Public Disclosure Authorized
LEBANESE REPUBLIC Public Disclosure Authorized
BA'ALBECK WATER AND WASTEWATER PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
January 15, 2002 LEBANESE REPUBLIC
Ba'albeck Water and Wastewater Project
Environmental Assessment
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
As part of the National Emergency Reconstruction Program (NERP), the design and construction of a water supply and distribution network for Ba'albeck was implemented under the ERRP that was funded through a World Bank loan. The water supply network was designed to meet the demands up to the year 2015 and to cover all villages falling between Ba'albeck and El Nabi Chit. The present population of the villages benefiting from the water network is approximately 250,000 inhabitants. Under the ERRP, the construction of the water supply and distribution network was implemented and covered all components (boreholes, transmission lines, reservoirs, chlorination station, distribution pipelines) except the house connections. Also, the operation and maintenance of the system was not included in the construction contract.
Similarly to the water supply and distribution network, considerable efforts have been made to improve the wastewater system in Ba'albeck and the surrounding villages. Under the ERRP, around 20 km of wastewater pipelines were laid in the city of Ba'albeck, mainly in replacement of damaged or very old existing pipelines. Later on, the Council of Development and Reconstruction (CDR) initiated a new contract that included: (1) the construction of a wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 12,500 cum/day to serve Ba'albeck and the surrounding villages up to the year 2008, (2) the provision of approximately 7.4 km of trunk lines, and (3) the operation and maintenance of the wastewater treatment plant for one year.
1.2 Project Objectives
The major development objectives of the proposed Ba'albeck Water and Wastewater Project-BWWP (the project) include:
(a) developing and strengthening the capacity of the Ba'albeck Hermel Water and Irrigation Authority (BHWIA) and the Zahle and Chamsine Water Authorities (ZWA and CWA);
(b) improving the access of the customers of the Ba'albeck Hermel Water and Irrigation Authority (BHWIA) to satisfactory water supply and wastewater services;
(c) involving the private sector in the operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water and wastewater facilities; and
(d) rationalizing the use of water through the introduction of water meters.
2 1.3 Project components:
1. Institutional Development. This includes the provision of a Technical Support Unit (TSU) for the BHWIA, ZWA and CWA, as well as training activities that aim at improving the capabilities of the water authorities to design, develop and implement public-private partnership in the water and wastewater sectors.
2. Improving and Increasing Service Coverage for Water Supply. This includes the following:
* Implementation of house connections corresponding to 2500 service connections at US$500 per connection. The Phase-I house connections serve about 4,500 consumers for the following villages : Nabi Chit, Serrain Fawka, Serrain Tahta, Serrain Gharbieh, Hellaniye, Chimiye, Sifri, Haouch Nabi, Al Khodr and Khraibeh.
* Operation and Maintenance of the Phase-I house connections and all water facilities including the newly added distribution lines. This is equivalent to 10% of the value of the capital investment made under the house connections and the additional distribution lines (US$2,300,000), in addition to 10% x works completed under the ERRP located within the Phase-I area (US$6,700,000).
* Construction of additional water distribution lines that represent 15 km of HDPE pipes with all their related fittings and accessories including the connections to the already executed network for the same villages as above. The average price of the meter is US$70 (around US$1,050,000).
* Construction of the house connections for all villages which are not included in Phase 1. This amount covers the construction of 13,500 service connections at a unit rate of US$500 (US$6,750,000).
* O&M for transmission pipelines (49 km) with diameters varying between 80 mm and 350 mm, boreholes (14 No.), reservoirs (10 No.) with a capacity varying between 150 and 600 cu.m. and electromechanical works consisting of 15 pumping station and their related chlorination stations. O&M equal to 10% of the above-mentioned capital investment (US$9,000,000).
3. Improving and Increasing Service Coverage for Wastewater Collection. This consists of the following activities:
* Construction of wastewater network to cover Ba'albeck city and the surround, i.e, Douris, Ain Bordai, Iaat, Tel Abiad at a cost of US$90 per meter with a total length of 160 km of pipeline with diameters varying from 150 mm to 600 mm (around US$14,400,000).
* Preparation of a storage area for the sludge effluent at the WWTP.
* Tertiary treatment at the WWTP.
* Extension of the effluent discharge pipe at the WWTP.
* Measures to improve the engineering design of the WWTP.
3 4. Consulting Services. This consists of preparation of tender documents, conduction of a number of studies in the wastewater sector, as well as monitoring and supervision.
5. Service Contract. The Service Contractor will be responsible for operating and maintaining all water and wastewater facilities such as transmission pipelines, boreholes, reservoirs electromechanical works such as pumping and chlorination stations. The SC will be also responsible for the O&M of the WWTP and the sewerage network and for implementing the water and wastewater quality monitoring program.
1.4 Project Environmental Category:
The proposed project has been reviewed and environmentally screened. The project has been classified as Category B, consistent with the provision of the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, Annex C on Environmental Assessment (January 1999). The project focuses on the provision of water supply house connections and wastewater collection networks. All works will be executed either within the premises of existing facilities or within the right of way of public streets. The project does not finance construction of new facilities for water production, water treatment or wastewater treatment. Potential adverse environmental impacts during both construction and operation are restricted in magnitude and severity. The proposed project is expected to have major beneficial impacts on the environment, as it would provide proper collection of wastewater thus reducing surface and groundwater contamination. The project will also provide controlled water supply connections to the households and will reduce overdraft of the aquifer. It will also improve health conditions of the rural population by providing them with good quality domestic water from storage facilities. These potential benefits should outweigh the magnitude of the adverse environmental impacts arising from the construction of the water distribution and wastewater collection networks.
2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
2.1 Regulatory Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment:
Presently, the environmental framework of Lebanon is managed and supervised by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) that was created by law 216 of April 2nd, 1993 to be the government institution responsible for the development of a national strategy for sustainable development. The MOE is undergoing several review procedures to up-date the country's environmental policies and regulations including the preparation of a code de l'Environnement, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) decree, as well as norms and standards for environmental protection.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) decree that was prepared by the MOE will require that an EIA be initiated during the planning process of both public and private development projects in Lebanon. As part of the EIA decree, two annexes have been prepared. Annex I lists the projects that are classified as Category A and would require a full environmental assessment study, while Annex 2 lists the projects that are classified as Category B. According to the draft EIA decree, water and wastewater projects are classified as follows:
(i) Water Supply:
Construction of dams and reservoirs: Category A Construction of a complete water supply system: Category A Construction of water supply treatment plants: Category B
4 (ii) Wastewater:
Construction of wastewater treatment plants: Category A Construction of sea outfalls: Category A Construction of a complete wastewater system: Category A Construction of wastewater collection network: Category B
The proposed project includes water supply house connections and wastewater collection networks and will therefore be classified as Category B. Although the EIA decree has not been passed by the Lebanese Government, EIA studies are being undertaken for most projects especially those that are being funded by International Organizations and Lending Agencies. EIA are being conducted based on the procedures developed in the draft EIA decree, which comply with the World Bank EA requirements.
2.2 Existing Environmental Legislation
Existing laws and regulations for environmental protection in Lebanon date as back as 1925. Ground and surface water resources have been protected since the introduction of Order No. 144 dated June 1925, which covered the major springs that supply the country's potable and irrigation needs. Protection against pollution was first addressed by Decree No. 8735 of October 1974 that prohibited the digging of wells for the disposal of raw sewage, banned infiltration from cesspits, and the use of sewage for the irrigation of vegetables and some fruits. A list of the most significant existing environmental legislation is given in Attachment Al of this Annex.
Decision No. 52/1 of July 1996 introduced measures to deal with the pollution of the air, water and soil, including national standards for drinking water, bathing waters and wastewater quality. Recently, Decision No. 8/1 dated March 2001 reviewed the previously issued wastewater standards to cover the discharge of wastewater to the sea, to surface water and to sewerage systems. However, standards for the re-use of treated effluents have not being addressed. Moreover for both drinking water and treated wastewater the Government did not develop any requirements with respect to sampling methods, locations, and frequency of analyses. Details of available standards for drinking water and wastewater discharges are given respectively in Attachments A2 and A3 of this Annex.
Comparing the wastewater discharge standards used by the Government of Lebanon with the ones in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, some important differences could be noted. For instance around forty different parameters are included in the Lebanese standards including almost all heavy metals. The maximum limit values required by the Government of Lebanon for some parameters such as BOD and COD are more stringent than the ones specified in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. The same does not apply to coliform counts where the Lebanese standards are 2000 MPN/ml compared with less than 400 MPN/ml in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. Also the limit values of a number of heavy metals are much higher than the requirements of the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.
3. ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The project is designed to improve the quality and security of water supply and the collection and disposal of wastewater. Consequently, the impact especially on the social environment should be on the whole positive.
Once operational, most of the impacts of the Project will be positive. The project will lead to better services to the population through the Management Contract and an improved environment as a result of the water supply house connections and wastewater collection network. A significant improvement in the chemical, biological and microbiological quality of the surface and ground water resources is expected.
5 This will lead to considerable public health benefits for the residents of the area. In particular it is expected to result in a reduction in the incidences of water born diseases.
The wastewater treatment plant to treat municipal water was constructed under the ERRP. The wastewater treatment plant consists of secondary treatment using sludge activated process plus chlorination. The capacity of the WWTP is 12 500 cu.m/day with the possibility of extension to 25 000 cu.m/day after the year 2008. The treatment plant is designed to give a treated effluent that would conform to the Lebanese standards with BOD = 35 mg/l and suspended solids = 30 mg/l. A full EA was not performed prior to the construction of the wastewater treatment plant. Instead, during project preparation, a post review was undertaken with respect to the sitting, engineering design, technical and environmental performance as well as any potential risks related to the construction or operation of the WWTP (see Attachment A7). In addition, an assessment of negative impacts that might arise from the water resources that are under construction and from the components of the proposed project was conducted. It was found that minor negative impacts are expected to arise especially during the construction of the proposed project. A summary of the expected impacts is given in the following sections.
3.1 Discharge of Treated Effluent
Treated effluent will be either discharged into an open ditch or will be re-used for irrigation purposes. The existing outfall from the treatment plant, an 800 mm diameter pipeline in which treated wastewater flows by gravity around 1.2 km, discharges into an open ditch. Manholes have been installed along the outfall to enable pumping of the treated effluent for irrigation purposes. A major concern about the discharge of the treated wastewater is to avoid pollution of the ground water and soil, and public health risk. Another important issue is to ensure that the open ditch will have the capacity to take the additional flow and discharge it in an appropriate water body. An allocation for extending the outfall from the treatment plant and discharging the treated effluent into a drainage channel with suitable capacity has been made.
3.2 Effluent Quality
During project preparation, sampling and laboratory analyses of raw wastewater were also conducted to ensure that the existing WWTP is capable of treating the influent to the required standards. The projected loads for the design of the WWTP were found to be reasonable and sound. The design and performance of the WWTP were also reviewed and were found adequate for the production of a good quality treated effluent that complies with the World Bank standards (Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook) for discharge into receiving water bodies.
In view of the water scarcity and the high demand for irrigation water in the project area, there is a great possibility that treated effluent would be re-used for irrigation purposes. A study on the potential re-use of treated wastewater was conducted. It was found that at present, raw wastewater is being used by farmers for the irrigation of around 20 hectares of agricultural lands specially during the dry months of the year. Once operational, the WWTP will provide treated effluent that could be re-used for irrigating about 225 hectares. Consequently, the effluent should be of acceptable quality so that it can be safely re-used for agriculture irrigation. In the absence of national standards for treated wastewater re-use, the effluent will have to meet the WHO quality guidelines for use in agriculture. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes, which should be less than one egg per liter for water used in agriculture. The other major concern is the concentration of toxics such as cadmium, lead, etc....
The existing treatment plant can ensure the removal of nematodes to less than one percent of the concentration in the raw wastewater entering the treatment plant. Therefore the presence of nematodes in the treated effluent will be directly related to their concentration in the raw wastewater. As soon as the wastewater treatment plant start operating monitoring of nematodes in the influent and effluent will be .6 conducted. An allocation for the installation of filters for the removal of nematodes has been made in case the treated effluent does not meet the required standards with respect to nematodes.
3.3 Sludge Quality
The sludge treatment processes of the existing treatment plan include: thickening, aerobic digestion, sludge dewatering and lime stabilization. These processes will ensure the elimination of toxics and pollutants in the sludge. However, dried sludge could be used by farmers as soil conditioner or fertilizer. In such case the sludge quality will have to comply with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and WHO guidelines for the use of sludge in agriculture including the limit of less than one intestinal nematode egg per 100 gm of dry solids.
In the existing wastewater treatment plant, the adopted sludge process is classified as PSRP (Process to significantly reduce pathogens) and may not guarantee the un-restricted re-use of the sludge for all types of agriculture products. Consequently it would be necessary to adopt an additional process to further reduce pathogens below detection limits.
Therefore, in addition to the sludge treatment processes that have been included in the existing treatment plan, the proposed project will finance the construction of sludge drying beds for one-year storage period. Moreover, national guidelines for sludge re-use policy would be developed in coordination with line ministries (Ministry of Water and Energy, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of health, etc.) and concerned stakeholders. These guidelines would set out good standards of practice and monitoring and define roles and responsibilities. Training workshops on re-use of treated sludge will be also provided to all concerned stakeholders.
3.4 Engineering Design of the Wastewater Treatment Plant
The assessment of the wastewater treatment plant indicated that no major risks or hazards will arise from the operation of the treatment plant. However minor modifications would be required to mitigate possible negative impacts that might arise (ref. Attachment A7). Among these measure are upgrading of the control and monitoring of the plant process units upgrading (variable speed blowers, residual chlorine analyze, and dewatered sludge flow meters); a guardhouse for providing accommodation to the guard at the entrance of the treatment plant; improvement of health and safety provisions (first aid provisions in the administration room, chlorine gas detector, proper storage provisions for chlorine as well as proper storage provisions for lime and polymer for use in the dewatering facility); provisions of a telephone system on site; and provision of heating and air conditioning in the administration building.
3.5 Water Quantity and Quality
The availability of sufficient good quality water to the residents is an important consideration in the design and operation of water supply projects. Under the ERRP extensive geological and hydrogeological studies, geophysical logging, test pumping and water analyses including bacteriological and chemical testing of the various water sources were undertaken to assess the water quantity and quality that can be obtained. Based on these studies, it was possible to identify the water resources for the study areas. These sources consist of six water springs (Ain Dardara, Nabaa loujouj, Chaghour, Ed Delbe, Sbah and Sbat) and 23 wells.
The water balance for the study area was prepared on the basis of the population figures (246,000 for the year 2000 and 403,000 for the year 2015), the water demand 34,452 cum/d and 54,173 cum/d for the years 2000 and 2015 respectively) and the yield of springs and wells (ref. Attachment A4). The water balance indicates that the total available resources (springs and wells) exceed the water supply demand of the project area for the year 2015.
7 The water quality analyses of the various resources are summarized in Attachment A5 to this Annex. The analyses indicate that the water quality is excellent chemically. The concentrations of all chemical parameters are below the maximum allowable standards set by the Lebanese Government, the WHO and the CEE. However, the bacteriological results show the presence of fecal coliforms and streptococcus, which indicates that the water resources are contaminated bacteriologically. Among the major causes of contamination is the absence of proper wastewater collection network. The provision of chlorination at the water supply head works and the implementation of a wastewater network for collecting and diverting the generated wastewater to a treatment plant will certainly improve water quality by eliminating its bacteriological contamination. Chlorination units were provided under the ERRP while the collection of wastewater will be provided under the present proposed project. In addition, the proposed project will finance the operation and maintenance of the water supply system including the regular monitoring of the water quantity and quality.
3.6 Archeological and Historical Sites
Ba'albeck has many recorded archeological and historical sites. The laying of water and wastewater pipelines will not require the demolishing of any known historical sites, nor will directly affect any known archeological sites. On the contrary, the project will have a positive environmental impact as it will eliminate the uncontrolled flows and discharges of wastewater into the water channels flowing along and through the archeological Roman Temples of Ba'albeck.
The original design of the water supply and wastewater networks was conducted in close coordination with the General Directorate of Antiquities and following several site visits so as to ensure that all pipelines are carefully aligned away from the archeological and historical sites. During project preparation, archeological surveys were conducted to investigate potential risks to known archeological sites and to identify areas where there is potential for finding archeological remains. The survey indicated that no water or wastewater pipelines are intersecting visible archeological remains. However, there is possibility that archeological remains be discovered during excavation. Areas with archeological potential were delineated and will be included in the contract documents. Moreover, chance finding procedures were developed (ref attachment A6 of this Annex) to address the management of unknown archeological materials that may be encountered during the course of the construction activities and will be incorporated in the construction contracts.
During construction, there are potential indirect impact on existing archeological sites due to vibration from drilling and compacting equipment; and loss of amenity due to dust, noise and visual intrusion. Good construction practices, including those described in Section 5 below, would mitigate most impacts to acceptable levels.
The long term permanent impact of the project on the existing archeological sites will be positive due to proper collection of wastewater, reduced incidence of flooding, improved amenity and aesthetic quality of the city which would outweigh any temporary adverse impacts
3.7 Other Impacts
Adverse environmental impacts during construction might not be negligible yet they are only temporary. Typical impacts for pipe laying are dust, noise, traffic congestion, and disturbance to the residents of the area but these are expected to be within acceptable limits.
4. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
The only option to the proposed project is the "do nothing" option which means continuing with current methods of water supply from limited existing water sources and private wells and the use of the present wastewater collection and disposal methods, without providing controlled house connections and 8 wastewater collection network. Although this option would avoid the temporary environmental impacts of installing pipelines, this option is rejected on the ground of economic cost and adverse long-term effect.
The "do nothing" option would mean a whole Ba'albeck city without water supply and wastewater collection and treatment. Under such conditions adverse environmental impacts such as pollution, flooding, and poor health conditions would increase and the prevailing environmental conditions will further deteriorate.
The no action would also mean a complete loss of about 40 million US dollars that were invested on the water resources, distribution networks and wastewater treatment plants (under ERRP). Moreover, the economic benefits of the proposed project are greater than the cost of not implementing it; taking into account revenues from charges for water supply, wastewater, and treated effluent as an irrigation source, and the cost of the degradation of surface and ground water resources; lost working days due to water related diseases; cost of medical treatment; the over-abstraction of groundwater resources for irrigation purposes instead of treated wastewater; and the use of commercial fertilizer instead of treated sludge.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
5.1 Objectives and Structure of the EMP
The objectives of the EMP are to identify feasible, cost effective measures that may be used to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts that might occur during the construction and operation of the project. The EMP will consist of three kinds of activities:
- Implementation of mitigation measures; - Monitoring and evaluation of mitigation measures; and - Strengthening the capacities of BHWIA, Municipalities and communities.
5.2 Implementation of Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures have been identified to ensure that the defined objectives of the project are achieved whilst preventing and reducing any adverse environmental impacts. The mitigation measures are to be executed by the Construction Contractor and the Service Contractor with supervision by the BHWIA.
5.2.1 Construction Phase
Construction mitigation measures will be required to minimized inconveniences to the public. Such mitigation measures are standard and widely used in construction practices properly supervised for achievement of international standards of quality. Table 5.1 summarizes the major adverse environmental impacts during construction and their mitigation measures.
The general disruption during construction will be mitigated by coordinated planning of construction activities. This will include coordination with all concerned authorities prior to the start of the construction activities. Other adverse construction activities will be mitigated through the adoption of Good Practice Environmental Procedures. For instance noisy construction activities can be limited to normal working hours and providing muffler to minimize noise nuisance. Dust emissions can be avoided by using dust suppression measures such as periodically sprinkling water in certain areas, providing appropriate covers and removal of excess material from the site. Dangerous activities in public areas will be controlled to reduce risk to the public, traffic and warning signs will be placed at construction sites, trenches will be provided by fences, or railings. The contract with the contractor will incorporate all 9 requirements to minimize disturbance from construction activities and will be monitored by the Supervision Engineer and the BHWIA to ensure compliance with the contract.
The cost of the mitigation measures during construction will be incorporated in the contract cost of the contractor. Moreover, the Bank will review all civil works contracts to ensure that the required mitigation measures have been incorporated in the tender documents. Table 5.1: Potential Environmental Impacts During Construction and Proposed Mitigation Measures
Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Noise generation Restrict work to normal working hours; Contractor monitored by Use equipment with appropriate silencers; Supervision Engineer Only run equipment when required.
Generation of dust Employ dust suppression measures such as Contractor monitored by wetting and dust enclosures. Supervision Engineer
Traffic congestion Restrict movement of construction vehicles to Contractor monitored by and from the sites to normal working hours; Supervision Engineer Diversion of traffic through suitable roads to the expected traffic loading; Provision of adequate diversion signs; Minimizing lengths of open trench; Expeditious completion of backfill and reinstatement.
Damage to access roads and Site access roads will be inspected regularly Contractor monitored by streets and repairs made where necessary; Supervision Engineer All roads and streets used for laying pipes will be covered and paved.
Water pollution Collect and dispose wastes, demolition and Contractor monitored by excavated materials at appropriate locations; Supervision Engineer Restrict surface runoff from the site.
Public safety and site security Control access of unauthorized personnel; Contractor monitored by Provide pedestrian access; Supervision Engineer Provide safety barriers and signs.
Damage to archeological remains Cease construction on discovery of objects of Contractor monitored by cultural value and notify relevant authorities. Supervision Engineer and Use chance finding procedures General Directorate of Antiquities Air pollution Do not bum wastes on site; Contractor monitored by Routine maintenance of construction equipment Supervision Engineer and vehicles to minimize exhaust emissions
Generation of wastes Minimize wastes generated during construction Contractor monitored by and reuse construction wastes where Supervision Engineer practicable; Use appropriate methods for the storage of waste materials; Dispose of wastes to an appropriate site.
10 5.2.2 Operation Phase
The operation of the water and wastewater networks can create adverse impacts, which need to be avoided through the implementation of mitigation measures. Table 5.2 summarizes the potential impacts and the proposed mitigation measures. Table 5.2: Potential Environmental Impacts during Operation and Proposed Mitigation Measures
Project Potential Environmental Mitigation Measures Responsibility Component Impacts
Wastewater * Health and environmental * Regular monitoring of treated * Service Contract supervised risks associated with wastewater effluent; by BHWIA discharge and re-use of treated effluent for * Extension of outfall from treatment * Contractor supervised by irrigation plant to ensure safe disposal of treated BHWIA wastewater into a receiving water body
* Development of re-use guidelines for * BHWIA in coordination treated effluent; with line ministries with the support of local or * Capacity building, training and international consultant. awareness.
* Drying beds for one-year storage will * Contractor supervised by be provided to dry and store sludge BHWIA following de-watering, digestion and lime stabilization. Sludge quality and the risk of public and farmers * Monitoring of nematodes, coliforms * Service Contract supervised acquiring infection and heavy metal content of treated by BHWIA sludge. BHWIA in coordination * Capacity building, training and with line ministries with awareness. the support of local or international consultant.
Water * Degradation of water * Continuous monitoring of water quality * Service Contract supervised Supply quality at various locations within the water by BHWIA supply system; avoid cross contamination with sewage; control extraction of underground water.
* Reduction in available * Prohibit illegal connections to the * Service Contract supervised water supply network; avoid leakage in the network; by BHWIA ensure proper maintenance of the network including pumping stations, pipelines_and house connections. 5.3 Environmental Monitoring Compliance monitoring during construction will be the responsibility of the contractor who will be supervised by an Engineer on behalf of BHWIA. Environmental monitoring of significant impacts during the operation of the project will be among the responsibilities of the Service Contract. A strategic monitoring plan will be developed by the Service Contract and periodic review reports will be produced and submitted to BHWIA The BHWIA will have the overall responsibility to ensure that the adverse impacts from the project are maintained to acceptable levels and corrective measures are undertaken when required. The Environmental specialist of the BHWLA will also conduct periodic monitoring by visiting the project site at least twice a year. BHWIA will produce periodic review reports for the Ministry of Water and Energy and the Bank. Monitoring of construction activities will have to ensure that mitigation measures of construction impacts are being implemented properly, while the monitoring of operation is to ensure that no unforeseen negative impacts are arising. Tables 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5 give the proposed monitoring requirements during the operational phase.
Table 5.3: Monitoring Program during the Operation of the Water Supply System
Location of Parameters to be monitored Frequency Standard Monitoring Points
Water Sources PH 6.5 - 8.5 (wells and springs) Salinity Alkalinity Conductivity 400 ,S/cm Amnuonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/I Nitrates 25 - 50 mg/l Nitrites Every Month 0 mg/I Chlorides EeyMnh25 - 200 mg/I Phosphates Calcium 100 mg/I Magnesium 30 - 50 mg/I Sodium 20 -150 mg/I Potassium 10-12 mg/I Sulfates 250 mg/l Iron 50 - 200 mg/l Herbicide and Pesticides 0.1 pg/l Coliforms 0/100 ml
Water Sources Total coliforms Every day 0/100 ml (wells and springs) Fecal coliforms 0/100 ml Fecal streptocoques 0/100 ml
Water Reservoirs Ammonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/I Phosphates Every day Nitrites 0 mg/l Chlorides 25 - 200 mg/I Residual chlorine Total coliforms 0/100 ml Fecal coliforms 0/100 ml Fecal streptocoques 0/100 ml Distribution Total coliforms 0/100 ml network Fecal coliforms Every day 0/100 ml Fecal streptocoques 0/100 ml Residual chlorine
12 Table 5.4: Monitoring Program during the Operation of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
Location of Parameters to be monitored Frequency Standard Monitoring Points WWTP BOD 25 mg/l COD 125 mg/l PH 6- 9 Oil and grease 10 mg/i TSS Every day 50 mg/l Nematode eggs < I egg/liter Fecal coliform. 200 MPN/I00 ml
WWTP Heavy metals 10 mg/l Phosphate 5 mg/l Ammonia 10 mg/l Nitrate Every week 90 mg/i Fluoride 20 mg/I Sulfate 500 mg/I Sulfide 1 mg/l Chlorine, total residual 0.2 mg/i Phenols 0.5 mg/l Arsenic mg/i WW7TP Cadmium 0.1 mg/l Chromium 0.1 mg/i Copper 0.5 mg/l Iron Every month 3.5 mg/l Lead 0.1 mg/l Selenium 0.1 mg/l Silver 0.5 mg/l Zinc 2.0 mg/l At jhedischarge Chlorine Every week 0.2 mg/l At the discharge from the outfall or at I km from the WWTP
Table 5.5: Monitoring Program for the Treated Sludge
Location of Parameters to be monitored Frequency Standard Monitoring Points At the WWTP Nematodes eggs < I egg/100 gm At the~ Fecal coliform 200 MPN/I00 ml Heavy metals: Arsenic Every batch I mg/kg Cadmium 20 mg/kg Chromium 1000 mg/kg Lead 750 mg/kg
5.4 Institutional Strengthening
The institutional arrangement and capacities of the organizations in-charge with the implementation and management of the proposed project were reviewed with the intention of providing technical assistance and reinforcement. Environmental expertise will be strengthened through: (i) the provision of an environmental expert to assist the BHWIA in supervising the implementation of the EMP; (ii) the development of re-use guidelines for treated effluent and sludge; (iii) the implementation of soil analysis 13 and the identification of the types of crops that can be irrigated with treated effluent; and (iv) the provision of training programs that will be designed and implemented with the assistance of a local or international expert and will include:
(i) BHWIA, Ministry of Water and Energy, Service Contract and Municipalities: At the initiation of the project, a training workshop will be provided to the staff of the BHWIA, Ministry of Water and Energy, Service Contract and Municipalities to raise environmental awareness and to clarify the specific environmental requirements related to the project.
A two days workshop will then be provided to the BHWIA, Service Contract, Ministry of Water and Energy and Municipalities and will cover the following topics:
- Effective implementation of mitigation measures - Project supervision - Sampling and analysis - Monitoring and evaluation
(ii) BHWA, Municipalities and Line Ministries: A two days workshop will be provided to the staff of BHWIA, Municipalities, and representatives of line ministries to strengthen capacities in the application of treated wastewater and sludge re-use guidelines.
(iii) Local NGOs, communities and farmers: Training would be provided through 1 or 2 days workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes.
(iv) Awareness campaign andpamphlets: two awareness campaigns will be conducted and Arabic pamphlets will be distributed to all farmers highlighting the adverse health and public safety impacts resulting from the use of untreated effluent.
5.5 Cost Estimates
The cost of the Environmental Management Plan (mitigation measures and monitoring) will be borne mostly by the contractor (construction phase) and the Service Contract (operational phase) who will make the necessary provision as part of their contracts. All these have been included in the project costs.
The cost of the institutional strengthening requirements and the required measures to mitigate the impacts of the wastewater treatment plant will be included as part of the proposed project components No.4 "Consulting Services" and No.3 "Improving and Increasing Service Coverage for the Wastewater System", respectively. An estimated amount of US$ 2,688,000 will be allocated for meeting the environmental requirements of the proposed project as detailed in Table 5.6 and in accordance with the schedule given in Table 5.7. It should be noted that the total cost does not include the cost of mitigating negative construction impacts as these are included in the cost of the construction contract with the contractor. Similarly, the cost of monitoring water and wastewater quality during operation will be included in the cost of the Service Contract.
14 Table 5.6: Cost Estimates
Component Quantity Unit Rate Total Cost in US$ Thousands US$ BHWIA Short term environmental specialist 10 MM 6000/month 60 Laboratory Testing and Monitoring 100 Subtotal 160 Studies. Trainin2 and Workshops: Preparation of re-use guidelines for treated wastewater and sludge 60 Soil analysis to identify the type of crops that can be cultivated and 40 irrigated with treated effluent Two days training workshop for BHWIA, Municipalities and line 2 workshops 8000/workshop 16 ministries on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge Three days training workshop for water authority, municipalities and management contract on environmental monitoring, sampling 2 workshops 8000/workshop 16 and analysis Public awareness workshop for NGOs, community and farmers on 3 workshops 5000/workshop 15 re-use of treated wastewater and sludge Awareness campaigns and arabic pamphlets highlighting the 15 adverse health and public safety impacts resulting from the use of untreated effluent Subtotal 162 Measures to mitieate the impacts of the wastewater treatment plant 638 Sludge drying beds for a one-year storage period
Extension of outfall from treatment plant 750
Tertiary treatment (filters) 700
Improvement of the engineering design of the wastewater 240 treatment plant
Subtotal 2328 Monitoring and evaluation at the project level 2.5 MM 8000/month 20 Operation materials and supplies X_X 18 TOTAL 2688
15 Table 5.7: Schedule of Implementation
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 1) Environmental specialist 2) Preparation of Re-use guidelines 3) Soil analysis to identify the type of crops that can be cultivated and irrigated with treated effluente
4) Laboratory testing and Monitoring 5) Training - Training workshop on re- _ use of treated wastewater and sludge
- Training workshop on environmental monitoring, _ sampling and analysis
- Public awareness workshop on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge _ _ _
- Awareness campaigns and arabic pamphlets highlighting the adverse health and public safety impacts from the use of untreated effluent 6) Improvement of the engineering design of the wastewater treatment plant 7) Measures to mitigate the impacts of the wastewater treatment plant - Sludge drying beds for a one-year storage period
- Extension of outfall from treatment plant _
- Tertiary treatment (filters) _
8) Monitoring and evaluation at project level
16 ATTACHMENT Al Existing Environmental Protection Legislation in Lebanon
Pollution and Protection of Water Resources Document Date Subject Responsible Ministry Order No. 144 10.06.1925 Protection of Surface and Ground Energy and Water Water Resources Order No. 320/26 26.05.1926 Protection of Catchment Areas Energy and Water Decrec No. 639 26.03.1942 Protection of Nabaa Al Assal Energy and Water Spring, Faraya Decree No. 10276 07.10.1962 Protection Zones for Water Energy and Water Sources and Recharge Areas Decree No. 14438 02.05.1970 Restrictions on the Depth of Energy and Water Unlicensed Boreholes Decree No. 8735 23.08.1974 Pollution from Solid and Liquid IndustryfEnvironment Wastes Law No. 64 18.08.1988 Pollution from Hazardous Wastes Industry/Environment Decision No. 2528/C 28.05.1996 Protection of Ground Water at El Energy and Water Kneisse Decree No. 680 15.09.1998 The Preservation and Protection Energy and Water _ of Boreholes
Protection Through Planning, Land Use and General Exploitation
Document Date Subject Responsible Ministry Decree No. 113 09.08.1933 Mining Exploitation Interior Decree No. 253 08.11.1935 Quarry Exploitation Interior Law No. 07.01.1949 Forest Protection Agriculture/Environment Law No. 09.11.1951 Soil Preservation Agriculture Law No. 60 09.09.1983 Excavation in Public Streets Public Works Order No. 69 09.09.1983 Urban Development Public Works Order No. 2189 05.01.1989 Urban Development Public Works Law No. 98 09.09.1989 Excavation in Public Streets Public Works Law No. 58 29.05.1991 Land Expropriation Public Works Law No. 85 07.09/1991 Flora and Fauna Protection Agriculture/Environment Decree No. 10121 1992 Excavation of Sand from the Interior Foreshore Decision No. 1/42 01.03.1993 Tree Cutting and Felling Agriculture/Environment Decree No. 2/93 20.06.1993 Quarries, Sand Pits and Coating Environment Plants Law No. 360 01.08.1994 International Convention on Environment Biodiversity Decree No. 5616 06.09.1994 Quarry Exploitation Interior/Environment PMO Circular 6/95 13.03.1995 Excavation in Public Streets Public Works Law No. 558 24.07.1996 Forest Protection Agriculture/Environment Decision No. 185/1 07.11.1997 Marble Quarries and Concrete Interior Block Works
17 Protection from Pollution
Document Date Subject Responsible Ministry Decree No. 8735 23.08.1974 Pollution from Solid and Liquid Industry/Environment Wastes Law No. 64 18.08.1988 Pollution from Hazardous Wastes Industry/Environment Decision No. 52/1 29.07.1996 Air, Water and Soil Pollution Energy and I______I______I______W ater/Environm ent
Protection of Archaeological and Historic Sites
Document Date Subj ect Responsible Ministry Law No. 166 07.11.1933 Historic and Archaeological Sites Interior / Culture Order No. 08.07.1939 Cultural Heritage Sites Interior / Culture Decree No. 14.04.1943 Cultural Heritage Sites Interior / Culture Law No. 30/82 14.09.1982 World Heritage Sites Environment / Culture Law No. 19 30.10.1990 World Heritage Sites Environment / Culture
18 ATTACHMENT A2 Standards for Drinking Water - Lebanese Ministry of Environment - Decision 52/1, 1996
ORGANOLEPTIC, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
GUIDELINE MAXIMUM PARAMETER VALUE ADMISSIBLE UNIT CONCENTRATION -Color 1 15 ALPHA Turbidity 0.4 4 JTU Taste 0 @120 C 2 @120 C 0 @ 25°C 3 @ 25°C Odor 0 @120 C 2 @122C 0 @ 25°C 3 (@25 0C Temperature 12 25 °C 0 Electrical Conductivity (@20 C) 400 - ,S/cm Hydrogen Ion Activity 6.5 - 8.5 9 pH units Calcium 100 - mg/] Magnesium 30 50 mg/l Sodium 20 150 mg/l Potassium 10 12 mg/l Chloride 25 200 mg/l Nitrate (NO3) 25 50 mg/l Nitrite (NO2) 0 mg/l Iron 50 200 1 g/l Ammonium (NH4) 0.05 0.5 mg/I Kjeldahl Nitrogen I mg/l Total Solids (@1800 C) 1500 mg/I Oxidability 2 5 mg/I Fluoride 0.7 825-301C mg/l
HEAVY METALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS
GUIDELINE MAXIMUM PARAMETER VALUE ADMISSIBLE UNIT CONCENTRATION Aluminum 0.05 0.2 mg/l Arsenic 50 pg/i Barium I - ig/1 Cadmium 5 Chromium 50 gg/l Copper 0.1 I mg/l Cyanide 50 la/1 Lead 50 Ig/l Manganese 20 50 pg/l Mercury I lgl Nickel 50 lig/l
Phosphorous (as P20 5) 0.4 5 mg/l Selenium 10 pgl Silver 10 ggl Antimony 10 ug/l Zinc 0.1 5 mg/l
19 HYDROCARBONS AND PESTICIDES
Maximum Parameter Guideline Value Admnissible Unit Concentration Chlorinated Organic Pesticides 0.1 lg/i Other Chlorinated Organic Compounds I - pg/i Phosphated Organic Pesticide 0.1 pg/i Carbamides 0.1 pg/l Herbicides 0.1 4g/i Fungicides 0.1 g/Il PCB 0.1 ng/I PCT 0.1 ng/I Phenols 0.5 pg/I Surface Agents 0.2 pLg/l Dissolved Hydrocarbons 10 pg/l Aldrin 0.03 pg/l Dieldrin 0.03 jig/I Hexachloro-Benzene 0.1 1 3,4 Benzopyrene 0.01 nl 11,12 Benzofluoranthene 0.2 pg/l 3,4 Benzopyrene 0.01 pg/I Total Measured Substances 0.5 pg/1
BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Maximum Parameter Guideline Value Admissible Sample Volume Concentration Total Coliforms 0 0 100 ml Faecal Streptococcus 0 0 100 rl Sporlutaed Sulphite-Reducing Bacteria 0 1 20 ml Faecal Coliforms 0 0 100 ml Salmonella 0 0 5 litres Thermotolerant Coliforms 0 0 100 ml Pathogenic Staphylococcus 0 0 100 ml Faecal Bacteriophagus 0 0 50 rl Intestinal Virus 0 0 10 litres
20 ATTACHMENT A3 Standards for Wastewater - Lebanese Ministry of Environment - Decision 8/1, 2001 Environmental Limit Values (ELV) for waste water discharged into surface water
Parameter ELV for existing ELV for new facilities facilities PH 5 -9 6-9 Temperature 30 0C 30 0C BOD5 mgO2/L 100 25 COD mgO2/L 250 125 Total Phosphorous mgP/L 16 10 Total Nitrogen, mgN/L' 40 30 Suspended Solids mgJL 200 60 AOX 5 5 Detergents mg/L 3 3 Coliform Bacteria 37°C in 100 mrl 2,000 2,000 Salmonellae absence absence Hydrocarbons mg/L 20 20 Phenol index mg/L 0.3 0.3 Oil and Grease mg/L 30 30 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 75 75 Ammonia (NH4 ') mg/L 10 10 Silver (Ag) mg/L 0.1 0.1 Aluminum (Al) mg/L 10 10 Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.1 0.1 Barium (Ba) mg/L 2 2 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.2 0.2 Cobalt (Co) mg/L 0.5 0.5 Chromium total (Cr) mg/L 2 2 Hexavalent Chromium (Cr"1 ) mg/L 0.5 0.2 Copper total (Cu) mg/L 1.5 0.5 Iron total (Fe) mg/L 5 5 Mercury total (Hg) mg/L 0.05 0.05 Manganese (Mn) mg/L 1 1 Nickel total (Ni) mg/L 2 0.5 Lead total (Pb) mg/L 0.5 0.5 Antimony (Sb) mg/L 0.3 0.3 Tin total (Sn) mg/L 2 2 Zinc total (Zn) mg/L 5 5 Active Cl2 mg/L 1 1 Cyanides (CN)mg/L 0.1 0.1 Fluoride (F-) mg/L 25 25 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/L 90 90 Phosphate (PO43 ) mg/L 5 5 Sulphate (SO4 ') mg/L 1,000 1,000 Sulphide (S2 )mg/L 1 1
Sum of Kjeldahl-N (organic N + NH3 ), N0 3-N, N0 2-N 2 For discharges in close distance to bathing water a more strict ELV could be necessary. 21 ATTACHMENT A4 Water Balance Table A4-1: Present and future population of the project area
System System NUMBER OF INHABITANTS No. Name VILLAGE 1995 1999 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1 Baalbek Baalbek 91,000 100,447 102,958 116,488 131,795 149,114 168,709 1 Baalbek Nahle 6,760 7,462 7,648 8,653 9,790 11,077 12,533 1 Baalbek Maqne 6,240 6,888 7,060 7,988 9,037 10,225 11,569 I Baalbek Younine 7,800 8,610 8,825 9,985 11,297 12,781 14,461 1 Baalbek Loujouj 981 108 111 125 142 161 182 Baalbek Iaat 8,255 9,112 9,340 10,567 11,956 13,527 15,304 1 Baalbek Ain Bourdai 600 662 679 768 869 983 1,112 1 Baalbek Douris 2,000 2,208 2,263 2,560 2,897 3,277 3,708 1 Baalbek Amchaki 1,105 1,220 1,250 1,414 1,600 1,811 2,049 Total 123,85 136,716 140,134 158,549 179,383 202,956 229,626 8 2 Et Taibe Main road of 2,260 2,495 2,557 2,893 3,273 3,703 4,190 Baalbek - Chouab Jalougq 2 Et Taibe Majdaloun 650 717 735 832 941 1,065 1,205 2 Et Taibe Haouch ed Dahab 10 11 11 13 14 16 19 2 Et Taibe Haouch tell Safiye 650 717 735c 832 941 1,065 1,205 2 Et Taibe Haouch Barada 625 690 707 800 905 1,024 1,159 2 Et Taibe Et Taibe 780 861 882 998 1,130 1,278 1,446 2 Et Taibe El Ansar 1,800 1,987 2,037 2,304 2,607 2,950 3,337 Total 6,775 7,478 7,664 8,672 9,811 11,101 12,561 3 Britel Britel 20,000 22,076 22,628 25,602 28,966 32,772 37,079 3 Britel Hizzine 2,015 2,224 2,280 2,579 2,918 3,302 3,736 3 Britel Talia 2,275 2,511 2,574 2,912 3,295 3,728 4,218 3 Britel Hourtaala 7,605 8,394 8,604 9,735 11,014 12,462 14,099 3 Britel Biyada 455 502 515 582 659 746 844 3 Britel El hamnmoudiye 350 386 396 448 507 574 649 Total 32,700 36,093 36,997 41,858 47,359 53,584 60,625 4 NabiChit Nabi Chit 27,950 30,852 31,623 35,778 40,480 45,799 51,818 4 NabiChit Serraain el Faouqa 5,005 5,525 5,663 6,407 7,249 8,201 9,279 Total 32,955 36,377 37,286 42,185 47,729 54,000 61,097 5 Siraain Et Tahta Haouch en Nabi 1,625 1,794 1,839 2,080 2,353 2,663 3,013 5 Siraain Et Tahta Sifri and main road 720 795 815 922 1,043 1,180 1,335 5 Siraain Et Tahta Serraain el Gharbiye 2,800 3,091 3,168 3,584 4,055 4,588 5,191 5 Siraain Et Tahta El Helleniye 1,6001 1,766 1,810 2,048 2,317 2,622 2,966 5 Siraain Et Tahta Chhimiye 400 442 453 512 579 655 742 5 Siraain Et Tahta Serraain et Tahta 3,350 3,698 3,790 4,288 4,852 5,489 6,211
______Total 10,495 11,586 11,875 13,434 15,199 17,197 19,458 6 El Khodr El Khodr 5,135 5,668 5,810 6,573 7,437 8,414 9,520 Total 5,135 5,668 5,810 6,573 7,437 8,414 9,520 7 Ham Maaraboun 1,500 1,656 1,697 1,920 2,172 2,458 2,781 7 Ham 1amI,000 1,104 1,1311 1,280 1,448 1,639 1,854 Total 2.500 2,760 2,828 3,200 3,620 4,097 4,635 8 El Khraibe El Khraibe - - 1,584 1,792 2,027 2,294 2,596 Total - - 1,584 1,792 2,027 2,294 2,596 9 Tfail Tfail 1,500 1,656 1,697 1,920 2,172 2,458 2,781 Total 1,500 1,656 1,697 1,920 2,172 2,458 2,781 GRAND TOTAL 215,918 238,334* 245,875 278,183 314,737 356,101 402,899
* These figures do not include Khreibe population.
22 Table A4-2: Daily Water Demand in the Project Area
Daily Water Demand (including losses) System System Village water demand for Daily water demand No. Name the year 2000 (n3 ) for the year 2015 (m3) I______Ba'albeck Ba'albeck 15,459 24,260 I Ba'albeck Nahle 1,148 1,802 I Ba'albeck Magne 1,060 1,664 I Ba'albeck Younine 1,325 2,079 1 Ba'albeck Louj ouj 17 26 Ba'albeck laat 1,402 2,201 I Ba'albeck Ain Bourdai 102 160 Ba'albeck Douris 340 533 I Ba'albeck Amchaki 188 295 Total 21,041 33,020 2 Et Taibe Main road of 345 406 Ba'albeck - Chouab Jaloug 2 Et Taibe Majdaloun 99 156 2 Et Taibe Haouch ed Dahab 2 2 2 Et Taibe Haouch Tell Saflye 99 156 2 Et Taibe Haouch Barada 96 150 2 Et Taibe Et Taibe 119 187 2 Et Taibe Al Ansar 275 432 Total 45,117 69,544 3 Britel Britel 2,140 3,599 3 Britel Hizzine 308 483 3 Britel Talia 348 546 3 Britel Hortaala 1,163 1,825 3 Britel Biyada 70 109 3 Britel El Hammoudiye 54 84 Total 94,317 145,734 4 NabiChit Nabi Chit 4,273 6,706 4 NabiChit Siraain el Faouga 765 1,201 Total 193,672 299,375 5 Siraain Et Tahta Haouch en Nabi 248 390 5 Siraain Et Tahta Siraain et Tahta 512 804 5 Siraain Et Tahta Sifri + Main road 110 173 5 Siraain Et Tahta Siraain el Gharbiye 428 672 5 Siraain Et Tahta El Hillaniye 245 384 5 Siraain Et Tahta Chehaymie 61 96 Total 388,948 601,269 6 El Khodr El Khodr 785 1,232 Total 785 1,232 7 Ham Maaraboun 229 360 7 Ham Ham 153 240 Total 779,848 1,205,602 8 El Khraibe El Khraibe 255 400 I_Total 255 400 9 Tfail Tfail 229 360 Total 229 360 General Total 34,452 54,173
23 Table A4-3: Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance
IPop ation Water Needs I Water Balance System Town 2000 2015 2000 2015 Estimated water quantity 2000 2015 No. (m_/d) (m3 /d) (summer) (m3/d) (m3ld) Ba 'albeck I Ba'albeck 102958 149114 15459 24260 3 I Loujouj 111 161 17 26 20550m /d from 7 1 laat 9340 13527 1402 2201 boreholes +_ 2000 m3/d I Ain Bourdai 679 983 102 160 from loujouj spring I Douris 2263 3277 340 533 =22550m 3 /d Total 115351 167062 17320 27180 5230 -4630* I Younine 8825 12781 1325 2079 3024 m3/d from borehole (Reh.) 1699 945 1 Nahle 7648 11077 1148 1802 1500 m3 /d from loujouj and 352 -302** Chaghour 1 Magne 7060 10225 1060 1664 3024 m3 /d from one borehole 1964 1360 I Amchaki 1250 1811 188 295 500 m3/d from ain Dardara spring 312 205 Et Taibe 2 Et Taibe 882 1278 119 187 2 Main road:Ba'albeck
2 Chouab Jaloug 2556 3701 345 406 1944 m3/d from boreholes 2 Al Ansar 2037 2950 275 432 + 120 m3/d from ed Delbe spring 2 Majdaloun 735 1065 99 156 =2064 m'/d 1029 575 2 Haouch Ed Dahab 11 16 2 2 2 IHaouch Tell Safive 735 1065 99 156 2 Haouch Barada 707 1024 96 150 Total 76631 11099 1035 1489 Britel 3 Britel+Main Road 22628 32772 2140 3599 4234 m3/d from 2 boreholes 3 Hizzine 2280 3302 308 483 (Britel I + Britel 2 ) 3 Hortaala 8604 12462 1163 1825 +2000 m3/d from Sbat spring 2569 243 3 El Hammoudiye 396 574 54 84 =6234 m'/d Total 33908 _49110 3665 5991 Nabi Chit= = 4 [Nabi Chit | 316231 4579 42731 6706 4 LSiraain El Faouqa T 56631 8201 7651 1201 11 145m3 /d from 3 boreholes | Total | 372861 540001 50381 79071 | 6107 3238 SiraainEt Tahta 5 ISiraain Et Tahta 3790 5489 512 804 5 Siraain El Gharbiye 3168| 4588 428 672 5_ El Hillaniye 1810 2622 245 384 2765 m3/d from one borehole 5_ Chehaymie 453 655 61 96 5 _ Haouch en Nabi 1839 2663 248 390 5 |Sifri Road 815 1180 110 173 Total | 118751 17197F 1604T 25191 1161 246 El Khodr 6 |ElKhodr | 5810[ 84141 7851 12321 2851 m3/dfromoneborehole | 2066 1619 Ham 7 IHam | 11311 16391 153 24 7 |Maaraboun | 16971 24581 2291 360 1900 m3/d from one borehole Total 1 28281 40971 3821 6001 | 1518 1300 El Khraibe 81EI Khraibe | 1584 22941 2551 4001 648 m3/d from existing borehole 393 248 (B.T.D.count) (to be equipped Tfail 9 |Tfail | 16971 24581 2291 3601 605 m3/d from one borehole 376 | 245 * This deficit can be overcome by reducing the level of service from 122 I/d/cap as supposed to be in year 2015 to 101 I/d/cap for the year 2015. ** This deficit can be overcome by allocating additional potable water flow from Chaghour spring to Nahle village. 24 ATTACHMENT A5 Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of the Water Resources
Table A5-1 Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of the Newly Drilled Water Wells - October 2001
Analysis B56 B54 B68 B72 B77 B73 B74 B69 B70 B87 B89 B76 B58 B57 B59 B80 B61 B62 B51 B60 B48 Standards Conductivity 438 446 304 386 231 368 383 316 376 432 346 492 530 609 443 418 372 377 428 354 324 WHO 400 Dry residue - - 212 234.6 193 252.1 262.5 540 259 - 232 343 378 - 306 - 254 255 - 249 - WHO 1000 PH 7.44 7.55 7.56 7.55 7.29 7.29 7.24 7.49 7.48 7.49 7.32 7.36 7.35 7.22 7.42 7.15 7.39 7.18 7.62 7.75 7.51 CEE 6.5 - 8.5 Calcium 55.3 55.2 45.5 40.5 36.7 40.5 41.7 46.2 46.9 51.6 35.1 63.6 64.2 67.5 69.3 64.9 50.5 51.4 52.5 54.6 43 WHO 100 Magnesium 15.2 16.8 10.7 17.6 9.75 15.9 16.5 11.1 11.9 15.3 16.8 16.9 19.4 26.5 8.8 11 11.9 10.8 15.9 16.4 7.6 CEE 30 Sodium 14.55 10.7 19.1 7.6 10.1 9.6 15.6 20 20.1 8.4 9.9 15.5 14.5 18.1 13.1 10.9 11.1 11.2 14.7 16.8 14.4 WHO 200 Potassium 1.73 2 1.5 0.56 0.95 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.26 1.7 1.7 0.91 0.95 0.98 1.4 1.4 1.2 CEE 12 Chlorides 31.9 21.3 28.4 14.2 14.2 21.3 29.8 28.6 27.6 14.2 16.3 31.9 27.1 39.4 28.4 21.3 21.3 21.6 28.4 32.4 20.6 WHO 250 Sulfates 14.5 9.2 2.2 14.6 2.3 4.2 2.6 3.1 3.2 4.5 13.3 5.8 3.7 0 3.4 17.1 4.9 5 10.5 11.8 2.5 WHO 250 Nitrates 0.31 0.12 0.29 0.31 0.35 0.21 0.29 0.35 0.2 0.09 0.05 0.16 0.24 0.44 0.32 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.27 0.15 WHO 50 Bicarbonates 195 135 105 215 135 145 150 112 115 195 149 227 245 265 195 235 185 190 145 175 95 Iron (pg/I) ------0 38 78 84 WHO 300 Fecal 5 6 0 4 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 16 8 0 0 0 3 16 3 CEEO Coliforms/1 00 ml _ I I_I_ I I I_I_I_I I_I_I_ Fecal 1 0 0 2 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 CEEO Streptococcus /100 nil ______2
25 Table A5-1 Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of the Springs - October 2001
Analysis Ras El Ain Loujouj Ain Dardara Delbe Sbat Sbah Jouzeh
Conductivity 286 290 240 263 253 279 329 Dry residue 195 210 165 195 180 205 240 Total alkalinity 120 115 105 100 105 125 150 pH 7.99 7.64 7.61 7.68 7.89 7.51 7.65 Calcium 37 37.5 30.8 33.4 34.2 41.4 54.9 Magnesium 9.1 6.63 8.05 4.4 5.4 6.6 7.6 Sodium 10.6 12.2 6.8 8.4 4.5 4.7 10.7 Potassium 1.3 1.8 0.92 1.1 0.6 0.4 1.8 Chlorides 17.7 22.5 10.9 13.9 7.4 7.1 17.7 Sulfates 8.2 2.9 1.6 1.3 2.1 5.6 17.4 Nitrates 0.55 0.26 0.23 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.27 Bicarbonates ------Iron (j.g/l) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fecal Coliforms/100 ml >80 12 24 7 3 0 5 Fecal Streptococcus /100 ml >80 11 13 2 0 0 2
26 ATTACHMENT A6
Chance Finding Procedures
The following chance finding procedures were developed by the Archeologist in coordination with the official representative of the General Directorate of Antiquities in the region of Ba'albeck, Mr. Riffaii, and in accordance with the Lebanese regulations, and the World Bank Guidelines - OP 4.11 of August 1999.
The procedures will be included as standard provisions in construction contracts to ensure the protection of cultural heritages. The procedures should be directly executed whenever new archeological remains, antiquity or any other object of cultural or archeological importance are encountered during construction. The required steps are:
1. Stop construction activities
2. Delineate the discovered site area
3. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In case of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard should be present until the responsible authority takes over
4. Notify the responsible foreman/archeologist, who in turn should notify the responsible authorities, the General Directorate of Antiquities and the local authorities (within less than 24 hours)
5. Responsible authorities would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out
6. An evaluation of the finding will be performed by the General Directorate of Antiquities. The significance and importance of the findings will be assessed according to various criteria relevant to cultural heritage including aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values
7. Decision on how to handle the finding will be reached based on the above assessment and could include changes in the project layout (in case of finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance), conservation, preservation, restoration or salvage.
8. Implementation of the authority decision concerning the management of the finding
9. Construction work could resume only when permission is given from the General Directorate of Antiquities after the decision concerning the safeguard of the heritage is fully executed.
27 ATTACHMENT A7
Executive Summary of the Environmental Review of the Treatment Plant
During project preparation, an environmental assessment of the existing wastewater treatment plant was conducted. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the treatment plant site, the environmental performance and engineer design of the plant, as well as the potential re-use of treated effluent and sludge.
The wastewater treatment plant is located in Iaat plain, some 2 km to the north west of Ba'albek city in the northern Bekaa valley. The wastewater treatment facility is intended to treat domestic wastewater generated by inhabitants of Ba'albek city, and the towns of Iaat, Douris and Ain Bourdai to secondary treatment level. The first stage capacity of the plant, currently under construction, is 12,500 m3/day.
An appraisal of the treatment plant site revealed that it was appropriately selected. The main advantage of locating the site in its present location is the opportunity it offers for effluent and sludge reuse in agriculture. Furthermore negative impacts resulting from the plant operation are kept far away from the city of Ba'albek and its historical monuments. The disadvantages of the site include odour nuisance and visual impact. These disadvantages can be described as minor and localized to the site. Mitigation measures include perimeter tree planting.
A review of the treatment plant engineering design revealed the following:
* The power distribution scheme was checked and was found to be acceptable. The monitoring system specified in the tender documents allows remote monitoring, however the parameters monitored should be expanded to cover other recommended variables stated below. Data processing of these variables should be addressed in the operation and management.
* The provisions included in the tender documents for control and monitoring of the plant process units require some upgrading. As a minimum the following should be incorporated:
- Control of aeration quantity in the oxidation ditch by interlocking the blowers to the DO meters. Blowers should be variable speed for that purpose. This mode of operation will ensure that the correct oxygen levels are maintained and will result in a reduction of the electrical power consumption. - Effluent flow meter or a residual chlorine analyzer should be incorporated to facilitate adjustment of the chlorine dosing rate. In the interim period the chlorine dosing rate can be adjusted manually based by taking measurements of the chlorine residual manually three times a day. - Dewatered sludge flow meters should be included as part of the dewatered sludge pumping system, once the proposed storage bays are constructed for monitoring of the final dewatered sludge quantities. In the interim period dewatered sludge can be measured by recording the final quantities in the sludge skips.
The estimated cost of the above additional equipment and instrumentation is USD 35,000, assuming an incremental cost of USD 20,000 is applied for upgrading the blower starters to variable speed.
* The Operation and Maintenance provisions included in the tender documents are not sufficiently developed to allow proper supervision and management of the operational phase. The operation
28 and maintenance of the plant should be properly performed and controlled to ensure minimum acceptable standards.
* The tender documents do not include a guardhouse. This facility is required for providing accommodation to the guard and should be located at the entrance of the treatment plant. The total area of the guardhouse is 50 m2 and its estimated cost is USD 35,000.
* The current design of the internal access roads is adequate.
* Provision for landscaping is well documented in the tender documents.
* With regard to design flexibility and reliability, the current process design allows a wide variation of the treatment plant loads and has the capability for treating limited shock loads. Duplication of key process units is provided, and where necessary standby units are included. The provision for future expansion is considered for certain parts of the plant. The following needs to be addressed / implemented by the Contractor:
- A tie in point for the future stream should be constructed either at the last manhole of the incoming sewer upstream of the screenings plant, or following the mechanical screening channel depending on the final design. - A tie in point should be provided on the final effluent line for the extension stream. - The contractor has to clarify his design concept for the future expansion of the dewatering facilities. It is recommended that the present layout be rearranged to accommodate a future filter press unit.
It is preferable that the tie-in points be constructed prior to completion of construction as construction after commissioning will result in plant stoppage for one or two days.
* Odor control provisions have not been included in this project. The review for potential odor emissions revealed that the preliminary treatment facilities, sludge thickening, and sludge storage tanks are potential emission sources. Based on the plant location and the prevailing wind direction, the impact of odor emissions will remain localized to the treatment site, and therefore odor removal units are not required. Proper house keeping and plant management will reduce potential emissions.
* Provision of noise control is well documented in the tender documents.
* A review of the health and safety provisions revealed the following:
- The requirements of firefighting, safety equipment for confined spaces, and safety provisions for power transmission, are well covered in the tender documents. It is recommended that first aid provisions be included in the administration room.
- The available chlorination room drawing doesn't include the standard safety provisions normally included in such facilities. These requirements are stated in the General Mechanical Specifications and include emergency shower, chlorine safety kit, and firefighting water outlet. The provision of a chlorine gas detector is specified in the contract document as "when deemed necessary". The current Contractor chlorination equipment list does not include this item. It is recommended that this be added. The estimated cost of this chlorine gas detector is USD 3000.
29 The available project drawings do not show proper storage provisions for chlorine. It is recommended that the current dimensions of the chlorination room be revised to allow an additional space of 10 m2 . The estimated construction cost for this modification is USD 9,000 based on the current rates of the Contractor.
- The available project drawings do not show proper storage provisions for lime and polymer for use in the dewatering facility. It is recommended that a storage space of 30 m2 be provided. This space should be well ventilated and provided also with emergency eyewash and shower facility. The estimated construction cost for this facility is USD 14,000 based on the current rates of the Contractor.
* The civil engineering specifications have been reviewed and were in general found to be adequate and conform to the specifications normally used for such facilities.
* The power supply room is adequately sized for housing the electrical switch gear of the project. However a partitioning wall is required for separating the power generators from the main control panel.
* The power generator is slightly undersized as the available calculations do not account for HVAC, specified internal and external illumination levels, and applicable power factors. The treatment plant performance will not be affected, however standby power will not be available for all the plant facilities.
* Requirements for internal and external lighting are well covered by the specifications.
* The available project documents do not show provisions for including a telephone system on site. The estimated cost for providing a telephone system in the administration building and the guardhouse is USD 4,000.
* Provision for heating and air conditioning is not included in the particular specifications for the administration building. It is recommended that split type air conditioning units be installed in the offices, control room and the laboratory. The estimated cost of these units is USD 15,000.
* The provision of potable water supply system and drainage (storm water and sewerage) is included in this project.
* The provision of site security system included in the project. documents was checked and was found to be adequate.
A review of the treatment plant design basis and the project conditions revealed the following:
* The projected loads used for developing the design were found to be reasonable and sound. However the present forecast for load progression indicates that lower flows will be reaching the plant. For the first stage design year 2005, the projected flow is 8470 m3/day.
* The present effluent discharge point is not appropriate, as it will lead to pond formation and eventually to contamination of the ground water. It is recommended that the discharge point be moved 1.5 km to the west of the current location to discharge in an existing water course. The estimated cost for extending the 800mm effluent pipe is US$ 700,000 based on current market rates.
30 * The effluent quality criteria specified in the contract documents are based on WHO standards for effluent reuse; however no microbiological standard was specified. It is proposed that WHO standards for restricted irrigation reuse be adopted considering the agricultural practices in the area. It is recommended that effluent reuse in agriculture be restricted to localized irrigation methods for selected crops.
* The treatment plant design efficiency was checked and found to be suitable for restricted irrigation reuse. It is recommended that effluent monitoring requirements include selected heavy metals and nematodes to ensure that the appropriate standards for reuse are met.
* Substantial data for influent nematode concentration is required to ascertain the treatment plant capability of achieving the WHO effluent standard for nematodes. It is recommended that funds be made available for constructing tertiary filters, pending the evaluation of the acquired data and establishing the need for tertiary treatment. The estimated construction cost of tertiary filters is USD 500,000 for the year 2005 projected flow, and USD 750,000 for the design flow of 12,500 m3/day.
* The flow investigations carried out revealed that the initial flows reaching the plant are well below the minimum flows of 2000 m3/day required for proper plant operation. It is recommended that minor modifications be affected to operate the plant in primary treatment mode. The operation of the plant in this mode would reduce the environmental impact during the initial year of operation.
* It is anticipated that the initial flows will remain below 2000 m3/day until December year 2003. In order to accelerate the build up of flows to exceed the minimum flow required, it is recommended to proceed immediately with the construction of side manholes and lateral lines. In this instance the anticipated date for proper operation would be brought forward to January 2003. The estimated cost of these works is USD 500,000
* The quantities of residual solids generated by the treatment process have been verified and were found to be reasonable.
* The proposed solids treatment scheme is adequately designed to treat the sludge generated by the treatment process for restricted reuse in agriculture. The reuse should be subject to a management and application program that should include monitoring, recommended application rates, and crop selection.
* The provision of long term storage is required for compliance with WHO microbial standards for nematodes and for proper sludge application management. The construction cost of the sludge storage facility is estimated at USD 455,000 based on the revised projected flows for the year 2005. It is recommended that the storage facility be initially constructed to handle the present projected flows, for the year 2005.
* Alternative sludge disposal methods have been assessed. Sludge disposal by incineration and landfilling is very costly. Application of sludge in agriculture as a fertilizer is the preferred method due to the sludge agronomic value and the economic savings in disposal
A study of the potentialfor effluent and sludge reuse in agriculturerevealed the following:
* The treatment plant is located in the middle of Iaat plain, which extends over 2800 ha of arable land.
31 * The agro climatic conditions studied revealed that there is an acute irrigation water shortage. It is estimated that less than 270 ha are irrigated each year.
* Presently the predominant crop cultivated is tobacco, and few cereals. Traditionally however, other crops are cultivated. These include wheat, barely, potato, eggplants, cucurbitacaes, and other vegetables.
* The most commonly used method for irrigation is furrow. Sprinkler irrigation and drip system are used in some instances.
* The reuse of effluent in irrigation would provide a valuable irrigation water source. It is estimated that 120 ha could be irrigated in the year 2005, and 225 ha in the year 2015.
* It is recommended to adopt localized irrigation techniques, such as bubbler system, to minimize the risk of effluent contact with edible parts and to prevent deep water percolation.
* Irrigation with treated effluent should be performed on a daily basis to satisfy crop water demand during the irrigation period. Crop rotation should exclude raw eaten crops.
* The nitrogen content of sludge was estimated at 25 kg/ton. Based on nitrogen application limit of 100 kg/ha, it is recommended that sludge be initially applied at 4 ton/ha basis.
* Based on the projected sludge production quantities, it is estimated that the sludge can be applied to 400 ha for the year 2005, and 750 ha for the year 2015.
* Considering that the cost of applying commercial fertilizers is more economical and has more agronomic value, it is recommended that the sludge be provided to the farmers at no cost initially.
* It is recommended that sludge be applied on areas that are not irrigated with the effluent to avoid accumulation of contaminants.
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