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Micronesica 37(1) Final Micronesica 37(1):57-68, 2004 Field Response of Guam Populations of the New Guinea Sugarcane Weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to Aggregation Pheromones and Food Volatiles R. MUNIAPPAN*, JESSE BAMBA,JUNARD CRUZ AND G.V.P. REDDY Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract—Lures of aggregation pheromones of the Australian and Hawaiian populations of New Guinea sugarcane weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval), with other semiochemicals were used to clarify the identity of the weevil population in Guam. In a field experiment at eight different locations (Dededo, Tumon, Yigo, Hagåtña, Mangilao, Yona, Agat and Malesso), plastic bucket traps baited with the lure of the Australian R. obscurus population in combination with a food volatile compound (ethyl acetate) and cut sugarcane captured significantly more weevils (total of 348) than traps baited with pheromone lure of the Hawaiian R. obscurus population in combination with food volatile and cut sugarcane which caught a total of 128 weevils. Traps baited with lure containing only the food volatile and cut sugarcane or only cut sugarcane captured significantly fewer weevils (total of 36 and 30, respectively) than those baited with pheromone compounds. Data from trap catches indicate that the Guam population of R. obscurus responded significant- ly more to the pheromone lure of the Australian population than to pheromone lure of the Hawaiian population indicating that the Guam R. obscurus population is related more closely to the Australian population. Trap catches at the Tumon and Dededo locations were greater than those in Yigo, Yona, Mangilao, Hagåtña, Agat, and Malesso. Rainfall had a low correlation with trap catches at all locations except at Yigo where it pos- itively correlated to the Australian population lure treatment. Semiochemical based trapping in weevil management has potential either in mass trapping or as part of an IPM program. A future line of work is also proposed for the control of weevil borers based on these ini- tial results. Introduction The New Guinea sugarcane weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) (Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) originated in New Ireland, *Author for correspondence 58 Micronesica 37(1), 2004 Papua New Guinea (Boiduval 1835). Muir & Swezey (1916) and Timberlake (1927) reported that the original habitat of this weevil was New Guinea and the adjoining islands. It has since spread to most islands in the Pacific, including Australia and Indonesia. Dispersal of the weevil was almost certainly associated with inter-island trading of sugarcane in earlier years, but in recent years palms introduced for the ornamental horticultural industry have become the most favored host for this weevil (Halfpapp & Storey 1991). On Guam, R. obscurus is a major pest of ornamental palms, betel nut palm (Areca catechu L.), coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L). The most affected plants are coconut, betel nut, champagne palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (Bailey), pritchardia palm (Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H. Wendl.), pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien), Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude), royal palm (Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook and date plam (Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud). Adult female R. obscurus chew a 3 mm deep cavity into the sugarcane stalk, usually in existing adult feeding scars or cracks and occasionally at internodes or near the base of leaf sheaths (Halfpapp & Storey 1991). Females oviposit in cracks and crevices, or in the holes they have chewed with their mandibles (Napompeth et al. 1972; Dharmaraju et al. 1979). On palms, weevils lay their eggs in the petiole and on the trunk. Larvae bore within the living tissue, producing frass filled tunnels that weaken affected parts of the host and permit fungal pathogen invasion. Mature larvae pupate in cocoons made of plant fibers (Halfpapp & Storey 1991). Recent withdrawal of the ban on entry of betel nut into the U.S. mainland from Guam by the Food and Drug Administration has resulted in an increase in the area of betel nut cultivation on Guam. Currently this weevil poses a serious threat to ornamental palms in the nursery industry and to betel nut production in Guam. Chang & Curtis (1972) reported that male R. obscurus to produce an aggre- gation pheromone that is attractive to both male and female weevils. Furthermore, the authors found that split-cane traps baited with mated or virgin male R. obscurus were more attractive than traps with or without female weevils. Giblin-Davis et al. (2000) identified the pheromone of Hawaiian R. obscurus as 2-methyl-4-octanol and the corresponding pheromone compounds for Australian R. obscurus populations are 2-methyl-4-octanol, (E2)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) and 2-methyl-4-heptanol. The purpose of this study was to identify the Guam population of R. obscurus either with Australian or Hawaiian populations. A second purpose was to develop a suitable semiochemical-based trapping method to control this weevil. Materials and Methods TRAP Plastic bucket traps were used in field experiments comparing the attraction of the pheromones, food volatile (ethyl acetate) (FV), and cut sugarcane (SC) in Muniappan et al.: Trapping of sugarcane weevil 59 trapping R. obscurus. Each trap consisted of 18.925 L white plastic tapered con- tainers (36.83 cm height 29.84 cm ID). Two holes (17.78 cm long and 7.62 cm wide) on the opposite sides of the container were cut to allow entrance of the wee- vils into the trap. Twenty drainage holes, each 3 mm in diameter, were made in the base. Each assembled trap was placed at the base of a mature coconut tree in the field and strapped securely against it. Such a set up helps to allow the weevils to walk into the trap (A.C. Oehlschlager, ChemTica International, Costa Rica, personal communication). Because our aim was to recover live weevils, no insec- ticide was used in the trap. The distances between selected locations varied from 3 to 5 km. At each location, inter-trap distance was set at 100 m. CHEMICALS The lures were sealed in a polymer membrane release device optimized for the Hawaiian (2-methyl-4-octanol) and Australian R. obscurus ((E2)-6-methyl-2- hepten-4-ol and 2-methyl-4-octanol) and were suspended halfway inside the trap with a wire. The lures were obtained from ChemTica International S.A., San Jose, Costa Rica. Release devices for food volatile consisting of ethyl acetate (mini- mum 40 mL of attractant, 95% min. purity, release rate of 200-400 mg/day, wee- vil magnet 40 ML lure) were also obtained from ChemTica International and were refrigerated until use. Before use, a white cap was removed from the device and hung in the trap with or without sugarcane. The lures emitted pheromone at a con- stant rate until the pheromone was exhausted. Fresh, matured sugarcane sections 15 cm long were used in combination with pheromones or food volatile, both or alone to test the trapping efficiency. Pheromone and ethyl acetate lures were changed at 4-month intervals while freshly cut sugarcane sections were placed in the trap once every week. Dried canes were removed after two weeks. FIELD EXPERIMENTS Experiments with different lures of pheromones of Hawaiian and Australian populations, food volatile blends and cut sugarcane were carried out from January through August, 2002 at Yigo, Dededo, Hagåtña, Agat, Malesso, Yona, Mangilao and Tumon in Guam. The following treatment combinations were employed: (1) lures of pheromone of the Australian population of R. obscurus (AU) plus food volatile (FV) plus fresh cut sugarcane (SC). (2) lures of pheromone of the Hawaiian population of R. obscurus (HI) plus FV plus SC. (3) FV plus SC. (4) SC Each trap was baited with one of the above treatment combinations and set up at each of the eight locations on January 11, 2002. Weevils in the traps were removed every week, counted, and cultured in the laboratory for further labora- tory studies. Daily temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and rainfall 60 Micronesica 37(1), 2004 Figure 1. Distribution of the New Guinea sugarcane weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus in Guam. Bars with gray indicate the average number of adult catches in traps baited with pheromone lure of the Australian R. obscurus population in combination with a Food volatile (FV) and Sugarcane (SC) while white bars indicate the average number of catches by the traps baited with pheromone lure of the Hawaiian R. obscurus population in combination with a FV and SC. Muniappan et al.: Trapping of sugarcane weevil 61 during the experiment were recorded at the Yigo Agricultural Experimental Farm for analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data on the mean monthly trap catches were analyzed using a T test, (P≤ 0.05) and the impact of rainfall on trap catches was analyzed using linear regression (Sokal & Rohlf 1995). Results The semiochemical-based lures indicated a widespread occurrence of R. obscurus populations at eight different locations in Guam (Fig. 1). In Guam, over- all cumulative average trap catch data indicated significantly (P< 0.05; t-test; Fig. 1) more weevils were attracted to the pheromone lure of the Australian R. obscurus population than to the lure of the Hawaiian population. Trap catches at the Tumon and Dededo locations were significantly greater (P< 0.05; paired samples t-test; Fig. 2) than in other locations. However, there were no significant differences between the trap catches at Yigo, Yona, Mangilao, Hagåtña, Agat and Malleso. At the Dededo location, mean monthly trap catches ranged from 9.1 to 14.5 during the summer months of May to June (Fig. 3). The next highest trap catches were found in Tumon from June to August (4.0 to 7.0), followed by Yigo from April to June (2.5 to 3.3), Agat from February to April (1.6 to 2.5), Hagåtña from February to March (1.3 in both months), and Yona from April to June (2 to 3.5).
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