Novel by David Nicholls

AN ANALYSIS OF SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION FOUND IN “ONE DAY” NOVEL BY DAVID NICHOLLS

A THESIS

ZUFITA NILA SARI

REG.NO: 090705005

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

Universitas Sumatera Utara AN ANALYSIS OF SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION FOUND IN “ONE DAY” NOVEL BY DAVID NICHOLLS

A THESIS

ZUFITA NILA SARI

REG.NO: 090705005

Supervisor, Co-Supervisor

Dr. Hj. Deliana, M. Hum Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M. Ed. TESOL NIP: 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP: 19570803 198404 1 004

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree os Sarjana Sastra in English Department

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum

Universitas Sumatera Utara Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan

The examination is held in English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of SumateraUtara on Monday, December 23rd 2013

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA

NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, MS …………………………

Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum ………………………….

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A ………………………….

Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum ......

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A ………………………….

Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, ZUFITA NILA SARI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSONS’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

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NAME : ZUFITA NILA SARI

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION FOUND IN “ONE DAY” NOVEL BY DAVID NICHOLL

QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim.

First of all, I want to thank and praise to Allah SWT, the Almighty God, for blessing me in completing this thesis as one of the requirements to get a degree of

Sarjana Sastra from English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of

Sumatera Utara.

Furthermore, I would also like to thank to my Supervisors, for their guidance, patience, valuable comments, and time in supervising and correcting all contents of this thesis, Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum, and the Co-Supervisors Drs. H. Chairul

Husni, M. Ed. TESOL.

I would also like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. and the chairman of English Department,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and the secretary of English Department,

Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum and the entire lecturers who have taught and guided me during my period of study in faculty.

The most special thank is dedicated to my beloved father, Zulkarnaen, and my beloved mother, Fenti Purnama Sari Lubis for their support, attention, endless love, never ending prayer and financial support especially in completing this thesis. I also want to thanks my youngest brother, Andri Saputra and my second youngest sister, Zufiana Sari. They are my spirit to completing my thesis.

Universitas Sumatera Utara I thank to my beloved friends, Annisa, Dini and Rizka. Thanks for your joke and laugh to entertain me in order to not dizzy for completing my thesis. My special thanks I dedicated to my best friend, Henny Mariance Lenny Siregar who always supported me in order to completing my thesis immediately. She also always said to me: “Kapannya selesai skripsimu? Kapan kau wisuda?” She said it many times.

The last I thank to my old friend and my best friend, Rizki Syahputra, SE who has helped me in editing my thesis in order to seems perfect.

Finally, I would like to extent my thanks to all people that cannot be mentioned one by one here, for their support and kind attention. Although I could finish preparing this thesis, I realized still has many weakness. Therefore, I gratefully welcome any constructive suggestions, advice and criticism.

Medan, 23 December 2013

The writer

ZUFITA NILA SARI

Reg. No. 090705005

Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Objek dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah novel yang berjudul One day, karangan dari David Alan Nicholls. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan agar pembaca lebih memahami penggunaan subordinate conjuction pada novel. Dan menarik minat pembaca bahwa novel tidak hanya menarik untuk dibaca, tetapi juga menarik untuk di analisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif, yaitu suatu metode dalam penelitian status kelompok manusia, suatu objek, suatu kondisi, suatu sistem pemikiran, atau pun suatu kelas peristiwa pada masa sekarang. Metode ini bertujuan membuat deskripsi, gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, faktual dan akurat mengenai fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubungan antara fenomena yang diselidiki. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengumpulkan teori dan informasi yang berhubungan dengan subordinate conjunction dari buku, internet dan sumber-sumber lainnya. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh kalimat dalam novel yang menggunakan subordinate conjunction sebanyak 1190 kalimat. Untuk memperoleh data, penulis menggaris bawahi setiap kalimat yang mengunakan subordinate conjunction. Pengolahan data menggunakan rumus Bungin. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka diperoleh hasil dari beberapa tipe subordinate conjunction, yaitu tipe time diperoleh hasil sebanyak 41,18%, place sebanyak 6,30%, reason or cause sebanyak 10,93%, manner sebanyak 8,40%, purpose or result sebanyak 6,21%, condition sebanyak 18,40%, concession or contrast sebanyak 5,55% dan comparison sebanyak 3.03%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tipe subordinate conjunction yang paling sering digunakan adalah tipe time.

Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of Study ...... 6

1.3 Objectives of the Study ...... 6

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 8

2.1 Understanding Syntax ...... 8

2.2 The Description of Conjunction ...... 9

2.3 Types of Conjunction ...... 9

2.3.1 Coordinating Conjuntion ...... 9

2.3.2 Correlative Conjunction ...... 11

2.3.3 Subordinating Conjunction ...... 11

2.3.3.1 Kinds of Subordinating Conjunction ...... 14

2.3.3.2 Most Frequently Used of Subordinating Conjunctions ...... 16

3. RESEARCH METHODE ...... 19

3.1 Research Design ...... 19

3.2 Data Resource ...... 19

3.3 Data Collection Procedure ...... 19

3.4 Data Analysis Procedure ...... 20

4. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ...... 22

4.1 Subordinating Conjunction ...... 22

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.1.1 Time ...... 22

4.1.2 Place ...... 26

4.1.3 Reason or Cause ...... 32

4.1.4 Manner ...... 36

4.1.5 Purpose or Result ...... 41

4.1.6 Condition ...... 46

4.1.7 Concession or Contrast ...... 51

4.1.8 Comparison ...... 56

4.2 Research Findings ...... 59

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 63

5.1 Conclusions ...... 63

5.2 Suggestions ...... 63

REFERENCES ...... 65

Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language has become a significant part of human life because language is used as a means of communication. Through language human beings can communicate with each other. Paul Roberts (1958:18) says that language is the system of speech sounds by which human beings communicate with one another. It means that we use language to interact or speak with another, express our feeling as well as ideas, exchange opinions, and give information.

Language plays a great role in our life. The effects of language are remarkable and include much of what distinguishes man from animal. Language cannot be separated from human‘s life. It indicates the existence of human being.

Without language we cannot make a communication with other people. For communicating ideas, desires, or opinions we need a media, tool, equipment, device or means, which is language.

Whatever kinds of activities that human beings make, they need a language as a means of communication. For instance talking to someone, debating, discussing something, murmuring, teasing, chatting, and even answering a question involve language. Just like what Diane Larsen (2003:2) tells that language is the means for doing something ─ accomplishing some purpose, for example, agreeing on a plan for handling a conflict.

There are several functions of language in common. Firstly, most of linguistics textbooks state that language is used as a means of communication.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Crystal (1974:30) cites, ―Language is the most frequently used and most highly developed form of human communication.‖

Secondly, language is used to maintain or establish social relationship. This means that language is viewed as a social phenomenon. Larsen (2003:1) states,

―Language is a means of interaction between and among people.‖ It means that language is an interactional language (language for interpersonal communication), that is, choosing and using appropriate language within a social context.

Thirdly, language is used to give information. In this case, language is needed for information. In the process of teaching and learning, this function really plays an important role. Moody (1970:15) says, ―While we shall not argue which use of language ‗come first‘, there is no doubt that a principal function of language is the transmission of information.‖

Human beings use language both spoken and written to convey their ideas or feeling in various purposes and reasons. In written language, for example, the writers use conjunctions in expressing their thoughts, feeling, and ideas. The function of using conjunction is to tie certain words to other words or certain sentence to other sentences. And it will help the readers understand the connection of the sentences or paragraphs, and easy to interpret the content through the relationship of each elements of the sentences.

Conjunctions are words used as joiners. In the other words, it can be said that conjunction is a word joining sentences or part of a sentence together that expresses related ideas. Murthy (2003:212) states that word which joins together sentences or words and clauses is known as conjunction. According to Wren and Martin

(1989:128) conjunction is a word which merely joins together sentences, and sometimes words.

Universitas Sumatera Utara There are three board types of conjunctions; they are coordinating conjunction, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction can combine words with words, phrases with phrases and clauses with clauses. It can be said that coordinating conjunction is a single word used to connect part of sentence. Coordinating conjunction is used to join two sentences which are grammatically equal and always laid between words or phrases which it is related.

Kinds of coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. Kinds of correlative conjunctions are both … and, not only … but also, not

… but, neither … nor, either … or, whether … or.

Subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another or which it depends for its full meaning. Subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among independent clause and dependent clause. A subordinating conjunction may appear at the beginning of a sentence or between two clauses in a sentence. The words used as subordinating conjunction are after, although, as, that, though, because, before, if, unless, when, where, while, etc.

In this thesis, the writer chose the novel One Day written by David Nicholls as the source of data. It is assumed that there are many conjunctions found in this novel which are interesting to be analyzed.

David Alan Nicholls was born in November 30, 1966 in Eastleigh —

Hampshire. He is an English novelist and screenwriter. His novels include Starter for

Ten (2003), The Understudy (2005), and One Day (2009).

Universitas Sumatera Utara Nicholls is the middle of three siblings. He attended Barton Peveril sixth- form college at Eastleigh, Hampshire, from 1983 to 1985 (taking A-levels in Drama and Theatre Studies along with English, Physics and Biology), and playing a wide range of roles in college drama productions. He then attended Bristol University in the 1980s (graduating with a BA in Drama and English in 1988) before training as an actor at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York.

Throughout his twenties, he worked as a professional actor using the stage name David Holdaway. He played small roles at various theatres, including the West

Yorkshire Playhouse and, for a three-year period, at the Royal National Theatre.

As a screenwriter, he co-wrote the adapted screenplay of Simpatico and contributed four scripts to the third series of Cold Feet (both 2000). For the latter, he was nominated for a British Academy Television Craft Award for Best New Writer

(Fiction). He created the Granada Television pilot and miniseries I Saw You (2000,

2002) and the Tiger Aspect six-part series Rescue Me (2002). Rescue Me lasted for only one series before being cancelled. Nicholls had written four episodes for the second series before being told of the cancellation. His anger over this led to him taking a break from screenwriting to concentrate on writing Starter for Ten. When he returned to screenwriting, he adapted Much Ado About Nothing into a one-hour segment of the BBC's 2005 ShakespeaRe-Told season.

In 2005 he wrote Aftersun for the Old Vic's 24-Hour Play festival. The 10- minute play starred James Nesbitt, Saffron Burrows, Catherine Tate and Gael García

Bernal. Nicholls developed Aftersun into a one-off comedy for BBC One. It starred

Peter Capaldi and Sarah Parish and was broadcast in 2006.

In 2006, his film adaptation Starter for 10 was released in cinemas. The following year, he wrote And When Did You Last See Your Father? It was an

Universitas Sumatera Utara adaptation of the memoir by Blake Morrison. His adaptation of Tess of the

D'Urbervilles for the BBC aired in 2008, and is he now working on an adaptation of

Far From the Madding Crowd for BBC Films. He has also adapted Great

Expectations; the screenplay has been listed on the 2009 Brit List, an annual industry poll of the best unmade scripts outside the United States.

One Day was published in June 11, 2009. The novel consists of 448 pages.

Each chapter covers the lives of two protagonists on 15 July, St. Swithin's Day, for twenty years. The novel attracted generally positive reviews, and was named 2010

Galaxy Book of the Year. Nicholls adapted his book into a screenplay; the feature film, also titled One Day, starring Anne Hathaway and Jim Sturgess, was released in

August 2011.

It's 1988 and Dexter Mayhew and Emma Morley have only just met. They both know that the next day, after college graduation, they must go their separate ways. But after only one day together, they cannot stop thinking about one another.

As the years go by, Dex and Em begin to lead separate lives—lives very different from the people they once dreamed they'd become. And yet, unable to let go of that special something that grabbed onto them that first night, an extraordinary relationship develops between the two.

Over twenty years, snapshots of that relationship are revealed on the same day—July 15th—of each year. Dex and Em face squabbles and fights, hopes and missed opportunities, laughter and tears. And as the true meaning of this one crucial day is revealed, they must come to grips with the nature of love and life itself.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1.2 Problem of the Study

Based on the background that has been explained above, the writer identifies some problems as follows:

a. What are the types of subordinating conjunctions found in the novel One

Day?

b. What is the most dominant type of subordinating conjunction found in the

novel One Day?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This thesis is particularly intended to show the problems which have been mentioned before and those are:

a. To find out the types of subordinating conjunctions found in the novel One

Day

b. To find out the most dominant type of subordinating conjunction found in the

novel One Day

1.4 Scope of the Study

In doing a research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been chosen in order to avoid the over complicating of issues and analysis.

Therefore in this thesis the writer only analyzes the types of subordinating conjunctions found in the novel One Day.

1.5 Significance of The Study

When someone does something, of course he or she owns a goal. The benefits of this analysis are:

Universitas Sumatera Utara a. Hopefully the readers will have more understanding about subordinating

conjunctions and their important roles in producing a good novel b. Hopefully the readers will notice that a novel is not only interesting to be read

but also to be analyzed c. Providing underlying information for further research about subordinating

conjunctions

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Understanding Syntax

Basically, syntax is the rules by which signs are combined to make statements. If we consider the words of a language to be its signs, then its syntax is the rules which put signs together to make statements, ask questions, and produce other utterances. Syntax is one of the major components of grammar. Syntax incorporates the grammar of phrases, clauses, and sentences. Producing and uttering sentences is an important part of how we make sense of our world. We articulate the meaning of our experience in words; in the process of articulate, we make or discover the meaning of the experience. This process is similar to the ways in which we interpret literature. (www.wikipedia.com retrieved on August 21, 2013)

Hargis (2008:9) says, ―Syntax is the total grammatical identify of a word.‖

For instance, In German, a complex language, a word might be defined as: noun, masculine, accusative, singular. In English a word might be designated more or less the same, although the syntax would be a bit simpler: noun, singular, direct object.

Different languages will have different means of designating those syntactical identities. English is a word-order language. In the sentence "John kissed Mary," word order tells us who is doing the kissing and who is receiving it. Being a case language, suffixes tell us the subject of a sentence, the object and so forth. Words may be listed in any order and the listener can hear by those suffixes who the subject is and who the object is.

Syntax looks at the rules of a language, particularly how the various parts of sentences go together. While similar to morphology, which looks at how the smallest

Universitas Sumatera Utara meaningful linguistic units, called morphemes, are formed into complete words, syntax examines how fully formed words fit together to create complete and understandable sentences. Understanding a language's syntax is important for understanding what makes a sentence grammatically correct.

2.2 The Description of Conjunction

Before discussing about subordinating conjunctions, it is better to describe conjunction first. Conjunction has various definitions based on different grammarians. The word conjunction derived from Latin which means a joining together. Bernard in Ginting (2008:6) states that conjunctions are words which join other words or group of words. Wren and Martin (1989:128) say that conjunction is a word which merely joins together sentences, and some words. Frank (1985:206) says that conjunctions are member of small class that have no characteristic form, their function are chiefly as non moveable structure words that join such unit as parts of speech, phrases, or clauses.

2.3. Types of Conjunction

Conjunctions come in three board types; they are coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.

2.3.1 Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g. subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. Kinds of coordinating

Universitas Sumatera Utara conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (usually known as FANBOYS for the acronym).

When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma. For example: Dicky wants to play for the university team, but he has trouble meeting the academic requirements.

When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit the comma. For example: Diana has a great jump shot but she isn't quick on her feet.

The comma is always correct when used to separate two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma. For example: Brian spent his summer studying basic math, writing and reading comprehension.

When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used. For example: University of Indonesia and Gadjah Mada

University and Padjajaran University are the most favorite universities chosen by senior high school graduation.

In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is), coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.

Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt.

They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him

mayor

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.3.2 Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions also connect sentence elements of the same kind: however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. Kinds of correlative conjunctions are both … and, not only … but also, not … but, neither … nor, either … or, whether

… or. For examples:

a. Both my sister and my brother play the piano.

b. Tonight's program is either Mozart or Beethoven.

c. Neither the orchestra nor the chorus was able to overcome the terrible

acoustics in the church.

d. Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of

their concerts.

2.3.3 Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are words or phrases that connect a dependent clause or adjective or adverbial phrase to an independent clause. The dependent clauses provide context and description for the independent clause; in short, it adds information that isn't the direct focus of the sentence but is important in adding time, place, or reasons to the sentence. What subordinate conjunctions do so well is to connect information. Instead of having two short independent clauses that make for a choppy, difficult to read style, subordinate conjunctions allow to connect sentences and to show relationships. Subordinating conjunctions can show that one idea is more important than another. The idea in the main clause is more important, while the idea in the subordinate clause (made subordinate by the subordinating conjunction) is less important.

Universitas Sumatera Utara The subordinate clause supplies a time, reason, condition, etc. for the main clause. It modifies the independent clause in some way, or acts as a part of speech in relation to the independent clause.

Wren and Martin (1989:142) say that a subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another clause or which it depends for its full meaning. Bender and

Emerson (1908:66) state that subordinating conjunction can join the main clause with the subordinate clause. Furthermore Frank (1985:215) says that a subordinate conjunction introduces a clause that depends on a main or independent clause. The subordinate conjunction is grammatically part of the clause it introduces.

Honegger (2005:75) says that English has a wide range of subordinate conjunctions: that, if, though, because, when, after, and so forth. They are placed before a complete sentence or independent clause to make that clause dependent.

This dependent clause now needs to attach to another clause that is independent otherwise a sentence fragment results.

Basically, a subordinate conjunction will connect a main clause and a subordinate one. If a subordinate clause appears at the beginning of a complex sentence, it must be separated from the independent clause by a comma. Example:

After she finished her homework, Monica went shopping.

Subordinating conjunctions are placed at the front of the subordinate clause.

This clause can come either before or after the main clause. Subordinators are usually a single word, but there are also a number of multi-word subordinators that function like single subordinating conjunctions. Subordinators make the clause depend on the rest of the sentence in order to make sense. Comma should be put at the end of an adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause. Example: Monica went shopping after she finished her homework. Usually, no comma is needed before

Universitas Sumatera Utara a subordinating conjunction if the dependent clause follows the independent clause. But if the subordinating conjunction in a complex sentence is whereas, though, although, or even though, a comma is needed to show separation between the two clauses.

Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions such as after, before, since are also prepositions but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.

Most subordinate clauses are signaled by the use of a subordinating conjunction. There are three main types: a. Simple subordinators consist of one word: although, if, since, that, unless, until,

whereas, while, etc. b. Complex subordinators consist of more than one word: in order that, such that,

granted (that), assuming (that), so (that), as long as, insofar as, in case, etc. c. Correlative subordinators consist of 'pairs' of words which relate two parts of the

sentence: as . . . so . . ., scarcely . . . when . . ., if . . . then . . ., etc.

The subordinating conjunctions have two jobs. First, they provide a necessary transition between the two ideas in the sentence. The transition will indicate a time, place, or cause and effect relationship. Here are some examples: a. We look on top of the refrigerator where Jenny often hides a bag of chocolate

chip cookies b. Because her teeth were chattering in fear, Linda clenched her jaw muscle while

waiting for her turn to audition

The second job of the subordinate conjunction is to reduce the importance of one clause so that a reader understands which of the two ideas is more important.

Universitas Sumatera Utara The more important idea belongs in the main clause, the less important in the clause introduced by the subordinate conjunction. Read these examples:

a. As Samson blew out the birthday candles atop the cake, he burned the tip of

his nose on a stubborn flame

Burning his nose → blowing out candles

b. Ronnie begins to sneeze violently whenever he opens the door to greet a fresh

spring day.

Sneezing violently → opening the door

2.3.3.1 Kinds of Subordinating Conjunctions

In English, subordinating conjunction can be classified, as follows:

(1) Time

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing time.

They are: after, as, before, until, since, when, while, whenever, once, as soon as.

Examples:

a. Julie will work in her father’s law firm after she graduates this year.

b. As the man walked in the park, he saw an attractive lady.

c. My mom is talking with our new neighbor when the phone rings.

d. The secretary has crushed on the new manager since he helped her.

e. Whenever a country goes to war, certain freedoms in that country may be

compromised.

(2) Reason or Cause

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing reason or

cause. They are: because, since, as.

Examples:

Universitas Sumatera Utara a. Those girls looked so happy because they just met their idol.

b. Jack cried since his brother broke his new toy .

c. As the war is being fought in the Middle East, oil prices will continue to rise.

(3) Place

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing place.

They are: where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere.

Examples:

a. This is where we first met.

b. I will go wherever you will go.

(4) Manner

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing manner.

They are: as if, as though.

Examples:

a. Your face is very pale as if you see a ghost.

b. Uncle sang as though he was a professional singer.

(5) Purpose or Result

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing purpose

or result. They are: so, so that, in order that, that.

Examples:

a. We wake up early so we can see the sun rises.

b. You have to exercise regularly so that you can get your perfect shape.

c. I am always doing that which I can’t do in order that I may learn how to do it.

(6) Condition

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing

condition. They are: if, unless.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Examples:

a. If I had to live my life again, I would make the same mistakes, only sooner.

b. Unless you get married, you must live with your parents.

(7) Concession or Contrast

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing

concession or contrast: although, though, even though, even if, while, whereas.

Examples:

a. Although Bella performed nicely, she didn’t win the competition.

b. Mr. Ryan will finish the job even if he is not well.

c. Even though the price of the food in that restaurant is expensive, many people

like eating there.

(8) Comparison

There are some kinds of subordinating conjunction in English showing

comparison. They are: than, more than, less than, as….as.

Examples:

a. The new staff has to make bigger profit this month than he usually does.

b. Ruth has drawn a new drawing as lovely as you did last week.

2.3.3.2 Most Frequently Used of Subordinating Conjunctions

There are some common subordinating conjunctions which are frequently used in English (http://www.abaenglish.com/english-grammar-subordinating- conjunctions/ retrieved on June 22, 2013):

(1) After means later than the time that.

Examples:

a. Call me after you arrive at work.

Universitas Sumatera Utara b. After you had finished washing the plates, you were allowed to leave.

(2) Before means earlier than the time that.

Examples:

a. Come and visit me before you leave.

b. Before she left, she had written some notes.

(3) Although: despite the fact that (used to introduce a fact that makes another fact

unusual or surprising).

Examples:

a. Although she was tired, she couldn’t sleep.

b. Fiona will take the risk although she doesn’t know anything about this

project.

(4) Because means for the reason that.

Examples:

a. I painted the house because it was a horrible color.

b. Because we didn’t have much money, we used to eat noodles.

(5) Since means to introduce a statement that explains the reason for another

statement.

Examples:

a. You can go outside and play since you’ve studied so well.

b. Since the kids have helped me, they can eat candies.

(6) If means to talk about the result or effect of something that may happen or be

true.

Examples:

a. It would be fantastic if you could come to the party.

Universitas Sumatera Utara b. If the party hadn’t been so crowded, my parents wouldn’t have been so

angry.

(7) Than means to introduce the second or last of two or more things or people that

are being compared (used with the comparative form of an adjective or adverb).

Examples:

a. My sister is older than I am.

b. The service she offers is better than you have offered.

(8) That means to introduce a clause that states a reason or purpose.

Examples:

a. Olivia is so happy that it’s summer again.

b. Maria had many things to do that she forgot to have lunch.

(9) When means at or during the time that something happened.

Examples:

a. A teacher is good when he inspires his students.

b. When the neighbor was out of town, someone broke into their house.

(10) Where means at or in the place that something happened.

Examples:

a. That is the place where he was last seen.

b. Don’t go to places where I can’t see you!

(11) Until: up to the time or point that something happened. Examples:

a. We stayed up talking until the sun came up.

b. Please stay here until your father picks you up!

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design

According to Bungin (2005: 40-41) there are three kinds of research method based on the location of the research i.e library research, laboratory research, and field research. In doing the analysis the writer applies library research. It is done by collecting some related theories and information about subordinating conjunctions from books, internet, and other sources. This research uses a descriptive method.

Djajasudarma (1993:2) says, ―Metode deskripsi memberikan penjelasan secara sistematis, faktual dan akurat mengenai data, sifat-sifat secara ilmiah.‖ (Descriptive method gives explanation systematically, factual, and accurate about the data and its scientific character).

After getting enough information, the writer reads the novel and underlines the sentence containing subordinating conjunctions. Then the writer analyses the data by using supported theories. Finally, the writer will draw a conclusion from the analysis.

3.2 Data Resource

The data is acquired from the novel One Day written by David Nicholls. The novel consists of 448 pages which are divided into twenty three chapters where each chapter has its own title.

3.3 Data Collection Procedure

The writer‘s data are from a novel and she applies taking-note non-participant observation. In choosing the numbers of samples, the writer applies purposive

Universitas Sumatera Utara sampling. It means that subjects or samples taken are not random, but based on personal direction because of a special intention, such as limited time, money, or energy. As Arikunto in Sinurat (2008:24) says:

―Sampel bertujuan atau Purposive Sample dilakukan dengan cara mengambil

subyek bukan didasarkan atas strata, random, atau daerah tetapi didasarkan

atas adanya tujuan tertentu. Teknik ini biasanya dilakukan karena beberapa

pertimbangan, misalnya karena alasan keterbatasan waktu, tenaga dan dana

sehingga tidak dapat mengambil sampel yang besar dan jauh.‖

(Purposive Sample is done by choosing subjects not based on strata, random,

or area but based on specific purpose. Usually this technique is done because

of some consideration, for example because of limited time, energy, and fund

so it is impossible to take a bigger sample).

3.4 Data Analysis Procedure

During the research, the writer goes through some stages. First, the writer reads the novel comprehensively. Then the writer underlines words containing subordinating conjunctions. After that the words which contain of subordinating conjunctions are classified into each type. Then the writer analyzes the data based on the types and classification of subordinating conjunctions. Finally the writer draws some conclusions from the analysis and makes some suggestions.

In order to get the dominant conjunction, the writer uses the Bungin formula

(2005:171-172):

x 100%

Universitas Sumatera Utara Notes:

N = Percentage of type

Fx = Total types frequency based on their types n = Total of subordinate conjunction

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS

4.1 Subordinating Conjunction

Some kinds examples of subordinating conjunction found in One Day novel, as follow:

4.1.1 Time

1. ―What do you want to be when you‘re forty?‖ p.4

2. She shrugged herself away until her back was pressed against the cool of the

wall. p.4

3. ―And there‘s this woman next to you in sunglasses, … you met her while she

was draped on the bonnet of a car …‖ p.6

4. Here she was, after four romantically barren years, …, had liked since she‘d

first seen him at a party in 1984, and in just a few hours he‘d be gone. p.10

5. No lipstick but soft, raspberry-coloured lips that she kept tightly closed when

she smiled …. p.14

6. She‘s very keen to make it clear … and bide her time until she‘s spotted by

some Hollywood producer …. p.18

7. Maybe I‘ll introduce you when you get back. p.19

8. ―I know where the Palatine is, Dexter, I was visiting Rome before you were

born.‖ p.29

9. They walked a little further before he spoke. p.34

10. Scott waited until her shoulders had stopped heaving. p.54

11. …, and nothing really good had happened to her since she‘d been baton-

charged at the Poll Tax Riots. p.55

Universitas Sumatera Utara 12. Ian had tried three weeks ago while she was mopping out the meat locker, ….

p.65

13. There was a self-conscious moment of mutual discomfort before she turned

onto her side and curled towards him. p.71

14. The ferry had left Rhodes while it was still dark …. p.75

15. When the search proved fruitless, they beach-combed for emergency clothing.

p.101

16. Dexter watches it from the back of a decrepit mini-cab as he returns home from

a stranger‘s flat in Brixton. p.107

17. They‘re dancing together now, … and once again Dexter is struck by how easy

conversation can be when no-one is in their right mind. p.108

18. As he heads for the exit, Dexter imagines the journey home, … he feels a wave

of panic. p.111

19. …; he is getting drunk to stay sober which when you think about it is actually

pretty sensible. p.117

20. He listens to The Cranberries as he negotiates the wide residential streets of St

John‘s Wood. p.118

21. The Westway has cleared of rush-hour traffic and before the album ends, he is

on the M40, heading westward …, so fashionably. p.118

22. He jabs the music off and drives in silence at a steady sixty-eight until he

reaches his exit. p.119

23. From this angle, her face is obscured by a large sunhat and sunglasses – the

light hurts her eyes these days – but he can tell … that she has changed a great

deal in the three weeks since he last came to see her. p.122

24. She is halfway down the institutional hallway when she hears it. p.136

Universitas Sumatera Utara 25. The menu had been prepared in advance for humuor, and while Emma tried to

concentrate, Ian went into his act and ran through some of their choicer puns:

penne fo your thoughts, etc. p.142

26. Emma could feel the tremors in her back as she lay on the bed that folded into a

sofa, her tights some way down her thighs. p.151

27. Even before the machine picks up, something tells him that it will be his father

and that he will screen the call. p.160

28. Her boyfriend and Sue have been conducting a borderline affair ever since they

met in Leeds at Christmas: ―Lovely sprouts, Mrs M and isn‘t this turkey

moist?‖ p.161

29. The crew are running round, patting his shoulder and punching his arm matily

as they pass, … and cowboy boots stretch out their calves in their ironic cages.

p. 174

30. For the first time since she met him, he appears to be making an effort. p.179

31. On their first night, after the front door had closed and the champagne had

been opened, she had felt like bursting into tears. p.191

32. He extended his arm until his finger was two inches from her mouth. p.201

33. She sighed, and it was a moment before she spoke. p.209

34. A silence follows, as it always does when his wife is mentioned. p.219

35. Her eyes return to the papers on the desk, and Emma wonders when they‘re

going to actually start talking about the work. p.243

36. ―Don‘t be ridiculous. You were doing fine until you hit me. They really, really

liked you.‖ p.261

37. ―Since I‘ve been with Sylvie, it‘s like I‘ve freed up this vast amount of time

and energy and mental space.‖ p.286

Universitas Sumatera Utara 38. He counts the boxes of the green stuff while the driver stands by with a

clipboard, staring openly, and instinctively Dexter knows what‘s coming next.

p.300

39. She stands in the bathroom, putting on make-up watching over him as he

kneels to give Jasmine her bath. p.304

40. She seems to take this in because there‘s a short silence before she speaks

again, her voice a little tight. p.322

41. Reaching for the remote, he flicks angrily through the cable channels while

Mrs. Sylvie Mayhew sits and looks out the window at the lights along the

Thames and wonders what to do about her husband. p.324

42. ―I wish you‘d told me before I came. I‘d have booked a hotel.‖ p.342

43. When Alison had died, there had been a private understanding that some

money might go to Dexter at an appropriate time, and this seemed like the

moment. p.356

44. Now, whenever she sees her ex-husband, he is smiling, smiling away

advertising his happiness like the member of some cult. p.362

45. While the toothbrush was removed from his mouth, she kissed him

consolingly. p.372

46. After Emma left me, I thought I was finished, but I wasn‘t, because I met

Jacqui my wife. p.402

47. Their mutual unhappiness, and a desire to protect Jasmine from this, has made

them strangely close and for the first time since they got married, they are

almost friends. p.406

Universitas Sumatera Utara 48. The best solution, he decided, was to feign sleep until it was time to go, and

with this in mind he removed his jacket, padded it into a pillow and closed his

eyes against the sun. p.421

49. As they crossed the railway at North Bridge and passed into the Georgian New

Town, a plan was forming in his head. p.429

50. ―And—― She shrugged towards Dexter while his mother spectated. ―Well, have

a nice life, I suppose.‖ p.432

4.1.2 Place

1. He had one of those faces where you were aware of the bones beneath the skin.

p.5

2. He shuffled up the bed until his face was a few inches from hers. ―I don‘t know

where you get this idea of me, you barely know me.‖ p.7

3. It‘s staggering how little these kids know about their cultural heritage, even the

West Indian kids, about where they come from. p.17

4. In his head it had sounded fine raffish and self-mocking, but now they sat in

silence and he felt foolish once again, like at those parties where his mother

would allow him to sit with the grown-ups and he would show-off and let her

down. p.31

5. ―That‘s just … awful,‖ laughed Paddy from behind the bar, where he sat

cutting limes into wedges for the necks of beer bottles. p.37

6. ―Ay caramba,‖ mumbled Emma under her breath before kicking open the

swing doors to the kitchen where they were met by a wall of hot air that stung

their eyes, acrid and infused with jalapeno peppers and warm bleach. p.43

Universitas Sumatera Utara 7. She scanned the pages for clues, the name of the restaurant where Emma

worked perhaps, but there was nothing of use. p.51

8. In rare moments of self-doubt, Dexter had once worried that a lack of

intelligent might hold him back in life, but here was a job where confident,

energy, perhaps even a certain arrogance were mattered, all qualities that lay

within his grasp. p.62

9. Everything was fine, and she had the rare, new sensation of being exactly

where she wanted to be. p.81

10. The air hung smoky with burning lamb, and they sat in a quiet place at the end

of the harbour where the crescent of the beach began and drank wine that

tasted of pine. p.91

11. He had even considered changing it to something punchy, boysy and

monosyllable – Ben or Jack or Matt – but until he found his comic persona …,

an electronic shop on Tottenham court road where unhealthy young men in t-

shirts sold ROM and graphics card to unhealthy young men in t-shirts. p.139

12. Nice school, really mixed, not one of those cushy suburban numbers where it‘s

all yes-miss-no-miss. p.147

13. ―That‘s where I went wrong! Wow, my school days would have been so

different if I‘d known! All those years, scrambling around on the floor …‖

p.148

14. She escorts Oliver and The Dodger down the corridor, past the sports hall

where Mrs Grainger leads the band … what she is letting herself in to. p.166

15. A moment passes, and she glances back towards the door where Martin

Dawson peeks tearfully through the glass panel. p.170

Universitas Sumatera Utara 16. A sleek handsome man in absurd naval epaulettes told them their table would

be ten minute so they pushed their way to the cocktail lounge where another

faux naval man was busy juggling bottles. p.195

17. Emma had been expecting something fancy and French, but this was basically

expensive canteen food: fishcakes, shepherd‘s pie, burgers, and she recognised

Poseidon as the kind of restaurant where the ketchup comes on a silver salver.

p.199

18. Domestic issues are debated – pasta or stir-fry, TV or a video – and Emma

distracts herself from her lover‘s home life by retrieving her rolled-up

underwear from beneath the desk where it lies with the paper-clips and pen

tops. p.220

19. After work, he took her to this place he‘d heard of, a gastropub, where you

could get a pint but the food was great too. p.221

20. ―There‘s this thing where they have robots fighting and you have to sort of

introduce the robots …‖ p.240

21. Weekends frequently begin and end at Stansted airport, where they fly off to

Genoa or Bucharest, Rome or Reykjavik, trips that Sylvie pre-plans with the

precision of an invading army. p.252 – 253

22. This visit, his first to the parental home, is part of a long weekend, a stopover in

Chichester before they continue down the M3 to a rented cottage in Cornwall,

where Sylvie is going to teach him how to surf. p.253

23. He continues to look at the back of her head, where the long fine hair falls

away from the nape of her neck, revealing the darker whorls beneath. p.261

24. There is a point in the future where even the worst disaster starts to settle into

an anecdote, and he can see the potential for a story here. p.262

Universitas Sumatera Utara 25. But he doesn‘t know where Emma Morley is, or what she‘s doing, hasn‘t seen

her for more than two years now. p.262

26. Some of their contemporaries had even got married at University, but in that

self-consciously wacky, rag-week way, a let‘s-pretend parody of a wedding,

like the jokey student ‗dinner parties‘ where everyone wore evening dress to

eat tuna pasta bake. p.26

27. She turned it through one hundred and eighty degrees, then back ninety, but it

was like trying to navigate with a copy of the Domesday Book and she slapped

it onto the empty passenger seat where her imaginary partner should have been

sitting. p.265

28. ―High-quality, ethically-minded convenience food, that‘s where it‘s at my

friend. Food is the new rock and roll!‖ p.273

29. With a squeal of feedback, the band began to play and all attention turned to

the dance floor, where Malcolm and Tilly were frugging to their special song,

brown-Eyed Girl, twisting rheumatically at the hips, four thumbs held aloft.

p.280

30. Because it‘s Saturday peak-viewing time, he inevitably sees Suki Meadows‘

face beaming out at him, live from TV Centre where she is bellowing the

lottery results at a waiting nationp.306

31. ―You weren‘t even faithful to me, for fuck‘s sake, you were usually off fucking

some runner or waitress or whatever so I don‘ know where you get off now,

…, quite frankly, pretty shitty for me.‖ p.316

32. Draping Jasmine over his shoulder, banging against door jambs on the way, he

runs down the kitchen where three large cardboard boxes temporarily hold all

his CDs until the shelves are up. p.318

Universitas Sumatera Utara 33. He flushed the toilet for effect, washed his hands and dried them on his hair,

then stepped back out onto the pavement, where Emma was just closing the

book. p.332

34. ―Julie Criscoll‘s what they call a franchise. That‘s where the money‘s at

apparently. Got to have a franchise! And we‘re talking to TV people. For a

show. An animated kid‘s show, based on my illustrations. p.337

35. Eventually they turned down a quiet side street and came to what looked like a

garage door where Emma punched a code into a panel and pressed against the

heavy gate with her shoulder. p.338

36. ―We‘re taking you to the very restaurant where we first met! The famous

bistro! We‘re going to sit there at the same table and hold hands and tell you

about it! It‘s all going to be very, very romantic.‖ p.346

37. The café would be the kind of place where people came to ostentatiously write

their novels. p.357

38. For the first time in many years he is more or less where he wants to be. p.358

39. ―See over there? That‘s where my sister got bitten by a dog.‖ p.364

40. Still restless, he slid from the bed, pulled on some clothes and stepped quietly

downstairs to the kitchen, where he rewarded himself with a glass of wine and

wondered what they were supposed to do now. p.368

41. Then there was the widow‘s peak, particularly noticeable now after a shower;

two parallel byways gradually widening and making their way to the crown of

his head, where the two paths would one day meet and it would all be over.

p.371

Universitas Sumatera Utara 42. Then she thinks of Dexter, sheltering from the rain on the steps of the new

house, looking at his watch, impatient; he‘ll wonder where I am, she thinks. p.

384 – 385

43. ―Oxfordshire. That‘s where my parents live. Most of the time anyway.‖ p.390

44. He takes his bottle of champagne – a Polish brand that comes in a pail of tepid

water – and two plastic glasses, carrying them to a black velvet booth where he

lights a cigarette and starts to drink in earnest. p.397

45. Dealing with drunks is a part of the job but this one is plainly weird, … and a

great length about some driver not looking where he was going, a court case

that she can‘t understand and can‘t be bothered to understand. p.398

46. But then I met this girl in a shop where I was working and for our first date I

took her to see me do some stand-up comedy. p.401

47. This was where he had kissed her for the first time. p.419

48. But neither of them was quite prepared to suggest this, and instead they found a

hollow a short way from the summit where the rocks seemed to provide some

natural furniture, and they settled here and unpacked the rucksack. p.420

49. Remembering the faked phone-call, he realised that he was bound to be caught

in a lie …, his mother wondering where he had been all day, and why he

hadn‘t called, …, wondering how soon she could accept defeat and head home.

p.431

50. Sitting there gazing at Dexter while they asked what her parents did for a

living, where she went to school. p.432

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.1.3 Reason or Cause

1. Clearly he knew he was being looked at because he tucked one hand beneath

his armpit, bunching up his pectorals and biceps. p.6

2. You can‘t throw years of your life away because it makes a funny anecdote.

p.39

3. I read an article about it, it‘s because we never fought in a war or watched too

much television or something. p.43

4. For this part Dexter had stopped seeing Naomi because, he said, it was ‗getting

too intense‘, whatever the hell that meant. p.73

5. A sturdy, honest, utilitarian pair of National Health spectacles showed that you

didn‘t care about silly trivia like looking nice, because your mind was on

higher things. p.83

6. ―If you have to keep something secret, it‘s because you shouldn‘t be doing it in

the first place!‖ p.100

7. The remark is without thought or meaning, but the sentiment seems to move

Tara because she says ‗Aaaaaaaah‘, stands on tip-toe and rests her little elfin

head on his shoulder. p.108

8. ‗I think you‘re amazing,‘ someone says to someone else, but it doesn‘t matter

who, because they‘re all amazing really. p.112

9. He reassures himself with the thought that, as he hasn‘t been to sleep yet, this is

not the first drink of the day, but the last drink of last night. p.117

10. His father sniffs – either with distaste or because he is sniffing his son‘s breath,

and Dexter is not sure which is worse. p.121

11. ―Perhaps they write that because the wine tastes a bit of blackberries and

vanilla?‖ p.144

Universitas Sumatera Utara 12. Forced to raise her voice, Emma could hear it echoing in her head as she spoke

with great passion and force about her new career. p.147

13. Often when Ian was working through his dialects it was because he had

something on his mind that couldn‘t be said in a natural voice. p.184

14. Regretfully he had been obliged to shuffle off some old friends from

University, because after all it wasn‘t 1988 anymore. p.190

15. And Emma had liked her, though she couldn‘t escape the feeling that Suki

treated her as rather quaint, …, as if she were only at the party because she‘d

won the phone-in competition. p.203

16. ―Dexter—― Her voice was hard and sharp. ―—it‘s opaque because it‘s deep-

frozen. It hasn‘t been defrosted.‖ p.205

17. She tried to insist she wasn‘t hungry anymore while Dexter in turn insisted that

she had to have a proper main course because it was free. p.205

18. She works most days as a nurse, which is exhausting, but does an occasional

shift here too because she went to school with the manager and the tips are

incredible if you‘re prepared to flirt a little. p.212

19. He rubs his chin, as if comforting a pet. ―It‘s because I‘ve got too much

testosterone, that‘s all.‖ p.220

20. She smiles because he wants her to smile. p.232

21. I want my best friend back, she thinks, because without him nothing is good

and nothing is right. p.235

22. No time to worry about that now because they are at the corner office, …, and

beyond that a startling panorama from St Paul‘s down to Parliament. p.239

23. Emma stands, smoothes down her skirt because she has seen people do it on

television, and enters the glass box. p.241

Universitas Sumatera Utara 24. He wonders if he sounds big-headed …, but there‘s no chance of that because

the twins are there, ready to shoot him down. p.251

25. She was having a wonderful time, she said, but she didn‘t like to laugh in

company because a part of him felt a little chill at this time, a part of him also

had to admire her commitment. p.253

26. ―That‘s because you don‘t watch cable and satellite. I do a lot of work on cable

and satellite. p.274

27. ―She told me once that she never laughs because she doesn‘t like what it does

to her face. p.285

28. ―No really, it happens all the time, I know it. You‘ll have different priorities,

…, or you‘ll be too tired because you‘ve been up all night—― p.295

29. Because it‘s Saturday peak-viewing time, he inevitably sees Suki Meadow‘s

face beaming out at him, live from TV Centre where she is bellowing the

lottery results at a waiting nation. p.306

30. ―I know, I was thinking about you just now, because I saw you on TV. And

you looked great by the way.‖ p.315

31. She seems to take this in because there‘s a short silence before she speaks

again, her voice a little tight. p.322

32. ―And I would! But even now you can see the fear in her eyes …, it‘s like

Christmas morning every time, because if we‘re not opening presents I don‘t

know what to do with her. p.335

33. ―Hang on a minute – you‘re annoyed because we haven‘t examined her

feelings?‖ p.342

34. ―You‘re annoyed because you think I should have waited for you?‖ p.342

Universitas Sumatera Utara 35. ―Well let me know, won‘t you? Because if you‘re not interested, I might get

someone else in.‖ p.354

36. There were items of clothing that he could barely bring himself to wear now,

fitted shirts and ribbed woolen tops, because you could see them there, like

limpets, girlish and repulsive. p.372

37. He returned the paper, resolving to keep quiet but unable to do so. ―Or maybe

it‘s because people don‘t mind.‖ p.374

38. ―You think Bush invaded because he was worried about the plight of Iraqi

women? Or gays?‖ p.375

39. ―Especially there! I just pretended I didn‘t because it was the thing to do.‖

p.377

40. There was a time, it must have been in the early nineties, when they were

barely able to pass a photo-booth without cramming inside it, because they had

yet to take each other‘s permanent presence for granted. p.381

41. She wants to take off her helmet because people are looking at her now, faces

craning over her … and over again are you alright are you alright. p.384

42. Keep moving and don‘t allow yourself a moment to stop or look around or

think because the trick is to not get morbid, to have fun and see this day, this

first anniversary as – what? p.394

43. In the years he was with Emma he sometimes wondered idly what life would

be like if she weren‘t around; not in a morbid way, just pragmatically,

speculatively, because don‘t all lovers do this? p.405

44. Jeanne Moreau stood over them laughing as they ate an awkward, bowel-

tweaking breakfast: brown toast with soya spread, some kind of aggregate

muesli. p.409

Universitas Sumatera Utara 45. Because the photos were taken by Emma herself she barely features in them,

and he has forgotten many of the other students anyway; she was part of a

different crowd in those days. p.418

46. But at some point she must have handed the camera to Tilly, because there is

finally a sequence Emma by herself, pulling mock-heroic faces in mortar board

and gown, her spectacles perched bookishly on the end of her nose. p.418

47. ―It‘s because I‘ve got no grip on my shoes,‖ he protests, and they keep

climbing, … at the top of Arthur‘s Seat. p.426

48. Perhaps she had the same idea because they really were walking very fast as

they headed down the steep incline of Dundas Street, their elbows occasionally

brushing against each other, the Forth hazy in the distance. p.430

49. The castle was just coming into view when she heard the footsteps, …, she was

smiling, because she knew that it would be him. p.434

50. ―Because I think if you did I‘d go a bit mad.‖ p.435

4.1.4 Manner

1. She got this a lot, posh boys doing funny voices, as if there was something

unusual and quaint about an accent, and not for the first time she felt a

reassuring shiver of dislike for him. p.4

2. It was as if a fire alarm had gone off in the middle of the night and she was

standing on the street with her clothes bundled up in her arms. p.12

3. No lipstick but soft raspberry-coloured lips that she kept tightly closed when

she smiled as if she didn‘t want to show her teeth, … or a fantastic secret joke.

p.14

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. ―But you‘ve got a double-first! What happened to your double-first?‖ her

mother asked daily, as if Emma‘s degree was a super-power that she stubbornly

refused to use. p.20

5. Of course she had spoiled it; getting nervous and drinking too much at dinner,

…, while all the time Dexter regarded her with a look of affectionate

disappointment, as if she were a puppy who had soiled a rug. p.21

6. Even now, as she sat in her washed-out blue summer dress, fishing in her

immense handbag for matches, it seemed as if the life of the Piazza revolved

around her. p.28

7. When Dexter was twelve she had solemnly taken him into the kitchen one night

and in a low voice instructed him how to make a dry martini, as if it were a

solemn rite. p.30

8. ―Well it‘s been a whole year, Dexter. How much holiday do you need? It‘s not

as if you worked yourself ragged at University—― p.32

9. The staff watched him warily, weighing him up as if he were a new arrival on

G-wing. p.37

10. He stared at it as if an intruder had left it behind, and with his new sobriety

came the first twinge of doubt. p.49

11. In the empty staff room, Emma glared at the plate of steaming cheese and corn

chips as if it was an enemy that must be defeated. p.55

12. He was a convert, and with the passion of the new recruit he found himself

getting quite emotional about the medium, as if he had finally found a spiritual

home. p.61

13. Dexter shrugged, as if he didn‘t understand the question. p.66

Universitas Sumatera Utara 14. Now that fame had happened to him it did make a certain sense, as if fame

were a natural extension of being popular at school. p.77

15. Her face in the mirror seemed strange to her now, bare and exposed, as if she

had just removed her spectacles for the last nine months. p.83

16. ―I‘m just saying it‘s not as if we‘ve got any surprises, genitally-speaking.‖ p.88

17. Emma rolled her eyes. ―Of course she‘s bisexual,‖ and Dexter smiled as if

Ingrid‘s bisexuality had been his idea. p.93

18. The enemy, self-consciousness, is creeping up on them and Gibbsy or Biggsy is

the first to crack, declaring that the music is shit and everyone stops dancing

immediately as if a spell has been broken. p.111

19. His nerve-endings have been turned up high and there is unpleasant taste in his

mouth, as if his tongue has been coated with hairspray. p.117

20. Anxiously, he looks around for his sister, or father, as if they had some kind of

qualification that he doesn‘t possess, but they‘re nowhere to be seen. p.127

21. At 7 p.m., Emma takes one last look in the mirror to ensure that it doesn‘t seem

as if she has made any kind of effort. p.135

22. He seemed as if he might cry with gratitude and she felt pleased that she‘d

done it. p.150

23. If Dexter picks up the bill at dinner, or offers to pay for a taxi instead of the

bus, the two of them mumble and mope as if he has insulted them in some way.

p.159

24. He treats the kids, the teachers, the whole comprehensive system as if he were

a missionary who has deigned to walk among them. p.167

25. And now Suki is coughing, red-faced and spluttering as guitars crash over the

speakers, drums pound, go-go dancers writhe …, so that it seems to the viewers

Universitas Sumatera Utara at home as if three hundred young people are cheering an attractive woman as

she stands on scaffolding and retches. p.176

26. London was buzzing and he felt as if this was somehow down to him. p.190

27. With a connoisseur‘s flourish, he settled on twenty Marlboro Lights, and the

Cigarette Girl nodded as if sir had made an excellent choice. p.197

28. Like everyone, he says it as if he doesn‘t believe her. p.223

29. Some time later they lie together on the floor in the same spot, as if they‘ve

been washed up there. p.230

30. There‘s something about being with the Cope family that makes him behave as

if he‘s in a costume drama. p.250

31. The footman took the keys between his finger and thumb as if he‘d been

handed a dead mouse. p.268

32. He took another sip. ―Anyway, it‘s not even as if I was getting invited to any in

the first place, just making a fool of myself, screwing things up.‖ p.285

33. Sometimes it seems as if they have a rota. p.302

34. She is tired of squealing in delight when she sees a baby crawl, as if this was a

completely unexpected development, this ‗crawling‘. p.312

35. The background music fades as if Suki has stepped into some private corner.

p.315

36. ―I mean it‘s not as if you were ever that nice to me, never that interested, you

were off your face most of the time—― p.315

37. Eventually he lowers the phone, stares at it, then shakes his head vigorously as

if he has just slapped. p.316

Universitas Sumatera Utara 38. Then, as if an idea had suddenly occurred to her, she quickly crossed the room

in three long strides, took his face between her hands, and kisses him, …, the

skin bare and cool and still damp from the shower. p.348

39. But he has made the offer, and she feels as if she should offer something in

return. p.355

40. Their friends nodded sagely, sentimentally, as if they had known it all along.

p.356

41. To Sylvie‘s mind there‘s also something sinister and calculating in the fact that

Emma has been promoted from godmother to stepmother, as if she was always

lurking there, circling, waiting to make her move. p.363

42. Sue didn‘t care; to her it seemed as if a long-held fantasy was finally coming

true: her daughter was actually marrying Prince Andrew. p.366

43. As if that wasn‘t enough, a fine, pale fur was appearing around the opening of

his ears and at the bottom of his earlobes; hair that seemed to sprout overnight

like cress, and which served no purpose except to draw attention to the fact that

he was approaching middle age. p.371

44. It was as if the flesh were somehow cleaving from the skeleton, the

characteristic physique of someone whose gym membership had long since

lapsed. p.371

45. ―Why are you so embarrassed about discussing politics?‖ she said calmly, as if

he were a child having a tantrum. p.377

46. Beneath them sit the men, suited mainly, ties undone, slumped on the slippery

booths with heads lolling backwards as if their necks had been crisply snapped:

his people. p.396

Universitas Sumatera Utara 47. ―Well let‘s not then. Let‘s just say that I think the best thing you could do is try

and live your life as if Emma were still here. Don‘t you think that would be the

best?‖ p.408

48. He is woken up by his daughter‘s index finger pressing his nose as if it were a

doorbell. p.424

49. The mother met Emma‘s eyes over her son‘s shoulder and gave an indulgent,

consolatory smile, almost as if she knew. p.431

50. She began walking again, south towards The Mound. ‗Live each day as if it‘s

your last‘, that was the conventional advice, but really, who had the energy for

that? p.433

4.1.5 Purpose or Result

1. I have enclosed a crudely photocopied leaflet so that you can see what a classy

number it really is. p.16

2. Standing on the street she gave him a consoling smile and put her hand in the

short hair at the back of his neck, pulling him down to her height so that their

foreheads were touching. p.35

3. It‘s chucking it down, Em, so loud that I can barely hear the compilation tape

you made me which I like a lot incidentally except for that jangly indie stuff

because after all I‘m not some girl. p.38

4. ―Sort yourself out—― and he tossed the roll across the desk so that it bounced

off Emma‘s chest. p.54

5. She knocked his elbow away so that he fell back onto the grass. p.66

Universitas Sumatera Utara 6. He began to apply the lotion, his face so close that she could feel his breath on

her neck, while he could feel the heat reflecting off her skin, …, those

prohibiting Flirtation and Physical Modesty. p.85

7. ―I‘m not scared of her, I‘m just not going to do it so that we can say that we‘ve

done it.‖ p.100

8. It‘s such a great little bicep that he is moved to kiss it. p.108

9. She‘s so small and neat that she reminds him of a little wren, but he can‘t

summon up the word ‗wren‘ … ,‖What‘s the name of that tiny bird that fits in a

matchbox?‖ p.109

10. ..., but he can‘t summon up the word ‗wren‘ so he takes hold of her hands, pulls

her towards him, shouts in her ear, ‖What‘s the name of that tiny bird that fits

in a matchbox?‖ p.109

11. And she nods, either in agreement or to the music, her heavy eyelids fluttering

now, pupils dilated, …, is unable for a moment to make sense of anything, so

that when Tara takes his hands and squeezes them … because they‘re lovely

too, he doesn‘t disagree. p.109

12. Blackbirds are singing on Coldharbour Lane and he has the sensation, so vivid

that it is almost an hallucination, that he is entirely hollow; empty, like an

easter egg. p.113

13. Tara the masseuse has created a great twisted knot of tension between his

shoulders, the music has stopped, …, so Dexter disentangles himself and

crosses to the immense fridge, … you‘d find in a genetics lab. p.113

14. There‘s a brick-sized parcel by the door so that he won‘t forget it, elaborately

wrapped in layers of different coloured tissue paper, and he picks this up, … a

Mazda MRII convertible in racing green. p.118

Universitas Sumatera Utara 15. Noisily, he pulls it close and arranges it outwards so that they are both facing

the view, but he can feel her eyes on him. p.122

16. She is silent, so he‘s forced to add, ―What did you think?‖ p.124

17. Obediently he enters the room, and sits, so that their hips are touching. p.131

18. He wants to see Emma Morley so that he might confess his sins, but she‘s on a

date. p.136

19. On the way to the pub he had changed sides on the pavement so that she

wouldn‘t get hit by a runaway bus – a weirdly old-fashioned gesture …, that it

was the best of the ‗Dead‘ trilogy. p.140

20. That was how he grinned at her now, in the restaurant, standing with such

enthusiasm that he knocked the table with his thighs, spilling tap water onto

the complimentary olives. p.141

21. They split the bill two ways as promised and on the way out Ian pulled the door

open, sharply kicking the bottom so that it gave the illusion of having hit him

in the face. p.150

22. She sat to kiss him, but her best bra had rucked up so that the underwiring was

digging into her armpit. p.152

23. He has sat at the tiny kitchen table of her tiny earls Court flat and played a

game of Trivial Pursuit so savagely competitive that it was like bare-knuckle

boxing. p.158

24. Eventually Sonya lets go and steps back, her eyes moistening now that the rage

is leeching away, replaced by wounded pride. p.165

25. Copies of the magazine were accidentally scattered round the flat, so that

guests might casually stumble upon it. p.189

Universitas Sumatera Utara 26. A sleek handsome man in absurd naval epaulettes told them their table would

be ten minutes so they pushed their way to the cocktail lounge where another

faux naval man was busy juggling bottles. p.195

27. Suddenly a tall woman stood over her in a leopard-skin corset, stockings and

suspenders, her appearance so sudden and startling that Emma gave a little

yelp as her martini sloshed over her wrist. p. 196

28. The remark was so belligerent and sour that Emma visibly winced, and Dexter

seemed a little taken aback too, hiding his face in the wine list. p.200

29. But she was tumbling on, through the swing doors now, pushing them closed

behind her so that the metal edge cracked him sharply on the knee. p.207

30. A moment, then she puts her glass out of reach so that she won‘t be tempted to

throw it. p.229

31. A silence hangs in the air as she lowers the venetian blinds then adjusts them so

that the exterior office is obscured. p.242

32. He whimpers and she laughs then lets go of his lips so that it snaps back like a

rollerblind. p.254

33. Somewhere in the house right now her parents are tearing him to pieces and he

realizes, appallingly, that he has a sudden desire to laugh. p.262

34. ―Oh, Dexter. That‘s amazing! Congratulations!‖ and she went to kiss his cheek

just as he turned his head, their mouths glancing for a moment so that they

tasted the champagne on each other‘s lips. p.288

35. But now he finds himself in an off-licence, and there seems to be so much great

stuff here and it all looks so nice that it seems silly not to take advantage.

p.307

Universitas Sumatera Utara 36. Jasmine‘s crying is reaching the peak of its first cycle, so he stands suddenly

and hurls the phone against the wall where it leaves a black scratch mark on the

Farrow and Ball. p.316

37. And he was kissing her again, clumsily pressing too hard as she leant

backwards over the kitchen table, which suddenly juddered noisily across the

floor, so that she had to twist away at the waist to stop the vase of roses falling.

p.340

38. She sat motionless and erect and rather elegant, as if waiting for someone to

come and zip the dress up, …, something so intimate and satisfying about that

simple gesture, both familiar and new, that he almost stepped straight into the

room. p.347

39. Emma smiles, a little embarrassed, as if to say ‗what can I do?‘ and Sylvie

smiles back, a smile so stiff and unnatural that it‘s surprising she doesn‘t have

to use her fingers. p.361

40. Small and dark, it had that holiday cottage smell, air-freshener and stale

cupboards, and seemed to have retained the winter‘s chill in its thick stone

walls, so that even on blazing July day it felt chilly and damp. p.364

41. He set to work in earnest, switching the font from Courier to Arial to Times

New Roman and back again, …, adjusting the paragraphs and margins so that

it looked more substantial. p.369

42. ―Did we? All I remember about those golden days is a lot of people showing-

off, men mostly, banging on about feminism so that they could get into some

girl‘s knickers. p.377

Universitas Sumatera Utara 43. The rain became heavier, oily drops of brown city water, and Emma rode

standing on the pedals with her head lowered so that she was only vaguely

aware of a blur of movement in the side road to her left. p.384

44. He says this, slurs this to his friends who smile at him a little weakly and sip at

their drinks so slowly that he begins to regret bringing them along. p.394

45. Dexter feels the party disintegrating around him but he doesn‘t have the energy

to fight it, so he stops the cab in King‘s Cross and sets them free. p.395

46. The large family house has gradually closed down room by room, so that now

his father occupies just the kitchen, living room and his bedroom, but even so it

is still too large for him. p.405

47. It smelt of sweat and cigarettes so he put the suit jacket on too, to hold the

odour in, then squeezed tooth-paste onto his index finger and polished his teeth.

p.409

48. Now he hears the ice creak beneath him, and so intense and panicking is the

sensation that he has to stand for a moment, press his hands to his face and

catch his breath. p.416

49. All over the country it has poured daily for weeks now, …, and the summer has

seemed so unique that it might almost be a new kind of season. p.425

50. She wanted one more night at least, so that they could finish what they had

started. p.429

4.1.6 Condition

1. ―Course if it‘s any consolation we‘ll all be dead in a nuclear war long before

then!‖ she said brightly, but still he was frowning at her. p.7

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. He wanted to live life in such a way that if a photograph were taken at random,

it would be a cool photograph. p.9

3. If he left now he would probably never see this face again, except perhaps at

some terrible reunion in ten years‘ time. p.14

4. ―Tradition. If it rains today it‘ll rain for the next forty days, or all summer, or

something like that.‖ p.15

5. She keeps asking me how old I am really and telling me I look tired or that if I

got contact lenses I could actually be quite pretty, which I adore of course. p.18

6. ―It would be good if you were prepared for that. It would do you good to be

better equipped.‖ p.34

7. You‘re gorgeous, you old hag, and if I could give you just one gift ever for the

rest of your life it would be this. p.42

8. Emma and Ian crossed to a notice board where she pointed out a laminated sign

that showed what to do if someone choked on their food, ‗as well they might‘.

p.43

9. If the worst comes to the worst, I‘ll lock you in your room at nights. p.46

10. And if you really want you can pay me back when you‘re a famous playwright,

or when the poetry-money kicks in or whatever. p.47

11. ―Emma, if you don‘t want the job, just say, but I have been doing it for four

years now—― p.54

12. Like some overcrowded party, no one had noticed her arrival, and no one

would notice if she left. p.56

13. He knew that he was a decent amateur, probably always would be, …, and he

wasn‘t sure if struggle suited him. p.61

Universitas Sumatera Utara 14. It was a nice mouth as she remembered, and if she were fearless, bold and

asymmetrical like this Naomi girl she would lean over now and kiss him, …,

that is never initiated kiss. p.65

15. What might happen if she were to do it now? p.65

16. ―Looks like she‘s trying to fit his entire head into her mouth. She‘ll dislocate

her jaw if she‘s not careful.‖ p.67

17. Yes, he really should pay Emma more attention, and he would do it too if he

didn‘t have so much happening at present. p.69

18. ―You know, Em, if you‘re still single when you‘re forty, I‘ll marry you.‖ p.69

19. They turned back to the sky, shading into night now and after a moment she

said, ―Actually my career took a bit an upturn today if you must know.‖ p.70

20. ―—who is keeping her clothes on! If you‘re so desperate to tan your bits, fine,

go ahead. Now can we change the subject?‖ p.88

21. ―Well I haven‘t. If I close my eyes I can picture you right now, silhouetted

against the morning light, your discarded dungarees splayed provocatively on

the Habitat dhurri—― p.89

22. Rule Four required that Dexter go and stand on the balcony while she dried

herself … he found that if he kept his sunglasses on and turned his head just so,

he could see her reflection in the glass door as she struggled to rub lotion onto

the low parabola of her newly tanned back. p.90

23. If she was too scared to swim without a costume how could she ever be

expected to tell a man that she wanted to kiss him? p.97

24. ―And I‘m not going to do it if the first thing you say afterwards is please don’t

tell anyone or let’s forget it ever happened.‖ p.100

Universitas Sumatera Utara 25. If the interview goes well today she will have a job teaching English and

Drama, subjects that she knows and loves. p.116 – 117

26. If the barman recognizes him he doesn‘t say, and Dexter takes a glass in each

hand, walks to a table and drinks in silence with the gift-wrapped package in

front of him, a little parcel of gaiety in the grim room. p. 119 – 120

27. ―Dexter, if you ever come and see your mother in this state again, I swear, I

will not let you into the house. I will not let you through our door. I will close

the door in your face. I mean this.‖ p.135

28. ―Emma‘s out. And not that kind of company. You know what I mean. The fact

is, if I don‘t touch another human being tonight I think I actually might die.‖

p.154

29. ―If he wasn‘t it wouldn‘t make the slightest bit of difference, because I love

you.‖ p.187

30. She would tell all to this man if he asked, but he doesn‘t, so at two minutes to

midnight on St Swithin‘s Day, she excuses herself — got to get back to work,

no I can‘t go to the party, ………… — and leaves the man alone at the bar,

ordering another drink. p.213

31. ―If you don‘t mind, could you tell me why you‘re not at this very important

meeting today?‖ p.246

32. If he was twenty-three again he would feel confident and charming and self-

assured, but he has lost the knack somehow and his mood darkens as the bottle

empties. p.258

33. Like a shamed schoolboy, he feels as if he won‘t sleep, unless he gets some

further reassurance. p.261

Universitas Sumatera Utara 34. ―Do you remember you used to say if I was still single when I got to forty

you‘d marry me?‖ p.287

35. ―Actually there‘s a whole gang of us in here. We‘re going to give it another

fifteen minutes, then we‘re going to dig a tunnel, and if that doesn‘t work we‘re

going to eat someone.‖ p.291

36. ―Sometimes. But then you look at some of the idiots who manage to raise kids.

I keep telling myself, if Miffy Buchanan can do it, how hard can it be? p.293

37. ―If she doesn‘t like it, there‘s some ready-made jars in the cupboard, but

they‘re only for emergencies.‖ p.304

38. He looks at the glass, almost ritualistically, then drains it, and thinks: not

drinking would be so much easier if it wasn‘t so delicious. p.307

39. If she had some language, he‘d be able to explain: Jasmine, it is necessary for

both of us to have some private time. p.309

40. When it happens, if it happens, she will adore the child, remark on its tiny

hands and even the smell of its scrofulous little head. p.313

41. ―And if none of that works, you‘ve always got that low two-two in

Anthropology to fall back on. p.334 – 335

42. ―How do you know, unless we give it a try?‖ p.344

43. If he is famous now it is only locally, and only for his selection of herbal teas,

but he‘s still a mild heartthrob to the flushed young mums …, and in a small

way he is almost, almost a success again. p.358

44. Unless they found somewhere soon they would have to rent, and all this

brought its tensions and anxieties. p.373

45. If someone asked Emma, as they sometimes did at parties, how she and her

husband had met, she told them, ―We grew up together.‖ p.382

Universitas Sumatera Utara 46. If they had stayed awake, they might still have been kissing now, but instead it

was all over and she found herself saying, ―How long will that take then? To

Oxfordshire?‖ p.390

47. ―I intend to die in my own house if you don‘t mind,‖ he says, a line of

argument that‘s too emotive to counter. p.406

48. And if we bump into each other sometime in the future at a party or something,

then that‘s fine too. p.422

49. Remembering the faked phone-call, he realised that he was bound to be caught

in a lie unless he got them into the flat as quickly as possible, …, wondering

how soon she could accept defeat and head home. p.431

50. If she had wanted to come in she could have, but ‗see you around, maybe?

p.432

4.1.7 Concession or Contrast

1. In his last four years he had seen any number of rooms like this, dotted round

the city like crime scenes, …, and though he‘d rarely seen the same bedroom

twice, it was all too familiar. p.8

2. ―Of course. If you want to,‖ he said gallantly, though in truth he had never

really seen the point of cuddling. p.11

3. Her chin was soft and a little plump, though perhaps that was just puppy-fat.

p.14

4. So I think it‘s worthwhile even if you think I‘m wasting my time. p.17

5. But he‘s nice and serious about the work, though he did cry a lot in rehearsals,

which I thought it was a bit much. p.17

Universitas Sumatera Utara 6. ―Emma Morley. I liked her. Your father liked her too, even if she did call him a

bourgeois fascist.‖ p.31

7. I‘ve been trying to read the books you gave me at Easter too, though I have to

admit I‘m finding Howards End quite heavy-going. p.38

8. And you are also a very attractive woman. And yes I do mean sexy as well,

though I feel a bit sick of writing it down. p.42

9. Even though it was intended for someone else, she felt an automatic thrill of

anticipation at the red and white trim of the air-mail envelope. p.50

10. Ingrid was the kind of sexually confident girl who wore her bra on top of her

shirt, and although she was by no means threatened by Emma or indeed by

anyone on this earth, it had been decided by all parties that it might be better to

get a few things straight before the swimwear was unveiled, the cocktails were

drunk. p.74

11. Dexter had never consciously set out to be famous, though he had always

wanted to be successful, and what saw the point of being successful in private?

p.77

12. ―I look terrible,‖ she said as a reflex, though perhaps she didn‘t. p.80

13. Not that she cared, though she did wonder, as her dress passed over her head, if

she had caught his eyes flickering in her direction. p.84

14. The club is expensive and supposedly upmarket, though Dexter rarely pays for

anything these days. p.110

15. He is taken aback by this sudden rush of love he feels for Emma, end he

decides to get in a cab to Earls Court and tell her how great she is, …, and if

none of that works, even if they just sit up and talk, at least it will be better than

being alone tonight. p.111

Universitas Sumatera Utara 16. For three fraught days they commented endlessly on London‘s ethnic mix and

the cost of a cup of tea, and although they didn‘t actually express their

approval of her new lifestyle at least her mother no longer suggests that she

come back to Leeds to work for the Gas Board. p.116

17. He has met the band‘s lead singer, has interviewed him several times, and

though he wouldn‘t go so far as to call him a friend, he knows the guy who

plays the congas pretty well … as they sing about the emergency on a planet

earth. p.118

18. ―It‘s fun, the whole point is the guys love them even though they‘re … not

conventionally attractive, that‘s the whole point, it‘s fun!‖ p.124

19. ―We‘re not arguing, we‘re discussing,‖ he says, though he knows that they are

arguing. p.125

20. Dexter‘s mouth is open, though there are no words. p.135

21. Although the situation was unusual for her, she recognized this as a classic

date restaurant – just expensive enough, …, the kind of place where they put

rocket on the pizzas. p.140

22. The last ten months had been spent working hard at something she believed in,

and though some of the teaching placements had been frankly terrifying, she

was clear-sighted enough to realize she was good at it. p.145

23. At her interview this afternoon they had obviously felt the same way, the

headmaster nodding and smiling in approval, and though she didn‘t dare say it

out loud, she knew that she had the job. p.145

24. He talks in a low, pained voice and even though Emma thinks Ian is terrific

there‘s something about the word ‗tummy‘ that makes her want to close the

door sharply on his face. p.156

Universitas Sumatera Utara 25. ―Sonya, please, don‘t!‖ she says, though a little part of her thinks that Sonya

has a valid point about Martin Dawson. p.167

26. It was impossible to argue with the sheer volume of friends, even if he wasn‘t

sure he actually liked all of them. p.190

27. A VAT-registered man in possession of a modem and a mini-disk player, a

famous girlfriend and many, …, he owned a fridge full of premium cider and a

bathroom full of multi-bladed razors, and though he disliked cider and the

razors gave him a rash, life was pretty good here, … of the most exciting city

on earth. p.190

28. ―It was hysterical,‖ he said, though in truth he couldn‘t bring himself to watch.

p.193

29. ―Of course I‘d write it myself!‖ he said, though he had been assured that the

column would be heavily ghosted. p.199

30. ―I really like Suki,‖ she said, though she had met her only once, at an

intimidating Studio 54-themed part in a private club in Hoxton. p.203

31. And Emma had liked her, though she couldn‘t escape the feeling that Suki

treated her as rather quaint, … because she‘d won the phone-in competition.

p.203

32. ―Where are you off to again?‖ she asks, even though she knows. p.223

33. ―Some of the stories are quite good, by the way.‖ ―Thank you. Though they

were meant to be private.‖ p.231

34. ―For being a big personality,‖ and even though they are the only people in the

lift, Stephanie Shaw drops her voice into a whisper. p.237

35. Emma squeaks a reply, yes, that‘s right twelve-thirty, though technically it was

meant to be twelve-fifteen. p.242

Universitas Sumatera Utara 36. And although a part of him felt a little chill at this, a part of him also had to

admire her commitment. p.253

37. ―—even if it was just I wish Dexter could see this or where’s Dexter now? or

Christ, that Dexter, what an idiot, you know what I mean, and seeing you

today, well, I thought I‘d got you back – my best friend.‖ p.294

38. Suki is wealthy now and even more bubbly and famous and loved by the

public, and even though they never got on and had nothing in common, he

feels nostalgia for his old girlfriend, … when his photo was in the papers. p.306

39. And then it‘s The Smiths, There is a Light That Never Goes Out, and though

he never particularly cared for The Smith he continues to bob around, head

down, twenty again, drunk at a student disco. p.320

40. ―I thought we‘d go for a coffee first, near the canal. It‘s a fifteen-minute walk,

is that alright? Then another fifteen minutes to my flat. I have to warn you

though, it‘s nothing special. I case you‘re imagining parquet floors … or

something.‖ p.328

41. He could feel the blood pumping in his chest, though perhaps this was just

from the long climb. p.339

42. He is working again in his own business, though business feels a little too

high-powered a word at present for this little delicatessen-café on a residential

street between Highgate and Archway p.355 – 356

43. ―No, though I worked in a Mexican restaurant once.‖ p.361

44. And they did have fun, though it was of a different kind now. p.380

45. She is slight with bony arms and small breasts which he stares at baldly,

though she doesn‘t seem to mind. p.397

Universitas Sumatera Utara 46. ―Aren‘t you going to ask what it‘s the anniversary of?‖ he says, though he

must be slurring his speech pretty badly because she asks him to repeat it three

times. p.398

47. The photo was taken on a drunken, amorous evening after watching Titanic in

French on a black and white TV, and even though he found the photograph

beautiful, she had snatched it from him and insisted that she would destroy it.

p.417

48. Even if they did see each other it would be fleeting and formal, and he would

soon forget everything that had happened in that small rented room in the early

hours of the morning. p. 428 – 429

49. That was her general theory, even if she hadn‘t made a very good start of it.

p.433

50. ―Why? What do you want to do?‖ she asked, though she knew the answer.

p.435

4.1.8 Comparison

1. Candy was nice too, much nicer than you made out. p.39

2. ―Em, you could be mining uranium with your teeth and that would be fine as

long as you were happy. p.70

3. The show itself was less issue-based than other shows he had worked on, really

just a series of live bands, videos exclusives …, all he really did was look at the

camera and shout make some noise! p.77

4. She opened it on the first blank page and tried to think of something she could

write, some insight or observation other than that everything was fine. p.81

Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. A week of lying next to Dexter in Speedos would be more uncomfortable than

she could bear. p.84

6. ―It‘s a lot busier than I expected,‖ said Emma. p.101

7. Old-fashioned notions of a.m. and p.m. have become obsolete and Dexter is

seeing a lot more dawns than he once used to. p.107

8. She used to pride herself on her refusal to see two sides of an argument, but

increasingly she accepts that issues are more ambiguous and complicated than

she once thought. p.115

9. Either she is heavier than he expected … p.127

10. ... or he is weaker than he thought, and he bumps her shoulder against the stair

post, then readjusts, turning sideways, as he starts to climb the stairs. p.127

11. His head still hurts, his eyes are somehow gummed shut, there‘s a metallic taste

in his mouth, and he is parched and hungrier than he has ever been before.

p.130

12. And yet despite all this – the love of ultra-violence and salty foods, the mustard

on his chin – Emma had enjoyed herself more than she had expected. p.140

13. As he talked, she scrutinised his face and decided that he was definitely more

attractive than he used to be; looking at him she no longer thought of tractors.

p.145

14. I like my job and I‘m bloody good at it and it‘s much much harder than people

think. p.163

15. ―You ignore him, he‘s just jealous cause you‘re better at this than he is.‖ p.174

16. Recently she had been eating more pepperoni than she had ever thought

possible, and there was the result; a little pot belly. p.192

17. ―I don‘t like it anymore than you do.‖ p.218

Universitas Sumatera Utara 18. ―Well,‖ says Marsha, ―I have to say, your English is much better than I

expected.‖ p.243

19. But the single most striking thing about Sylvie is that he likes her much more

than she likes him. p.252

20. But the prospect of Sylvie, stern and rosy-cheeked in a wetsuit with her hair

tied back, is almost more than he can bear. p.253

21. ―It‘s a wonderful, wonderful parlour game!‖ says Helen, more animated than

she has been all evening. p.255

22. Murray beats Sam, then Lionel beats Murray, then Lionel gets beaten by Helen,

and it‘s all very convivial and jolly, …, all much jollier than when it was

Dexter out there getting clubbed around the face with what felt like a length of

scaffolding. p.258

23. The lipstick was redder and more sultry than she felt she could carry off, and

the small amount of powder she had applied to her cheeks now looked garish

and absurd, like something from a Restoration comedy. p.265

24. ―Even so, you look much better than you did.‖ p.277

25. Emma laughed, and walked a little further in silence, worrying that she was

coming across as less self-contained and empowered than she had intended.

p.286

26. It was a momentous year for the Mayhew family, yet Dexter found himself

enjoying nest-building far less than he had thought. p.298

27. Then there‘s a boring twenty-minute walk back to the terrace of Victorian

houses that are all much, much bigger on the inside than they appear on the

outside, until he is at home at The House of Colic. p.301

Universitas Sumatera Utara 28. Breathing through his mouth, he changes her as quickly and efficiently as he

can. p.308

29. The trick is not to make Jasmine sleep, the trick is to try and keep her awake,

and to this end they‘re going to have a party, just the two of them, better by far

than any night-club Hoxton can offer. p.318

30. He cranks up the Fisher Price train as loud as it will go. p.320

31. The only way she could make the idea seem less hokey was to settle as far

away as she could from tourist Paris, in the working-class 19th arrondissement

on the border of Bellevile and Menilmontant. p.329

32. And now the place has become fashionable, albeit in a more sedate,

domesticated way than he is used to. p.358

33. She is also ten years younger than he is – he imagines Emma rolling her eyes

at this – but she is wise and smart and has been through her own share of

unhappiness: an early divorce, various unhappy relationships. p.414

34. The fact that she kept the Polaroid and secreted it away should please him,

suggesting as it does that Emma liked the photo more than she let on. p.417

35. His parents stayed here once, for his graduation, and it‘s little more old-

fashioned and expensive than he would like, but he thought that if they‘re

going to do this, they should do it in some style. p.424

36. After all, things happened faster than Dexter would have liked. p.431

4.2 Research Findings

From the analyzed data, the writer found 1190 sentences using subordinating conjunctions. There are 490 sentences (41,18%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as time, 75 sentences (6,30%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as

Universitas Sumatera Utara place, 130 sentences (10,93%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as reason or cause, 100 sentences (8,40%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as manner, 74 sentence (6,21%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as purpose or result, 219 sentences (18,40%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as condition, 66 sentences (5,55%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as concession, and 36 sentences (3,03%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as comparison. The use of subordinating conjunctions in the novel One Day can be seen in tables below:

Table of the occurances of each usages

Percentage Percentage No Usage Elements Occurances Total (%) (%)

When 221 18,60% 490 41,18%

Until 25 2,10%

While 89 7,47%

Since 37 3,10% 1. Time Before 34 2,90%

As 57 4,78%

After 23 1,93%

Whenever 4 0,33%

2. Place Where 75 6,30% 75 6,30%

Reason or Because 126 10,58% 130 10,93% 3. Cause As 4 0,33%

4. Manner As if 100 8,40% 100 8,40%

Universitas Sumatera Utara So that 43 3,61% 74 6,21% Purpose or 5. That 23 1,94% Result So 8 0,67%

If 214 18,00% 219 18,40% 6. Condition Unless 5 0,42%

Though 44 3,70% 66 5,55%

Even if 10 0,84% Concession 7. Even or Contrast 7 0,58% though

Although 5 0,42%

Than 27 2,26% 36 3,03%

As…..as 4 0,33%

8. Comparison More 4 0,33% than

Less than 1 0,08%

TOTAL 1190 100% 1190 100%

Based on the table of the occurances of each usages above, the writer found the result of entire numbers of subordinating conjunction found in One Day novel.

The list of data shows the frequency and the percentages of each usage of subordinating conjunction.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Table of Frequency and Percentage of Subordinating Conjunctions

Percentage No Usage Frequency (%)

1. Time 490 41,18%

2. Condition 219 18,40%

3. Reason or Cause 130 10,93%

4. Manner 100 8,40%

5. Place 75 6,30%

6. Purpose or Result 74 6,21%

7. Concession or Contrast 66 5,55%

8. Comparison 36 3,03%

Total 1190 100%

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the usage of Time in subordinating conjunction is the most dominant usage from the One Day novel. The percentage for time is 41,18%. The usage of Comparison in subordinate conjunction is the less dominant usage from the One Day novel. the percentage for comparison is 3,03%.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

Having finished analyzing subordinating conjunctions in the novel One Day, the writer comes to a conclusion that the novel is colorful with the use of subordinating conjunctions. Furthermore all types of subordinating conjunctions

(time, place, reason or cause, manner, purpose or result, condition, concession or contrast, and comparison) are found in this novel.

There are 1190 sentences using subordinating conjunctions. There are 490 sentences (41,18%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as time, 75 sentences

(6,30%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as place, 130 sentences (10,93%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as reason or cause, 100 sentences (8,40%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as manner, 74 sentence (6,21%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as purpose or result, 219 sentences

(18,40%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as condition, 66 sentences

(5,55%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as concession, and 36 sentences

(3,03%) subordinating conjunctions functioning as comparison.

The most frequent use of subordinating conjunction in this novel is subordinating conjunction functioning as time. As we can see from the table in chapter IV, the frequency of subordinating conjunction functioning as time in this novel is 41,18% (490 sentences).

5.2 Suggestions

Because of the limited knowledge and references, some important matters of subordinating conjunctions are probably not described in this thesis. Furthermore,

Universitas Sumatera Utara development is so rapid that the linguistic situation described here may be materially altered in a few years time. Therefore, any good and constructive criticisms and suggestion from the readers are accepted.

There is a hope that this thesis will be useful to readers, especially for those who learn English, to broaden their knowledge about English grammar.

Universitas Sumatera Utara REFERENCES

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Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspect of the Theory of Syntax. Combridge: Massachusseth The M.J.T. Press. Djajasudarma, Fatimah. 1993. Metode Linguistik Ancangan Metode Penelitian dan Kajian. Jakarta: Refika Aditama. Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. J, J. Lamberts. 1972. A Short Introduction to English Usage. United States of America: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Jeffers, J. Robert., and Lehiste, Ilse. 1979. Priciple and Methods for Historical Linguistics. USA: The MIT Press.

Larsen, Diane. 2003. Teaching Language: From Grammar To Grammaring. Canada: Thomas Corporation.

Latif, Muhammad Adnan. 1995. English Syntax: Analisis Kalimat Dengan Pendekatan Struktural dan Transformational. Surabaya: Karya Abditama.

Roberts, Paul. 1958. Understanding English. New York: Harper.

Saussure, Ferdinand. 1993. Pengantar Linguistik Umum. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. Thomas, L. 1993. Beginning Syntax. USA: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Thomson, A.J. and A.V. Martinet. Fourth Edition: A Practical English Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Wren, P.C and Martin, H. 1973. High School English Grammar and Composition. New Delhi: S. Chand.

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