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River Acheron: Natural Landscape and Historical Place- Monuments

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River Acheron: Natural Landscape and Historical Place- Monuments 15th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Rhodes, Greece, 31 August to 2 September 2017 River Acheron: natural landscape and historical place- monuments Saltagıanne, E1*, Gousıs, Ch2 And Siska, F.3 1Archaeologist, EFA Preveza, Ethniki Antistasi, 108-110, Preveza 2 Doctor, Plateia Lourou Prevezas 3 Archaeologist, EFA Preveza, Ethniki Antistasi, 108-110, Preveza *corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The river Acheron was known in antiquity as The region where the river ends are shaped, ie the the river which led the souls to Hades. The region has delta, a protected wetland. undergone many changes over the centuries, changes 1 The importance of it can be shown from the continuous related to the size of the "Gliki Limena" current bay living and the presence of settlements near the river and its Fanar, the exact position of Acherousian lake, which was tributaries from antiquity to nowadays. In ancient times dried after the Second World War, and of course the bed of people even believed that the river Acheron, with the help the river itself in the classical period (eg floating Kastri). of Mercury and Charon, used to lead the souls to Hades. Ηowever the area, where many geological changes without completely changing the geomorphological state from ancient times to nowadays, is described by several writers and travelers from ancient to modern times. The region of Acheron river is a cultural landscape and a place of natural beauty. A good visibility and proper use will contribute to tourism promotion and development. Τhe development should respect the natural environment and Fig. 1. Acheron River monuments that surround the river, the history and (www.http://www.preveza.gr/) importance of the site. Fig. 2. Acheron River (https://el.wikipedia.org/) This abstract tries to show the natural landscapes and archaeological monuments and areas around the river Acheron and actions appropriate for tourism promotion and development. The abstract consists of two parts: 2. Natural landscape and changes during the centuries 1. landscape, archaeological monuments and sites 2. The region has undergone many changes over the tourist promotion of the area with respect for the centuries, changes related to the size of the “Gluki monuments and landscape. Limena”-current bay Fanar, the exact position of Acherousian lake, which was dried after the Second World Keywords: river Acheron, antiquity, monuments, War, and of course the riverbed in the classical period (eg landscape, management of cultural heritage, tourism floating Kastri). However, despite the geological changes promotion and development the region suffered during the centuries, preserves geomorphological state of antiquity, described by many 1. Introduction writers from antiquity to modern times. The “Gluki Limena” in ancient times had a large The Acheron, one of the largest rivers in Epirus (with capacity, as shown by both the stranding 150 Corinthian its tributaries Kokytos and Vouvopotamo), starts its ships before the battle of Sivota (433 BC), and the journey from the south of Ioannina, crosses the Prefecture Octavian 350 ships before the battle of (31 BC Aktion ), as of Thesprotia and the Prefecture of Preveza, creating their well as ships of Gouiskardou Roverdou in the 11th century natural boundary at a distance of over 60 km . and ends at AD. The description of “Gliki Limena” in antiquity has the bay of Ammoudia where it flows into. The distance similarities to the bay of Ammoudia (Fanari), and from the source to the ending is over 60 km. differences such as the depth of the press. The bay should have been much deeper, while over the centuries the valley has been extended towards the sea because of sediment transported by Acheron for thousands of years. Silting the 1 Gliki Limena in Greek language means Sweet Port CEST2017_00438 rivers and changing the bed of the lake Acheron turned nest above the river, (https://en.wikipedia.org) into a marsh and finally dried in the 50's. https://en.wikipedia.org The river Acheron in Antiquity was navigable to the 4.Archaeological landscape-monuments - settlements place that is called Kasti on the inside of Acherousian Lake and its mouth was in its current location in Ammoudia, in a former period was about three kilometers southerly, in 4.a. Acheron River-Lake Acherousia: summary Kerentza where the river current had opened up rift in the report by foreigners and Greeks writers coastal mountain range. The riverbed as shown by geological cores was probably moved to its modern bed on The area of Acheron was importan for writers from the south side of the ancient Acropolis Kastri after 1500 antiquity to modern times. BC and before the beginning of the 19th AD century. The "Psefdoskylakas" in "Periplus" mentions the port Most of the plain north of the mouth of Acheron named "Elea", which flows into the Acheron and was created in modern times from deposits along the coast. Acherousia lake. The Acheron flows into the lake That bay previously stretched at least 3-4 km eastwards in Acherousia. the hinterland (Besonen M., 1997). In Argonauts, the seer Phineas advises the Argonauts to The Acherousia lake, known as Aornos lake, which cross the Acheron (Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica). means the lake that gives off poisonous fumes, was icy and lifeless. It formerly was located in the east of the hill of In Homer's Odyssey (k) is mentioned the river Acheron Ephyra to Kastri. alongside Pyriphlegethon and Kokkyto. According to estimates, several deposits along the Thucydides, the first historian, mentioned the Acheron shoreline from Roman times onwards decreased the depth River and Acherousia lake and described the region as of the port ( "Gluki Limena"), located west of Ephyra in region of Eleatis. prehistoric and historic times and the sea reached west of References to the Acheron are in the works of the three prehistoric Acropolis, probably to the hillside that is now great tragic poets of antiquity and Plato. known as Punta, right on the south of Kastri. It began to In Roman period Strabo describes the region and says form in this area in part perhaps over the modulated that by the small islands of Sivota opposite the Epirus is physical port, the Acherousia lake, possibly after 800 Cheimerion and “Gluki Limena”, where the river Acheron BC.Q an area between the hills south Ephyra and the poured, which stems from Acherousia lake and accepts Necromanteio. many rivers sweetening the waters of the bay. Above this 3. Current situation: the place nowadays bay there is Kichyros, ancient Efyra city of Thesprotia. Acheron (river) starts from the mountains of Souli and Later Lucian refers to the river Acheron and Acherousia ends in the bay of Ammoudia. It forms a unique landscape lake and places Nekromanteio Babylon (Dialogues of the with rushing water, flowing from sources and cliffs and Dead) and Pausanias mentions that Homer Hades is in moves towards the sea and rivers forming marshes, dunes, Thesprotia and gave the names of the rivers. reeds and general riparian vegetation, mainly bushes. Dio Cassius, a Roman historian of the second and third Generally an important wetland is formed by the state and centuries AD, said that the "Glyki Limena" is the palace action of the river. where Octavius (31 BC) anchored his ships a few days The plant species in the "delta" area are diverse, although before the battle of Actium with Mark Antony and during the recent years have received interventions by the Cleopatra. human factor (crop intensification and infrastructure). Several centuries later, there are reports of the region in The land and sea animals and the birds are numerous fish "Synekdemos" of Hierocles, as well as in church sources of (eg trout. Dusk), reptiles (viper, potamochelona), mammals the time, mostly about the city Euroia. This city probably (eg wolf, otter, weasel), birds. was nowadays in Choika or Gluki while the new location The area is protected by the European network of protected (after displacement of the population due to the barbarian areas Natura 2000 (GR2140001 code), of the Ministry of invasions) was Kasti (Pandosia) or Ioannina Environment (OG 7 / B / 01.13.1977: Acheron bed and In 1084 A.D., as ιη ις mentioned by Anna Comnena, the tributaries Kokytos and Vouvopotamou are historical sites fleet of Norman Duke of Apulia and Calabria "Robert and particularly natural beauty) and the archaeological law Gouiskardou" anchored in Port Glyky. 3028/2002 “For the Protection of Antiquities and in general The modern image of the area is very different, at least as of Cultural Heritage”. far as the port size of the region of Phanari and the non- existence of Acherousian lake, but there are still similarities. In recent years, travellers, archaeologists and others described the monuments in the region of Acheron, like William martin Leake (Travels in northern Greece), Hammond (Epirus), Dakaris (excavation in Necromantio) and Muselimis. Fig. 3. Eurasian penduline tit Fig. 4. Acheron River CEST2017_00438 The ancient Nekromantio which used to work in the past during the ancient times (forecasts, connecting people with the dead) was abandoned after 167 BC with the arrival of the Romans. Its function was previously the hellenistic period. The ruins that exist until now are dating back from the hellenistic period. The Hellenistic complex is surrounded by fortification wall made with blocks at the polygonal system. The rectangular complex was built in two periods. It consists of the main temple, treadmills, square space, the maze and the central courtyard surrounded by eight rectangular rooms. It is the most famous oracle of the underworld gods. In the Fig. 5. Acheron river: map (https://el.wikipedia.org) early 18th AD century (during the Ottoman occupation) a fortified house (koulia) was erected on top of the hill and, 4.b.Antiquities near Acheron over the main part of the sanctuary, the church St.
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