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Gay, Lesbian, and Queer Individuals with a Christian Upbringing

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Gay, Lesbian, and Queer Individuals with a Christian Upbringing GAY, LESBIAN, AND QUEER INDIVIDUALS WITH A CHRISTIAN UPBRINGING: EXPLORING THE PROCESS OF RESOLVING CONFLICT BETWEEN SEXUAL IDENTITY AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS by DENISE LOUISE LEVY (Under the Direction of Patricia Reeves) ABSTRACT The role that religious faith plays in individuals’ lives can be very important, often providing emotional and social support. However, religious beliefs can come into conflict with other aspects of people’s identities, such as sexual orientation. Research to date has focused on the eventual outcomes of the conflict between sexual identity and religious beliefs, rather than examining the process by which individuals resolve this conflict. The purpose of this study was to understand the process by which gay, lesbian, and queer identified individuals with a Christian upbringing resolve the conflict between their sexual identity and religious beliefs. There were four research questions directing this study: (a) how do participants define the conflict between their sexual identity and religious beliefs? (b) what personal and contextual factors shaped their efforts to resolve this conflict? (c) what is the process by which individuals resolve this conflict? and (d) how do participants describe their resolution of this conflict? This qualitative study utilized a grounded theory approach and included in-depth interviews with 15 participants who were selected using maximum variation and theoretical sampling. The sample included gay, lesbian, and queer identified individuals with a Christian upbringing, and was diverse in terms of age, gender, religious background, and current faith identification. Interview transcripts were coded using grounded theory methods of open, focused, and axial coding. Additionally, I utilized the constant comparison technique and memo writing throughout the analytic process. Analysis led to a substantive theory of the process by which gay, lesbian, and queer identified individuals with a Christian upbringing resolve the conflict between sexual identity and religious beliefs. This process includes an awareness of the conflict, an initial response to the conflict, a catalyst of new knowledge propelling participants forward, steps of working through the conflict, and a resolution of the conflict. The entire process of conflict resolution was affected by two core categories: personal factors of reflective abilities, strength and resiliency, anger, creativity, and humor; and contextual factors including family, community resources, and church doctrine. INDEX WORDS: Gay, Lesbian, Queer, Sexual identity, Homosexuality, Christianity, Religion, Identity, Internal conflict GAY, LESBIAN, AND QUEER INDIVIDUALS WITH A CHRISTIAN UPBRINGING: EXPLORING THE PROCESS OF RESOLVING CONFLICT BETWEEN SEXUAL IDENTITY AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS by DENISE LOUISE LEVY B.S.Ed., The University of Georgia, 2000 M.S.W., The University of Georgia, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Denise Louise Levy All Rights Reserved GAY, LESBIAN, AND QUEER INDIVIDUALS WITH A CHRISTIAN UPBRINGING: EXPLORING THE PROCESS OF RESOLVING CONFLICT BETWEEN SEXUAL IDENTITY AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS by DENISE LOUISE LEVY Major Professor: Patricia M. Reeves Committee: Corey W. Johnson Sharan B. Merriam Nancy R. Williams Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2008 iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to all those who have experienced conflict between sexual identity and religious upbringing, particularly my very close friends Dean Allbritton, Brad Barfield, Perry Edwards, and Wesley Whatley. Your resiliency and strength in the face of great hardship inspired me to do this study. I hope my research will somehow extend beyond the pages of this document to promote social justice and acceptance. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot believe that my doctoral journey is almost complete! With the excitement of completing the program, I am reminded of all of the mentors, family members, friends and others who have inspired, encouraged, challenged, and supported me along the way. I am thankful to have this forum to be able to mention those individuals without whom I would not be here today! First and foremost, I want to thank my committee chair and mentor, Dr. Trisha Reeves. I am fortunate to have worked with such a patient and extraordinary teacher. She selflessly gave her time and energy to meticulously review my manuscripts and provide priceless advice. Her confidence in my abilities helped me to believe that I really could graduate in three years! Additionally, thanks are due to the committee members, Drs. Corey Johnson, Sharan Merriam, and Nancy Williams, who gave their constant support. Dr. Johnson’s specific expertise, encouragement, and intuitive feedback were invaluable; he gave the perfect amount guidance so that I could be successful. Dr. Merriam exceeded the responsibilities of her role as my methodologist and offered assistance in all aspects of the research. Finally, Dr. Williams, with her rich practice experience and wisdom, listened to my ideas and helped me develop and strengthen them. I would also like to thank the other faculty and staff at the University of Georgia who helped make my educational experience exceptional. I am especially grateful for, from the School of Social Work, Dr. Kevin DeWeaver, Dr. Michelle Carney, Jeff vi Skinner, and Kat Farlowe, and, from the Women’s Studies program, Dr. Blaise Astra Parker. Additionally, I would like to recognize the UGA Center for Research and Engagement of Diversity (RED) for their financial and educational support of this study. I have truly enjoyed being a part of this workgroup of faculty and students at UGA who are doing meaningful research on issues of diversity! I am indebted to the other doctoral students in the School of Social Work for their emotional support. I shared an office with Kareema Gray, and our frequent debriefing sessions sustained me through those difficult weeks. Sandra Yudilevich never failed to make me smile and laugh; she also edited and read through countless chapters. Another colleague, Sean Camp, is conducting related research, and his intellect and insight motivated and challenged me. I also want to thank Mike Humble, Byungdeok Kang, Steve King, and Natalie Pope for their encouragement and social support! In addition to the four individuals mentioned in the dedication, I have countless other friends whose relationships have sustained me during the process of completing my Ph.D. I am especially appreciative for their understanding when I took time off from social activities to work on my studies. My lifelong friends, Emily Franzen, Janet Geddis, and Susan Stofer, were particularly supportive. I certainly would not be here without the emotional, intellectual, and financial support of my family. My dad, Dr. Louis Levy, and my mom, Jerriann Lacour Levy, both encouraged me to pursue my doctorate. Their continuous love and confidence in me helped me through those days when I wanted to give up. My brother, Brian, was always there to listen to me and to challenge me intellectually. My sister, Michelle, her husband, Matt, and their two children, Gram and Harper, were always willing to host me when I vii needed a getaway. Spending time with my nephew and niece is always a delight and has renewed my energy on multiple occasions. Finally, my boyfriend, Daniel, was a true partner to me as I went through the doctoral program. He understood when I had work to do, when I was stressed and needed to relax, and when I was too tired to socialize. His patience and care for me during the past three years has held me together and kept me going. I am so lucky to have him as my best friend and I only hope that I can provide similar help to him when he begins his own dissertation later this year! viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1 Background of the Problem .................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................... 16 Purpose Statement................................................................................................. 17 Significance of the Study...................................................................................... 18 Definitions............................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ...........................................................24 Introduction........................................................................................................... 24 Postmodern Identity.............................................................................................. 25 Religious Identity Development ........................................................................... 28 Christian Doctrine Related to Homosexuality .....................................................
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