Air & Space Power Journal
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November–December 2014 Volume 28, No. 6 AFRP 10-1 Senior Leader Perspective Space Situational Awareness ❙ 6 Difficult, Expensive—and Necessary Dr. Gene H. McCall John H. Darrah Feature Space Separatism ❙ 17 Degree of Differentiation Capt Luke R. Stover, USAF Dr. Alan Johnson, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Retired Departments 38 ❙ Views Policy for US Cybersecurity ❙ 38 Lt Col August G. Roesener, PhD, USAF Maj Carl Bottolfson, USAF CDR Gerry Fernandez, USN The Search for Space Doctrine’s War-Fighting Icon ❙ 55 Dr. Dale L. Hayden A Global Space Control Strategy ❙ 66 Dr. B. T. Cesul Space Combat Capability . Do We Have It? ❙ 82 Capt Adam P. Jodice, USAF Lt Col Mark R. Guerber, USAF 99 ❙ Ricochets & Replies Have Adversary Missiles Become a Revolution in Military Affairs? ❙ 99 RADM Jesse A. Wilson Jr., USN 102 ❙ Schriever Essay Award Winners What Happens If They Say No? ❙ 103 Preserving Access to Critical Commercial Space Capabilities during Future Crises Lt Col Joseph Iungerman, USAF Space Sustainment ❙ 117 A New Approach for America in Space Lt Col Kris Barcomb, USAF Space Resilience and the Contested, Degraded, and ❙ 130 Operationally Limited Environment The Gaps in Tactical Space Operations Capt Bryan M. Bell, USAF 2d Lt Even T. Rogers, USAF 148 ❙ Book Reviews Robot Futures ....................................... 148 Illah Reza Nourbakhsh Reviewer: Lt Col Thomas P. Allison, USAF Black Sheep: The Life of Pappy Boyington .................... 150 John F. Wukovits Reviewer: Maj Nicholas Foster, USAF Find, Fix, Finish: Inside, the Counterterrorism Campaigns That Killed Osama Bin Laden and Devasted Al-Qaeda ................ 153 Aki Peritz and Eric Rosenbach Reviewer: Capt Jason S. Henderson, USAF Rockets and People, vol. 3, Hot Days of the Cold War.............. 155 Boris Chertok Reviewer: Maj Joseph T. Page II, USAF In the Gray Area: A Marine Advisor Team at War ............... 158 Seth W. B. Folsom Reviewer: Capt Ian S. Bertram, USAF Sword and Shield of Zion: The Israel Air Force in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948–2012 .................................. 160 David Rodman Reviewer: Nathan Albright November–December 2014 Air & Space Power Journal | 2 Breach of Trust: How Americans Failed Their Soldiers and Their Country ........................................ 162 Andrew J. Bacevich Reviewer: Capt Joseph O. Chapa, USAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress: Owners’ Workshop Manual, 1935 Onwards (All Marks) ................................... 165 Graeme Douglas Reviewer: Lt Col Dan Simonsen, USAF, Retired November–December 2014 Air & Space Power Journal | 3 Editorial Advisors Allen G. Peck, Director, Air Force Research Institute Lt Gen Bradley C. Hosmer, USAF, Retired Prof. Thomas B. Grassey, US Naval Academy Lt Col Dave Mets, PhD, USAF, Retired, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies (professor emeritus) Reviewers Dr. Christian F. Anrig Col John Jogerst, USAF, Retired Swiss Air Force Navarre, Florida Dr. Bruce Bechtol Col Wray Johnson, USAF, Retired Angelo State University School of Advanced Warfighting Marine Corps University Dr. Kendall K. Brown NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Mr. Charles Tustin Kamps USAF Air Command and Staff College Col Steven E. Cahanin Director of Technologies and Information Dr. Tom Keaney Air Force Personnel Center Johns Hopkins University Dr. Norman C. Capshaw Col Merrick E. Krause, USAF, Retired Military Sealift Command Department of Homeland Security Washington Navy Yard, DC Col Chris J. Krisinger, USAF, Retired Dr. Stephen D. Chiabotti Burke, Virginia USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Dr. Charles Krupnick Dr. Mark Clodfelter Troy University National War College Dr. Benjamin S. Lambeth Dr. Christopher T. Colliver Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Dr. Richard I. Lester Dr. Charles Costanzo Eaker Center for Professional Development USAF Air Command and Staff College Dr. Adam Lowther Col Dennis M. Drew, USAF, Retired Air Force Research Institute USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Mr. Brent Marley (professor emeritus) Huntsville, Alabama Maj Gen Charles J. Dunlap Jr., USAF, Retired Mr. Rémy M. Mauduit Duke University Air Force Research Institute Dr. James W. Forsyth Col Phillip S. Meilinger, USAF, Retired USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies West Chicago, Illinois Lt Col Derrill T. Goldizen, PhD, USAF, Retired Dr. Richard R. Muller Westport Point, Massachusetts USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Col Mike Guillot, USAF, Retired Col Robert Owen, USAF, Retired Editor, Strategic Studies Quarterly Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Air Force Research Institute Lt Col Brian S. Pinkston, USAF, MC, SFS Dr. Grant T. Hammond Civil Aerospace Medical Institute USAF Center for Strategy and Technology Dr. Steve Rothstein Dr. Dale L. Hayden Colorado Springs Science Center Project Air Force Research Institute Col John E. Shaw Col S. Clinton Hinote Peterson AFB, Colorado Military Fellow Dr. James Smith Council on Foreign Relations USAF Institute for National Security Studies Dr. Thomas Hughes Col Richard Szafranski, USAF, Retired USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Isle of Palms, South Carolina Lt Col Jeffrey Hukill, USAF, Retired Lt Col Edward B. Tomme, PhD, USAF, Retired Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development CyberSpace Operations Consulting and Education Lt Col David A. Umphress, PhD, USAFR, Retired Lt Col J. P. Hunerwadel, USAF, Retired Auburn University Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development Col Mark E. Ware, USAF, Retired and Education Twenty-Fourth Air Force Dr. Mark P. Jelonek, Col, USAF, Retired Dr. Xiaoming Zhang Aerospace Corporation USAF Air War College November–December 2014 Air & Space Power Journal | 4 Chief of Staff, US Air Force Gen Mark A. Welsh III Commander, Air Education and Training Command Gen Robin Rand Commander and President, Air University Lt Gen David S. Fadok http://www.af.mil Director, Air Force Research Institute Allen G. Peck Editor and Chief of Professional Journals Lt Col Michael S. Tate Managing Editor L. Tawanda Eaves Professional Staff Marvin W. Bassett, Contributing Editor http://www.aetc.randolph.af.mil Jeanne Shamburger, Contributing Editor Daniel M. Armstrong, Illustrator L. Susan Fair, Illustrator Nedra O. Looney, Prepress Production Manager Billy Barth, Electronic Publication Manager The Air and Space Power Journal (ISSN 1554-2505), Air Force Recurring Publication 10-1, published electroni- cally bimonthly, is the professional journal of the United States Air Force. It is designed to serve as an open fo- rum for the presentation and stimulation of innovative http://www.au.af.mil thinking on military doctrine, strategy, force structure, readiness, and other matters of national defense. The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be construed as carrying the official sanction of the Department of Air and Space Power Journal Defense, Air Force, Air Education and Training Com- 155 N. Twining Street mand, Air University, or other agencies or departments Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6026 of the US government. e-mail: [email protected] Articles in this edition may be reproduced in whole or in Visit Air and Space Power Journal online at part without permission. If they are reproduced, the Air http://www.au.af.mil/au/afri/aspj/. and Space Power Journal requests a courtesy line. Senior Leader Perspective Space Situational Awareness Difficult, Expensive—and Necessary Dr. Gene H. McCall John H. Darrah* n 1990 Operation Desert Storm, which marked the first widespread use of precision-guided munitions and low-observable aircraft, in- Itroduced a new set of military technologies and capabilities. Per- haps, though, the most valuable lesson learned from that operation *The authors thank Gen William Shelton for his thoughtful and insightful comments. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be construed as carry- ing the official sanction of the Department of Defense, Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. This article may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission. If it is reproduced, theAir and Space Power Journal requests a courtesy line. November–December 2014 Air & Space Power Journal | 6 Senior Leader Perspective was that space assets could significantly improve military effectiveness through enhanced target identification, better damage assessment, and more efficient communications. Since Desert Storm, the United States has spent much effort and many dollars to refine space capabilities. In particular, the Global Posi- tioning System (GPS) became fully operational for both military and civil users to enable navigation and weapon accuracy never attained in the past. Surveillance capabilities such as the Space-Based Infrared System emerged, reconnaissance assets became more proficient, and worldwide communication bandwidths increased dramatically. Weather satellites upgraded our prediction capabilities and shortened disaster-warning times. Many of these programs benefited the civil community; primarily, though, they measurably helped the expertise of the US military. Although the Air Force deployed the major develop- ments, both the land and sea forces profited greatly as well. As part of the development and fielding processes, we cultivated sophis- ticated methods for monitoring the health, position, and operational sta- tus of space vehicles. However, the evolution and installation of