N ANNEX B Recommended Planting List for Jurong Lake District
Supports Wildlife Suitable for S/N Species Common Name Habit Conservation status Remarks Small Insects Butterflies Mammals (e.g. Roadsides/ Birds Parks (Bees etc) &/or Moths Bats, Squirrels) Streetscape
A rare variety that is not in cultivation. It only grows in 1 Adenia macrophylla var singaporeana - Climber Vulnerable swamp areas in Singapore and Southern Johore. Able to tolerate full sun
Scrambling, thorny climber with fragrant flowers; in 2 Oxyceros longiflorus - Climber Vulnerable back mangroves & areas near the sea Clusters of red, lipstick like 3 Aeschynanthus parvifolius Lipstick plant Epiphyte Locally Extinct flowers On trees near the sea and in swamp forests; able to 4 Myrmecodia tuberosa - Epiphyte Locally Extinct tolerate full sun. Attracts ants 5 Amydrium medium - Epiphytic Climber Endangered Previously unknown in cultivation; large plant that 6 Poikilospermum suaveolens - Epiphytic Climber Vulnerable attracts many bird and insect species 7 Bromheadia borneensis - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Sold as Eria pudica; old 8 Bryobium pudicum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct mangroves Old mangroves, riversides 9 Bulbophyllum acuminatum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct and forests
10 Bulbophyllum apodum - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered Sold as Bulbophyllum 11 Bulbophyllum blumei - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct cuspidilingue 12 Bulbophyllum clandestinum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 13 Bulbophyllum conccinum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Sold as Cirrhopetalum 14 Bulbophyllum flabellum-veneris - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered lepidum
15 Bulbophyllum macranthum Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered 16 Bulbophyllum macrochilum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Produces masses of flowers 17 Bulbophyllum medusae Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct in response to rain/ dip in temperature
18 Bulbophyllum membranaceum - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered Produces masses of flowers 19 Bulbophyllum patens Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct in response to rain/ dip in temperature Syn. Cirrhopetalum 20 Bulbophyllum pulchellum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct concinnum 21 Bulbophyllum pupurascens - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 22 Bulbophyllum restrepia - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Sold as Bulbophyllum 23 Bulbophyllum ruficaudatum - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered sessile 24 Bulbophyllum striatellum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Old mangroves 25 Bulbophyllum tenuifolium - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Old mangroves 26 Bulbophyllum trifolium - Epiphytic Orchid Vulnerable Riverine trees 27 Bulbophyllum vermiculare - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 28 Bulbophyllum vesiculosum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Old mangroves Not a commonly cultivated species from swamp 29 Claderia viridifolia - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered forests. Large green flowers.
30 Cleisostoma halophilum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct
Mass blooming, well grown specimens can carry up to 31 Coelogyne rochussenii - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 500 or more flowers on a single plant 32 Coelogyne testacea - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 33 Crinum asiaticum Seashore Crinum Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered Back mangrove, seashore
34 Cymbidium bicolor ssp. pubescens - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered Sold as Cymbidium bicolor 35 Dendrobium lamellatum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 36 Dendrobium lobatum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 37 Dendrobium microglaphys - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 38 Dendrobium pandaneti - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 39 Dendrobium planibulbe Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 40 Dendrobium prostratum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 41 Dendrobium singaporense Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Is named after Singapore 42 Dendrochilum longifolium - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 43 Diplocaulobium longicolle - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Old mangroves 44 Dischidia bengalensis - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct In forests near the sea 45 Eria bractescens - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Produces masses of flowers 46 Eria floribunda - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct in response to rain/ dip in temperature 47 Eria neglecta - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 48 Eria nutans - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 49 Eria pannea Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 50 Eria pulchella - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 51 Eria tenuiflora - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 52 Flickingeria bancana - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Old mangroves 53 Flickingeria comata - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Widespread, often on trees 54 Hoya diversifolia - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered in mangroves In secondary forests often near the sea & swamp 55 Hydnophytum formicarium Baboon's head Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered forests; able to tolerate full sun. Attracts ants.
56 Lasia spinosa - Epiphytic Orchid Vulnerable Able to tolerate full sun 57 Liparis elegans - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 58 Micropera fuscolutea - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 59 Mycaranthes obliqua - Epiphytic Orchid Sold as Eria obliqua Sold as Dendrobium 60 Oxystophyllum carnosum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct concinnum Sold as Dendrobium 61 Oxystophyllum excavatum - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct excavatum 62 Polystachya concreta - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Sold as Pomatocalpa 63 Pomatocalpa diffusum - Epiphytic Orchid Critically Endangered latifolia 64 Schoenorchis micrantha - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 65 Schoenorchis secundiflora - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 66 Thelasis carinata - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 67 Thelasis micrantha - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 68 Thrixispermum calceolus - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct Able to tolerate full sun 69 Trichotosia gracilis - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 70 Trichotosia velutina - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 71 Trichotosia vestita - Epiphytic Orchid Locally Extinct 72 Dianella ensifolia Common Dianella Ground Cover Common 73 Dianella ensifolia (Variegated form) Variegated Dianella Ground Cover Cultivated Only 74 Dissotis rotundifolia Spanish Shawl Ground Cover Cultivated Only Ground Cover/ 75 Ipomoea pes-caprae - Common Climber Dwarf Chinese 76 Bambusa multiplex Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only Bamboo
77 Carissa macrocarpa 'Nana' Dwarf Natal Plum Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only
78 Duranata 'Dwarf White' Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only Butterfly nectar plant
79 Duranta 'Variegated Dwarf' Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only Butterfly nectar plant
Will grow into a tree if allowed to; to grow as 80 Ficus benjamina "Variegated White" Banyan Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only grouncover, hedge or shrub, maintain regularly through pruning
Trianular shaped leaves 81 Ficus deltoidea Ground Cover/ Shrub Critically Endangered with large pink/red fruits
Forms with pink, white, 82 Ixora Dwarf Hybrids Dwarf Ixora Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only orange or yellow flowers
83 Pseudomussaenda flava Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only
84 Schefflera arboricola Variegated form - Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated only
85 Serissa foetida 'Snow Leaves' Ground Cover/ Shrub Cultivated Only One of the few orchids that can grow in waterlogged 86 Arundina graminifolia Bamboo Orchid Ground Orchid Common conditions; able to tolerate full sun
87 Bromheadia finlaysoniana Scorpion Orchid Ground Orchid Common Able to tolerate full sun
One of the few orchids that can grow in waterlogged 88 Liparis ferruginea Bog orchid Ground Orchid Endangered conditions; able to tolerate full sun 89 Peristylus lacertifer - Ground Orchid Locally Extinct Wet places near sea, swamp 90 Cyrtostachys renda Sealing Wax Palm Palm Critically Endangered forest Uncommon, small palm; only grows in Singapore 91 Rhopaloblaste singaporensis Singapore Palm Palm (Shade) Critically Endangered and a few states in Malaysia. 92 Acorus gramineus Rush Semi Aquatic Cultivated only Large mangrove fern to 3m 93 Acrostichum aureum Golden leather fern Semi Aquatic Common tall Clump forming fern to 2m; 94 Acrostichum speciosum Golden leather fern Semi Aquatic Common can be found in canals and monsoon drains The only aquatic ginger 95 Alpinia aquatica - Semi Aquatic Critically Endangered species; able to tolerate full sun 96 Blechnum orientale Centipede fern Semi Aquatic Common 97 Canna generalis Ornamental Canna Semi Aquatic Cultivated only Large flowered species Yellow flowered species 98 Canna glauca Edible Canna Semi Aquatic Cultivated only with edible rhizomes; can be grown in water Yam with heart shaped, 99 Colocasia esculenta ' Midnight' Purple elephant's ear Semi Aquatic Cultivated only dark purple leaves Green heart shaped leaves 100 Colocasia esculenta ' Mojito Purple elephant's ear Semi Aquatic Cultivated only with purple flecks
101 Conocarpus erectus Semi Aquatic Cultivated only Tree with sliver leaves Long stalks of white blooms, 102 Echinodorus palaefolius Maleati Air Semi Aquatic Cultivated only attractive form 103 Equisetum hymeale Horsetail Semi Aquatic Cultivated only Perch for dragonflies Large arrow like leaves, Arrow leaf pickerel 104 Monochoria hastata Semi Aquatic Naturalized clusters of bluish -purple weed flowers Herb with oval shaped Oval leafed 105 Monochoria vaginalis Semi Aquatic Naturalized leaves and clusters of bluish pondweed -purple flowers Yellow, mimosa like 106 Neptunia oleracea Floating mimosa Semi Aquatic Cultivated only flowers; edible stems Attractive color and form - 107 Pandanus tectorius Screw Pine Semi Aquatic Cultivated only stilt roots and foliage (for variegated form)
108 Stachyphrynium dichotomus - Semi Aquatic Able to tolerate full sun 109 Thalia dealbata Water canna Semi Aquatic Cultivated only . 110 Thalia geniculata Alligator flag Semi Aquatic Cultivated only Provides hiding place for 111 Typha angustifolia Cat's tail Semi Aquatic Naturalized small birds One of the few orchids that Semi Aquatic/ 112 Thrixispermum amplexicaule - Critically Endangered can grow in water; able to Ground Orchid tolerate full sun 113 Acalypha godseffiana 'Heterophylla' Firestorm Shrub Cultivated only 114 Acalypha siamensis Variegated form - Shrub Cultivated only 115 Acanthus ebracteatus - Shrub Vulnerable - In tidal swamps and muddy 116 Ardisia elliptica - Shrub Endangered areas 117 Bixa orellana Lipstick Tree Shrub Cultivated Only 118 Breynia distichia 'Roseo picta' - Shrub Cultivated only 119 Carphalea kirondron Flaming Beauty Shrub Cultivated Only 120 Cheilocostus speciosus Native Spiral Ginger Shrub Common 121 Costus woodsonii Scarlet spiral flag Shrub Cultivated only Compact bush with many 122 Cuphea hyssopifolia False Heather Shrub Cultivated only tiny flowers 123 Dillenia suffructicosa Shrub Common 124 Excoecaria cochinchinensis - Shrub Cultivated only 125 Galphimia glauca Rain of gold Shrub Cultivated only 126 Ixora odorata Fragrant Ixora Shrub Cultivated Only Fragrant flowers Is named after Singapore; 127 Kopsia singapurensis Singapore Kopsia Shrub Critically Endangered grows in swampy areas Widespread, also in 128 Leea indica - Shrub Common swampy areas 129 Murraya paniculata Mock orange Shrub Cultivated only 130 Mussaenda 'Dona Eva' Red Mussaenda Shrub Cultivated Only 131 Osmoxylum lineare Green Aralia Shrub Cultivated only 132 Pittosporum ferrugineum - Shrub Vulnerable Large pink flowers, edible 133 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Rose Myrtle Shrub Common berries 134 Scaevola taccada - Shrub Common Along sea coasts Small bamboo often near 135 Schizostachyum gracile - Shrub Locally Extinct rivers 136 Sterculia coccinea Shrub Cultivated Only Bears many bright purplish- 137 Strobilanthes cusia Chinese Rain Bells Shrub Cultivated only pink , bell like flowers
138 Syzygium buxifolium Box leaf Eugenia Shrub Cultivated only Dwarf 139 Tabernaemontana 'Dwarf' Shrub Cultivated only Tabernaemontana Previously unknown in 140 Tarenna odorata Shrub Critically Endangered cultivation. Fragrant white/ yellow flowers 141 Turnera hybrids - Shrub Cultivated only 142 Turnera subulata - Shrub Cultivated only 143 Turnera ulmifolia - Shrub Cultivated only Previously not in Shrub/ Epiphytic cultivation. Shrub with 144 Fagraea auriculata - Critically Endangered Climber large, fragrant trumpet shaped flowers Bambangan/ Kayu 145 Aporosa lunata Shrub/ Tree Critically Endangered masam 146 Coffea canephora Coffee Bush Shrub/ Tree Cultivated Only Decaspermum parviflorum ssp. Secondary forest & primary 147 Shrub/ Tree Vulnerable quadripartitum forest margins Lowland primary and secondary forest to upper 148 Elaeocarpus mastersii Oil fruit Shrub/ Tree Common montane forest at 2000 m; also in freshwater and peat swamps.
149 Guettarda speciosa Shrub/ Tree Endangered Sandy and rocky shores Butterfly nectar plant; mass 150 Ixora congesta Shrub/ Tree Common blooms 151 Leea rubra Shrub/ Tree Locally Extinct Not commonly cultivated; 152 Memecylon caeruleum Shrub/ Tree Critically Endangered grows in sandy open spots near the sea Not commonly cultivated; 153 Memecylon edule Shrub/ Tree Endangered grows in dry spots near the sea 154 Pisonia alba Shrub/ Tree Cultivated only Rocky/ sandy shores, also 155 Suregada multiflora Shrub/ Tree Critically Endangered inland in rocky areas Also known as Urophyllum 156 Urophyllum arboreum Shrub/ Tree Vulnerable glabrum Pink flowered 157 Phyllanthus cuscutiflorus Shrub/Tree Cultivated Only Phyllanthus Able to tolerate poor soils - 158 Ploiarium alternifolium Cicada Tree Shrub/Tree Common waterlogged conditions; can grow in water
Mass blooming tree, 159 Alstonia spathulata Tree Vulnerable strongly fragrant flowers
160 Aphanamixis polystachya - Tree Endangered Widespread from lowlands 161 Aralidium pinnatifidum Tree Locally Extinct to hills
162 Baccaurea reticulata Tree Critically Endangered
163 Barringtonia racemosa Tree Critically Endangered Periodically flooded forest
164 Barringtonia reticulata - Tree Critically Endangered Blooms in response to 165 Brachychiton acerifolius Tree Cultivated only wet/dry season 166 Buchanania arborescens Tree Common 167 Buchanania sessilifolia - Tree Vulnerable 168 Calophyllum inophyllum Penaga laut Tree Critically Endangered Seashore tree Mass blooming tree with 169 Calophyllum soulatrii Tree Critically Endangered fragrant flowers Sold as Calophyllum 170 Calophyllum tetrapterum Tree Vulnerable floribundum 171 Campnosperma auriculata - Tree Common Widespread, also in swamp 172 Carallia brachiata Tree Endangered forests One of two known host plants for the King Crow Butterfly (Euploea 173 Cerbera manghas - Tree Critically Endangered phaenareta castelnaui), considered to be a rare species in Malaysia. One of two known host plants for the King Crow Butterfly (Euploea 174 Cerbera odollam - Tree Vulnerable phaenareta castelnaui), considered to be a rare species in Malaysia. Coastal, riverine and swamp 175 Chionanthus ramiflorus - Tree Critically Endangered forest 176 Clusia rosea Tree Cultivated only 177 Coccoloba uvifera Sea grape Tree Cultivated only 178 Cratoxylum cochichinense - Tree Endangered 179 Cratoxylum formosum - Tree Endangered Katong Laut/ Katong In tidal rivers and 180 Cynometra ramiflora Tree Critically Endangered Tree mangroves
181 Daphniphyllum griffithianum - Tree Critically Endangered Areas near the sea
182 Dillenia excelsa - Tree Critically Endangered In swamp forests Stilt rooted tree; 183 Dillenia grandifolia Simpur Tree Endangered widespread but mostly in Swamp forests Stilt rooted tree found in 184 Dillenia reticulata Simpur Tree Critically Endangered swamp forests Often near the sea; ; also on 185 Diospyros ferrea Tree Critically Endangered limestone 186 Diospyros lanceifolia - Tree Common Often near the sea Widespread; also in swamp 187 Diospyros maingayi Maingay's Ebony Tree Critically Endangered forests. Small orange red fruits
188 Dolichandrone spathacea - Tree Critically Endangered 189 Dryobalanops oblongifolia Keladan Tree Cultivated only "Feather like" leaves with 190 Eurycoma longifolia Tongkat Ali Tree Critically Endangered red berries 191 Fagraea fragrans Tree Common Fragrant flowers 192 Flacourtia inermis Rukam Masam Tree Cultivated only Is sometimes sold as 193 Garcinia brevirostris Tree Vulnerable Garcinia eugeniaefolia 194 Garcinia hombroniana - Tree Endangered Along sea shores Only var. subcarinata is 195 Gardenia tubifera - Tree Cultivated only native to Singapore 196 Hernandia nymphaeifolia - Tree Locally Extinct Near the sea In coastal and swampy 197 Ilex cymosa - Tree Common forests 198 Koompassia malaccensis Kempas Tree Endangered Preferred nesting tree for Forest Honeybees 199 Lagerstroemia langkawiensis Tree Cultivated only On limestone Open country, often near 200 Lagerstroemia speciosa Tree Cultivated only rivers Buttefly nectar plant. 201 Leea angulata Spiny Leea Tree Critically Endangered Thorny stems/ trunk. In 202 Lepisanthes alata Tree Cultivated only Scaly, longan sized fruits 203 Litsea costalis - Tree Critically Endangered Mangrove and tidal rivers; able to grow in 204 Lumnitzera littorea - Tree Endangered waterlogged/ freshwater conditions Mangrove and tidal rivers; able to grow in 205 Lumnitzera racemosa - Tree Endangered waterlogged/ freshwater conditions White flush leaves/ new 206 Maniltoa browneoides Handkerchief Tree Tree Cultivated Only growth Pink Handkerchief Pinkish red flush leaves/ 207 Maniltoa lenticellata Tree Cultivated Only Tree new growth
208 Melaleuca cajuputi Gelam Tree Tree Locally Extinct Swampy areas near the sea Lowland and hill forest to 209 Memecylon amplexicaule Tree Critically Endangered 1200m
210 Memecylon oleifolium Tree Critically Endangered Red/ pink flush leaves, 211 Mesua ferrea Tree Cultivated only Large white flowers Rare tree that is almost 212 Mussaendopsis beccariana - Tree Endangered unknown in cultivation 213 Neolitsea zeylanica Tree Cultivated only 214 Pachira aquatica Tree Cultivated only Mass blooming, bright 215 Peltophorum pterocarpum Yellow Flame Tree Critically Endangered yellow flowers and reddish brown seed pods
216 Pentaspadon motleyi Tree Cultivated only Back mangroves and near 217 Podocarpus polystachyus - Tree Critically Endangered the sea Tree associated with 218 Pometia pinnata - Tree Endangered streams and rivers Lowland and hill forest to 219 Pteleocarpa lamponga Tree Locally Extinct 600m 220 Pterygota alata Tree Cultivated only Tree that is associated with 221 Saraca thaipingennsis Taiping Saraca Tree Cultivated Only streams/ rivers Sold as Sapium indicum; 222 Shirakiopsis indica - Tree Locally Extinct areas near the sea
223 Shorea platycarpa - Tree Critically Endangered Found in swampy areas Mangrove and tidal rivers; able togrow in 224 Sonneratia caeseolaris - Tree Critically Endangered waterlogged/ freshwater conditions Red, star shaped pods on 225 Sterculia megistophylla Melebu/ Biris Merah Tree Cultivated Only tree trunk
226 Sterculia parviflora Tree Critically Endangered Red, star shaped pods
Host plant for the Plain Plushblue butterfly (Flos 227 Syzygium glaucum Tree Vulnerable apidanus saturatus ); also a nectar plant
228 Syzygium incarnatum Tree Endangered Sold as Eugenia cerina In river banks and near the 229 Syzygium myrtifolium - Tree Locally Extinct sea (sold as Syzygium oleinum in some sources) Also known as Syzygium 230 Syzygium zeylanicum Tree Common spicata in some sources 231 Talipariti tiliaceum - Tree Common Sold as Hibiscus tiliaceus 232 Tamarindus indicus Tamarind Tree Tree Cultivated only 233 Terminalia phellocarpa - Tree Critically Endangered Damp areas in forests Small tree similar to T. 234 Ternstroemia wallichiana - Tree Locally Extinct bancana, in places near the sea Back mangrove and 235 Thespesia populnea - Tree Common seashore Colorful peeling bark; slow 236 Tristaniopsis obovata Tree Critically Endangered growing tree
Colorful peeling bark. On 237 Tristaniopsis whiteana Tree Endangered riverbanks; slow growing
One of the few Dipterocarp 238 Vatica pauciflora Resak Laru Tree Critically Endangered species with water dispersed fruits
239 Vernonia arborea Tree Vernonia Tree Vulnerable Buttefly nectar plant
Notes: (1) Categories of Plants ('Habit')
(1a) For species listed in this document, the categories are: (i) Tree - Upright, arborescent, woody species, usually with a main trunk where side branching occurs, and usually exceeding the height of 3m or more. Some species can be grown as shrubs (in terms of height) if they are subjected to pruning to restrict the height and form. These are listed as "Shrub/ Tree". "(ii) Shrub - Upright, woody species, usually with multiple stems and branching and not exceeding the height of 3m. (iii) Ground Cover - Low growing shrubs or herbaceous plants that are usually less than 0.5m in height, and able to rapidly cover bare ground. Some shrub species can be grown as ground cover (in terms of height) if they are subjected to pruning to restrict the height and form. These are listed as "Ground Cover/ Shrub". (iv) Climber - A woody or non-woody plant that is not able to grow without any form of mechanical support (e.g. a trellis). An Epiphytic Climber = a climber that only grows on branches/ trunk of trees. (v) Epiphyte - A woody or non-woody plant that grows on other plant species, usually on trees. E.g. Epiphytic Orchid = Orchid that grows only on trunks or branches of trees in contrast to a Ground Orchid = Orchids that grow in soil (vi) Semi Aquatic - Refers to species that can be grown along the water's edge, and are able to withstand semi immersed conditions. (vii) Palm - Species that belong to the family Arecaceae (Palmae) - these are woody plants that usually have only one main 'trunk' and growing tip (for solitary palms) except for the clump forming species.
(2) Choice of Species
Based on any of the following criteria -(a)Rarity of species in the Species shaded in Blue = Highly wild; (b ) Oustanding features such as color, form, fragrance or recommended species or 'Should haves' tendency towards mass blooming episodes; (c ) Occurrence in cultivation - uncommonly cultivated species are preferred (d) Species shaded in Yellow = Recommended Supports unique or threatened fauna, e.g. host plant for rare species or 'Good to haves' butterfly
(3) Conservation Status in Singapore
(3a) The conservation status of a species in this document is based on the following reference: K. Y. Chong, H. T. W. Tan and R. T. Corlett. 2009. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore: Native, Naturalised and Cultivated Species.
(3b) For species listed in this document, the categories are: (i) Locally Extinct - The species is presumed to be extinct in Singapore but continues to persist elsewhere apart from Singapore; (ii) Critically Endangered - A species is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the criteria listed in the IUCN list; (iii) Endangered - A species is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by as defined by any of the criteria listed in the IUCN list; (iv) Vulnerable - A species is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to E) as described below. (v) Cultivated Only - This refers to species that do not occur naturally in Singapore outside of cultivation (vi) Naturalized - This refers to species that were previously did not occur naturally in Singapore, but have formed viable, reproducing local populations.
(3c) Further information on the definitions of the various statuses can be found in: - Davison, G. W. H., 2008. The Red List categories. In: Davison, G. W .H., P. K. L. Ng, & H. C. Ho (eds.), 2008. The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened Plants and Animals of Singapore. 2nd Edition. Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore. Pp. 1–4 - "The criteria for Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/static/categories_criteria_2_3#critical