DOCSLIB.ORG

Heather Parker

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

“In all gudly haste”: The Formation of Marriage in Scotland, c. 1350-1600 by Heather Parker A thesis presented to the University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philsophy in History Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Heather Parker, March 2012 ABSTRACT “IN ALL GUDLY HASTE”: THE FORMATION OF MARRIAGE IN SCOTLAND, C. 1350-1600 Heather Parker Advisor: University of Guelph, 2012 Elizabeth Ewan This dissertation examines the formation of marriage in Scotland between the mid- fourteenth century and the late sixteenth century. In particular, it focuses on betrothals, marriage negotiations, ritual, and the place that these held in late medieval Scottish society. This study extends to the generation following the Reformation to examine the extent to which the Reformation influenced the marriage planning of wealthy Scots. It concludes that much of the social impact of the Reformation was not reflected in family life until at least a generation after reform. Scottish society and culture was influenced both by contemporary literature, which discussed the role of marriage formation, and by concurrent events involving high-profile marriages. These helped to define the context of marriage for society as a whole. This work relies heavily on the pre-nuptial contracts of lairds (the Scottish gentry) and nobles, which reflected certain aspects of their marriage patterns and strategies. The context and clauses of an extensive group of 272 Scottish marriage contracts from published and archival collections illuminate aspects of the formation of Scottish marriage, such as the land and money that changed hands, the extent to which brides and grooms were influenced by their kin, and the timelines for betrothals. This study is the only comprehensive work that has been done concerning the formation of marriage in medieval Scotland. The Campbells of Glenorchy and the Carnegie family both provide excellent case studies in which to examine the process of the choice of marriage partners, negotiation of marital arrangements, and the solemnizing of the unions. They also demonstrate the extent to which families were upwardly mobile through marriage. Although, until now, there has been a focus on the political potential of arranged marriage in Scotland, it is clear that there were social and financial advantages to kin groups that carried out careful marriage planning. iv Acknowledgments This research project did not emerge in a vacuum but was inextricably linked to work both in my undergraduate and masters’ studies. I owe a large debt of gratitude to Cynthia Neville, who taught me how to glean social history from legal sources, and Steve Boardman, who understood the impact of marriage contracts on the histories of the lairds and nobility. My initial design for this research was shaped in large part by the feedback and direction of Elizabeth Ewan. Her enthusiasm and readiness to provide advice have been a constant throughout every aspect of this dissertation. Susannah Ferriera, Steven Bednarski, and Peter Goddard all provided suggestions and commentary at various stages of the research. Jodi Campbell, Suzette Blom, Pat Bowley, Lisa Cox, and Rochelle Pereira all provided suggestions for portions of my writing, not to mention keeping me grounded through the ups and downs of a PhD. Jane Dawson’s feedback on the final draft of my dissertation have been invaluable, and her especial attention to the material on the Campbells of Glenorchy has ensured that I iron out many of the wrinkles in the narrative. The Social Science and Humanities Research Council funded this work. Additionally, the support of the St Andrew’s Society of Toronto and the Jane Nelson Stirling Cairns Grier award allowed me to spend the necessary months at the National Archives of Scotland in Edinburgh. My detailed research on the Carnegies of Kinnaird is due entirely to the generosity of David Carnegie, Earl of Southesk, who not only provided access to his family’s archives but also facilitated my research. v I owe my parents, Barb & Kevin Parker, a debt of gratitude not only for their unwavering support and gentle encouragement throughout my studies but for their practical assistance as well. My mother’s proficiency in copy-editing is second to none and has helped to ensure a nearly error-free manuscript; the remaining errors are, of course, my own. My father’s understanding of statistical methodology and computing and his willingness to teach a novice enabled me to provide the in-depth analysis in chapter four. Last but not least, this project is much improved for the patience, companionship and good humour of my husband, Ian Robson. Writing about other peoples’ spouses has given me the perspective to understand how fortunate I am. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. iv Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Sources .................................................................................................................... 5 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 13 Theory ................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 1: The Historiography of Marriage and the Family ......................................... 22 Marriage & the Family in Europe ........................................................................... 22 The History of Marriage and Family in Scotland ..................................................... 27 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 65 Chapter 2: The Legal ConteXt of Marriage ................................................................... 68 Scots Law in the Early Middle Ages: Land, Succession, and Marriage ..................... 70 The Development of the Canon Laws on Marriage ................................................. 72 Scots Law in the High & Later Middle Ages ............................................................ 96 Changes in the SiXteenth Century ........................................................................ 101 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 113 Chapter 3: Selecting Spouses: the Individual and the Community ............................. 115 Personal and Parental Choice .............................................................................. 117 Advice Literature & Poetry .................................................................................. 126 The Choice of a Spouse ........................................................................................ 139 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 156 Chapter 4: Negotiations & Solemnization ................................................................ 158 Early Negotiations ............................................................................................... 159 Elements of a Contract ........................................................................................ 169 Dispensations ...................................................................................................... 192 Completing the Marriage ..................................................................................... 201 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 211 Chapter 5: The Campbells of Glenorchy: MiXed Marriage Strategies ........................ 214 The World of the Campbells of Glenorchy ............................................................ 215 Early Campbell Marriages .................................................................................... 222 The Marriages of Colin and Katherine’s Children ................................................. 226 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 240 Chapter 6: The Carnegies of Kinnaird: Local Lordship and Marriage .......................... 242 The World of the Carnegies of Kinnaird ............................................................... 242 The Pre-Reformation Marriage Contracts ............................................................ 246 vii The Post-Reformation Marriages ......................................................................... 249 Marriage Patterns ............................................................................................... 260 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 263 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 267 AppendiX: Transcribed Documents ........................................................................... 276 Contract of Anne Montgomery and Robert Cunningham ..................................... 276 Contract of Alexander Strachan and Margaret Strachan ...................................... 279 Letter from Annas Campbell to Duncan Campbell, laird of Glenorchy .................. 284 Letter from James VI to laird of Abercairny, Halyrudhous ...................................
Recommended publications
  • The Negotiation Process

    The Negotiation Process

    GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works Faculty Scholarship 2003 The Negotiation Process Charles B. Craver George Washington University Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Charles B. Craver, The Negotiation Process, 27 Am. J. Trial Advoc. 271 (2003). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS1 By Charles B. Craver2 I. INTRODUCTION Lawyers negotiate constantly. They negotiate on the telephone, in person, through the mail, and through fax and e-mail transmissions, They even negotiate when they do not realize they are negotiating. They negotiate with their own partners, associates, legal assistants, and secretaries; they negotiate with prospective clients and with current clients. They then negotiate on behalf of clients with outside parties as they try to resolve conflicts or structure business arrangements of various kinds. Most attorneys have not formally studied the negotiation process. Few have taken law school courses pertaining to this critical lawyering skill, and most have not read the leading books and articles discussing this topic. Although they regularly employ their bargaining skills, few actually understand the nuances of the bargaining process. When they prepare for bargaining encounters, they devote hours to the factual, legal, economic, and, where relevant, political issues. Most lawyers devote no more than ten to fifteen minutes on their actual negotiation strategy.
  • Parish of Skipton*

    Parish of Skipton*

    294 HISTORY OF CRAVEN. PARISH OF SKIPTON* HAVE reserved for this parish, the most interesting part of my subject, a place in Wharfdale, in order to deduce the honour and fee of Skipton from Bolton, to which it originally belonged. In the later Saxon times Bodeltone, or Botltunef (the town of the principal mansion), was the property of Earl Edwin, whose large possessions in the North were among the last estates in the kingdom which, after the Conquest, were permitted to remain in the hands of their former owners. This nobleman was son of Leofwine, and brother of Leofric, Earls of Mercia.J It is somewhat remarkable that after the forfeiture the posterity of this family, in the second generation, became possessed of these estates again by the marriage of William de Meschines with Cecilia de Romille. This will be proved by the following table:— •——————————;——————————iLeofwine Earl of Mercia§=j=......... Leofric §=Godiva Norman. Edwin, the Edwinus Comes of Ermenilda=Ricardus de Abrineis cognom. Domesday. Goz. I———— Matilda=.. —————— I Ranulph de Meschines, Earl of Chester, William de Meschines=Cecilia, daughter and heir of Robert Romille, ob. 1129. Lord of Skipton. But it was before the Domesday Survey that this nobleman had incurred the forfeiture; and his lands in Craven are accordingly surveyed under the head of TERRA REGIS. All these, consisting of LXXVII carucates, lay waste, having never recovered from the Danish ravages. Of these-— [* The parish is situated partly in the wapontake of Staincliffe and partly in Claro, and comprises the townships of Skipton, Barden, Beamsley, Bolton Abbey, Draughton, Embsay-with-Eastby, Haltoneast-with-Bolton, and Hazlewood- with-Storithes ; and contains an area of 24,7893.
  • History of Clan Macfarlane

    History of Clan Macfarlane

    Gc ^* I 929.2 M164m 1186804 d£NE:ALO<:^Y QOLLCCTICN ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY (y^K (>.cro 3 1833^1342 ^778^ Xf^<^ I "i^^' MAP OF LOCH LOMOND AND EXVIROXS, SHOWING MACFARLANE LOCATIONS. 41 History of clan MacFarlane HISTORY OF Clan MacFarlane By James MacFarlane Author of "The Red Fox" Published under the auspices of the Clan MacFarlane Society, 205 Hope Street, Glasgow GLASGOW DAVID J. CLARK LIMITED, 92 UNION STREET 1922 —— 2 CHIEFS OF MACFARLANE. 1225-1866. I. Gilchrist, 1225-1263* 2. Duncan, 1284-1296* 4* 3. Malduin, 1 31 4. Parlan, 1329* 5. Malcolm, 1 344-1 373* 6. Duncan, 1395-1406* 7.—John. - - - - 1426-1441* 8. Duncan, 1441- 9. Walter, -1488 ID. Andrew, 1488-1493 II. Sir John, -1514 12. Andrew, 1514-1544 13.—Duncan, 1544-1547 14. Andrew, 1 547-1 61 15- John, 1612-1624 16.—Walter, 1 624-1 664 17. John, 1664-1679 18. Andrew, 1679-1685 19- John, 1685-1705 20. Walter, 1 705-1 767 21. William, 1 767-1 787 22. John, 1787- 23. William, -1820 24. Walter, - - 1820-1830 25. William, 1 830-1 866 * These dates are approximate. INDEX. ,^^P . Chiefs of MacFarlane, - - ^ Preface, - 7 Chapter I., Introductory, 11 Chapter II., Gilchrist, is t Chief ; TheFoun<Iei of the Clan. 27 Chapter III., Duncan, 2nd Chief, 30 Chapter IV., Malduin, 3rd Chief ; King Robert Bruce, 32 Chapter V., Pharlan, 4th Chief ; Origin of the Surname MacFarlane, - - - '' 3<3 Chapter VI., Malcolm, 5th Chief ; MacFarlane, Heir Male of Lennox Earldom, - - 38 Chapter VII., Duncan, 6th Chief, 40 Chapter VIII., John, 7th Chief, 42 Chapter IX., Duncan, 8th Chief, 43 Chapter X., Walter, gth Chief ; Legend of the Pie- bald Horse, 44 Chapter XL, Andrew, loth Chief, 48 Chapter XII., Sir John, nth Chief, ...
  • Reasons to Buy: Contaminated Products & Recall Insurance

    Reasons to Buy: Contaminated Products & Recall Insurance

    Casualty Reasons to Buy: Contaminated Products & Recall Insurance Almost any company involved in the food and beverage industry supply chain may be exposed to an accidental contamination and or recall exposure. Also, there is the possibility that a company’s particular brand may be the target of a malicious threat or extortion, either internally or from a third party. The potential financial impact of a product recall, as well as the lasting impact on brand reputation can be of serious concern to a company and its shareholders. AIG Contaminated Products & Recall Insurance not only protects against loss of gross profits and rehabilitation costs following either accidental or malicious contamination, but also provides the crisis management planning and loss prevention services of leading international crisis management specialists in food safety, brand & reputation impacts and extortion. Cover Cover is triggered by the recall of a product caused by: Accidental Contamination Any accidental or unintentional contamination, impairment or mislabeling which occurs during Cover Includes: or as a result of its production, preparation, manufacturing, packaging or distribution; provided • Recall costs that the use or consumption of such product has resulted in or would result in a manifestation of bodily injury, sickness, disease or death of any person within 120 days after consumption or use. • Business interruption (lost gross profit) Malicious Tampering • Rehabilitation costs Any actual, alleged or threatened, intentional, malicious and wrongful alteration or • Consultancy costs contamination of the Insured’s product so as to render it unfit or dangerous for use or consumption or to create such impression to the public, whether caused by employees or not.
  • The Gathering 2009’

    The Gathering 2009’

    Item no 7.4 + + EDI N BVRG H THE CITY OF EDINBURGH COUNCIL Report no cq3I \lO-ll\ 9s Implications of Audit Scotland’s Report on ‘The Gathering 2009’ The City of Edinburgh Council 16 September 2010 Purpose of Report 1 To refer to the Council the attached report by the Chief Executive on Audit Scotland’s review report on ‘The Gathering 2009’. Main Report 2 On 31 August 201 0, the Policy and Strategy Committee considered the attached report by the Chief Executive detailing the implications for the Council of Audit Scotland’s review report on ‘The Gathering 2009’. 3 The Committee agreed to refer the report to the Council without recommendation. Recommendation 4 That the Council considers the attached report by the Chief Executive on the implications of Audit Scotland’s report on ‘The Gathering 2009’. AI astair Maclean Head of Legal and Administrative Services Appendix Report no PS/50/10-11/CE by the Chief Executive Contactltel Rhona Sinclair lit 529 4238; €3 [email protected] Wards affected All Background None Papers Item no EDIN BVRGH Report no THE CITY OF EDINBURGH COUNCIL Implications of Audit Scotland’s report on ‘The Gathering 2009’ Policy & Strategy Committee 31 August 2010 1 Purpose of report 1.I On the 23 June 2010 Audit Scotland published its review report on the Gathering ‘2009. On that date, the Council Leader requested that I provide within two cycles :- e a report on Audit Scotland’s review; e the implications for this Council of Audit Scotland’s recommendations; and 0 an explanation of why this Council agreed to settle one of The Gathering 2009 Ltd’s debts to a creditor.
  • History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway

    History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway

    H.E NTIL , 4 Pfiffifinfi:-fit,mnuuugm‘é’r§ms,­ ».IVI\ ‘!{5_&mM;PAmnsox, _ V‘ V itbmnvncn. if,‘4ff V, f fixmmum ‘xnmonasfimwini cAa'1'm-no17t§1[.As'. xmgompnxenm. ,7’°':",*"-‘V"'{";‘.' ‘9“"3iLfA31Dan1r,_§v , qyuwgm." “,‘,« . ERRATA. Page 1, seventeenth line. For “jzim—g1'é.r,”read "j2'1r11—gr:ir." 16. Skaar, “had sasiik of the lands of Barskeoch, Skar,” has been twice erroneously printed. 19. Clouden, etc., page 4. For “ land of,” read “lands of.” 24. ,, For “ Lochenket," read “ Lochenkit.” 29.,9 For “ bo,” read “ b6." 48, seventh line. For “fill gici de gord1‘u1,”read“fill Riei de gordfin.” ,, nineteenth line. For “ Sr,” read “ Sr." 51 I ) 9 5’ For “fosse,” read “ fossé.” 63, sixteenth line. For “ your Lords,” read “ your Lord’s.” 143, first line. For “ godly,” etc., read “ Godly,” etc. 147, third line. For “ George Granville, Leveson Gower," read without the comma.after Granville. 150, ninth line. For “ Manor,” read “ Mona.” 155,fourth line at foot. For “ John Crak,” read “John Crai ." 157, twenty—seventhline. For “Ar-byll,” read “ Ar by1led.” 164, first line. For “ Galloway,” read “ Galtway.” ,, second line. For “ Galtway," read “ Galloway." 165, tenth line. For “ King Alpine," read “ King Alpin." ,, seventeenth line. For “ fosse,” read “ fossé.” 178, eleventh line. For “ Berwick,” read “ Berwickshire.” 200, tenth line. For “ Murmor,” read “ murinor.” 222, fifth line from foot. For “Alfred-Peter,” etc., read “Alfred Peter." 223 .Ba.rclosh Tower. The engraver has introduced two figures Of his own imagination, and not in our sketch. 230, fifth line from foot. For “ his douchter, four,” read “ his douchter four.” 248, tenth line.
  • The Pollag CLAN POLLOCK INTERNATIONAL May 2011

    The Pollag CLAN POLLOCK INTERNATIONAL May 2011

    The Pollag CLAN POLLOCK INTERNATIONAL May 2011 “A person who takes no pride in the noble achievements of remote THE POLLAG ancestors cannot expect to be remembered for his noble deeds by remote descendants.” Cinnedah Pollag -- A Pool of Information Pollock, Pollok, Pook, Polk, Polke, Paulk, Poalk, Poalke, Poulk, Poole, Pogue Officers Archie. D. (A.D) Pollock Words from the President... President P. O. Box 404 Greenville, Kentucky 42345 615-406-1182 We hope Spring has come to your part of the country by now BUT [email protected] not the bad storms many areas have been having. Harry Ben Stone, III We plan to host Clan Pollock tents at the Smokey Mountain Games Vice President 110 Westerly Rd. in Maryville, TN at Maryville College May 20 – 21. We will also be New Bern, NC 28560 at Glasgow, KY for the June 4 -5 Games at Barren River State Park. 252-638-8418 [email protected] We will be at Grandfather Mountain at the Games July 7 – 10. All the Stones do a great job as Clan Pollock hosts here. We send our Clara Ann Pollock Secretary best wishes to Merle Stone who had hip replacement surgery April P. O. Box 404 14th. We will hold a Clan Pollock meeting at the Games on the field Greenville, Kentucky 42345 615-406-1182 on Saturday, the 9th. The Stones have a location for us there for the [email protected] meetings. We will have a time for the meeting on Saturday – please check with the Stones or us when you get to the Games that Howard W.
  • Lab Activity and Assignment #2

    Lab Activity and Assignment #2

    Lab Activity and Assignment #2 1 Introduction You just got an internship at Netfliz, a streaming video company. Great! Your first assignment is to create an application that helps the users to get facts about their streaming videos. The company works with TV Series and also Movies. Your app shall display simple dialog boxes and help the user to make the choice of what to see. An example of such navigation is shown below: Path #1: Customer wants to see facts about a movie: >> >> Path #2: Customer wants to see facts about a TV Series: >> >> >> >> Your app shall read the facts about a Movie or a TV Show from text files (in some other course you will learn how to retrieve this information from a database). They are provided at the end of this document. As part of your lab, you should be creating all the classes up to Section 3 (inclusive). As part of your lab you should be creating the main Netfliz App and making sure that your code does as shown in the figures above. The Assignment is due on March 8th. By doing this activity, you should be practicing the concept and application of the following Java OOP concepts Class Fields Class Methods Getter methods Setter methods encapsulation Lists String class Split methods Reading text Files Scanner class toString method Override superclass methods Scanner Class JOptionPane Super-class sub-class Inheritance polymorphism Class Object Class Private methods Public methods FOR loops WHILE Loops Aggregation Constructors Extending Super StringBuilder Variables IF statements User Input And much more..
  • Les Destinées De L'illyricum Méridional Pendant Le Haut Moyen Âge

    Les Destinées De L'illyricum Méridional Pendant Le Haut Moyen Âge

    JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 1 SESS: 12 OUTPUT: Thu May 26 16:08:52 2011 SUM: 6023F8EF /v2451/blackwell/journals/emed_v19_i3/05emed_324 1 Book reviewsemed_324 354..376 2 3 Les destinées de l’Illyricum méridional pendant le haut Moyen Âge. 4 Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome, Moyen Âge 120–2. Rome: 5 l’École Française de Rome. 2009. 238 pp. + 50 b/w and 101 color figures. 6 EUR 55. ISBN 978 2 7283 0870 5; ISSN 0223 9883. 7 8 This is the proceedings of a conference jointly organized by École 9 française de Rome, Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, and 10 the Albanian Institute of Archaeology in Lezha (Albania) in 2008.In 11 the introduction, Etleva Nallbani explains its main objective as throw- 12 ing new light on developments in the Western Balkans during the early 13 Middle Ages, primarily on the basis of archaeological research con- 14 ducted in the past two decades. The present volume witnesses not only 15 the technological advances in archaeology, which can be seen at work in 16 a number of contributions, but it also bears the mark of a renewed 17 interest in rural settlements and the relative departure from political 18 history in favour of detailed analyses of production, distribution, and 19 exchange routes. 20 Rather than summarize the wealth of insights in a short space, I will 21 focus on two major themes addressed by this volume: urban and rural life 22 in Illyricum and patterns of production and distribution. Pascale Cheva- 23 lier and Jagoda Mardešic´ contribute an insightful piece on urban life at 24 Salona during the sixth–seventh centuries based on the recent excavations 25 conducted in the episcopal complex of the town.
  • An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft

    An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft

    Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects Religion 4-18-2006 Who's in Charge? An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft Austin J. Buscher '06 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/religion_honproj Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Buscher '06, Austin J., "Who's in Charge? An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft" (2006). Honors Projects. 6. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/religion_honproj/6 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Who's In Charge? An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft Austin J. Buscher Senior Honors Research Carole Myscofski, Advisor th Received Research Honors April 18 , 2006 Ie INTRODUCTION Since its genesis in the 1970s, American Witchcraftl has shown itself to be one ofthe most forward-looking and tolerant religions in the area ofwomen's roles and gender theory.
  • Spiritual Philosophy & Practice of Wicca in the U.S. Military (PDF

    Spiritual Philosophy & Practice of Wicca in the U.S. Military (PDF

    SPIRITUAL PHILOSOPHY AND PRACTICE OF WICCA IN THE U.S. MILITARY David L. Oringderff, Ph.D. Ronald W. Schaefer, Lt Col USAF SPIRITUAL PHILOSOPHY and PRACTICE of WICCA In the U.S. MILITARY David L. Oringderff, Ph.D. Ronald W. Schaefer, Lt Col USAF Acknowledgments This work developed out of an identified need for clear and concise information regarding the practice of Wicca, particularly as it pertains to US military members and their families, friends, commanders, and chaplains. Many people were significantly involved in this effort. The authors would particularly like to thank Reverend Selena Fox and Circle Sanctuary, the Reverend Rene Delaere of Greencraft and the Sacred Well for their direct and substantial contributions, as well as Silverdrake for their work in the previous editions of this guide, Overview and Guide for Wiccans in the Military. We would also like to recognize the energy, love and support given by the International Executive Council of Clerics of the Sacred Well Congregation, Hera, Odinda, Itárilde, Arghuicha, and Gayomard. Special thanks goes to Father Timothy Ullman for his assistance in researching constitutional law and applicable service regulations. The Sacred Well Congregation PO Box 58 Converse, Texas 78109 Samhain, 2001, First edition The authors and the Sacred Well Congregation extend use of this copyrighted material to military and governmental agencies and other educational and non profit institutions and organizations so long as copyright notices, credits, and integrity of the material is maintained and the material is not used for any commercial purpose. 2 Spiritual Philosophy and Practice of Wicca in the U.S.
  • Marriage: a Meaningful Relationship? In: Eekelaar, J. (Ed.) Family Law in Britain and America in the New Century

    Marriage: a Meaningful Relationship? In: Eekelaar, J. (Ed.) Family Law in Britain and America in the New Century

    Mair, J. (2016) Marriage: a meaningful relationship? In: Eekelaar, J. (ed.) Family Law in Britain and America in the New Century. Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 9789004304918. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/120966/ Deposited on: 02 September 2016 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Marriage: a meaningful relationship? For family lawyers with an interest in marriage, the latter decades of the 20th Century were lean times. Marriage was a settled subject. From the 19th Century Married Women’s Property Acts through to no-fault divorce and financial provision in the 1970s and 80s, a century of legal reform had groomed a somewhat aged model and made it suitably modern for contemporary family law.1 Nagging doubts remained about declining social relevance, accompanied by growing interest in alternative relationships, but these were concerns which tended to divert our gaze away from marriage itself and towards the other, newer possibilities: cohabitation, civil union, Pacs, 2 mother/child dyad, 3 friendship. 4 Marriage itself attracted relatively little attention. Then into that quiet and settled landscape, there blew “a perfect storm.”5 At the centre of the storm was same sex marriage but, caught up along with it, were calls and concerns from every perspective: conservative, liberal, religious, secular, feminist, functional, expressive. 6 Far from being calm, settled and slightly overlooked, marriage has become fiercely contested and deeply controversial. Marriage is now at the centre of a struggle between conservatives and liberals, those who wish to preserve and those who wish to reform but, no matter the particular perspective or 1 For an overview of this period of modernisation throughout Europe, see M Antokolskaia, Harmonisation of Family Law in Europe: A Historical Perspective, 2006, Intersentia, chapter 13.