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The Scientific Base of Myrmecodia Pendans As Herbal Remedies

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The Scientific Base of Myrmecodia Pendans As Herbal Remedies British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 8(3): 230-237, 2015, Article no.BJMMR.2015.443 ISSN: 2231-0614 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org The Scientific Base of Myrmecodia pendans as Herbal Remedies Janti Sudiono1*, Ciptadhi Tri Oka2 and Pretty Trisfilha1 1Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author JS designed the study, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author JS managed the literature searches, analyses of the study, performed the spectroscopy analysis and author CTO managed the experimental process and author PT identified the species of plant. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJMMR/2015/17465 Editor(s): (1) Chan-Min Liu, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou City, China. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, India. (2) Justin Kabera, Pharmacology, Tianjin University of TCM, China. (3) Anonymous, Egypt. (4) Boguslaw Lipinski, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=1115&id=12&aid=8977 Received 15th March 2015 th Original Research Article Accepted 13 April 2015 Published 27th April 2015 ABSTRACT Aims: To find out the scientific base of the traditional plant Myrmecodia pendans as a new natural source for herbal remedies in aspect of its therapeutic compounds and cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Study Design: Experimental laboratory, in vitro study. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratorium Bio Core Faculty of Dentistry Trisakti University, Jakarta, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (BALITRO), Bogor and Pusat Studi Satwa Primata, Bogor, between March to August 2014. Methodology: Several extraction methods of Myrmecodia pendans using maceration technique was done to evaluate their phytochemical contents and cytotoxic effects using (3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium (MTT) assay method. Results: The phytochemical test of both ethanol 70% extract and boiling water extraction produce active phenolic compounds, especially those of flavonoids. There is no cytotoxic effect of the _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Sudiono et al.; BJMMR, 8(3): 230-237, 2015; Article no.BJMMR.2015.443 ethanol 70% dried extract on fibroblast cells by MTT assay method. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed significant differences of % inhibition cells growth effect between M. pendans extracts and control group (p=0.00<0.05). Tukey’ high significant difference (HSD) test showed significant differences of % inhibition cells growth effect between each concentrations of 500; 250; 100; 50; 25; 12,5; 6,25; 3,125; 1,56 to 1.000 ppm and also between 1.000 ppm to control (p=0.00<0.05). Conclusion: Myrmecodia pendans can be used as herbal remedies and moreover, the water boiling extraction can be employed as a simple manner for community herbal medicine without any toxic effect on cells. Keywords: Myrmecodia pendans; community herbal medicine; phytochemical content; cytotoxic effect; MTT assay. 1. INTRODUCTION chosen for the first preliminary study because of its simplicity and manageability. A traditional Ant nests plant (Myrmecodia pendens) is an method that is quite simple is by immersing the epiphytic plant of Hydnophytinae (Rubiceae) dried tuber part of this plant in the boiling water. family with 5 genus; two of which are associated However, this method is only able to extract 5% with ants. They are Myrmecodia (45 species) and of the active compound. It is suggested that Hypnophytum (26 species). From those species extraction through the mixture solution of alcohol only Hypnophytum formicarum, Myrmecoda and water yields more potential substances. [8] pendens and Myrmecodia tuberosa that are Based on the fact that there are many considered to have medicinal value. [1] However, commercial products of ant nest plant in spite of scientific literature on these plants are still very the limitation of its scientific publication, this limited and usually only cover their ecology, study is conducted to evaluate the phytochemical taxonomy, and ethnobotany [2]. contents of several extraction methods and their effects on normal cells. The importance of finding a new natural source in aspect of its therapeutic compounds has urged 1.1 Extraction this research to study its potential phytochemical contents and investigate its biocompatibility on The purpose of extraction is to investigate certain cells. part of material which has bioactive compound. Extraction is a process to put the active Traditionally, some tribes in Wamena island component out of the material using certain (Papua New Guinea) consumed it as tea by solution which can be done by simple method, boiling the dried part of this plant into water and such as immersing in boiling water to obtain the used it as herbal remedies for various mild to semi liquid material. The heat reflux extraction is severe diseases, such as nausea and breast the most common method and is chosen for the cancer. M. pendens exhibits a strong anti-tumor first preliminary study for the extraction of activity in human oral tongue squamous cell bioactive components from natural products carcinoma (B88 cell) through the induction of because of its simplicity and manageability. By p27Kip1 and suppression of cyclin E. [3-4]. M. this method, the dried and powdered plant pendens can treat a variety of systemic diseases material (1 g per batch) is extracted using water such as leukemia, heart diseases, tuberculosis, bath at 55ºC [9]. kidney and prostate dysfunction, various allergies, migraine, rheumatism, hemorrhoid, and The temperature has strong influence on infectious diseases [5]. antioxidant activity of ant nest extract. Higher temperature can dissolve more active compound M. pendans species used in this study contains in the solution and decrease its viscosity. Smaller essential nutrients, namely flavonoid and tanin. particle has larger surface area between solid Flavonoid may role directly as antibiotic by and liquid phase. This will shorten the distance of disturbing the microorganism or viral function [3], diffusion and increase the speed mass migration. and as antioxidant against free radical [6]. Such As a result, the total active phenolic compounds phenolic compound is a potent antimicrobial can be extracted faster [10]. Longer extraction agent [7] that could be extracted by several process and smaller size of material may methods. Heat reflux is a common method for increase the advantage of extract due to extend the extraction of bioactive compounds from of the molecule mobility from solid phase to natural products. This extraction method is solution [11]. 231 Sudiono et al.; BJMMR, 8(3): 230-237, 2015; Article no.BJMMR.2015.443 1.2 Ant Nest Plant (Myrmecodia pendens) cell membrane function as substrate transport from one to other cells and nucleic acid The M. pendans plant is called sarang semut synthesis. (Fig. 1) in local language (sarang is nest and semut is ant in Indonesian) since the inner part of 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS its hypocotyls is used as nest by ants. Sarang semut contains glycoside, vitamin, mineral, The plant material used in this study is sarang flavonoid, tocopherol, polyphenol and tanin. In semut plant (ant nest) or Myrmecodia pendans general, flavonoid can inhibit the growth of Gram species, obtained from a traditional plant positif and negatif bacteria. Flavonoid represents medicine store in Jakarta, Indonesia (Fig. 2). a highly diverse class of secondary plant This study evaluated three methods of extraction, metabolites with about 9000 structures [12]. namely the heat reflux by boiling in water, Flavonoid is polyphenolic compounds derived ethanol 70% semi liquid extraction, and ethanol from 2-phenylchromane commonly found in 70% dried extraction. many plants, vegetables, and flowers. In Phytochemical test was done on each extraction literatures, flavonoid receives considerable in order to find out the active compounds. The attention specifically due to its biological and ethanol 70% dried extract was then tested for its physiological importance [14,15]. In medical field, cytotoxicity effect on fibroblast cell culture using flavonoid acts as antioxidant [16], anti- MTT assay. carcinogenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-viral. Therefore flavonoid 2.1 Sample Preparation may prevent and treat several diseases such as diabetes, hemorrhoid, rheumatoid, migraine, The dried commercial ant nest plant was washed periodontitis and cancer [17-21]. At the with running tap water and then rinsed by concentration of 12 ppm, flavonoid contains 313 distilled water to remove any absorbed ppm tocopherol against 96% free radical. This contaminant from sample surface. The clean inhibition rate is stable up to higher concentration sample was chopped and dried using freeze of free radical [3]. Flavonoid also functions as an dryer, and then placed in an oven at 40°C for 12 antimicrobial agent either by binding the cell h to remove any remaining moisture. The dried membrane to form complex binding, which can material was grounded by a blender into powder destroy microorganism
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