DOCSLIB.ORG

Married in a Frisky Mode: Clandestine and Irregular Marriages in Eighteenth Century Britain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Married in a Frisky Mode: Clandestine and Irregular Marriages in Eighteenth Century Britain MARRIED IN A FRISKY MODE: CLANDESTINE AND IRREGULAR MARRIAGES IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN Summer Smith, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2016 APPROVED: Marilyn Morris, Major Professor Clark Pomerleau, Committee Member Walter Roberts, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History David Holdeman, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Victor Prybutok, Vice Provost of the Toulouse Graduate School Smith, Summer. Married in a Frisky Mode: Clandestine and Irregular Marriages in Eighteenth Century Britain. Master of Arts (History), August 2016, 109 pp., 3 figures, bibliography, 153 titles. The practice of irregular and clandestine marriage ran rampant throughout Britain for centuries, but when the upper class felt they needed to reassert their social supremacy, marriage was one arena in which they sought to do so. The restrictions placed on irregular marriages were specifically aimed at protecting the elite and maintaining a separation between themselves and the lower echelon of society. The political, social, and economic importance of marriage motivated its regulation, as the connections made with the matrimonial bond did not affect only the couple, but their family, and, possibly, their country. Current historiography addresses this issue extensively, particularly in regards to Lord Hardwicke’s Marriage Act of 1753 in England. There is, however, a lack of investigation into other groups that influenced and were influenced by the English approach to clandestine marriage. The Scots, Irish, and British military all factor into the greater landscape of clandestine marriage in eighteenth-century Britain and an investigation of them yields a more complete explanation of marital practices, regulations, and reactions to both that led to and stemmed from Hardwicke’s Act. This explanation shows the commonality of ideas among Britons regarding marriage and the necessity of maintaining endogamous unions for the benefit of the elite. Copyright 2016 by Summer Smith ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapters 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................1 2. COMPARING IRREGULAR AND CLANDESTINE MARRIAGE IN SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND.......................................................................................................16 3. IRREGULAR AND CLANDESTINE MARRIAGE IN THE EARLY MODERN BRITISH MILITARY................................................................................................43 4. IRREGULAR AND CLANDESTINE MARRIAGE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENUTRY IRELAND……………………………………………………………………...……73 5. CONCLUSION………………………..………………………………………………94 BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................................99 iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In May 1782, Sarah Anne Child and John Fane began their journey to the most famous site associated with clandestine marriage in Britain, Gretna Green. Their impending marriage was put in peril when Sarah Anne’s father caught up to the couple and a gunfight ensued between Fane and Robert Child. The altercation would become memorialized by Thomas Rowlandson’s series of etchings depicting the events surrounding the Child-Fane marriage and become a famous example of clandestine marriage in eighteenth-century Britain. Clandestine marriages caused much debate in this era; children wanted to assert their power, parents wanted to retain theirs, and the elite struggled to enact legislation to prevent the popular method of marriage that was threatening their social structure. Matrimony shaped the social scene by allowing prominent families to gain and maintain elite status, so understanding the role of marriage as a social determinant and political tool is crucial to investigating the social hierarchy of Britain. Histories of marriage in Britain often center on England. Politically powerful and culturally influential, it is not surprising that historians would favor this country and its elite in their studies. However, the history of marriage in Britain also requires an investigation into the less popular realms of Ireland and Scotland. Even English histories lack a study of the marriages in marginalized groups, like the military. In order to understand the attitudes toward marriage of these groups and the English, it is necessary to understand the flow of ideas among them. The British military, being a necessarily British rather than English or Scottish institution, provides insight on ideas and regulations that shaped the population of Britain as a whole. Therefore, an investigation of this group lends itself to a better explanation of shared ideas between the two countries. The Anglo elite controlled Ireland, 1 making Irish legislation and regulations a reflection of English ideas even though the country was not technically part of Britain. The Scots not only shared an island, but a monarch and, after 1707, a parliament with the English, making their relationship a close one. With such strong ties between the two nations, an exchange of ideas was inevitable. Together, the three groups form a broader explanation of British ideas about class and status that their respective marital regulations reflect. In this thesis the “elite” will be defined as the titled classes of England, Scotland, and Ireland as well as the commissioned officers of the military, who often originate from the titled classes as well. Due to fluctuating understandings of class in the eighteenth century, at times the very wealthy will also be considered part of the elite group. An examination not only of England, but of these groups on the periphery, leads to a more complete explanation regarding not only English, but British attitudes toward irregular marriage, how to restrict it, and the responses of the public to these restrictions. Historians of gender and the family such as Lawrence Stone and Randolph Trumbach have written a great deal on the history of marriage in England, and rarely do they neglect to mention the Marriage Act of 1753 and its impact on the institution of matrimony.1 However, because they focus on England, these scholars do not endeavor to explore the acts that led to and precipitated from the 1753 Act outside of those applicable to the English peerage. While the Act of 1753 heavily influenced marriage, other legislation and other reactions to clandestine marriage deserve similar exploration for understanding motives and consequences of Hardwicke’s Act, as well as the common British ideas regarding clandestine marriage. For instance, while Rebecca Probert has explicitly shown that the English Parliament enforced the Act out of a desire to 1 Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977); Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York: Academic Press, 1978). 2 control the marital habits of daughters, Leah Leneman has alternatively illustrated the desire to control sons in Scotland. Leneman has also shown the influence of Scottish courts on the Act, arguing that the case of Cochrane v. Campbell was the catalyst of its inception.2 The different, but similar concerns of Scotland and England regarding their children’s susceptibility to clandestine marriages is just one example of the different but similar ways that the Scottish and English contended with this marital issue. R.B. Outhwaite’s study of clandestine marriage does well to cover the history of Parliament’s efforts to make these secret marriages illegal in England, which began well before the Marriage Act finally passed in 1753.3 He not only discusses the legal debates leading up to the Act, but also the debates that led to the Marriage Act of 1836. Christopher Lasch similarly shows English efforts to enact regulations on irregular marriages prior to 1753.4 Rebecca Probert provides an excellent legal history that explains not only Hardwicke’s Act but also other legal issues regarding marriage law in Britain.5 However, a study of clandestine marriage in Britain that examines regulations enacted in Ireland or in the British military is in order, as these regulations are certainly linked to the English acts. The overviews of marriage Stone and Trumbach published in the late 1970s focused on England’s 1753 act. Scholars have started to develop the longer durée of marriage law 2 Rebecca Probert, “Control over Marriage in England and Wales, 1753-1823: The Clandestine Marriages Act of 1753 in Context,” Law and History Review 27, no. 2 (2009): 413- 450; Leah Leneman, “Marriage north of the border,” History Today 50, no. 4 (2000): 20-25; Leneman, “The Scottish Case That Led to Hardwicke’s Marriage Act,” Law and History Review 17, no. 1 (1999): 161-169. 3 R.B. Outhwaite, Clandestine Marriage in England 1500-1850 (London: The Hambledon Press, 1995). 4 Christopher Lasch, “The Suppression of Clandestine Marriage in England: The Marriage Act of 1753,” Salmagundi 26 (1974): 90-109. 5 Rebecca Probert, Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009). 3 enforcement in England and how rationales differed in Scotland and Wales. In this thesis I will continue that trajectory by drawing together the Scottish, Irish, and British military’s responses to clandestine marriage that precipitated Hardwicke’s Act. In showing the relationship between this 1753 Act and other responses to the Act,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Historical Analysis of the Voidability of Contracts in The
    An Historical Analysis of the Voidability of Contracts in the Long Eighteenth Century: Control vs. Protection Kate Hunter, LLB (Hons) Lancaster University June 2018 This thesis is submitted to fulfil the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work, and has not been submitted for the award of a higher degree at any other university. Elements of Chapter Six have been presented at the Society for Legal Scholars Conference (York, 2015) and Chapter Four has been presented as a conference paper at the Arts & Humanities Postgraduate Research Conference (Stirling, 2018). Kate Hunter i Acknowledgments Firstly, I wish to thank Dr Richard Austen-Baker for his continued support and guidance as Supervisor for this thesis, and whose genuine enthusiasm for the historical aspects as well as the law has provided a constant source of motivation. To Professor David Campbell, for his advice and direction, and particular thanks to other members of the Law School, notably Professor Alisdair Gillespie and Dr Siobhan Weare for allowing me to gain valuable experience and undertake opportunities alongside my PhD. The support of the staff generally within the Law School has been invaluable and I am most grateful to all that Lancaster has given me both during my PhD and earlier, as an undergraduate student. Additionally, thank you to Lonsdale College staff and porters, for providing great support and encouragement, particularly in my final year as an Assistant Dean. I wish also to thank my friends, for always providing a listening ear and the best advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorials of the Browns of Fordell, Finmount and Vicarsgrange
    wtmx a m 11 Jinmamt, mb MwTftfytanQL Sra National Library of Scotland *B000069914* / THE BROWISTS OF FORDELL. : o o y MEMORIALS OF THE BROWNS OF FORDELL FINMOUNT AND VICARSGRANGE BY ROBERT RIDDLE STODART AUTHOR OF "SCOTTISH ARMS," ETC. V EDINBURGH ~ Privately Printed by T.& A. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty at the University Press MDCCCLXXXVII Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from National Library of Scotland http://www.archive.org/details/memorialsofbrownOOstod . y^u *c ' ?+s ^^f ./ - > Co m? Iftingffolft THE DESCENDANTS OF MR. JOHN BRODNE, MINISTER OF THE GOSPEL AT ABERCORN, 1700-1743, AND CHAPLAIN TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE JEAN, LADY TORPHICHEN, C^ege Genealogical ittemoriaw, THE COMPILATION OF WHICH HAS BEEN A LABOUR OF LOVE EXTENDING OVER MANY YEARS, &re fcetitcateti tig E. R. STODAET. CONTENTS. BROWN OF FORDELL, Etc., Arms, .... 1 Origin, .... 1 o I. William, . o II: Adam, of Carchrony, III. Adam, in Ayrshire, 2 IV. Sir John, Sheriff of Aberdeen, 2 V. John, of Midmar, . 4 VI. John, ,, 5 VII. George, „ 8 VIII. George, Bishop of Dunkekl, 9 VIII. (2) Richard, first of Fordell, 14 IX. Robert, of Fordell, 15 X. John, of Fordell, . 16 . XI. John, younger of Fordell, . 21 XII. John, of Fordell, . 24 XIII. Sir John, of Fordell and Rossie, 26 XIV. John, of Fordell and Rossie, 44 XIV. (2) Antonia, of Fordell and Rossie 44 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE BROWN OF FINMOUNT, Etc., . \ . 49 of . XI. David, Finmount, . .49 David, of Vicarsgrange, ...... 49 David, „ . .50 50' John, „ . XII. Eobert, of Finmount, ...... 54 XIII. Captain David, of Finmount, ..... 55 XIII.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage with Agreement to Have Sexual Encounters
    Marriage With Agreement To Have Sexual Encounters Glairiest Salem always territorialize his whorls if Derby is quietening or outgun perfectly. Pleased Zorro still acidifying: putative and unauthorized Cory flitters quite archly but tabularize her Nibelungenlied irksomely. Actinic and antiparallel Derk quiver some scoundrels so grandly! The details of chief and satisfaction are often discovered, and produced, in the sexual moment. Consensual relationship contracts do not does protect against the most problematic romantic relationships. The BBC is not iron for custom content with external sites. But it is for adultery as stated above people have each with a school party of you god still married even if your are separated. These activities might be unnatural, and rash in some ways prudentially unwise, but gave many if any most cases they employ be carried out for harm being done key to the participants or coerce anyone else. Learn current best ways to manage great and negativity in character life. There can also a question its whether sleep can save into such commitments while the rot is green only theoretical and not actual. This maneuver effectively killed the runaway for this session of parliament. You feel disconnected from your partner. Hence the oblique of sexual pleasure does we require more intricate justification; sexual activity surely need please be confined to distant or directed at procreation. Click image to see entire living on avoiding divorce. Sorry, there was this problem signing you up. Women swing the sisters of men. Forced sexual cohabitation is a violation of that fundamental right. This is acquire a creative example of desertion sexual and physical as well as emergency consent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hand-Book to Boxing;
    FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION NOTES: This document is an attempt at a faithful transcription of the original document. Special effort has been made to ensure that original spelling (this includes what may be typographical errors such as the 1776 reference on pp29 which should, apparently, be 1766 or pp39 where June 10 appears twice and should, at a guess, be July 10 in the second appearance, and, my favorite, July 40, on pp46), line-breaks, and vocabulary are left intact, and when possible, similar fonts have been used. However, it contains original formatting and image scans. All rights are reserved except those specifically granted herein. Of particular note in this reproduction is the unusual (by today’s standards) selection of page and font size. The page size is, in the original 6” x 10” with a font approximately 9 point for large portions of the book. Reproducing it in 6x9 with smaller top and bottom margins with hand tweaked font, paragraph, and line spacings, I have tried to recaptured the original personality of the book. However, this can make it difficult to read. Be assured that this was maintained in order to keep the “flavor” of the original text but it can be taxing on the eyes. LICENSE: You may distribute this document in whole, provided that you distribute the entire document including this disclaimer, attributions, transcriber forewords, etc., and also provided that you charge no money for the work excepting a nominal fee to cover the costs of the media on or in which it is distributed. You may not distribute this document in any for-pay or price- metered medium without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Destinées De L'illyricum Méridional Pendant Le Haut Moyen Âge
    JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 1 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Thu May 26 16:08:52 2011 SUM: 6023F8EF /v2451/blackwell/journals/emed_v19_i3/05emed_324 1 Book reviewsemed_324 354..376 2 3 Les destinées de l’Illyricum méridional pendant le haut Moyen Âge. 4 Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome, Moyen Âge 120–2. Rome: 5 l’École Française de Rome. 2009. 238 pp. + 50 b/w and 101 color figures. 6 EUR 55. ISBN 978 2 7283 0870 5; ISSN 0223 9883. 7 8 This is the proceedings of a conference jointly organized by École 9 française de Rome, Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, and 10 the Albanian Institute of Archaeology in Lezha (Albania) in 2008.In 11 the introduction, Etleva Nallbani explains its main objective as throw- 12 ing new light on developments in the Western Balkans during the early 13 Middle Ages, primarily on the basis of archaeological research con- 14 ducted in the past two decades. The present volume witnesses not only 15 the technological advances in archaeology, which can be seen at work in 16 a number of contributions, but it also bears the mark of a renewed 17 interest in rural settlements and the relative departure from political 18 history in favour of detailed analyses of production, distribution, and 19 exchange routes. 20 Rather than summarize the wealth of insights in a short space, I will 21 focus on two major themes addressed by this volume: urban and rural life 22 in Illyricum and patterns of production and distribution. Pascale Cheva- 23 lier and Jagoda Mardešic´ contribute an insightful piece on urban life at 24 Salona during the sixth–seventh centuries based on the recent excavations 25 conducted in the episcopal complex of the town.
    [Show full text]
  • 491 History of the Clan Lundy, Lundie, Lundin History of the Clan Lundy, Lundie, Lundin
    History of the Clan Lundy, Lundie, Lundin History of the Clan Lundy, Lundie, Lundin Argentina, 275 Index Armorial, 141, 143, 144, 198, 199, 200, 286 A Arnot Isabel A. spouse of George Lundie of Abbey of Arbroath, 28, 29, 39, 56 Drums, 231 Abbey of Cambuskenneth, 68 James A. of Ferny, 222 Abbey of Deer, 208 James A. of Ferny (Sir), 218 Abbey of Inchcolm, 48, 49 Of that Ilk Abbey of Jedburgh, 34 David A., 176 Abbey of Kelso, 36 John de A. spouse of Janet de Lundy, Abbey of Melrose, 36, 51, 67, 106 476 Abbey of Newbattle, 68 Michael A. (Sir), 215 Abbey of Pluscarden, 67 Michael A. (Sir) bt., 231 Abbey of Scone, 79 Walter A., 186 Abbot of Dunfermline, 295 Arthur Abernethy, 217, 218 Alexander A. surgeon, spouse of Margaret Abircrumby Lundin, 269 Of Poltoun, 239 Auchmoutie Aidie Of that Ilk Elspeth, spouse of William Lundie in David A. (Sir), 474 Lundie Mill, 262 Robert A. spouse of Agnes Lundie, 474 Allardice Auchtermairnie, 130, 142, 253, 255, 256, Of that ilk 258, 259, 262, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, John, 456 272, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 354, Allardice, Barony of, 57, 77 451 Allardice. Australia, 272, 278, 419, 420, 421, 422, John Allerdice of that Ilk, spouse to Janet 423, 469 Lundy, 77 Ayton Alloa, 411, 412 Andrew A. of Kinaldie, spouse of Marion Alva, 409, 410, 412, 413 Lundie, 177 Anderson Andrew, 1st of Ayton and 4th Dunmuir, Mathew A. burgess of Kirkcaldy, 185 spouse of Agnes Lundie, 108, 256 Of Balhame Andrew, 2nd of Dunmuir, 108 Andrew A., 354 Andrew, of Logie, spouse of Elizabeth Annand Lundie, 108 William A, spouse of Helen Lundie, John A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Ndex to Gen. Logies Birthbr-Iefs
    14038 5 7 P R E F A C E . _0 T H E R eco rds w o o n are n x no w vario us , h se c n te ts i de ed in the list o o — G B i rthbri efs printed , may be divided int three divisi n s en ealogies , an d T fi o f ffi R o f n h e o O F u n eral E scutch e o s . rst c n sists the cial egister all G n o B irthbri efs i n S o w i o o n rd D e eal gies an d c tland , h ch c mm en ces 3 ecem h 1 6 Vo u I I I I o n 1 t . b e r 172 7. Vo lume . ends s J an uary 79 and l me begin s V n 16th August 18 2 7 an d is co ntinu ed to date . o lum e I I . is o t no w i n x e x . I no t o e ist n ce , if in deed it ever e iste d at all t is menti n ed in an ffiR in 18 1 o o f th e o n O o inven t ry Ly ce ec rds 9 , bu t several pedigrees , w w to be o are hich ere inten ded rec rded in it, still preserved in draft in “ ” ” r f T h f w hat is called the Arb o retu m o collectio n o trees .
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage: a Meaningful Relationship? In: Eekelaar, J. (Ed.) Family Law in Britain and America in the New Century
    Mair, J. (2016) Marriage: a meaningful relationship? In: Eekelaar, J. (ed.) Family Law in Britain and America in the New Century. Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 9789004304918. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/120966/ Deposited on: 02 September 2016 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Marriage: a meaningful relationship? For family lawyers with an interest in marriage, the latter decades of the 20th Century were lean times. Marriage was a settled subject. From the 19th Century Married Women’s Property Acts through to no-fault divorce and financial provision in the 1970s and 80s, a century of legal reform had groomed a somewhat aged model and made it suitably modern for contemporary family law.1 Nagging doubts remained about declining social relevance, accompanied by growing interest in alternative relationships, but these were concerns which tended to divert our gaze away from marriage itself and towards the other, newer possibilities: cohabitation, civil union, Pacs, 2 mother/child dyad, 3 friendship. 4 Marriage itself attracted relatively little attention. Then into that quiet and settled landscape, there blew “a perfect storm.”5 At the centre of the storm was same sex marriage but, caught up along with it, were calls and concerns from every perspective: conservative, liberal, religious, secular, feminist, functional, expressive. 6 Far from being calm, settled and slightly overlooked, marriage has become fiercely contested and deeply controversial. Marriage is now at the centre of a struggle between conservatives and liberals, those who wish to preserve and those who wish to reform but, no matter the particular perspective or 1 For an overview of this period of modernisation throughout Europe, see M Antokolskaia, Harmonisation of Family Law in Europe: A Historical Perspective, 2006, Intersentia, chapter 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Getting Married a Scoping Paper
    Getting Married A Scoping Paper 17 December 2015 Law Commission GETTING MARRIED A Scoping Paper 17 December 2015 © Crown copyright 2015 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.lawcom.gov.uk. Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum ii THE LAW COMMISSION The Law Commission was set up by the Law Commissions Act 1965 for the purpose of promoting the reform of the law. The Law Commissioners are: The Right Honourable Lord Justice Bean, Chairman Professor Nick Hopkins Stephen Lewis Professor David Ormerod QC Nicholas Paines QC Specialist adviser to the project: Professor Rebecca Probert The Chief Executive of the Law Commission is Elaine Lorimer. The Law Commission is located at 1st Floor, Tower, 52 Queen Anne’s Gate, London SW1H 9AG. The terms of this scoping paper were agreed on 25 November 2015. The text of this scoping paper is available on the Law Commission’s website at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk. iii THE LAW COMMISSION GETTING MARRIED: A SCOPING PAPER CONTENTS Paragraph Page GLOSSARY vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1.1 1 Previous proposals for reform
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage Laws Around the World
    1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Marriage Laws around the World COUNTRY CODED TEXT Source Additional sources Despite a law setting the legal minimum age for marriage at 16 (15 with the consent of a parent or guardian and the court) for girls and 18 for boys, international and local observers continued to report widespread early marriage. The media reported a 2014 survey by the Ministry of Public Health that sampled 24,032 households in all 34 provinces showed 53 percent of all women ages 25-49 married by age 18 and 21 percent by age 15. According to the Central Statistics Organization of Afghanistan, 17.3 percent of girls ages 15 to 19 and 66.2 percent of girls ages 20 to 24 were married. During the EVAW law debate, conservative politicians publicly stated it was un-Islamic to ban the marriage of girls younger than 16. Under the EVAW law, those who arrange forced or underage marriages may be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years, but implementation of the law remained limited. The Law on Marriage states marriage of a minor may be conducted with a guardian’s consent. By law a marriage contract requires verification that the bride is 16 years of age, but only a small fraction of the population had birth certificates. Following custom, some poor families pledged their daughters to marry in exchange for “bride money,” although the practice is illegal. According to local NGOs, some girls as young as six or seven were promised in marriage, with the understanding the actual marriage would be delayed until the child [Source: Department of reached puberty.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage Venues
    By Catherine Fairbairn 6 July 2021 Marriage venues Summary 1 Where can a marriage take place in England and Wales? 2 Civil marriage 3 Religious marriage 4 The Labour Government’s proposals (1999-2005) 5 Law Commission project on weddings 6 Marriage venues in Scotland commonslibrary.parliament.uk Number 02842 Marriage venues Image Credits Attributed to: ring / yüzük by M. G. Kafkas. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 / image cropped. Disclaimer The Commons Library does not intend the information in our research publications and briefings to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. You should consult a suitably qualified professional if you require specific advice or information. Read our briefing ‘Legal help: where to go and how to pay’ for further information about sources of legal advice and help. This information is provided subject to the conditions of the Open Parliament Licence. Feedback Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in these publicly available briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated to reflect subsequent changes. If you have any comments on our briefings please email [email protected]. Please note that authors are not always able to engage in discussions with members of the public who express opinions about the content of our research, although we will carefully consider and correct any factual errors.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhyming Dictionary
    Merriam-Webster's Rhyming Dictionary Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Springfield, Massachusetts A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a number of publishers and may serve mainly to mislead an unwary buyer. Merriam-Webster™ is the name you should look for when you consider the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books. It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since 1831 and is your assurance of quality and authority. Copyright © 2002 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Merriam-Webster's rhyming dictionary, p. cm. ISBN 0-87779-632-7 1. English language-Rhyme-Dictionaries. I. Title: Rhyming dictionary. II. Merriam-Webster, Inc. PE1519 .M47 2002 423'.l-dc21 2001052192 All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in the United States of America 234RRD/H05040302 Explanatory Notes MERRIAM-WEBSTER's RHYMING DICTIONARY is a listing of words grouped according to the way they rhyme. The words are drawn from Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Though many uncommon words can be found here, many highly technical or obscure words have been omitted, as have words whose only meanings are vulgar or offensive. Rhyming sound Words in this book are gathered into entries on the basis of their rhyming sound. The rhyming sound is the last part of the word, from the vowel sound in the last stressed syllable to the end of the word.
    [Show full text]