjennom dialog mellom NINA, Basisbevilgningsutvalget under Norges Forskningsråd og Direktoratet for naturforvalting (DN). For NINA er de strategiske programmene grunnleggende for opprettholdelse og videreutvikling av fagkompetansen rettet mot miljøforvaltningen. Gjennom programmene styrkes fagkompetansen innen områder der NINA tradisjonelt har vært sterke. De gir også mulighet til å videreutvikle kompetansen innen nye om- råder der forvaltningen trenger naturforskning. Dette har vært gjort både gjennom kompetanseoppbygging av egne forskere og teknisk ansatte og rekruttering av nye medarbeidere der dette har vært nødvendig eller ønskelig. I programmene har man lagt vekt på å publisere resultatene i internasjonale fora etterhvert som de har fram- kommet, så vel som å gjøre dem kjente i relevante, nasjonale sammenhenger. På den- ne måten har programmene vært vesentlige for å sikre instituttets stilling i markedet spesielt, og styrke vår nasjonale kompetanse innen miljøforskning generelt. De tre programmene har omhandlet systemøkologiske virkninger av naturinngrep, be- varingsbiologi og høsting fra naturlige dyrebestander. Gjennom en rekke på tre rap- porter gir vi herved en samlet framstilling av hovedresultatene så langt. Forskning er imidlertid en langsiktig, intellektuell prosess. Selv om feltarbeid og analyser nå i ho- vedsak er avsluttet, venter vi at nye publikasjoner fortsatt vil komme, basert på de stu- diene som her er utført. Fordi kunnskaps-og kompetanseoppbygging er en kontinuer- lig prosess, skal man ikke se på disse sluttrapportene som endelige, selv om de marke- rer en nyttig avrunding av arbeidet så langt. Programmene er viktige i NINAs nasjonale og internasjonale forskningssamarbeid. Den økonomiske støtten har også vært flersidig. Mange av delprosjektene har fått ekstern økonomisk støtte, f.eks. fra Forskningsrådet, EU og/eller forvaltningen i tillegg til den støtten som programmene har gitt. Dette har økt omfanget av prosjektene, og gitt dem nyttig kvalitetssikring underveis ved søknads- og framdriftsevaluering. I til- legg har dette vært med på å sikre relevansen for samfunnet av den forskningen som har vært utført både i nasjonalt og internasjonalt perspektiv. Denne flersidigheten ved finansieringen har vært vesentlig for å gi prosjektene det volumet som har vært nød- vendig for gjennomføringen av moderne miljøforskningsprogrammer. Vi mener dette er en god modell som har vært brukt i alle de instituttprogrammene NINA har drevet. Det er vårt håp og tro at forvaltningen og samfunnet for øvrig vil finne sluttraportene nyttige og interessante. Ønsker man imidlertid å gå dypere inn i enkeltresultatene henvises det til de vitenskapelige publikasjonene som kommer ut fra programmene. Rapportene er gitt en populær form, og man har i liten grad valgt å gå inn på meto- dikk, forsøksbetingelser og statistisk analyse. Dette blir bare gitt i de separate artiklene som publiseres fra delprosjektene. Koordinator for igangsetting, gjennomføring og rapportering av de strategiske insti- tuttprogrammene i NINA er forskningssjef Bror Jonsson. Det er med stor glede NINAs forskere gir denne oppsummeringen, og de vil samtidig rette en stor takk til alle de som har bidratt til å gjøre prosjektene vellykket. Tor G Heggberget direktør 3 nina temahefte 9 nina temahefte 17 Referat riasjon innen bestander og genetisk differensiering mellom be- stander, og mekanismer for opprettholdelse av genetisk varia- NINAs strategiske instituttprogrammer 1996-2000: Bevaring av sjon hos små bestander. biodiversitet - fra gener til landskap. Sluttrapport. - NINA Tema- hefte 17: 1-125. Bjørnens genetiske situasjon er komplisert i Skandinavia. Bestanden består av to svært forskjellige enheter når det gjelder NINAs instituttprogram «Bevaring av biodiversitet - fra gener til mitokondrie-DNA, noe vi tolker som et resultat av innvandring landskap» hadde som hovedmålsetning å utvikle metoder for fra sør og nordøst etter den siste istiden. Dessuten består den av sårbarhetsvurderinger av bestander, arter og biologiske sam- fire forskjellige genetiske enheter når det gjelder kjerne-DNA, funn. Forskningstemaer for instituttprogrammet har vært a) små noe som vi mener er et resultat av at arten overlevde i fire områ- og isolerte bestanders biologi, b) effekter av fragmentering, c) der under utryddelsesforsøket. Sveriges målsetting er å tillate dis- effekter av introduksjoner og d) utvikling av sårbarhetsanalyser. se fire bjørnebestandene å øke i utbredelse og vokse sammen. I Disse temaene er studert på ulike organisasjonsnivåer fra gener dagens situasjon anbefaler vi at forvaltningen fortsatt tar ut- til landskap. gangspunkt i de fire bestandene, som er geografisk, demogra- fisk og genetisk forskjellige. Genetisk variasjon mellom individer av en art danner grunnlaget for mangfoldet av arter og i siste instans for mangfoldet i biolo- Fra midten av 1800-tallet og fram til 1970-tallet ble bestanden giske samfunn og økosystemer. Vi har studert genetisk mang- av jerv (Gulo gulo) i Skandinavia kraftig redusert som ledd i of- fold hos utvalgte arter av rovdyr, fisk, sommerfugler og strand- fentlige program for bekjempelse av rovdyr. Etter at fredninger planter. Sentrale temaer har vært dokumentasjon av genetisk va- og jaktrestriksjoner ble innført på 1970- og 1980-tallet, økte jer- ven igjen i utbredelse og antall. Genetiske prøver ble samlet inn fra Nord-Sverige, Nord-Norge og Sør-Norge fra perioden før og etter 1970. Analyser av kjerne-DNA (mikrosatellitter) viser at det er svært liten genetisk variasjon hos skandinaviske jerver sammenlignet med jerver fra Nord-Amerika. Dette kan skyldes tidligere eller mer nylige flaskehalseffekter ved at få individer har dannet utgangspunktet for dagens bestander. På tross av den lil- le genetiske variasjonen, er det forskjeller mellom de ulike inn- samlingsområdene. Dette tyder på at det er en begrenset utveks- ling av gener mellom bestandene. Den observerte oppdelingen mellom bestandene tilsier aktsomhet i forvaltningen når det ut- stedes lisenser og fellingstillatelser, spesielt for den relativt isoler- te bestanden av jerv i Sør-Norge. Nye DNA-teknikker gjør det mulig å studere genetisk dynamikk i gammelt materiale, slik som museumspreparater og tørkete fis- keskjell. Lakseskjell er brukt i økologisk analyse gjennom hele 1900-tallet i Norge, og fins lagret i store mengder. Vi isolerte DNA fra skjell fra Tovdalselva på Sørlandet fra 1910 og 1950-tal- let (før og under forsuring) og 1997 (etter kalking). De to første stikkprøvene viste små genetiske forskjeller, mens de to sistnevn- te viste signifikante genetiske forskjeller på linje med forskjeller mellom bestander. Vi kan derved vise at laksen døde ut i elva som følge av forsuring og at elva nå koloniseres av laks fra andre steder. Fire arter av sommerfugler i slekten Coenonympha er analysert med enzymelektroforese. To av artene (hero og arcania) har en begrenset utbredelse i Norge, og de to andre (tullia og pamphi- lus) har en vid utbredelse. Vi fant signifikant genetisk differensie- ring over korte geografiske avstander hos alle artene, og en sammenheng mellom graden av genetisk variasjon og levedyk- tighet mellom arter, men ikke innen arter. Både graden av gene- tisk variasjon og graden av lokal genetisk differensiering så ut til å variere mellom geografiske regioner hos de best studerte ar- tene. En forvaltningsmessig konklusjon er at sikring av flere nær- liggende habitater vil være en styrke for bestandene av den true- te herosommerfuglen, og generelt, at en forvaltning som kombi- nerer tiltak innenfor og utenfor verneområder, vil bidra til å sikre Foto: Roar Lund eksistensen til en rekke landlevende, virvelløse dyr. 4 nina temahefte 17 Genetisk analyse av tre sjeldne strandplanter i Oslofjorden er noen lakserogn av små, kjønnsmodne ørrethanner, som sniker foretatt ved hjelp av enzymelektroforese. To av artene, gul horn- seg til muligheten for befruktning istedenfor å slåss for den, som valmue (Glaucium flavum) og østersurt (Mertensia maritima) har de store hannene gjør. gjennomgått en reduksjon i antall bestander de siste 100 år, mens strandkål (Crambe maritima) har hatt en betydelig fram- Ett av de sentrale spørsmålene i bevarings- og evolusjonsbiologi-
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