Network Scan Data
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Australia Lacks Stem Succulents but Is It Depauperate in Plants With
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Australia lacks stem succulents but is it depauperate in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)? 1,2 3 3 Joseph AM Holtum , Lillian P Hancock , Erika J Edwards , 4 5 6 Michael D Crisp , Darren M Crayn , Rowan Sage and 2 Klaus Winter In the flora of Australia, the driest vegetated continent, [1,2,3]. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a water- crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), the most water-use use efficient form of photosynthesis typically associated efficient form of photosynthesis, is documented in only 0.6% of with leaf and stem succulence, also appears poorly repre- native species. Most are epiphytes and only seven terrestrial. sented in Australia. If 6% of vascular plants worldwide However, much of Australia is unsurveyed, and carbon isotope exhibit CAM [4], Australia should host 1300 CAM signature, commonly used to assess photosynthetic pathway species [5]. At present CAM has been documented in diversity, does not distinguish between plants with low-levels of only 120 named species (Table 1). Most are epiphytes, a CAM and C3 plants. We provide the first census of CAM for the mere seven are terrestrial. Australian flora and suggest that the real frequency of CAM in the flora is double that currently known, with the number of Ellenberg [2] suggested that rainfall in arid Australia is too terrestrial CAM species probably 10-fold greater. Still unpredictable to support the massive water-storing suc- unresolved is the question why the large stem-succulent life — culent life-form found amongst cacti, agaves and form is absent from the native Australian flora even though euphorbs. -
4. the Plant Diversity of Singapore
FLORA OF SINGAPORE (Vol. 1: 37–46, 2019) 4. THE PLANT DIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE K.M. Wong & S.K. Ganesan The position of Singapore on the Sunda continental shelf is a special one, with the principal island originally about 540 km2 in extent, together with some 60 smaller islands at the southern exit to the Malacca Strait and near the confluence of the South China Sea and Karimata Strait just west of Borneo. Geographically at the equatorial extremity of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore is separated from the Riau islands to its south (principally the Karimun Islands, Batam and Bintan) by the Singapore Strait which includes the deeply scoured 204-m ‘Singapore Deeps’, a likely subsidence basin resulting from tectonic movements (Bird et al., 2006). While this Strait may seem able to restrict the dispersal of some organisms with interglacial and post- Pleistocene high sea levels, it probably was not an effective dispersal barrier during episodes of lowest sea levels, such as during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at 18 ka. Then, it must have been in the path of a key land bridge between mainland Southeast Asia farther north and likewise exposed links to Java and other areas to the south (Ho, 1960; Morley & Flenley, 1987; Heaney, 1991; Voris, 2000; Bird et al., 2005). By contrast, the Johor Strait that separates Singapore from south Peninsular Malaysia is just about 10 m deep and 600 m wide at its narrowest. The Sundaland region on the Sunda continental shelf has seen climate shifts since even before the Pleistocene, sometimes associated with tectonic events. -
The Potential of Secondary Metabolites of Myrmecodia Tuberosa from Different Host Trees
NUSANTARA BIOSCIENCE ISSN: 2087-3948 Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 170-174 E-ISSN: 2087-3956 May 2017 DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n090211 Short Communication: The potential of secondary metabolites of Myrmecodia tuberosa from different host trees YANTI PUSPITA SARI1,♥, WAWAN KUSTIAWAN2, SUKARTININGSIH2, AFIF RUCHAEMI2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Barong Tongkok No. 4 Kampus Gn. Kelua, Samarinda, 75119, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-541 747974, Fax.: +62-541 747974 ♥email: [email protected] 2Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Mulawarman. Samarinda 75119, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Manuscript received: 19 November 2016. Revision accepted: 2 April 2017. Abstract. Sari YP, Kustiawan W, Sukartiningsih, Ruchaemi A. 2017. Short Communication: The potential of secondary metabolites of Myrmecodia tuberosa from different host trees. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 170-174. Ant-plants (Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack.) is a medicinal plant that could potentially inhibit cancer cell growth. Ant-plants is epiphytic plants whose commonly life was attached to the host tree. Several information from local people stated that ant-plants attaching to different host trees possesses different active compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolites of each parts of ant-plants including leaves, stems and tubers from different tree hosts i.e mango and durian. Result from phytochemical analysis showed that ant-plants living in mango and durian trees positively contained the metabolic compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroid/triterpenoid. The Total of Phenolic Content (TPC) and the Total of Flavonoids Content (TFC) on the leaves of ant-plants was higher than that in tubers or stems of ant-plants derived from both host trees i.e mango and durian. -
Summary a Plant Is an Integrated System Which: 1
Summary A plant is an integrated system which: 1. Obtains water and nutrients from the soil. 2. Transports them 3. Combines the H2O with CO2 to make sugar. 4. Exports sugar to where it’s needed Today, we’ll start to go over how this occurs Transport in Plants – Outline I.I. PlantPlant waterwater needsneeds II.II. TransportTransport ofof waterwater andand mineralsminerals A.A. FromFrom SoilSoil intointo RootsRoots B.B. FromFrom RootsRoots toto leavesleaves C.C. StomataStomata andand transpirationtranspiration WhyWhy dodo plantsplants needneed soso muchmuch water?water? TheThe importanceimportance ofof waterwater potential,potential, pressure,pressure, solutessolutes andand osmosisosmosis inin movingmoving water…water… Transport in Plants 1.1. AnimalsAnimals havehave circulatorycirculatory systems.systems. 2.2. VascularVascular plantsplants havehave oneone wayway systems.systems. Transport in Plants •• OneOne wayway systems:systems: plantsplants needneed aa lotlot moremore waterwater thanthan samesame sizedsized animals.animals. •• AA sunflowersunflower plantplant “drinks”“drinks” andand “perspires”“perspires” 1717 timestimes asas muchmuch asas aa human,human, perper unitunit ofof mass.mass. Transport of water and minerals in Plants WaterWater isis goodgood forfor plants:plants: 1.1. UsedUsed withwith CO2CO2 inin photosynthesisphotosynthesis toto makemake “food”.“food”. 2.2. TheThe “blood”“blood” ofof plantsplants –– circulationcirculation (used(used toto movemove stuffstuff around).around). 3.3. EvaporativeEvaporative coolingcooling. -
Co-Ordination of Signalling Elements in Guard Cell Ion Channel Control
Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 49, Special Issue, pp. 351–360, March 1998 Co-ordination of signalling elements in guard cell ion channel control A. Grabov1 and M.R. Blatt Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Wye College, University of London, Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK Received 3 November 1997; Accepted 10 November 1997 Abstract ably important for providing a plasticity of cellular response to external and environmental stimuli. Fine regulation of solutes transport across the guard Understanding the interdependence and hierarchy of cell plasma membrane for osmotic modulation is signalling elements now presents a major challenge essential for the maintenance of the proper stomatal for research in plant biology. aperture in response to environmental stimuli. The major osmotica, K+,Cl− and malate are transported Key words: Ion channels, stomatal aperture, signalling through selective ion channels in the plasma mem- pathway, second messengers, guard cells. brane and tonoplast of guard cells. To date, a number of ion channels have been shown to operate in the guard cell plasma membrane: outwardly- and inwardly- Introduction + rectifying K channels (IK,in and IK,out), slowly- and Guard cell control of stomatal aperture is crucial to rapid-activating anion channels, and stretch-activated balancing transpiration stream and gas exchange for non-selective channels. Slow and fast vacuolar chan- photosynthesis. As transpiration and CO2 exchange can nels (SV and FV) and voltage-independent K+-selective not be regulated independently, the demand of photosyn- (VK) channels have been found at the guard cell tono- thetic machinery can lead to excessive water evaporation plast. On the molecular level, the regulation of the under adverse environmental conditions. -
Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia
RAP PUBLICATION 2006/07 MANGROVE GUIDEBOOK FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA The designations and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO. Authored by: Wim Giesen, Stephan Wulffraat, Max Zieren and Liesbeth Scholten ISBN: 974-7946-85-8 FAO and Wetlands International, 2006 Printed by: Dharmasarn Co., Ltd. First print: July 2007 For copies write to: Forest Resources Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] ii FOREWORDS Large extents of the coastlines of Southeast Asian countries were once covered by thick mangrove forests. In the past few decades, however, these mangrove forests have been largely degraded and destroyed during the process of development. The negative environmental and socio-economic impacts on mangrove ecosystems have led many government and non- government agencies, together with civil societies, to launch mangrove conservation and rehabilitation programmes, especially during the 1990s. In the course of such activities, programme staff have faced continual difficulties in identifying plant species growing in the field. Despite a wide availability of mangrove guidebooks in Southeast Asia, none of these sufficiently cover species that, though often associated with mangroves, are not confined to this habitat. -
Plant Adaptation to Fluctuating Environment and Biomass Production Are Strongly Dependent on Guard Cell Potassium Channels
Plant adaptation to fluctuating environment and biomass production are strongly dependent on guard cell potassium channels Anne Lebaudy*, Alain Vavasseur†, Eric Hosy*, Ingo Dreyer*‡, Nathalie Leonhardt†, Jean-Baptiste Thibaud*, Anne-Alie´ nor Ve´ ry*, Thierry Simonneau§, and Herve´ Sentenac*¶ *Biochimie et Physiologie Mole´culaire des Plantes, Unite´Mixte de Recherche 5004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (U.386)/Montpellier SupAgro/Universite´Montpellier 2, 1 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France; †Laboratoire des Echanges Membranaires et Signalisation, Unite´Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat a`l’Energie Atomique/Universite´ Aix-Marseille, 13108 St. Paul lez Durance Cedex, France; and §Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Unite´Mixte de Recherche 759, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Montpellier SupAgro, 1 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France Edited by Maarten J. Chrispeels, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved February 8, 2008 (received for review October 12, 2007) At least four genes encoding plasma membrane inward K؉ chan- plant physiology by engineering an Arabidopsis mutant totally nels (Kin channels) are expressed in Arabidopsis guard cells. A deprived of this activity. double mutant plant was engineered by disruption of a major Kin channel gene and expression of a dominant negative channel Results construct. Using the patch-clamp technique revealed that this Genetic Engineering of an Arabidopsis Mutant Deprived of GCKin mutant was totally deprived of guard cell Kin channel (GCKin) Activity. In a first step, we screened candidate mutant lines in activity, providing a model to investigate the roles of this activity which expression of inward Kϩ channels is affected, by looking in the plant. -
The Number of K Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Guard Cell Protoplasts Changes in Parallel with the Surface Area
The number of K؉ channels in the plasma membrane of guard cell protoplasts changes in parallel with the surface area Ulrike Homann* and Gerhard Thiel Institute of Botany, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany Communicated by Enid MacRobbie, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, May 30, 2002 (received for review August 5, 2001) The activity of the two dominant K؉ channels in the plasma Materials and Methods membrane of Vicia faba guard cell protoplasts was examined .؉ Guard cell protoplasts were prepared from Vicia faba L. cv during pressure-driven swelling. For this purpose, the K currents Bunyan as described (2). For measurements, protoplasts were and the membrane capacitance (C ) of guard cell protoplasts were ͞ ͞ m bathed in 10 mM KCl 10 mM CaCl2 5 mM Mes/KOH, pH 5.6, recorded in parallel. A rise in Cm, reflecting an increase of the and osmolarity was adjusted to 530 mosmol͞kg with sorbitol. membrane surface area, was coupled to a proportional rise in Patch pipettes were filled with 170 mM Kϩ-gluconate͞10 mM ͞ ͞ ͞ ͞ ؉ ؉ conductance of both the K inward and K outward rectifier. The KCl 2 mM MgCl2 2mMMgATP 2 mM EGTA 10 mM Hepes/ ؉ activation kinetics of the K channels were not affected during this KOH, pH 7.8, and osmolarity was adjusted to 560 mosmol͞kg ؉ process. The quantitative and temporal coupling of Cm and K with sorbitol. conductance can hence be interpreted as the result of the addition Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments were performed by using ,of active inward and outward rectifier K؉ channels to the plasma either an EPC-9 patch-clamp amplifier (HEKA Electronics membrane during an increase in surface area. -
Etn of Armakologi Plants Ants Nest Papua (Hydnophytum Formicarum) on Skouw Tribe of Papua
Sept. 2016. Vol. 9, No.1 ISSN 2307-2083 International Journal of Research In Medical and Health Sciences © 2013-2016 IJRMHS & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrmhs.html ETN OF ARMAKOLOGI PLANTS ANTS NEST PAPUA (HYDNOPHYTUM FORMICARUM) ON SKOUW TRIBE OF PAPUA VENI HADJU, GEMINI NATURE, MASNI, SARCE MAKABA Lecturer Public Health in Hasanuddin University Makassar, Lecturer Public Health in Cenderawasih university Papua; email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Papua has abundant medicinal plant diversity that is utilized by every tribe in Papua to treat the disease. One of the plants used by tribal Skouw Papua ant nest is a plant that is believed to cure various diseases. This study aimed to use the ant nest Papua as a medicine by traditional healers community Skouw tribe in Jayapura Papua. This type of research is qualitative research by conducting depth interviews with traditional healers in the village of Jayapura city Skouw with data analysis using content analysis. Research results indicate the type anthill etnofarmakologi used was anthill mangrove or attached to another tree, his usefulness for treating various diseases like cancer, diabetes, hypertension, gout, asthma, tuberculosis, HIV, Kidney, cyst. , Parts used are kaudeks, processing method that is a piece or a handful of ant nest is approximately 10 g of boiled, alone or mixed with other ingredients such as, white strap, strap red, yellow rope, lemongrass red, ceplukan, tread blood, turmeric, leaf bowl , leaves of the gods, the gods crown, ginger, soursop leaves, white turmeric, curcuma, black meeting, katuk leaf forest, moss, leaves binahong boiled in earthen vessels. -
Evolution Along the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Continuum
Review CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/fpb Functional Plant Biology, 2010, 37, 995–1010 Evolution along the crassulacean acid metabolism continuum Katia SilveraA, Kurt M. Neubig B, W. Mark Whitten B, Norris H. Williams B, Klaus Winter C and John C. Cushman A,D ADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS200, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0200, USA. BFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA. CSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama. DCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] This paper is part of an ongoing series: ‘The Evolution of Plant Functions’. Abstract. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialised mode of photosynthesis that improves atmospheric CO2 assimilation in water-limited terrestrial and epiphytic habitats and in CO2-limited aquatic environments. In contrast with C3 and C4 plants, CAM plants take up CO2 from the atmosphere partially or predominantly at night. CAM is taxonomically widespread among vascular plants andis present inmanysucculent species that occupy semiarid regions, as well as intropical epiphytes and in some aquatic macrophytes. This water-conserving photosynthetic pathway has evolved multiple times and is found in close to 6% of vascular plant species from at least 35 families. Although many aspects of CAM molecular biology, biochemistry and ecophysiology are well understood, relatively little is known about the evolutionary origins of CAM. This review focuses on five main topics: (1) the permutations and plasticity of CAM, (2) the requirements for CAM evolution, (3) the drivers of CAM evolution, (4) the prevalence and taxonomic distribution of CAM among vascular plants with emphasis on the Orchidaceae and (5) the molecular underpinnings of CAM evolution including circadian clock regulation of gene expression. -
Analysis of Guard Cell Viability and Action in Senescing Leaves
Plant Physiol. (1985) 79, 7- 10 0032-0889/85/79/0007/04/$0 1.00/0 Analysis of Guard Cell Viability and Action in Senescing Leaves of Nicotiana glauca (Graham), Tree Tobacco' Received for publication January 25, 1985 and in revised form April 22, 1985 RICHARD OZUNA, RAMON YERA, KIM ORTEGA, AND GARY TALLMAN* Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California 90265 ABSTRACT not exhibit signs of functionality (24). As a result, Zeiger and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/79/1/7/6081518 by guest on 02 October 2021 Schwartz (24) have suggested that yellowing leaves retain sto- In an attempt to determine whether low epidermal conductances to matal control throughout the senescence process. water vapor diffusion of senescing leaves were caused by internal changes These studies raise the question of how stomatal movements in guard cells or by factors external to guard cells, stomatal behavior was are controlled in senescing leaves. Stomates of senescing leaves examined in intact senescing and nonsenescing leaves ofNicotiana glauca may fail to open fully because properties of guard cells that (Graham), tree tobacco, grown in the field or in an environmental cham- facilitate turgor production are damaged or modified. Alterna- ber. Conductances of senescing leaves were 5 to 10% of the maximum tively, stomatal movements in senescing leaves might be con- conductances of nonsenescing leaves of the same plant, yet guard cell trolled solely by factors external to guard cells. duplexes isolated from epidermal peels of senescing leaves developed full In this paper, we examine the diurnal patterns oftranspiration turgor in the light in solutions containing KCI, and sodium cobaltinitrite and epidermal conductance, and the water relations of senescing staining showed that K+ accumulated as turgor developed. -
Apollo Jewel Butterfly (Hypochrysops Apollo Miskin, 1891); Its Remarkable Hostplants and Ant Associations – John T Moss
The intriguing Apollo Jewel butterfly (Hypochrysops apollo Miskin, 1891); its remarkable hostplants and ant associations – John T Moss This medium sized butterfly is one of 18 Australian Hypochrysops species in a genus of spectacularly coloured butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. There are a further 39 species scattered across the western Indonesian islands, Papua-New Guinea and the Solomons. The Apollo Jewel (wingspan: male 34 mm; female 36 mm) is one of the largest in the genus, and because of the bright orange livery of its upperside wings, one of the prettiest. Additionally, as in most species, the underside markings include iridescent pale blue lines and spots; thus the origin of the generic popular name “jewels”! There are three named subspecies: two, including the nominate (H. apollo apollo), in North Queensland and a further subspecies in PNG. We share one subspecies (H. apollo phoebus) with our northern neighbour. Parsons (1999), quoting Don Sands' 1986 Hypochrysops revisionary monograph, notes that “a specimen from Sulawesi and those from the Bismarcks, probably represent two additional races” bringing the total to 5 subspecies. Distribution and hostplants The southern (nominate) subspecies (H. apollo apollo) is restricted to the coastal area adjacent to the wet tropics and occurs from Cooktown south to Ingham, usually inhabiting melaleuca paperbark woodlands and wetlands, where the larval food plants (known as “ant-plants”) grow as bulbous epiphytes, particularly on the trunks and branches of papery-barked Melaleuca viridiflora and Lophostemon suaveolens. Near Cooktown and Innisfail, both butterfly and hostplants also occur commonly in mangroves (C. J. Muller, in Braby, 2000). However, the distribution is not continuous, as the Hypochrysops apollo apollo (male) Innisfail NQ populations are highly fragmented due to habitat loss from Photo Geoff Walker widespread land burning and clearing for sugar cane crops and pine plantations (Sands, 1990).