Henry James Und the Turn of the Screw

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Henry James Und the Turn of the Screw CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Sex, Lügen und Videos“. Zu Fragen nach narrativen Strategien, Interpretation und Autorschaft am Beispiel The Turn of the Screw Verfasser Walter Weidringer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2008 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 316 295 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Musikwissenschaft Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Manfred Angerer Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ....................................................................................................................... 3 Henry James und The Turn of the Screw ................................................................... 5 Biographischer Hintergrund .................................................................................... 5 Popularität und Betrug: Der Fall Fox ................................................................. 10 Die Novelle zwischen „The First Story“ und „The Second Story“ .......................... 13 Inhalt.................................................................................................................. 14 Zusammenfassung............................................................................................ 38 Myfanwy Piper, Benjamin Britten und die Struktur der Oper..................................... 41 Myfanwy Pipers Libretto als Interpretation von Henry James ............................... 45 Erster Akt........................................................................................................... 45 Zweiter Akt ........................................................................................................ 52 Sexualität als grundlegendes Thema von The Turn of the Screw ............................ 59 „Einpflanzung von Perversionen“: Michel Foucault ............................................... 59 Kategorien der Kontrolle.................................................................................... 61 Die vier Kategorien in The Turn of the Screw.................................................... 64 Zum Diskurs über Henry James’ Sexualität....................................................... 71 Ein offenes Geheimnis? Benjamin Brittens Sexualität....................................... 76 Irrealität als Camouflage ....................................................................................... 79 Doppelte Agenda............................................................................................... 82 An den Grenzen der Interpretation? .................................................................. 88 Bad Boy Britten ................................................................................................. 93 Gleichwertiges Tauziehen? ............................................................................... 95 Eine weitere Drehung der Schraube.................................................................. 98 Strategien der Filmnarration in der Oper The Turn of the Screw.............................101 Der unzuverlässige Blick ..................................................................................102 „The Second Story“ in der Oper ...........................................................................106 Zum Prolog.......................................................................................................106 „Theatrales Prinzip“ versus „filmisches Prinzip“................................................109 Die Governess – ein überreiztes Medium?.......................................................116 Und nochmals dreht sich die Schraube............................................................118 Schlussbemerkungen ..............................................................................................121 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................................124 Anhang ....................................................................................................................135 Filmographie ........................................................................................................135 Diskographie ........................................................................................................137 CDs ..................................................................................................................137 DVDs ................................................................................................................138 Abstract................................................................................................................140 Lebenslauf ...........................................................................................................140 Vorwort Henry James’ Novelle The Turn of the Screw zählt zu den erfolgreichsten, weil meistdiskutierten literarischen Werken überhaupt. Während sich neben den beiden bedeutendsten Interpretationsmodellen der Novelle, bei denen die Geister entweder als reale Bedrohung oder aber als pures Erzeugnis der kranken Psyche der Gover- ness angesehen werden, mittlerweile ein drittes etabliert hat, das die bewusste Am- biguität des Werks akzeptiert, wurde Myfanwy Pipers und Benjamin Brittens Opern- version des Stoffes lange Zeit und zum Teil bis heute als eine Interpretation des No- velle angesehen, die deren Bedeutung auf die sozusagen bühnenwirksame Lesart übersinnlicher Heimsuchungen verengt. Diese Sichtweise zu korrigieren, ist das Ziel des letzten Teils dieser Arbeit, wobei Elemente filmischer Narration und das Konzept des Unzuverlässigen Erzählers sich als hilfreich erweisen. Diese getreulich nachge- bildete, wenn auch umgeformte und verschobene Mehrdeutigkeit der Oper, und da- mit schraubt sich der Inhalt gleichsam von hinten nach vorne, dient aber gleichzeitig dazu, eines der wesentlichen Themen, wenn nicht überhaupt das inhaltliche Zentrum beider Werke zu verschleiern: die Sexualität. Sowohl bei James als auch und vor allem bei Britten ergeben sich dabei gewichtige Anhaltspunkte für persönliche Inte- ressen an dem Stoff, die auf mehreren Ebenen ablesbar sind. Sind hierbei Thesen Michel Foucaults zur Beleuchtung der Sachverhalte dienlich, werden im Zuge der Frage nach den Grenzen der Interpretation Autorschafts-Konzepte von Umberto Eco und seinen Kritikern wie etwa Richard Rorty oder Jonathan Culler in Ansätzen disku- tiert. Den Ausgangspunkt zu alldem bilden biographisch-historische Hintergründe und detaillierte Analysen des Inhalts sowohl der Novelle als auch der Oper, die Abrun- dung bietet ein Anhang mit Filmographie der TV- und Leinwandversionen der Novelle sowie eine Diskographie mit CD- und DVD-Aufnahmen der Oper. Vorbemerkungen Sämtliche Zitate aus dem Internet waren Anfang Oktober 2008 online überprüfbar. Die Rechtschreibung der Zitate inklusive Hervorhebungen (sofern nicht anders angegeben) folgt strikt dem Original; das gilt insbesondere für James’ Novelle und deren historische or- thographische Besonderheiten (z. B. „do n’t“ statt „don’t“) sowie die Druckausgabe von Pi- pers Libretto (z. B. „Quint !“ statt „Quint!“). 3 Henry James und The Turn of the Screw Biographischer Hintergrund Henry James wurde am 15. April 1843 in New York als zweites von fünf Kin- dern des überaus wohlhabenden Henry James senior (1811—1882) und dessen Frau Mary Robertson Walsh James (1810—1882) geboren, die beide irischer Ab- stammung waren.1 Bei den zahlreichen Umzügen und Reisen, die das Familienleben bestimmten, ist es beinah verwunderlich, dass alle ihre Kinder in New York zur Welt kamen. Neben Boston oder Newport war insbesondere Europa das große Ziel: Von 1855 an verbrachte die Familie drei Jahre hier, mit längeren Aufenthalten vor allem in Genf, London und Paris. Prägende Jahre nicht nur für den zu Beginn der Reise zwölfjährigen Henry: Seine und seiner Geschwister Kindheit und Schulbildung ging in einem intellektuellen Klima vor sich, das der Vater (in religiösen Belangen ein Indivi- dualist mit deutlichem Misstrauen gegen kirchliche Institutionen, nicht zuletzt auch Opfer einer gravierenden psychisch-spirituellen Krise2, sowie ein Freund von Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Washington Irving oder Wil- liam Makepeace Thackeray) geschaffen hatte, dabei viel auf eigener Lektüre seiner Sprösslinge aufbaute – und das doch auch von einer gewissen Rastlosigkeit, oftma- ligen Schulwechseln und dem Zwang zur Anpassung an neue Lebensumstände ge- prägt war. 1 Ich stütze mich hier und im Folgenden vor allem auf R. W. B. LEWIS: The Jameses. A Family Narra- tive. New York 1991 und Peter G. BEIDLER: Biographical and Historical Contexts, in: Henry James: The Turn of the Screw. Complete, Authorative Text with Biographical, Historical, and Cultural Con- texts, Critical History, and Essays from Contemporary Critical Perspectives, ed. by Peter G. BEIDLER. Second Edition. Boston/New York 2004 (=Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism, ed. by Ross C. MURFIN), S. 3—21. 2 “His individualistic quest for spiritual authenticity took on a more urgent character during the family’s first extended voyage around Europe. A spiritual crisis overtook him on foreign soil and pushed him to the edge of a psychological abyss. He became convinced that he was confronting terrifying demonic forces. In this extreme it was the ideas of the European mystic Emanuel Swedenborg [1688—1772] that helped him to regain his psychological footing. The private philosophy he erected upon Sweden- borg’s foundation was to sustain
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