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Big Data in Dental Research and Oral Healthcare Big Data in Dental Research and Oral Healthcare • Tim Joda Big Data in Dental Research and Oral Healthcare Edited by Tim Joda Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Big Data in Dental Research and Oral Healthcare Big Data in Dental Research and Oral Healthcare Editor Tim Joda MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Tim Joda University of Basel Switzerland Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601) (available at: https: //www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special issues/BDIDR). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-0456-8 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-0457-5 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Preface to ”Big Data in Dental Research and Oral Healthcare ” ................... ix Tim Joda, Michael M. Bornstein, Ronald E. Jung, Marco Ferrari, Tuomas Waltimo and Nicola U. Zitzmann Recent Trends and Future Direction of Dental Research in the Digital Era Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1987, doi:10.3390/ijerph17061987 . 1 Christian E. Besimo, Nicola U. Zitzmann and Tim Joda Digital Oral Medicine for the Elderly Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2171, doi:10.3390/ijerph17072171 . 9 Nicola U. Zitzmann, Lea Matthisson, Harald Ohla and Tim Joda Digital Undergraduate Education in Dentistry: A Systematic Review Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3269, doi:10.3390/ijerph17093269 . 15 Sung Eun Choi, Lisa Simon, Jane R. Barrow, Nathan Palmer, Sanjay Basu and Russell S. Phillips Dental Practice Integration Into Primary Care: A Microsimulation of Financial Implications for Practices Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2154, doi:10.3390/ijerph17062154 . 39 Kuofeng Hung, Andy Wai Kan Yeung, Ray Tanaka and Michael M. Bornstein Current Applications, Opportunities, and Limitations of AI for 3D Imaging in Dental Research and Practice Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4424, doi:10.3390/ijerph17124424 . 53 Yoshiaki Nomura, Yoshimasa Ishii, Yota Chiba, Shunsuke Suzuki, Akira Suzuki, Senichi Suzuki, Kenji Morita, Joji Tanabe, Koji Yamakawa, Yasuo Ishiwata, Meu Ishikawa, Kaoru Sogabe, Erika Kakuta, Ayako Okada, Ryoko Otsuka and Nobuhiro Hanada Does Last Year’s Cost Predict the Present Cost? An Application of Machine Leaning for the Japanese Area-Basis Public Health Insurance Database Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 565, doi:10.3390/ijerph18020565 . 71 Maddalena Favaretto, David Shaw, Eva De Clercq, Tim Joda and Bernice Simone Elger Big Data and Digitalization in Dentistry: A Systematic Review of the Ethical Issues Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2495, doi:10.3390/ijerph17072495 . 85 v About the Editor Tim Joda is the Vice Chair, Head of Dental Technology & Digital Dental Solutions, and Director of the Postgraduate Education Program at the Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, of the University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, Switzerland. He is the principle investigator and actively participates in clinical and translational research related to implant workflows and prosthetic treatment concepts in the field of digital dental technologies and e-health data management using AI and ML. vii Preface to ”Big Data in Dental Research and Oral Healthcare ” Digital transformation is a game changer in the present era, and digitalization in oral healthcare is recognized as the key promoter for evidence-based dentistry, improving diagnostics, prevention and therapy protocols. The future direction of dental medicine aims to close the gap between oral and general health by considering patient-centered outcomes and personalized medicine to secure patients’ quality of life. Nevertheless, different data sources and formats without uniform standards and uncertainty related to patient security and privacy inhibit the ubiquitous use of health data to generate medical- and social-added value. In general, the core requirements for clinical research to be efficient, successful, and competitive comprise the establishment of adequate infrastructure, as well as the coordination and harmonization of data flows, including well-trained experts in the interest of society. With the explosion of generated health data, dental medicine is edging into its next stage of digitization using big data and AI technology. Today, the dental profession is facing new challenges for clinical routine work. The most valuable area of interest for AI/ML is diagnostic imaging in dento-maxillofacial radiology for the identification of landmarks, oral pathologies, and automatically generated dental records. In this context, electronic health records are the mandatory door opener to personalized medicine. Moreover, the linkage of patient-level information to population-based citizen cohorts and biobanks provides the required reference of diagnostic and screening cutoffs that could identify new biomarkers and develop predictive models through personalized health research. In addition to technically oriented applications in diagnostics and patient therapy, digitalization will revolutionarily influence the entire field of under- and postgraduate dental education, e.g., e-learning platforms facilitating 24/7 access and simulated motorskill training using AR/VR technology. Recently, COVID-19 has shown that virtual classrooms are a serious alternative to traditional in-person teaching. Digitalization will also have a major impact in helping deal with the complex challenges in oral medicine for the growing elderly population. Digitally optimized operations ensure the efficient utilization of value-based healthcare services with seamless patient experience promoting health economics with balanced costs. However, digital technologies are not available everywhere. There is a growing realization that integrating dental and primary care may provide comprehensive care. Finally, digitalization is raising novel and unpredictable challenges in the biomedical context. Ethical issues related to big data in terms of the systematic collection, sharing, and analysis of patient-specific health data must be discussed and solved considering all stakeholders, such as patients, healthcare providers, university and research institutions, medtech industry, insurance, public media, and state policy. Tim Joda Editor ix International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Letter Recent Trends and Future Direction of Dental Research in the Digital Era Tim Joda 1,*, Michael M. Bornstein 2, Ronald E. Jung 3, Marco Ferrari 4, Tuomas Waltimo 2 and Nicola U. Zitzmann 1 1 Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] (M.M.B.); [email protected] (T.W.) 3 Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Department of Prosthodontics & Dental Material, University School of Dental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-61-267-2630 Received: 4 March 2020; Accepted: 10 March 2020; Published: 18 March 2020 Abstract: The digital transformation in dental medicine, based on electronic health data information, is recognized as one of the major game-changers of the 21st century to tackle present and upcoming challenges in dental and oral healthcare. This opinion letter focuses on the estimated top five trends and innovations of this new digital era, with potential to decisively influence the direction of dental research: (1) rapid prototyping (RP), (2) augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), (3) artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), (4) personalized (dental) medicine, and (5) tele-healthcare. Digital dentistry requires managing expectations pragmatically and ensuring transparency for all stakeholders: patients, healthcare providers, university and research institutions, the medtech industry, insurance, public media, and state policy. It should not be claimed or implied that digital smart data technologies will replace humans providing dental expertise and the capacity for patient empathy. The dental team that controls digital applications remains the key and will continue to play the central role in treating patients. In this context, the latest trend
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